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FUTURE OF URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT
Kala Vairavamoorthy
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA + GWP
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Water Security - Good News & Bad News
‘Open the loop’ - linear supply and disposal
• Upper income countries have revolutionized public
• Also have made major progress in mitigation of
environmental damage
Bad News
• resilience – not suited to the challenges ahead
• Extraordinaril resource intensive
• ‘All or nothing’ - Unaffordable to 2/3 of the planet
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Bad News – External pressures
make the future difficult• Entire earth system is changing!
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The Urban Arithmetic for 2050
• 155 000 ersons er da
• 90% in developing countries
• ~90% in urban areas
• ~850 000 er week in urban settin s
Growing but also ‘Growing Up’
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Opportunity to do Things Differently
Source: UN (2003)
G
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Asia has fastest growing economies
(World Bank, 2012)
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Window of Opportunity is Small
Shenzhen
1980 Today
Fishing village of
several thousand
City of 7 million – big in
electronic manufacturing
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Need to think differently
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When designing urban water systems
• Urban Water Cycle is one system: understand ther w v r u
• Urban water cycle closely linked to watershed:ty epen s on an mpacts t e w er waters e
• Security through diversity: explore diverse andflexible options for water sources
• Water should be fit for purpose – matching water
qua ity to its inten e use.• Maximize benefits: great potential for water, energy
an nu r en recovery ene c a on
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When designing urban water systems
• Innovative technologies can play a role: in helpingto serve more people with less
• Adaptive systems work: IUWM must take intoaccount t at t e uture s n erent y uncerta n
• Water should be managed across institutions:goo governance s a cr ca o opera ona ze
• Involve all the players: integration of all
sta e o ers in ecision-ma ing process
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When designing urban water systems
• Innovative technologies can play a role: in helpingto serve more people with less
• Adaptive systems work: IUWM must take intoaccount t at t e uture s n erent y uncerta n
• Water should be managed across institutions:goo governance s a cr ca o opera ona ze
• Involve all the players: integration of all
sta e o ers in ecision-ma ing process
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We need to break down barriers
Catchment
KI WU … UP… Urban
6
Township
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And involve all the players
• Why?•
• Fragmented institutional arrangements• ‘Wicked’ problems - need for ‘integrated’ solutions
• Who?• Policy makers, planners, regulators, service
providers, NGOs, researchers, developers…
• How?• Inception (training, stakeholder analysis…)
• Operational (visioning, planning processes..))
• ac s opp ng suppor mon or ng, eva ua on…
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Example: Bogota, Colombia
Issue:
• pollution of upper Rio
Bogota (tanneries)
Key players:
• Association of tanners,Regulator, Local
government, NGO,University,…
Outcomes:
•
enterprises haveimplemented cleanerproduction principlesremov ng po u on
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Example: Lodz, Poland
Issue:
• restoring polluted rivers
Key players:
• cit office UniversitEcohydrology institute,service providers,
developers u comes:
• Demonstrationtechnologies being scaled
redevelopment
• development of a city-wide strategic plan forwater
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We need to put water in the minds of people?
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r w
‘Integration the key’
o s c sys ems approac
to the urban watershed
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Tailored IUWM Framework for
D v l in n ri R irIntermittent& Irregular
Water Scarcit
Irregular Energy
upp y
Fast GrowingCities
Highly Polluted
Water Bodies
LowPressure
Lack of High Levels of Leakage
Wastewater Collection and
Treatment
Poor SolidWaste
Management
Source: CSIRO
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Case Study: Water Resources for
Nairobi and Satellite Towns• Today 3.14 M
• Prediction year 2035.
11.2 M Inhabitants
gap
framework and the principles.
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IUWM Application 1 (stormwater,
70000 m3/d 780831m3/d
192851 m3/d
DM=50537 m3/d
111081 m3/d
Demand =1205300 m3/d
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IUWM Application 1 (stormwater,
• Unit costs of US$ 0.29/m3 (cf. to 0.36)
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Nairobi - It’s about having a
Private Boreholes
Greywater Harvesting
Existing Leakage Mgt.Water Sources
Conventional Sources
Stormwater
New Conventional Sources
Existing
Harvesting
Water
Sources
Water Demand Mgt.
pproac
Unit costs US$ 0.29/m3
onven ona pproac
Unit costs US$ 0.36/m3
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Phnom Penh’s Water Success Story
• NRW reduced from 72% to6.19% (1993-2008)
• 25,000m3/d (serving aboutone million more people)
• Increasing revenues by overUS$ 20 million per annum
Biswas and Tortajada 2009
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It’s already happening: Ethekwini
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It’s already happening: Windhoek
NGWRP Dam Water Groundwater r26%
10% Unaccountedfor Water
g w a t
90%
Domesti
7%
d
r i n k i
83%
Consumed38%
Security through diversity
c
WW Treatment
45%
u s e f o
6%
Irri . -
R OGWRO
13%
26%
Irrig. -ParksFodder
River
Reuse for Irrigation
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It’s already happening: Singapore
Security through diversity
Direct Non-
Potable Use
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Unconventional water sources:
NEWRI 2010
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Natural systems can help
bank filtration,
soil-aquifer treatment,constructed wetlands,
hybrid systems
O2
O2
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Natural systems can help
LBF
Lake Bank FiltrationReservoir
Water WWIrrigationEH 0.012 -0.024 $/m3
(cf 0.05-0.15 $/m3)
Dam Water
Trans.
ConsumerPrimary Treatmentand/or CW & WSP
Distribution Constructed Wetlands
RBF
(0.17 $/m3)
River Bank FiltrationEcohydrology
a za on on s
River
SAT/ARREH $0.067/m3 (cf 0.28/m3)
Soil Aquifer TreatmentArtificial Recharge Recovery
Low Energy – Water Efficient’ Closed Loop
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Flows from Kibera pollute Nairobi Dam
Greywater from Polluted runoff Overflow from
Kibera
unserv cehouseholds
rom s ree s p a r nes
Nairobi Dam
Ngong River
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Urban water infrastructure provision
Cost for provision of drainage andCondominium sewers
• EAC US$ 1.0MSUDS
DEWATS Potential water resources afterslum improvement
on om n um sewers • ,
• Cost of water (0.16 $/m3)SUDS
DEWATS
,
revenue per year
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Slum networking can provide
SlumFlooding
City
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Slum networking can provide
Pressur
e
SlumCity
Illegalconnections
Pressure deficits
Equity pressuredistribution
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Take home message
,
together (one urban water cycle)……. and thinkcreatively about what could be your water sources (and don’t focus on the obvious ones).
(educate future urban leaders on the integrated perspective of the urban water cycle and contextualize each component
of the water system within this perspective)
We need to build connections
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We need to build connections
between silos
Water e
water
water
water
water
G, I
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The water sector can’t do it alone
Land planners Architects
Developers
Gov’t officialsFinanciers
Energy experts
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T n a out Harvest ng
Integrated Treatment
Entrepreneurs see the
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Entrepreneurs see theharvesting potential, India
Collection, transport, treatment and reuse-system (GTZ,2009)
Entrepreneurs see the
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Entrepreneurs see theharvestin otential Durban
Fecal sludge into safe fertilizer: LaDePa machine
Medium-waveSave Pellets
Radiation
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We’re harvesting for Agriculture: China
Under the 11th five-year plan, 400 million m3 treated
MITIGATION
H ti h t f
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Harvesting heat from sewers
Heat exchanger in sewers
Heat is reclaimed from treated sewage water of the adjacent sewage treatment plant
Dalian-Xinghai (China) : Environment-friendly heating and cooling
Thi k b t W t M hi
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Think about a Water Machine
PotableReclaimed Quality
UrineSurface Water
- , ,
Grey water
Brownwater Ground Water
Rain Water
Solid wasteEnergy
yg en zeSludge
G,R,FX-S
W t M hi ‘d i t ’
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Water Machine – ‘designer waters’
ert ary: rr ga on
Photos courtesy: West Basin MWD RO(Double): Refinery2nd+RO+MF: AAR
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Water Machine: Semi - Centralized
TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | Cornel et al.
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Xing Dao – water machine proposal
TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | Cornel et al.
But how will water machines
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But how will water machinesbe lumbed?
Challenge: Deliver Water
ToiletLaundry
Pipe Bundles for DifferentWater Qualities
Garden
Water Machine Water Users
Service water for toilet & laundryService water for garden
Potable water
T k h
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Take home message
Driver for water management should bebeneficiation –maximize value added
(institutions & regulations to support and not hinder)
‘All water is good water: fit for purpose’
(educate future urban leaders on all benefits of water –public health, aesthetics, economic development, drive
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ustere Approac to UWM
In order to implement the principles a clusteredapproac o wa er managemen s e p u .
Clusters allow maximum efficiency
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ywhile ivin ada tive ca acit
A supply and treatment unit (watermachine) for each district
• Semi central supply and treatment
• Use scalability of treatmenttechnology (membranes)
• Customized supply and treatment foreach cluster
•
re-use potentials
TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | Cornel et al.
Energy sector is already
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gy ythinkin in these lines
CHP
CHP
CHP
CHP
CHP
CHP
CHP
CHP
CHP CHP
Look for opportunities to create new
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paradigms (not extended old ones)
FormalisedSmall scale providers
a er ys em
Newdemand
Growth
Decentralized
community based
Expansion of existingsystem to serve new
demand
Xi’an – newly developed district as
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y p
Qujiang New DistrictQujiang New District
Xi’anXi’anCentralCentral
citycity
North lakeDistrict wastewater
network Gardening
Associated
wetland
District
wastewater
treatment
plant
(Regulation
lakes)
Forestation
Miscellaneoususes
Car washing
ou a e
District storm water drainage
(Secondary treatment)
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ARUA
MBALE
C t l i f t t di
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Central infrastructure core expanding
Let’s ring fence the old paradigm
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Let’s ring fence the old paradigm
A1A2
A3
A8 A6
A5A7
Let’s ring fence the old paradigm
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Let’s ring fence the old paradigm
A1
A2
A8
A5A7
Tailor made solutions for cluster
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Tailor made solutions for cluster
Black water Potablewater
A8
Surface water
Groundwater
BiogasProductio
n
to the river
Semi Centralized is cheaper?
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Semi-Centralized is cheaper?
A9
Average Annual Costs
3,787,000 US$
Average Annual Costs
5,148,000 US$
Take home message
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Take home message
,
together (one urban water cycle)……. and thinkcreatively about what could be your water sources (and don’t focus on the obvious ones).
(educate future urban leaders on the integrated perspective of the urban water cycle and contextualize each component
of the water system within this perspective)
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Smart Thinking
Smart Water , Smart Networks , Smart by Design
New low pressure/super strong membranes makethem attractive to developing countries
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them attractive to developing countries
.
To the tap
tor
Clean waterstorage tank
ag
e Super smooth carbon nano-tubesBuckyball treated membranesRichard Merritt 2009
Scalability of membranes makes them veryattractive across a continuum of o tions
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attractive across a continuum of o tions
City/Town Scale
Point-of-Use
Networks of the future will
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Smart Pipes Self Healing
•
Frictionless
• Sli er Li uid-Infused
embedded into pipes during
manufacturing.• Sensors monitor data on
,
vascular, intrinsic
• Pipes store healing agentsand polymerizers that
solidif when mixed
Porous Surfaces (SLIPS)
• Super-thin Nano-
substrates infused with a
liquid lubricant creates a , ,
environmental
• Sensors provide geo-
referenced data points
• Healing efficiencies 100%
• Recovery strength >100%
smooth surface
• Reduced biofilm formation
by 96-99%
Metje et al. 2011
Corrosion
formation
Corrosion
Repair White et al. 2011 Epstein et al. 2012
‘Smart’ helps manage pipe-bursts
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Calculate Location of Burst Optimal ValveIsolation
Allen et al. 2011
‘Smart’ helps manage pipe-bursts
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Isolate Leak
Allen et al. 2011
‘Smart’ helps manage pipe-bursts
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Alertus ome
Repair Team
- Location GPS- Pipe Material- Pipe Depth- …
Allen et al. 2011
‘Smart’ allows appliances to negotiate
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n d
W a t e r D e m a
D e m a n d
Time
E l e c t r i c
‘Smart’ allows appliances to negotiate
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Smartmeter
Smart
n d
meter
W a t e r D e m a
D e m a n d
Time
E l e c t r i c Central Control
Unit
‘Smart’ allows appliances to negotiate
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n d Flattened Peak
W a t e r D e m a
D e m a n d Flattened Peak
Central ControlUnit
Time
E l e c t r i c
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Trans t on ng
Transitioning
Transitioning
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Existing System
Future System Future System
Graph Theory Transition Systems
Based on Old System Totally New System
0 10 20 30 40
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0 10 20 30 40
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0 10 20 30 40
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Sempewo, J., Vairavamoorthy, K. and Grimshaw, F. (2010)
Take home message
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Move away from tinkering and think abouthow ou mi ht have desi ned from scratch -then look at transitional pathways & don’t
Institutions are the origin of change and the medium for legitimizing change
MMM
Choices Before Us
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Stay in Lane -Business as
Usual
Try Harder,Spend More for Traditional Sys
Truly DifferentApproach
What YouKnow..
What YouDon’t Know..
What YouKnow..
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Kalanithy Vairavamoorthyan ou
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