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The Tide Turns
The Roman Conquest of Spain
Scipio goes to Africa
Battle of Zama
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Panic after Cannae
Rome braces for a siege that never comes
Hannibal winters in Capua; northern and
southern Italy are his
Rome returns to Fabian Tactics: refusing battle
to Hannibal, in an attempt weaken his forces by
desertion (fickle Gauls/unpaid mercenaries)Her central Italian allies remain loyal
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Return to Fabian Tactics
Publius Cornelius Scipio the Elder and his brotherGnaeus C. Scipio (both consuls) the war to Spain.
To deprive Hannibal of any reinforcements and silver
212, Romans take Syracuse (had gone over toCarthage after the death of Hiero II)
Stubborn defense by Archimedes
Archimedian crane/Death Ray?
Killed by a Roman soldier as he finished a mathproblem
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Archimedes of
SyracuseBorn 287 -- Died 212 BC
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The Siege of Syracuse
Marcellus, the
Roman commander,
lays siege toSyracuse in 213 BC.
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Archimedes Burning Mirror
When the beams were reflected in the mirror, a fearful
kindling of fire was raised in the ships, and at the distance of a
bow-shot he turned them into ashes. In this way did the old
man prevail over Marcellus with his weapons.
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Archimedes Claw
Version 2
Version 3
http://www.math.nyu.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Claw/trebuchet/claw_trebuchet.gifhttp://www.math.nyu.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Claw/claw_animation.gifhttp://www.math.nyu.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Claw/claw_animation.gifhttp://www.math.nyu.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Claw/trebuchet/claw_trebuchet.gif8/14/2019 AWThe Tide Turns
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Death of Archimedes
Archimedes was killed in
212 BC during the capture of
Syracuse by the Romans in
the Second Punic War after
all his efforts to keep the
Romans at bay with his
machines of war had failed.
Plutarch recounts the story of
his killing-
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Death, continued
Archimedes ... was ..., as fate would have it, intent upon working
out some problem by a diagram, and having fixed his mind alike
and his eyes upon the subject of his speculation, he never noticedthe incursion of the Romans, nor that the city was taken. In this
transport of study and contemplation, a soldier, unexpectedly
coming up to him, commanded him to follow to Marcellus; which
he declining to do before he had worked out his problem to ademonstration, the soldier, enraged, drew his sword and ran him
through.
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Death of the Brothers Scipiones
211 BC Hasdrubal (brother to Hannibal)
bribes allied Celts to desert the Roman
army. Roman armies got separated, Gnaeus
ambushed and killed.
Publius retreats to hilltop (wagon circle) anddies fighting.
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Scipios (Africanus) Life
Age 17, saved his father at Ticinus
Survived Trebbia and Cannae
Against tradition, Scipio, 25, becomes proconsuland sets sail for Spain.Nobody else wanted the command/vengeance for
Scipio
Mago (having returned) and Hasdrubal defeated by late209.
Hasdrubal esapes Spain with small army to the Alps tojoin his army (destroyed in Italy in 207).
206, Battle of Ilipa: Scipio secures Spain from Carthage
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Scipio in Sicily
205 Scipio becomes consul, is given Sicily
Fabius denies him Africa
Gets Cannae survivors trained for invasion
Hannibal restricted to the toe of Italy
(Bruttium)
Scipio sets sail for Africa in 204
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Invasion
Scipio has the Numidians on his side:
Masinissa
Hannibal is recalled for the defense; Scipio
took nearby city of Utica and nears
Carthage.
The two armies meet at the Battle of Zamaon October 19, 202 BC.
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Battle of Zama
Hannibal and Scipio meet face to face
before the battle
Discuss terms? Wish to meet each other?
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Forces
Carthage (Hannibal)
50,000 infantry
4,000 cavalry 80 elephants
3 lines; rear all Italian
veterans Elephants front row
Roman (Scipio)
34,000 infantry
9,000 cavalry 6,000 Numidian
Special elephant tactic
Open rows in lines
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The Battle Itself
The elephants charge, the 3 Roman lines open up
and let them charge through.
Picked off by skirmishers in the rear Roman cavalry chases Hannibals off the field.
Both the first and second lines are thrown in,
leaving the third lines of each to finish.
Triarii vs. Carthaginian veterans
Carthage starts to win, then Roman cavalry shows up at their
rear; rout ensues.
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Hannibals Escape
Hannibal escapes to Carthage and sues for
peace.
He sets Carthage on a path to prosperity again No large army; get back to merchant business
Hannibal escapes an assassination attempt and
flees east, never to return.He flees east, as a general for hire, against any
power against Rome.