1 Avionics and Navigation This mini-project report was submitted to the department of AeronauticalEngineering of Kotelawala Defence University in a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Semester-5 in Degree of Bachelor of Science By H.A.M. PIERIS H.W.L. SAMARAJEEWA P.V.S. NIRMAL S.A. SAMARASINGHE W.M.M.C. ABEYRATNE Supervised by SQN LDR JI ABEYGOONEWARDENA MR. S.L.M.D. RANGAJEEVA Department of Aeronautical Engineering Kotelawala Defence University Intake 29 Group 4
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Avionics and Navigation€¦ · The avionics system in an unmanned aircraft divides in to; Data and Communication UAV control system and components Ground control systems and equipment
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Avionics and Navigation
This mini-project report was submitted to the department of AeronauticalEngineering of
Kotelawala Defence University in a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Semester-5 in
Degree of Bachelor of Science
By H.A.M. PIERIS
H.W.L. SAMARAJEEWA
P.V.S. NIRMAL
S.A. SAMARASINGHE
W.M.M.C. ABEYRATNE
Supervised by SQN LDR JI ABEYGOONEWARDENA
MR. S.L.M.D. RANGAJEEVA
Department of Aeronautical Engineering
Kotelawala Defence University
Intake 29
Group 4
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CHAPTER 1
Introduction
The design and integration of avionics systems is one of the most complicated aspects of unmanned
aircraft design. This is a problem with stringent constraints on size, weight and power consumption.
The avionics system consists of an onboard flight computer for flight data processing and a wireless
modem for live streaming of telemetry to and from the UAV to a ground station. The avionics
system in an unmanned aircraft divides in to;
Data and Communication
UAV control system and components
Ground control systems and equipment
Navigation and guidance system
1.1 Data and Communication
Data and communication system of an UAV is consisting of four main sections. They are
architecture, function, coverage and issues arising with the data communication of UAV. Due to the
architecture of UAV, whether the UAV is a military or commercial we have to give the respective
data links to connect the UAV with the ground control station. We have to give our more
consideration to the issues that are existing with the data communication such as time delay, power
and cooling systems etc.
1.2 UAV control system and components
UAV dynamic control system has categorized as auto pilot system and manual controlling system.
How we implement an autopilot system and how we manually control the UAV is mandatory in
UAV dynamics. Synchronizing these two units and necessary components will be discussed later in
our report.
1.3 Ground control systems and equipment
Groundcontrol systems is a land or sea based control center that provides the facilities for human
control of unmanned vehicles in the air or in space. A ground control system could be used to
control UAV.
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CHAPTER 2
Data and Communication
2.1 Airworthiness considerations for UAVs
Road map to Airworthiness requirements
According to the above road mapMission of the system includes
What will be the main tasks of the system?
How long does a mission take?
Where do we want to operate it?
Who is going to operate it?
No aircraft capable of being flown without a pilot over the territory of a contracting state without
special authority by that state and in accordance with the terms of such authority. Each contracting
state undertakes to insure that the flight of such aircraft without a pilot in regions open to civil
aircraft shall be so controlled as to obviate danger to civil aircraft.
Airspace will define the
Related equipment
Related procedures
Related features
In the system there should be specific needsas the UAV is an unmanned system.
A safe communication link
A flight control system
A qualified and accepted emergency plan and system
Additionally as usual in normal flight it should have the systems of
A navigation system
A detection system
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Ariel vehicle is the pre design of the aircraft.
It should have the requirements and specifications as follows.
Endurance >30 h
Altitude >45000 ft
Speed >200 kts
Payload >300 kg
Equipment >250 kg
Engine turbo prop >500 shp
Fuel >1500 kg
Span >25 m
Length >10 m
Height >4 m
Take off >1000 ft
Runaway >1500 ft
MTOW >3000 kg
2.2 Communication system
Due to the architectureof UAV it will have three categories.
Military UAV
Commercial UAV
Common UAV
•TIME DELAY
•SURVIVABILITY
•LOGISTICS
•LOCAL AREA
•LINE OF SIGHT
•OVER THE HORIZON
•UP LINK
•DOWN LINK
•MILITARY
•COMMON
•COMMERCIAL
ARCHITECTURE FUNCTION
OTHER ISSUESCOVERAGE
COMMUNICATION
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Due to the function of UAV it will have the categories of
Uplink
Downlink
Links are used to pass command and data information between the UAV and the ground
control stations.
Uplinks or command links send the command signals to UAVs from the ground stations.
True data links or down data links send data from sensors on the UAVs to their ground
stations.
Considering about the coverage
Local area
Close range operations typically use omni-directional data links
Line of sight
It is a type propagation of that can transmit and receive data only where transmit and
receive stations are in view of each other without any sort of an obstacle between them.FM
radio , microwave and satellite transmission are some examples.
Over the horizon
Communication of radio waves which are beyond the line of sight distances. This is
usually due to the scattering by the ionosphere or troposphere. It is also known as the
horizon communication.
There are someissues in UAV communication system. They are
Time delay
It is also known as the latency or lag. Each and every system has latency.
When the control latency is greater than 40ms UAV is at a high risk.(accept through an
autopilot)
Survivability
If the link has been lost there should be the survivability of the UAV. So UAVs have the
preprogrammed lost link procedures.
Power and cooling
Communication equipment (especially transmitters) requires significant power and
cooling to meet steady state and peak requirements. At low altitudes, meeting this power
and cooling requirements typically is not an issue. But in high altitudes these requirements
should be satisfied.
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Normally UAV communication system consists with Ground data terminal(GDT) and Air data
terminal (ADT).
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CHAPTER 3
Ground control Systems
3.1 Ground control data links
There are three kind of main ground control systems. We use these three system for controlling our
UAV. There are
M-GSC (main ground control station)
GDT (ground data terminal)
P-GCS (portable ground control station)
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3.2 Ground control station
A ground control station (GCS) is a land- or sea-based control enter that provides the facilities for
human control of unmanned vehicles in the air or in space. A GCS could be used to control
unmanned aerial vehicles or rockets within or above the atmosphere.
In the case of this application, the GCS is a land based control center. Video and telemetry data are
generated by the UAV’s sensors and is downloaded via the downlink to the GCS and then this
information is used in real time to guide the UAV on the operator’s desired path.
This operator’s commands, such as change in waypoint coordinate, change in direction are relayed
back to the UAV by the GCS over an uplink.
The GCS has two consoles. One for the aircraft’s main operator and one for the secondary operator.
The commands such as change in destination of the UAV can be done by just giving the longitude
and latitude coordinates of the destination. The UAV’s onboard computers will manipulate the
control surfaces in order to make the desired course change.
The information is relayed to the operators from two displays.
3.2.1 Main ground control station
M-GCS is a remote control station for UAVs that can be used for TCS (Tactical Control System). It
can transfer information to the External Control System, we can operate our UAV via satellite by
using this system but here when we give a command signal first we will have to convert it to high
voltage electrical signal and then we have to convert it to microwave signal, after that that signal
will be send to satellite and then satellite send it to our UAV. Because of this long process there is a
time delay, then we can’t do take-off and landing by using this system because of the time delay.
But after 200km we can’t use GDT system then we have to use this system. In this system two man
can control UAV because the error will be minimum.
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The M-GCS is a field-proven system that provides continuous transmission and reliable reception
of UAV data. It offers a complete C-4I solution when combined with the DSL-MK1 or MK2 Date
Link System. This rugged system is easily transportable and has minimal electrical requirements.
The M-GCS can be ready for operation within an hour of arrival at the site. User-friendly software
and setups reduce crew requirements and operator training. The M-GCS is designed around a
ruggedized military-type shelter with three operator stations, Pilot, Sensor Operator and Mission
Planner. Each station is equipped with hot-swappable PC’s for redundancy
Features
3 Dimensional Digital Map Operation
Uses skyview software
Pre-flight Path Analysis and Simulation
In-flight Real time Hazard Analysis
Autonomous flight Control command and Real time Flight Path Change
Real Time Image Processing/Display/Editing
Flight Data Analysis and Database
Mission Planning & Control
Sensors & Payload Control
Versatile the coordination system change(UTM,GP, MGRS)
Artillery Guide
Touch Monitors & Panel
IT Network Interface (Outer)
Dual System (Fault Tolerant)
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3.2.2 Portableground control station
The P-GCS can be completely free standing for ease of operational flexibility, or can be mounted in containers, trucks, SUVs and mini-vans to give easy mobility. The system can also be ship-mounted if required and integration into embedded operational systems is also possible. We can use this system for take-off and landing purposes because the time delay is very small then damages will be very rare.
Here the controller can go to the runway and then he can control the UAV by using this unit. That is the safety way to take off and landing purposes because the cross wind can effect suddenly to the UAV. The M-GSC and GDT controllers can’t feel that kind of disturbances and he is not able to see around the UAV. M-GSC operator can see only camera video feed back then it is very difficult to understand the real situation around the UAV. That’s why we use this kind of P-GCS system for landing and take-off the UAV. Here we use radio frequency for transfer data from P-GCS to UAV because of that the time delay will be very small and we use IDLS MKII data link system. The IDLS MKII is based on cutting edge technologies and combines advanced performance, modularity and light weight. Moreover, the IDLS MKII is a software defined data link which enables the system to make adaptations to customer requirements in short time with minimal effort.
Features
Can operate below 5km range. Can do safe take-off and landing within this range Battery charge up to 7 hours Use radio frequency One man can operate operate within minute from start Video feed back unit can carry anywhere and operate sun readable uses skyview software IDLS MKII data link system
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3.2.3 GDT (Ground Data Terminal)
The GDT is normally setup <100 ft. from the GCS on a hard-packed pad, preferably asphalt or
concrete. The GDT should have unobstructed line of sight to all taxiways, runways, and
approach/departure corridors. The location of the GDT also depends on and requires knowledge of
the operating area. Line of Sight (LOS) to the AV is required for operations without over the
horizon communications. The antenna shall be placed away from structures and vehicle traffic that
may result in multi-path interference. Vegetation, trees, etc., are obstructions due to high water