AVIAN INFLUENZA An Animal Health Perspective

AVIAN INFLUENZA AVIAN INFLUENZA

An Animal Health An Animal Health PerspectivePerspective

Dr. Thomas J. HoltState Veterinarian/DirectorFDACS, Division of Animal Industry

EtiologyEtiology

•Orthomyxoviridae • Envelope

• Glycoprotein projections/surface antigens

• Hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA)

• 15 hemagglutinin and 9 neuraminidase antigens

• A Type designation (A - only, B or C only present in humans)

• Primary reservoir is wild birds, especially water fowl

• H5, H7 strains of primary concern

2

Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

• Incubation Period 3-14 daysIncubation Period 3-14 days

•Highly contagious (100%)Highly contagious (100%)

•Low-Path - low mortality, recover Low-Path - low mortality, recover in 3 weeksin 3 weeks

•High-Path - >95% mortality within High-Path - >95% mortality within 24 hours24 hours

3

Disease in PoultryDisease in Poultry

•Low pathogenic strainsLow pathogenic strains – mild to severe respiratory symptoms mild to severe respiratory symptoms

– egg production may drop by up to 45% and take 2egg production may drop by up to 45% and take 2—4 weeks to recover —4 weeks to recover

•High pathogenic strainsHigh pathogenic strains– severe respiratory distress, diarrhea, nervous severe respiratory distress, diarrhea, nervous

signs signs

– watery eyes and sinuseswatery eyes and sinuses

– cyanosis of the combs, wattle and shanks cyanosis of the combs, wattle and shanks

– swelling of the head swelling of the head 4

Gross LesionsGross Lesions

Swollen head, edema

Excess mucous, hemorrhagePaint brush hemorrhage

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Why Control Low-Path H5/H7 Why Control Low-Path H5/H7 AI?AI?

• Significant carcass condemnationsSignificant carcass condemnations

• Significant egg production lossesSignificant egg production losses

• Inter-state and international trade Inter-state and international trade embargoesembargoes

• Mutation to High PathMutation to High Path

• Potential Zoonotic DiseasePotential Zoonotic Disease

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Infection and Depopulation Spatial PatternsMarch 12 through June 24, 2002

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Virginia: All Turkey and Chicken FlocksVirginia: All Turkey and Chicken FlocksAs of April 18, 2002As of April 18, 2002

Turkey or Chicken Flock

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2002 VA AI Outbreak H2002 VA AI Outbreak H77NN22

March 7-12March 7-12 Index Case ConfirmationIndex Case ConfirmationVoluntary Company Voluntary Company

Depopulation Depopulation On-Site BurialOn-Site Burial

March 28March 28 20 Positive Flocks20 Positive FlocksState/Company Control State/Company Control

MeasuresMeasuresControlled Slaughter PermittedControlled Slaughter Permitted

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2002 VA AI Outbreak 2002 VA AI Outbreak HH77NN22

April 12April 12 60 Positives Flocks60 Positives Flocks

30 Flocks Pending Depopulation30 Flocks Pending Depopulation

24 hr. State Destruction Orders24 hr. State Destruction Orders

USDA Assistance RequestedUSDA Assistance Requested

April 14April 14 Initial Deployment of Task ForceInitial Deployment of Task Force

April 18April 18 Full Assistance of Task ForceFull Assistance of Task Force

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Virginia: Infected Flocks (89)As of April 18, 2002

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2002 VA AI Outbreak H2002 VA AI Outbreak H77NN22

April 25April 25 Barrel or Dead Bird Barrel or Dead Bird SurveillanceSurveillance

12 Flocks Positive In Initial 12 Flocks Positive In Initial RoundRound

May 8May 8 West Virginia Flock PositiveWest Virginia Flock Positive

Intensive SurveillanceIntensive Surveillance

No Additional CasesNo Additional Cases

July 2July 2 Last Positive Case Found to Last Positive Case Found to DateDate

Continue Enhanced Continue Enhanced SurveillanceSurveillance

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2002 VA AI Outbreak2002 VA AI Outbreak

197 Positive Farms/ 1000 Farms197 Positive Farms/ 1000 Farms20%20%

4.7 million birds/ 56 million birds 4.7 million birds/ 56 million birds 8.4%8.4%

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#S

317 8 9 10 131211 20191817161514 27262524232221 3029281 2 3 4 5 6

#S Positive

#S Depopulated

#S 21 days after depopulation

Existing Poultry Farms#

March

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317 8 9 10 131211 20191817161514 27262524232221 3029281 2 3 4 5 6

#S Positive

#S Depopulated

#S 21 days after depopulation

Existing Poultry Farms#

March

15

Types of farms affectedTypes of farms affected

No. of farms affected …………………………...………. No. of farms affected …………………………...………. 197197

Turkeys (78%):Turkeys (78%):Turkey breeders ……………………………………… 28Turkey breeders ……………………………………… 28

Commercial turkeys (meat) ……………………Commercial turkeys (meat) ……………………125125

Chickens (22%):Chickens (22%):Broilers (chickens) Broilers (chickens)

……………..........................13……………..........................13Broiler breeders (chickens) ………….………..29Broiler breeders (chickens) ………….………..29Layers (chickens) ………………………………….Layers (chickens) ………………………………….

…… 2…… 2

No positives found in area backyard flocks or No positives found in area backyard flocks or wild waterfowl.wild waterfowl. 1

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Weekly Epidemic CurveAvian Influenza, Virginia 3-3-02 to 7-15-02

Week of Diagnosis3/3-3/9 3/24-3/30 4/14-4/20 5/5-5/11 5/26-6/1 6/9-6/15 6/30-7/6

Num

ber o

f Lab

Con

firm

ed P

ositiv

e Fl

ocks

26

24

22

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

17

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Incident Command PostIncident Command Post

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VIRGINIA AVIAN INFLUENZAVIRGINIA AVIAN INFLUENZATASK FORCETASK FORCEPersonnelPersonnel

Total Personnel by Organization: 766

4/16/02 - 8/23/02

APHIS: 469

DHHS: 168

USFS: 61

State: 24

DODVC: 22

Contract: 22

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Virginia AI Task ForceVirginia AI Task Force

Mission:Mission: To control low path AITo control low path AI1.1.Identify and eliminate foci of Identify and eliminate foci of

infectioninfection2.2. Prevent spread of diseasePrevent spread of disease

Priorities:Priorities:1. Safety of Incident 1. Safety of Incident

PersonnelPersonnel and Involved and Involved PublicPublic

2.2. Adherence of Strict Biosecurity Adherence of Strict Biosecurity Measures by Measures by

Incident PersonnelIncident Personnel 21

Three Focus AreasThree Focus Areas

• SurveillanceSurveillance

• Eliminate foci of infectionEliminate foci of infection

• BiosecurityBiosecurity

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Laboratory DiagnosisLaboratory Diagnosis

• Viral isolationViral isolation

• AGID AGID

• ELISA ELISA

• Battery of specific antigens to identify its Battery of specific antigens to identify its serologic identity (HA and NA type). serologic identity (HA and NA type).

• Sera from infected chickens usually yield Sera from infected chickens usually yield positive antibody tests as early as 3 or 4 days positive antibody tests as early as 3 or 4 days after first signs of disease. after first signs of disease.

• Real time reverse transcriptase polymerase Real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rT-RT-PCR)chain reaction (rT-RT-PCR)

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Vir

us L

evel

Days Post-Infection (Flock)0 7 14 21 28

Directigen

AGID

RT-PCR

Virus Isolation

Avian Influenza Tests

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AI SurveillanceAI Surveillance

Pre-OutbreakPre-OutbreakDuring During OutbreakOutbreak Post-OutbreakPost-Outbreak

Breeders or Breeders or LayersLayers

NPIP required NPIP required AbAb

testingtesting

Ab At SlaughterAb At Slaughter

Weekly AgWeekly Ag

Bi-weekly AbBi-weekly Ab

Pre-SlaughterPre-Slaughter

Ag/AbAg/Ab

Ab every 4-6 Ab every 4-6 weeksweeks

Pre-Slaughter Pre-Slaughter Ag/AbAg/Ab

Breeder Breeder ReplacementsReplacements

NPIP required NPIP required AbAb

testingtesting

Weekly AgWeekly Ag

Pre-movementPre-movement

Ag/AbAg/Ab

Monthly AbMonthly Ab

Pre-movement Pre-movement Ag/AbAg/Ab

Turkey Turkey GrowoutGrowout Ab At SlaughterAb At Slaughter

Weekly Ag Weekly Ag

Pre-SlaughterPre-Slaughter

Ag/AbAg/AbPre-Slaughter Pre-Slaughter

Ag/AbAg/Ab

BroilersBroilers NoneNone

Weekly AgWeekly Ag

Pre-Slaughter Pre-Slaughter AgAg

Ab/Ag At Ab/Ag At SlaughterSlaughter

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Barrel Barrel SurveillanceSurveillance

26

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Elimination of Foci of Elimination of Foci of InfectionInfection

• Rapid humane euthanasia of infected Rapid humane euthanasia of infected

flocksflocks

• Rapid removal of carcassesRapid removal of carcasses

• Disposal – a major challengeDisposal – a major challenge

• Closing of Houses followed by testingClosing of Houses followed by testing

• Cleaning and Disinfection of housesCleaning and Disinfection of houses

• Implementation of Biosecurity MeasuresImplementation of Biosecurity Measures28

Carcass Disposal Carcass Disposal MethodsMethods

– On Farm BurialOn Farm Burial– IncinerationIncineration– LandfillLandfill– CompostingComposting

29

BiosecurityBiosecurity

30

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Incident Command Incident Command SystemSystem

• Incident Command StaffIncident Command Staff•PlanningPlanning•Administration and FinanceAdministration and Finance•LogisticsLogistics•OperationsOperations

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Incident CommandersIncident Commanders

33

Forest ServiceForest Service

34

ArmyArmy

35

Department of Health and Human Services

36

Incident Command System Incident Command System Daily Meeting Daily Meeting

07000700 Surveillance Personnel (All)Surveillance Personnel (All)

08000800 Daily Briefing (All w/o Daily Briefing (All w/o Surveillance)Surveillance)

13001300 Chiefs Meeting Chiefs Meeting (Commanders and Chiefs)(Commanders and Chiefs)

18001800 Planning Meeting (Planning)Planning Meeting (Planning)

18301830 Plans Approval Meeting Plans Approval Meeting (Commanders and Chiefs)(Commanders and Chiefs)

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Planning MeetingPlanning Meeting

38

Morning BriefingMorning Briefing

39

SupplySupply40

TrainingTrainingTraining

41

Surveillance Surveillance 42

EpidemiologicalEpidemiological Assessments Assessments Proved Critical in SuccessProved Critical in Success

•Surveillance Design for Commercial Surveillance Design for Commercial FlocksFlocks

•Surveillance of Backyard FlocksSurveillance of Backyard Flocks

•Surveillance of WildbirdsSurveillance of Wildbirds

•Case Control StudyCase Control Study

•GIS Mapping and Spatial AnalysisGIS Mapping and Spatial Analysis

43

44

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AI Case Control StudyPreliminary Results

Epidemiology Section

Analysis team:Jennifer McQuiston

Lindsey Garber

46

Risk Factors Assessed:Risk Factors Assessed:

Premises Characteristics- Security- Nearby lake/pond

Farm Management- litter source- dead bird disposal

Biosecurity- Visitor log- Showers- Disinfectant Footbaths

Presence of Other Birds and Animals (wild, domestic)

Recent VisitorsRecent Travel 4

7

Case Control StudyCase Control StudyAssessment of Risk FactorsAssessment of Risk Factors

VariableVariable Odds RatioOdds Ratio P ValueP ValueUse of RendererUse of Renderer 7.37.3 <0.00<0.00

11

Older BirdsOlder Birds

>10 weeks>4>4 <0.00<0.00

11

Use of Non Family CaretakersUse of Non Family Caretakers 2.12.1 0.040.04

Family Member Working Family Member Working OffsiteOffsite

2.02.0 0.030.03

Wild Mammals on SiteWild Mammals on Site 1.91.9 0.040.04

48

Epidemiological Epidemiological ConsiderationsConsiderations

• The source of this outbreak was never established.The source of this outbreak was never established.

• The same strain of H7N2 has been seen in other small The same strain of H7N2 has been seen in other small outbreaks in eastern states and live bird markets in outbreaks in eastern states and live bird markets in the Northeast over a number of years.the Northeast over a number of years.

• A case-control study found flocks 7 times more likely A case-control study found flocks 7 times more likely to be infected if transporting dead birds to a rendering to be infected if transporting dead birds to a rendering facility.facility.

• No evidence was found of airborne spread or spread No evidence was found of airborne spread or spread associated with depopulation or disposal.associated with depopulation or disposal.

• Disease was spread primarily by movement of people Disease was spread primarily by movement of people and equipment in a densely populated poultry rearing and equipment in a densely populated poultry rearing area.area.

49

Lessons LearnedLessons LearnedThe HThe H77NN22 strain that has circulated among Live Bird Markets strain that has circulated among Live Bird Markets

of the Northeast and their supply and distribution channels of the Northeast and their supply and distribution channels continues to represent a serious threat to commercial poultry.continues to represent a serious threat to commercial poultry.

Control measures need to be taken to lessen the spread of Control measures need to be taken to lessen the spread of this virus and further protect commercial flocks.this virus and further protect commercial flocks.

Rendering practices need to be reexamined with respect to Rendering practices need to be reexamined with respect to the risk of disease spread.the risk of disease spread.

During an outbreak During an outbreak biosecuritybiosecurity measures at the farm and measures at the farm and plant level must be strengthened to prevent disease spread plant level must be strengthened to prevent disease spread by people and equipment.by people and equipment.

50

Reasons for SuccessReasons for Success

• Lessons Learned from the PastLessons Learned from the Past

• Industry Involvement and CommitmentIndustry Involvement and Commitment

• Cooperation Between Virginia, West Cooperation Between Virginia, West Virginia, USDA and all of the CooperatorsVirginia, USDA and all of the Cooperators

• Improved Technologies (Rapid Diagnosis Improved Technologies (Rapid Diagnosis and Computer Support) and Computer Support)

• Rapid and Coordinated ResponseRapid and Coordinated Response

51

AI Vaccination: PoultryAI Vaccination: Poultry

• Non H5/H7 AI vaccines routinely used Non H5/H7 AI vaccines routinely used in some areasin some areas

• H5/H7 vaccines traditionally not used H5/H7 vaccines traditionally not used because of trade restrictionsbecause of trade restrictions

• Usage of H5/H7 vaccines requires Usage of H5/H7 vaccines requires USDA and State ApprovalUSDA and State Approval

52

• 2003 Connecticut H7N2 Outbreak 2003 Connecticut H7N2 Outbreak Controlled and Eradicated utilizing Controlled and Eradicated utilizing H7N3 vaccine, intense biosecurity, H7N3 vaccine, intense biosecurity, and controlled slaughterand controlled slaughter

AI Vaccination: PoultryAI Vaccination: Poultry

53

• Animal Health responders must be Animal Health responders must be included in targeted human included in targeted human vaccination in zoonotic outbreak vaccination in zoonotic outbreak involving poultry.involving poultry.

• Poultry workers in outbreak area of Poultry workers in outbreak area of any zoonotic AI should also be any zoonotic AI should also be included as priority for vaccination.included as priority for vaccination.

AI Vaccination: HumanAI Vaccination: Human

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Commercial Poultry in Florida

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Added Animal Health Added Animal Health Concerns with Zoonotic AIConcerns with Zoonotic AI

• Farm workers may introduce disease Farm workers may introduce disease to poultryto poultry

• Birds may serve as reservoir with on-Birds may serve as reservoir with on-going human and bird exposuregoing human and bird exposure

• Personal safety of Animal Task Force Personal safety of Animal Task Force Workers and Poultry CaretakersWorkers and Poultry Caretakers

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Added Animal Health Added Animal Health Concerns with Zoonotic AIConcerns with Zoonotic AI

• Humane care and euthanasia of birdsHumane care and euthanasia of birds

• Carcass Disposal, Biosecurity, and Carcass Disposal, Biosecurity, and Environmental SafeguardsEnvironmental Safeguards

• Rapid Detection and Prevention of Rapid Detection and Prevention of SpreadSpread

57

AVIAN INFLUENZA AVIAN INFLUENZA

An Animal Health PerspectiveAn Animal Health Perspective

Presented by:Dr. Thomas J. Holt

State Veterinarian/DirectorDivision of Animal Industry

Phone: 850-410-0900Email: [email protected]

Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer ServicesCharles Bronson, Commissioner

mailto:[email protected]

AVIAN INFLUENZA An Animal Health Perspective

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