SPANISH ARCHITECTURE 4000BC - PRESENT Alina Syed About Spanish Architecture… Within Spanish architecture, they reflect community values and pursuits. They inform us of the movement of people, who take their architectural traditions with them in form, (for example, temples). They also convey the impact of political events, as seen with castles and palaces. Not only that, but Spanish architecture also reflected internal ideological divisions of regional rivalry (i.e. castles might be built by a ruler to reinforce his control within his own territory). Spanish architecture from 4000BC to the present consists of many different periods that are each unique due to their different forms and elements. These periods include the Roman period, the Romanesque period, the Gothic period, the Renaissance, the Baroque period, Spanish colonial architecture, the neoclassical style, as well as the 19 th , 20 th , and 21 st centuries. More in depth information about these periods can be found to the right. WHERE IS IT LOCATED? Spanish Architecture can be found just about anywhere in Spain, with the earliest buildings located in Altamira and Cogul, and the modern ones in Barcelona and Madrid. TIME PERIODS Starting at 218 BC was the Roman Period. During this period, many bridges and theatres were built as well as a variety of religious architecture. Most settlements of this time were of Iberian, Phoenician and Greek settlers. During the 10 th and 11 th centuries was the Romanesque period, consisting of very primitive styles such as thick walls and lack of sculpture. This period was influenced by Cluny, which is a Benedictine monastery located in France. As for the Gothic Period which took place in the 12th century and resulted of European influence, the Cathedral of Avila can be considered one of the most famous Spanish Gothic Architecture of the time. The Renaissance period followed the Gothic Period in the 15 th century and was grafted to Gothic forms. It was led by Juan Bautista de Toledo as well as Juan de Herrera who made the royal monastery of El Escorial.
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SPANISH ARCHITECTURE 4000BC - PRESENT
Alina Syed
About Spanish Architecture…
Within Spanish architecture, they reflect community values and pursuits. They
inform us of the movement of people, who take their architectural traditions
with them in form, (for example, temples). They also convey the impact of
political events, as seen with castles and palaces. Not only that, but Spanish
architecture also reflected internal ideological divisions of regional rivalry (i.e.
castles might be built by a ruler to reinforce his control within his own territory).
Spanish architecture from 4000BC to the present consists of many different
periods that are each unique due to their different forms and elements. These
periods include the Roman period, the Romanesque period, the Gothic period,
the Renaissance, the Baroque period, Spanish colonial architecture, the
neoclassical style, as well as the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries. More in depth
information about these periods can be found to the right.
WHERE IS IT LOCATED?
Spanish Architecture can be found just about anywhere in Spain, with the
earliest buildings located in Altamira and Cogul, and the modern ones in
Barcelona and Madrid.
TIME PERIODS
Starting at 218 BC was the Roman Period. During this period, many bridges and theatres were built as well as a variety of religious architecture. Most settlements of this time were of Iberian, Phoenician and Greek settlers. During the 10
th and 11
th centuries was
the Romanesque period, consisting of very primitive styles such as thick walls and lack of sculpture. This period was influenced by Cluny, which is a Benedictine monastery located in France. As for the Gothic Period which took place in the 12th century and resulted of European influence, the Cathedral of Avila can be considered one of the most famous Spanish Gothic Architecture of the time. The Renaissance period followed the Gothic Period in the 15
th century and was
grafted to Gothic forms. It was led by Juan Bautista de Toledo as well as Juan de Herrera who made the royal monastery of El Escorial.
INFLUENCES ON SPANISH ARCHITECTURE:
PERIODS CONTINUED…
Following the Renaissance period was the very successful Baroque period that occurred in the late 16
th century. The
Spanish Colonial architecture was a combination of Native American and Moorish decorative influences. The Neoclassical style on the other hand adapted old ideas to create buildings such as the astronomical observatory.
WHAT MAKES SPANISH ARCHITECTURE DISTINCTIVE:
Spanish architecture is very unique in its own way. In the earlier ages Spanish architecture was recognized as a various amount of castles with their own distinctive use of bricks whereas in modern times, architects such as Gaudi do not make their buildings symmetrical but they are more experimental and bubbly, as well as colourful. Spanish modern architecture is very playful and not hard to tell apart from that of other areas. The picture to the left is but one example of Gaudi’s buildings.
Due to its historical and geographical
diversity, Spanish architecture has
drawn from a host of influences.
Most of these influences derive from
Rome, as the Romans left behind
some of their most outstanding
monuments in Hispania. Many
influences are also from various
cultural areas such as the cultural
European and Arabic styles that
influenced the Spanish to create the
Mudejar style. In modern Spanish
architecture today, for example
those by the works of Antoni Gaudi,
he is influenced mainly by
Moresque, oriental and gothic
architecture – all of them traditional
Catalonian styles.
KEY TERMS
Festoon: Ornamental garland usually suspending from both ends, (I.e. Edificio Metropolis, Madrid).
Keystone: The central wedge-shaped stone at the crown of an arch that locks all parts together, (I.e. Arc de Triomf, Barcelona).
Mudejar: Style of Spanish architecture employed by Muslims after the Christian reconquest, characterized by a fusion of Islamic with Gothic and Romanesque elements. For example, the Arc de Triomf located in Barcelona.
Arcade: A series of arches supported by columns or piers, either attached to a wall or free-standing, (I.e. Plaza Mayor, Madrid).
INDIAN ARCHITECTURE (9000 B.C. - present)
Back in 9000 B.C., Indian architecture
began with some early cave paintings. Throughout the years, their architecture has continually changed. Due to the fact that Indian architecture has been around since the ancient civilizations period, it has developed through the
use of many previous influences and has created its own, unique style that is sophisticated and widely recognized. Perhaps the most recognized structure in Indian architecture is the Taj Mahal located in Agra (right).
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! DISTINCTIVE STYLE
Taj Mahal, Agra. Recognized for its signature dome and water reflection.
• extremely intricate and detailed designs
• many geometrical shapes
• lots of sculptures of gods
• lots of pillars, arches and panels
• religious beliefs incorporated into buildings
It is said that Indian architecture lacks consistency because of the diversity of religious beliefs in India. The Nageshwara Temple (left) demonstrates the intricate
detail and religion associated with Indian architecture.
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! KEY TERMS
geometrical - formed by lines, points and curves
fusion - joining two or more things to create a single entitysculpture - two or three dimensional art form created by carving stone, wood, etc.
Nageshwara Temple, Kumbakonam. Representation of the intricate detail and religion in Indian architecture.
http://www.kamit.jp/01_introdctn/intr_eng.htmhttp://indianskyscraperblog.wordpress.com/Masterpieces of Traditional Indian Architecture by Satish Groverhttp://www.crystalinks.com/indiarchitecture.html
INFLUENCES
• when Islam invaded India, Islamic
architecture fused with Indian architecture
• Greek architecture inspired the rock-cut art, which was the basis of early temples such as the Ellora Caves (right)
• as the development of technology and science increases, the influence of religion decreases (influenced a change in style)
Ellora Caves, showing the Greek influence of rock-cut art.
THEN AND NOWAs mentioned before, most modern Indian
structures lack the use of religious beliefs, substituting them for the use of technology. The modern architecture still maintains the use of geometric shapes and symbolism, continuing to define the style.
Naga Towers, soon to come. Contains the cultural symbol of the Naga (snake). The present style of Indian architecture is very different from old structures.
DILWARA TEMPLESMy tile is based off of one of the columns in the Dilwara Temples. The tile emphasizes the detail included in the columns by showing a close-up representation as well as a wider shot of one of the columns. It will emphasize the substantial use of gods and various religious figures. It will be an accurate representation of common
Crystals at City Center in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA (2005-2009)
TERMS TO DESCRIBE DANIELʼS WORK:
Bold - showing an ability to take risksComplex - consisting of many different and connected parts (not easy to analyze or understand)Abstract - existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence Geometric - characterized by or decorated with regular lines and shapes Proportional - corresponding in size or amount to something else
BIOGRAPHY:
Born in May 12, 1946 in Poland, Daniel Libeskind is now currently lives in the United States and is a successful artist, architect, and set designer. Geographic locations of
the studies leading up to his career include Israel, New York City, and England. He has completed many
projects including the Crystals at City Center (Las Vegas, Nevada, USA),
Jewish Museum Berlin (Berlin, Germany), Military History Museum
(Dresden, Germany), and the Michael Lee-Chin Crystal at the Royal Ontario Museum (Toronto,
Ontario, Canada).
COUNTRIES WHERE HIS WORK IS FOUND:
•Canada
•Germany•USA•England•Spain•Switzerland
•Ireland•South Korea•Denmark•Israel•Italy
Jewish Museum Berlin in Berlin, Germany (1989-1999)
Military History Museum (2001-2011)
Royal Ontario MuseumArchitect: Daniel Libeskind
Project Began: 2002Project Finished: 2007
Michael Lee-Chin Crystal
INSPIRATIONWhile attending a wedding at the
Royal Ontario Museum, Danielʼs love for the gem and mineral collection
inspired him to sketch the initial concepts of the crystal
onto paper napkins.
DISTINCTIONS:
Danielʼs projects are quite distinctive. Almost all of his buildings include geometric shapes and linear elements that seem abstract. Many also include
linear cutouts for windows and using metal, steel, and glass elements. Some of his designs are
extensions on existing structures that, when he is finished working his “magic”, seem to blend “old”
with “new” and make the new creations appear as if they are emerging out of the older ones.
Art Nouveau, French for “New Art” has very distinctive styles that were against the formal and classical approaches to design. This new expression of architecture became known as “The Whiplash” which is described as a sudden violent curve generated by the crack of the whip. This characteristic is found in nature and was applied to architecture in the form of artistic decoration consisting of energetic rhythmic lines, patterns, running scrolls, interlacing foliage and flame and shell textures. No specific artists personified the nouveau style
which has different names in different countries such as le style metro in France,
jugendstil in Germany, secession in Austria, la style de liberty in Italy and modernista
in Spain. Art Nouveau presented a refreshing and modern solution that broke the
stronghold of traditions.
Art Nouveau 1890 -1914
Art Nouveau style can be found all over the world, but
is most abundant in the European Countries where it
originated. Riga, Latvia is one of the largest centres of
architecture. Recognizable aspects of the style include
pyramids and temples. In fact, some of the very
earliest pyramid designs were those of the Mayans.
This style of architecture can also be identified by the
intricate detail in a variety of materials such as mud and
stone. Buildings ranged widely in height, however it
is important to note that any steps made were very wide
as well as steep.
There are specific cities that represent aspects of Mayan architecture very well. For example, Uxmal, Yucutan was typical of this architecture from around 600-900 AD. Some of the buildings include the Temple of the Magician and the Nunnery Quadrangle. An additional city is Tikal, Guatemala. In terms of architectural sites, this city is one of the largest in representing pre-Colombian Mayan civilization.
The Story of Architecture by Johnathon Glancey http://library.thinkquest.org/10098/mayan.htm http://www.mayadiscovery.com/ing/archaeology/architecture.htm http://www.authenticmaya.com/arquitectura_maya.htm
The Mayan Calendar is what comes to mind when thinking of Mayan culture. Not only was the idea very impactful, but so was the design work embedded in the actual structure.
The calendar was a very sophisticated aspect of the Mayan culture. The design
work in itself is very sophisticated as well. Intricacies in the stone are also simplified
by the repetition brought along due to the many cycles upon which the calendar is
Architectural Styles Imperial- this style was only used for the Emperor Of China, things like yellow tiles, wooden columns, and the use of the #9. 9 arches, 9 gates .etc.
Religious- this style, which includes the Buddhist style was largely inspired by imperial structure. These buildings included lots of pagodas (ones with 4 or 8 sides). Also, the main entrances were always built at the side of the building.
Commoner- this is the most common style, used by a large part of China’s population. The center would usually have a shrine for ancestors and the two sides of the building are rooms for ancestors. The “wings” of the building were meant for younger members of the family.
The pagoda is a type of structure that originated in the 11 century from Buddism. This type of Buddist structure first came from India, but soon traveled to other parts of Asia. During the Tang Dynasty period, these structures were built fairly simple, but over time have developed into detailed, more complex buildings.
Imperial Structure
Commoner Structures
2
Balance, symmetry, structure, construction and detail are all things that make this style of
architecture a stand out to others around the globe.
Horizontal Highlights There is a lot of emphasis on the horizontal axis in Chinese
architecture. A lot of the buildings are tall, with high platforms and a low, smaller roof, often the corners have
been built in a “swept up” motion. Usually, Chinese architecture emphasizes the width of the buildings- mostly to
highlight the embracing-nature of imperial china.
Materials Used In the past, Chinese architecture used a lot of wood in
construction. By the start of the Tang Dynasty, this trend was replaced with stone and brick. These materials were in
popular use at the time of the Ming Dynasty, Which the famous Great Wall Of China is built from.
Structure The use of structural timbers is used for framing the
buildings as well as holding up the small roofs. There are three different types of roofs used. Straight Incline, which is
with a single incline section, Multi- Incline, with two or more, and Sweeping- which is a roof with sweeping
curvatures with taller corners. Use of door panels and curtain walls are also popular in this type of architecture.
The Forbidden City The Forbidden City has become a wide attraction around the world. It represents a large group of imperial buildings, and is found in China’s capital, Beijing. The work is incredibly detailed and includes things like terraces, buildings made from marble, colored tiles, and lacquer finished woodwork.
http://polaris.gseis.ucla.edu/yanglu/ECC_CULTURE_ARCHITECTURE_TIMELINE.HTM Book- Wonders Of The World- MetroBooks Tile Description Photos The photos I used to base my tile design off of were the middle one on the 3rd page, and the second one on the left side of the 2nd page. I used both the structure and detail to draw up my design. I liked the main basis the first picture gave me as to how the roof and building should look from the front, as well as the detailed photo where I noticed a lot of specifics that I also included. Note- I also looked at a lot of different photos in books as well for ideas.
M e s o p o ta m i a n A r c h i t e c t u r e
M a t e r i a l s u s e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e
M e s o p o t a m i a n e m p i r e :
- clay was the main material used due to its abundance and its ability to be shaped and dried easily
- stone and wood that could be used to build structures was mostly unavailable
- bricks made of clay were identically molded and baked in the sun, soon becoming mass-produced as they became the principle building material used in construction
- Lebanon exported wood that was imported by the Mesopotamians for roofing, ornaments, and tools
- facades on buildings and gates were decorated with glazed bricks of a multitude of colours (white, blue, gold, silver, yellow), often showing mythological creatures such as griffon
- a type of tar or bitumen was developed for waterproofing buildings during the flooding season
M e t h o d s u s e d t o i n c r e a s e s t r u c t u r a l s u p p o r t
- buttresses and flat buttress strips : Rectangular piece connected or leaned against a wall
- recess : An enclosure that has been pushed back
- clay nails
- pilasters : A half column attached to a wall
- arches : Curved structure that supports loads by dispersing the pressure
- voussoir : A stone shaped like a wedge that is used in arches
- dome : A hollow architectural structure that is shapes like a hemisphere
- stone plinths : A square or rectangular stone base on which columns are placed upon
- frescoes : A large painting made on a plaster surface
C o n s t r u c t i o n F a c t s
- stone is structurally more sound than mud, forcing the Mesopotamians to use buttresses to reinforce their thick walls in order to compensate for such a factor
- vaulting was a popular construction method during the time
- domes and vaults covered rooms, acting as roofs
- long narrow rooms or hallways were covered with tunnel vaults
- the use of columns was not idealistic as mud crumbled under intense pressure, thus it was only used by the later cultures
- by putting together arches, domes were created (Ishtar Gate is an example of an arch from the ancient world)
Page 3
Page 1
T e m p l e s
- for increased stability, buttresses and recesses were used for added support
- building plan was either t-shaped or rectangular to represent four flowing rivers
- temples were built on low terraces with an observatory situated a top the entire structure
H o u s e s
- the number of stories determined the occupant’s social status. The poor were housed in single story homes while the rich had two stories
- the center of the home was the courtyard which provided light, air, and protection
- constructed from bricks held together with plaster
- entrance was closed off with either nothing or a wooden door
- cooling through convection currents was created by having the rooms face towards the center courtyard
P a l a c e s
- relief carvings of royal, symbolic, and religious figures on walls
- walls of layered plaster had paintings of friezes on them
- facings made of bricks each had polychrome glazes
- gates were guarded by large sculptures such as griffons or dragons who were carved from stone
Z i g g u r a t S t y l e T e m p l e s
- most important religious building
- receding layered platforms of two to seven
- shared similar stylistic characteristics to step pyramids which came into popularity during the Early Dynastic period
- all levels were proportional to each other
- the foundation was created with sunbaked bricks while the exterior was covered with ones that had been fired
- multiple astrological beings were represented on facings that had been glazed over
- walkways, stairways and ramps connected each stage
M Throughout the Mesopotamian civilization there were three major types of
T h e g r e a t M e s o p o t a m i a n c i v i l i z a t i o n ( n o w m o d e r n I r a q ) fi r s t a p p e a r e d a t a r o u n d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 5 0 0 B C . D u r i n g t h e i r 5 0 0 0 y e a r e x i s t e n c e , m a n y g r e a t a r c h i t e c t u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t s c a m e t o r i s e .
D u e t o i t ’ s c u l t u r a l d i v e r s i t y i n w h i c h m a n y s e p a r a t e c i t y s t a t e s w e r e c r e a t e d o v e r t h e y e a r s , d i ff e r e n t e m p i r e s r o s e a n d f e l l , e a c h l e a v i n g b e h i n d s e p a r a t e b u t e q u a l l y i m p o r t a n t a r c h i t e c t u r a l l e g a c i e s .
T h e f o l l o w i n g t a b l e i n c l u d e s t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t c u l t u r e s t h a t i n f l u e n c e d M e s o p o t a m i a n a r c h i t e c t u r e :
Culture Years of prosper (BC)
Sumerian 4500—2000
Akkadian 2350—2200
Babylonian 2000—1600
Assyrian 1350—612
Neo-Babylonian 612—539
The Mesopotamian architecture was shaped by sever-al factors:
1. Geographical location and climate
2. Invention and development of courtyards
3. Seasonal floods which forced them to raise build-ings on platforms or mounds of clay, dirt, or stone
4. Religion and symbolic meanings
5. Social hierarchy
Due to the diversity of cultures in the Mesopotamian civilization, all five of these aspects were integrated into a common style and can be observed in each culture’s forms.
Urban planning:
all Mesopotamian cities were parted into four types of spaces: residential, commercial, mixed, and civic
city designs were detailed as they included intricate plans for ca-nals, trade routes, walls, irrigation systems, streets, buildings, markets, and gardens
Mesopotamians were also famous for developing landscape architec-ture. This usually involved heavy open spaced planning. Orchards and gardens blossomed due to the abundance of water diverted from the Tigris and Euphrates. The space was typically an enclosed quad-rangle that had multiple fountains placed throughout the garden. The Mesopotamians used space to its fullest, creating beautiful greenery whose reputation is still reveled about today, such as in the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.
Romanesque Architecture What makes the Romanesque style distinctive is rounded arches, tall towers, small and few details as well as decorative style similar to roman buildings. When churches were built, they were typically full of painted, colourful biblical images to teach people who were unable to read the bible.
What influenced Romanesque Architecture was the architecture during the rule of the Roman empire. This is where the name 'Romanesque' originated from. The Romanesque style was partially influenced by Byzantine art, which carried westward along main trade routes making to places such as Venice, Ravenna, and Marseilles.
Some of the first buildings to appear in the Romanesque style are
Santa Maria Charlemagne's Palatine St. Michael's Hildesheim St. Michael's Hildesheim
Chapel (interior) (exterior)
Romanesque architecture became the main style in Europe in the 11th and 12th centuries, yet started as early as the 6th. It was seen in England, France, and Germany
What I chose to depict in my tile was large, rounded arches, with small and few details. It also includes stone brick work. These accurately reflects the architecture of the time.
Large rounded arches Few windows
Later on, slightly more windows were being used,but they remained small in size
Gothic architecture is most commonly found in France, but can be found in other countries in Europe such as Spain, England, Italy, and Germany.�
First appearing in Medieval �France (mid 12th century), Gothic architecture was heavily influenced by Romanesque architecture, and was apart of what influenced Renaissance architecture. Most commonly known for its beautifully crafted glass windows, pointed arches, and ribbed vaulting, Gothic architecture is most dominantly associated with places of worship
such as cathedrals and churches in France.�
ArchedDoorway
The Gothic period lasted from the mid 12th century to the late 16th century.�
Ribbed Vaulting�
Famous Architects and Buildings�Reims Cathedral- �Bernard de Soissons�Built in 1211, Reims, France� Cathedral of Notre
Dame- Maurice de Sully, 1163, Paris, France�
Westminster Abbey- Henry III, 1245, London, England�
Stained glass windows in Notre Dame Cathedral,-Paris, France, 1194�
For my tile, I chose to combine three of the most distinct features of Gothic architecture, arches, tracery, and stained glass.�
Persepolis was built during the reign of Darius I, who made it the capital of Persia. It was the wealthiest city and full of treasures. The earliest remains of Persepolis date back to around 515 B.C. In 330, Persepolis was partly destroyed by Alexander Sacks, who was King of Macedonia. It remained ruins for nearly 2000 years.
There are still remains of Persepolis left that attract tourists. To the ancient Persians, the city was known as Parsa, which means The City of Persians. The Greeks called it Persepolis. Today it is known as Takht-‐e-‐Jamshid or Throne of Jamshid in Iran. Key terms associated with the style of architecture are ancient, Greek, Egyptian, sculptures and rocks.
Ancient art influenced the architecture. It was also greatly influenced by Greek art. What makes the style of architecture distinctive is the detailed rock relief. Ancient art
Greek art
Bibliography: 1. Ancient Persian Art: History, Photographs: Early Iranian Architecture, Painting, Sculpture: Susa, Persepolis. Encyclopedia of Art, <http://www.visual-‐arts-‐cork.com/ancient-‐art/persian.htm>. 2. Persepolis, Iran. Ancient-‐Wisdom, <http://www.ancient-‐wisdom.co.uk/iranpersepolis.htm>.
Russian Muscovite architecture is mostly from the 1500’s and
1600’s when powerful tsars ruled Russia.
Buildings are typically colourful and whimsical. It feels like Christmas, as the notable works of this style are mostly ornate
Orthodox Christian churches and cathedrals. Some buildings even look like gingerbread houses
with snow-covered roofs.
Perhaps the most famous creation of Muscovite architecture, St. Basil’s Cathedral in Moscow’s Red Square was built between 1555 and 1560. It was commissioned by Tsar Ivan IV (“the Terrible”) to commemorate the victory over the Mongol armies and the freeing of Russia from Tartar rule. It was designed by architects Barma and Posnik. St. Basil’s established the traditional tent-and-tower churches as a symbol of national unification and combined the styles of the north and south in its design. The large central chapel is surrounded by 8 smaller ones, and each is topped with an onion dome, which were added to the originally white cathedral in the late 17th century. St. Basil the Blessed is buried in an additional small chapel.
St. Basil’s: Explained
Where? Moscow is the capital city of the Russian Federation
Influences Muscovite architecture features inspiration from: • Islamic Onion domes • Romanesque arcades (row of
arches) • Gothic pointed arches and
spires (conical tower topper) • Italian Renaissance rusticated
stonework • Polish and Ukrainian Baroque
chapels Muscovite Window Designs
Early Muscovite Period (1230 – 1530)
• Mongols looted the country, causing a major decrease in wealth. Large stone buildings were not in the budget, however some towns managed to preserve their Medieval churches.
• By the late 1300’s, Muscovite masons managed to regain the skill of their ancestors and solve problems whose answers had been lost during the Mongol attacks of the 13th century.
Middle Muscovite Period (1530 – 1630) • The key architectural innovation of the 1500’s was the
tented roof. This brick structure meant that snow couldn’t pile on top. It can be seen in the design of St. Basil’s. The first tented church was built to celebrate the birth of Ivan the Terrible in 1531, seen at left.
Late Muscovite Period (1630 – 1712) • After a period of turmoil and famine known as the Time
of Troubles, Russia was once again poor. Luckily, rich merchants decided to pitch in and fund the construction of more cathedrals.
• In the mid-1600’s, the Patriarch of the Orthodox Church decided that tented designs were untraditional, and so cathedrals turned into smaller, but heavily decorated chapels. This period was influenced by Baroque styles.
Early: Cathedral of the Assumption, Zvenigorod
Middle: Ascension Church, Kolomenskoye
Late: Church of St. John the Baptist, Yaroslavl
Bibliography Architecture Explained http://www.enotes.com/topic/Russian_architecture Tented Roof Onion Dome
The term “acropolis” is defined as the edge or point of a city, usually high up. They can be used as a place for shelter, warship of defence against enemies. Many can be found around Greece, one of the most historical being The Acropolis of Athens, home of the Parthenon.
The Parthenon (447-436 BC)
Architects The Parthenon was commissioned by Pericles, a political leader, after
Greek victories over the Persians
Phidias, a sculptor, was given the task of rebuilding the ancient temples overlooking the city of Athens
Architects Ictinus and Callicrates were called upon to perfect the Parthenon temple, which in turn took 11 years the build
Major Influences Doric ‘order’; first used 150 years prior for the design of Heraion, an
acropolis of sacred and civic buildings gathered around the Temple of Hera
Athena, Goddess of Wisdom; she won a competition to become patron and named the city, Athens, after herself. She became the guardian of Athens and in her honour, the Parthenon was devoted to her
What Makes the Parthenon so Distinctive? The Parthenon differs from other Greek temples as its exterior was extended under Pericles’ leadership. While most had a width of 6 columns, the colonnade was extended to 8, and the length was extended accordingly to 17. The interior was divided into two chambers, the larger containing a statue of Athena. To ensure perfection, Ictinus and Callicrates used entasis to considerably distort the columns on the exterior. This required mathematical skill among the architects as well as enormous expertise on the builders. Despite its appearance, there are no true straight lines to be found on the Parthenon.
Athena’s Statue
Plan of the Parthenon
The Parthenon is composed of an unusual blend of Doric and Ionic order, which contain metopes and frieze. The metopes represent various struggles faced between order and justice, and criminal anarchy. Each side depicts a different battle, for instance, on the south side appears the battle between the Lapiths and the Centaurs.
the frieze, however, depicts a single subject. On three sides it can be seen a march of horsemen,
musicians and sacrificial animals.
KEY TERMS!!!
Acropolis – Edge of or point of city; upper city
Column – vertical, rough pillar
Entasis – a technique used for distortion causes the eye to see straight lines where they may appear to curve of sag
Triglyphs – structural member of Doric frieze, triglyphs separate
two consecutive metopes
Metope – any square spaces between triglyphs and the Doric frieze; can either be plain or decorated
Frieze – a horizontal strip of sculpted or painted decoration
Colonnade – a row of columns supporting a roof
Fun Story Time – The Naming of Athens
Along time ago, there was a man name Cecrops, who was half man and half snake. He was the very first founder and king of Athens. Once Athens started to ‘pick up’, Athena and Poseidon both wanted to be patron. On a verge of attacking each other, Athena had an idea of who could win the city. The person who gave the city the
best gift would win.
They headed to the Acropolis, gifts in tow. Poseidon was first, and stabbed the earth with his trident and out shot a spring which began
pouring water. However, while a wonderful sight, the water was salty, and instantly became less impressive.
Athena, however, merely knelt down and planted something beneath the ground. A simple olive tree it may have been but it was a very rich gift. It gave the people food, oil, and wood. Cecrops deemed
Athena the winner and she declared the city after herself, Athens.
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE first century BC to seventh century AD
roman architecture is found primarily in Italy.
Their art style was influenced by the Greeks and
the Etruscans and structural remnants of the
roman empire can be found all over the world.
Not only as ruins, roman architecture has
influenced design in the renaissance and in
modern times.
elements of the style
vault: vaults are arched
ceilings or coverings. The can
be made of brick concrete or
other stone and have a
variety of uses.
shown in adjacent images
they can be decorative and
serving no purpose, there are
tall vaulted ceilings in some
buildings. as well as vaulted
awnings called velariums.
dome: domed roofs are a
distinctive feature in roman
architecture. They come in a
number of shapes and sizes and are
usually found on the larger
structures. This feature was
recreated in the renaissance.
arch: arches are
large curving
structures used to
span openings and
long distances.
However some are
implemented as
decoration.
Colum: columns are perhaps the
most recognizable feature in roman
architecture. They have three parts
the base, the shaft, and the detailed
capital
There are two types of columns.
Freestanding columns bear weight,
they are used to support buildings.
Engaged columns are purely
decorative. They are attached to
structures and don’t bear weight.
There are also three
artistic styles in the
evolution of columns.
shown on the right the
Doric, ionic, and
Corinthian columns have
varying levels of detail.
The Terracotta tile was greatly influenced by Hundertwasser and was adopted on New Zealand.
The Green Citadel of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
German Winery, Untereisenheim, Germany
Friedensreich Hundertwasser is mostly known for his design of the "Hundertwasser Haus" in Vienna, Austria. He has designed 34 buildings in his career. Hundertwasser had already had a reputation as a painter at the age of 55. He was known for designing buildings in Austria, Israel, Spain, Netherlands, GermanSpain, Netherlands, Germany, New Zealand, the United States, Switzerland and Japan.
Hundertwasser has designed many buildings in Germany as well as Austria and Many Germans and Austrians recognized his work. His style is very recognizable all across Europe because of his unique, individual architecture and the use of irregular forms and crooked lines in his buildings.
Countries his buildings are recognized in:AustriaGermanyNetherlandsSpainJapanJapanUnited StatesIsraelNew ZealandSwitzerland
Forest Spiral, Darmstadt, Germany
The Crooked House, Sopot, PolandTime in History1928 to 2000