Auxiliary schedule 2 : places - Bliss Classification Association

AUXILIARY SCHEDULE 2 : PLACE

(1) This separate schedule is an auxiliary to the enumerated classes 2/9, A/Z. the concepts in it are available only to qualify those classes, and their classmarks are not to be used on their own.

(2) In any class of the BC, unless some other arrangement is explicitly provided, these concepts maybe used, at the discretion of the classifier, to qualify it, introduced by 8 from Schedule 1 (representing Place); e.g. Education is J, and Education in Ancient Rome is J8 CV; Primary education is JM, and Primary education in developing countries is JM8 BD.

(3) In many parts of the BC special instructions are given as to where to apply this schedule; e.g. in Schedule 1 (itself an auxiliary, used to qualify the enumerated classes) 4H is Persons by nationality, and has an instruction to add classmarks from Schedule 2 direct to that classmark; so 4HR B added to a class means Chinese persons in that subject. In Class P Religion, POZ is Christianity in individual countries, with an instruction to add letters A/Z from Schedule 2; so POZ RB is Christianity in China.

(4) The schedule is an inverted one, and citation order is therefore usually the opposite of schedule filing order; this means that if more than one concept from the schedule occurs in a subject’s summarisation, the concept appearing later in the schedule is cited before that occurring earlier; e.g. to qualify a subject by the compound place concept Tropical cities and towns, the classmark 8BC AV would be used (built from 8BC Urban areas and 8AV Tropical latitudes).

(5) Notation is retroactive throughout, except in the case of a few politico-cum-geographic places in8D/8Z, where the letters A & B have been used for local place; in such cases the 8 must be re-used to introduce the second concept as well; e.g. E British Isles; E8B G Conservation areas in; E8B G8A PH Rivers in conservation areas of the British Isles. However, this should be a very rare occurrence.

OUTLINE OF AUXILIARY SCHEDULE 2 : PLACE

31 Relative position51 Orientation 66 Longitude and latitude

* Alternative for latitude is ASV

AB (Physiographic place)ABF Lithosphere, landABU Highlands, mountainsADG Coastal areasADS (By soil and rock formation)ADV Limestone, karstAE Hydrosphere, waterAEG Oceans, seasAF Indian OceanAGL Antarctic OceanAH Pacific OceanAK Atlantic Ocean

AL North Polar Sea, Arctic OceanAN Mediterranean SeaAP FreshwatersAQ RiversARS Atmosphere, air

AS Regions by climateASV Regions by latitudeAV TropicsAW Regions by vegetationAX Regions by bounding oceans, seasAY Regions by other physical characteristics

(Regions reflecting human action)BAJ (By land and resource use)BC UrbanBD Developing countries. Third WorldBFR Residential areasBG Conservation areas

(By social/political factors)BJ Administrative unitsBJM Areas defined by military actionBJT Demilitarized zonesBK Groupings of statesBKF United NationsBKM Eastern bloc, Western blocBLK European Union. Common Market. EECBM Empires, unionsBME A British Commonwealth

(By demographic characteristics)BP Religious group areasBQ Linguistic group areasBST Ethnic group areasBW Regions special to a subject

(Political-cum-geographic place)C The Ancient WorldCCE MesopotamiaCCG Sumer and AkkadCD Babylonia and AssyriaCE Media and PersiaCEK Hittite KingdomCF SyriaCG PhoeniciaCH PalestineCJ Asia MinorCLN Asia other than South West Asia, Oceania, AmericaCM AfricaCN Egypt

CQ EuropeCQY Classical worldCR GreeceCV Ancient Italy and Rome

D/Z The modern worldD EuropeE British IslesF FranceGB SpainGP PortugalH MediterraneanHM MaltaI ItalyJA Central EuropeJB SwitzerlandJP BelgiumJT LuxembourgJU NetherlandsK GermanyKB German Democratic RepublicKH German Federal RepublicKS CzechoslovakiaKW AustriaLD HungaryLEY The BalkansLF YugoslaviaLO AlbaniaLP GreeceLR BulgariaLU RomaniaLY PolandM ScandinaviaMB DenmarkMG IcelandMJ NorwayMO SwedenMU FinlandN U.S.S.R.

O AsiaOF Middle EastOH TurkeyOM The LevantON CyprusOO SyriaOOV LebanonOP IsraelOQ JordanOR ArabiaOS Saudi Arabia

OU Gulf StatesOV IraqPA IranPR AfghanistanQAX PakistanQE IndiaQP BangladeshQRY Himalayan StatesQW Ceylon. Sri LankaRA Far EastRB ChinaRG Taiwan. FormosaRN TibetRPY Mongolia RU KoreaS JapanST South-East AsiaSV PhilippinesTB Indo-ChinaTHB ThailandTHL BurmaTJB MalaysiaTK IndonesiaTKH BorneoTQ New Guinea

U8 AustralasiaUA AustraliaUV New Zealand

V AfricaVA EgyptVBL LibyaVC TunisiaVD AlgeriaVE MoroccoVET Spanish SaharaVF West AfricaVFH MauritaniaVFL SenegalVGB GambiaVGD Portuguese GuineaVGE GuineaVGG Sierra LeoneVGJ LiberiaVGK Ivory CoastVGM MaliVGP NigerVGR Upper VoltaVGT GhanaVGW Togo

VGY DahomeyVH NigeriaVJ ChadVJS Central African RepublicVK CamerounVKP Equatorial GuineaVLB GabonVLP Congo RepublicVM ZaireVN AngolaVP South West AfricaVPO BotswanaVQ Republic of South AfricaVQX Lesotho. SwazilandVRC MozambiqueVRR Rhodesia. ZimbabweVS ZambiaVSM MalawiVT TanzaniaVTW Ruanda-UrundiVU UgandaVUK KenyaVV EthiopiaVW Indian OceanVX Malagasy. MadagascarWA Oceania

WP Polar regionsWT Atlantic Ocean and Islands

X AmericaXC CanadaY U.S.A.YXY Latin AmericaZB MexicoZC Central AmericaZD West IndiesZJ South AmericaZK ColumbiaZL VenezuelaZM The GuianasZP BrazilZR ParaguayZS UruguayZT ArgentinaZU ChileZV BoliviaZW PeruZX Ecuador

ZY Space. Extra-terrestrial worlds

FULL AUXILIARY SCHEDULE 2 : PLACE

31 Relative position32 Central33 Peripheral34 Adjacent, neighbouring35 Centripetal, towards the centre36 Centrifugal, away from the centre37 Enclosing, surrounding38 Enclosed, surrounded39 Extended from, hinterland

42 Limits, borders, boundaries

43 Position within physical environment44 On the ground45 Under the ground, subterranean46 On the water47 Underwater, submarine, submerged48 In the air

51 Orientation and hemispheres52 North53 Northern hemisphere54 Northeast56 East58 Southeast59 South61 Southern hemisphere62 Southwest63 West65 Northwest

66 Longitude and latitude67 Longitude68 East of Greenwich69 West of Greenwich7 Latitude

* This location allows qualification by the concept of latitude per se. For latitude as reflecting major climatic and environmental regions see ASV.

* Alternatively use location ASV to represent all references to latitude.* Add to 7 letters T/V following A in AT/AV e.g., Equator 7VV

(By physiographic features)ABC SurfaceABD Altitude (general)

ABF Landmasses, lithosphere

ABG Continents ABH PeninsulasABJ Capes, promontories, headlandsABK IsthmusesABL Islands

ABN Rock formationsABP OutcropsABQ Ridges, scarsABR VolcanoesABS Glaciers, moraines

(By altitude)ABU HighlandsABV Mountain formations, chainsABW Snow line zonesABX Vegetation line zonesABY Tree line zonesAC (Individual mountains)

* These are subordinated to the locality concernedADB LowlandsADC PlainsADD Valleys, gorges, basinsADE Underground, caves

(By proximity to sea)ADG Coastal areasADH Submerged at high tide, mudflatsADJ MarshlandsADK SwampsADL Coastline, shoreADM BeachADN CliffsADP InlandADQ Central continental areas

(By soil, rock composition) (By mode of formation)

ADS Igneous, volcanic, graniteADT Metamorphic, gneissADU SedimentaryADV Limestone, karst, chalk

(By texture)ADW ClaysADX SandsADY Loams

(By chemical constitution)ADY F AcidADY L Alkaline

AE Hydrosphere, bodies of water

AEC Floor, bedAED Currents, layers

AEE Navigable waters, waterwaysAEF Salt watersAEG Oceans, seasAEH Roadsteads, anchoragesAEJ Inlets, fjordsAEK StraitsAEL Bays, gulfs

AEP High seasAEQ Coastal watersAER LagoonsAES Inland waters, landlocked seasAEY Individual oceans, sea

* Whereas other physiographic features are usually subordinated to the locality (e.g. England - Rivers) it is not feasible to subordinate oceans and seas in this way

* Some major oceans and seas are enumerated also in the array of political-cum-geographic areas, D/Z. There, they embrace primarily the territories (islands, etc.) within or bounded by them and an alternative is provided at AX. Here, the terms stand for the oceans andseas per se.

* A few major constituent parts (gulfs, straits, currents, etc.) are enumerated. All others are obtained by synthesis with AEC/AER.

AF Indian OceanAFD NorthwestAFE Gulf of AdenAFF Red SeaAFG Suez CanalAFK Persian GulfAFL Gulf of OmanAFM Arabian SeaAFN West and SouthwestAFP East African coastal watersAFQ MozambiqueAFR Southeast African coastal watersAFT NortheastAFV Bay of Bengal AFW Andaman SeaAFX Western East Indies coastal watersAGB East and SoutheastAGC Northwestern Australian coastal watersAGD Timor SeaAGE Western Australian coastal watersAGF South AustralianAGG Great Australian BightAGH Bass StraitAGL Antarctic Ocean

AGM Indian Ocean sectorAGP Atlantic Ocean sectorAGQ Weddell SeaAGR Scotia SeaAGT Pacific Ocean sectorAGV Ross SeaAH Pacific OceanAHD South PacificAHE Southwest PacificAHF New Zealand coastal watersAHG Tasman SeaAHH Fiji SeaAHJ Coral SeaAHK Arafura SeaAHL Seas south of Sunda IslandsAHM Banda SeaAHN Flores SeaAHO Java SeaAHP Malay Archipelago inner seasAHR Celebes SeaAHS South China SeaAHT Philippines inner seasAHW West PacificAHX Northwest PacificAHY Philippines SeaAJB East China SeaAJC Yellow SeaAJD Japan coastal waters and inner seasAJE Sea of JapanAJF Sea of OkhotskAJG Eastern Russia coastal watersAJJ North PacificAJK Bering SeaAJM Northeast PacificAJN Alaska coastal watersAJP Canada coastal watersAJQ United States coastal watersAJR Eastern PacificAJS Panama CanalAJP Southeast PacificAJV Straits of MagellanAJW Cape Horn watersAK Atlantic OceanAKD South AtlanticAKE Southeast and East AtlanticAKF West Africa coastal watersAKG Gulf of GuineaAKJ Southwest and West AtlanticAKK Coastal waters of eastern South AmericaAKL Caribbean SeaAKM Gulf of Mexico

AKN Sargasso SeaAKP Bahamas watersAKQ North AtlanticAKR Gulf StreamAKS Northwest AtlanticAKT United States eastern coastal watersAKU Gulf of St. LawrenceAKV Labrador SeaAKW Davis Strait

AL North Polar Sea, Arctic OceanALD American sectorALE Baffin BayALF Northwest PassageALG Beaufort SeaALJ Asian sectorALK East Siberian SeaALL Laptev SeaALN European sectorALP Barents SeaALQ Greenland SeaALR White SeaALS Norwegian Sea

ALV Northeast AtlanticALW Baltic SeaAM North Sea and the English ChannelAMB North SeaAMC English ChannelAMD Straits of DoverAMF British Isles western watersAMG Irish Sea, Celtic SeaAMJ French and Spanish Atlantic coastal watersAMK Bay of BiscayAN MediterraneanAND Western MediterraneanANF Straits of GibraltarANH Tyrrhenian SeaANJ Eastern MediterraneanANK Adriatic SeaANL Ionian SeaANM Sea of CreteANN Aegean SeaANP Black SeaANQ Sea of MarmaraANR BosphorusANV Caspian Sea

AP FreshwatersAPD LakesAPE Individual lakes

* These are subordinated to the locality concernedAPC Running watersAPH Rivers, streamsAPJ Tidal riversAPK Estuaries, deltasAQ Individual rivers

* These are subordinated to the locality concernedARD Waterfalls, rapidsARE Wadis (partially dry rivers)

ARF Man-made bodies of waterARG Artificial lakes, reservoirsARH CanalsARK Individual canals

* These are subordinated to the locality concerned

ARM Ground waterARN Underground rivers

ARS AtmosphereART TroposphereARV StratosphereARW Ionosphere

(Space) see ZY

AS Climatic regions(By rainfall)

ASD Wet areas, areas of heavy rainASE Humid areasASF Areas of moderate rainASG Arid areas, dry areas

(Deserts) see AWP(By temperature)

ASK Hot areasASL Temperate areasASM Cold areasASN Sub-zero areasASV (By latitude)

* Alternative (preferred) is to use this position for all qualification by latitude (see note at 7)AT Polar latitudes, frigid zonesATV ArcticATX AntarcticAU Temperate zonesAUD Northern temperate zonesAUF Cool zonesAUH Southern temperate zonesAUS Subtropical and tropical zonesAUX Subtropical zonesAV Tropical zones, torrid zonesAVV Equatorial zone

AW (By vegetation)AWD Forests, woodlandsAWE RainforestsAWF Deciduous forestsAWH Bush, scrubland, junglesAWK Grasslands, steppes, savannahsAWM Tundra, minimal vegetationAWP Deserts

AX (Regions defined by bounding oceans, seas, etc.)Add to AX letters F/NV following A in AF/ANV e.g. Mediterranean countries AXN

AY (Regions defined by physical features other than those at A)Add to AY letters A/Z following D in DA/DZe.g. Earthquake prone areas AYH H

BA (Regions by origin)BAD Natural land, emerging landBAF Man-made land, reclaimed land, polders

BAJ (Regions by land and resource use)(By density of population)

BAK Uninhabited regionsBAL Underpopulated regionsBAM Overpopulated regions

BB Rural areasBBV Villages, hamlets, settlementsBC Urban areasBCD ConurbationsBCE Cities, metropolisesBCG Towns, small townsBCJ Satellite townsBCL New townsBCN Suburbs

(By stage of economic development)BCT Unexplored regionsBCX Underdeveloped regionsBD Developing regions, third worldBE Developed regions

(By function)BFC Uncultivated land, grazing land

See also Bush, scrubland AWHBFE Farmland BFF Pastures, grazing landBFG Arable landBFJ Industrial land

BFK Commercial areasBFL Transport areas and environsBFM Road systemsBFN Railway systemsBFP AirportsBFQ Ports, harboursBFR Residential areasBFS Commuter, dormitory areasBG Conservation areasBGX Protected areasBH National parks

(Regions by social/political factors)BJ Administrative unitsBJD International areasBJE National areasBJF Regional areas, states, provincesBJG Local areasBJH CountiesBJJ Boroughs, parishes, communesBJK Special regions

(Militarily defined areas)BJM Military zonesBJN Military fronts, frontiersBJP Disputed territoriesBJR Conquered territoriesBJS Occupied territoriesBJT Demilitarized zonesBJU Unoccupied territoriesBJW Belligerent areasBJX Non-belligerent areas, neutral areas

(Groupings of states)BK Alliances, ententes

(By membership of international bodies)BKE League of NationsBKF United Nations

(Politically defined)BKK Unaligned countries

See also Third worldBKM Eastern bloc, communist blocBKP Western blocBKR Afro-Asian blocBKT Arab bloc

(Economically defined)BLC Currency areasBLD Dollar areaBLE Sterling areaBLH Trading areas

BLK Common Market, European Economic Community, European CommunityBLM EFTA, European Free Trade Association

BLT Political unions, empiresBLV Non-self-governing territories, coloniesBLW Self-governing territoriesBM Individual empires

* General works only; for particular territories, see locality Add to BM letters C/Z from Schedule 2 e.g. British Commonwealth BME A

(Regions by characteristics of population)BNC Ghettoes

* Concentrated enclaves of a particular groupBNE Socio-economic classesBNF Working-class areasBNG Middle-class areasBNH OtherBP Religious areas

Add to BP letters H/V following P in PH/PV e.g. Roman Catholic areas BPR

BQ Linguistic areas Add to BQ letters C/Z from Schedule 3 e.g. English-speaking areas BQY(Ethnic areas)

BR Racial areas* For use when the concept of race appears alone e.g. areas inhabited by white peoples BRS. If race is one component of several defining a culture group (e.g. Black Americans, Afro-Americans) use BT.

(By concepts associated with place of habitation)* For use when these concepts appear alone e.g. immigrant areas of the world BSG. If concept is one component of several defining a culture group (e.g. Black immigrant areas) use BT.

BSC Aboriginal, indigenous areasBSE Native areas, homelandBSG Non-aboriginal areas, immigrant areas, settler areasBSJ Foreigner areas, outside homeland, abroadBSL Dominant group areasBSN Non-dominant group areasBT (By culture group)

Add to BT letters B/Z from Schedule 3A e.g. Arab areas BTNL

BW (Regions special to the subject)* E.g. administrative areas of a public service

BX Other special regions

C The Ancient World* Alternative is to collocate places of the Ancient World with their corresponding locality in the modern world (D/Z) e.g. Ancient China at RB, Ancient Judaea at OP. This is not recommended although some libraries may find it both feasible and useful to do so in

the case of some territories particularly where the localities defined in the ancient period are much the same as those in the modern period.

CC Asia in general CCD South West Asia. Mesopotamia and the Fertile CrescentCCE MesopotamiaCCG Sumer and Akkad ( --1900 BCE)CCH SumerCCJ UrCCK EriduCCL LarsaCCM Other places, A/ZCCP AkkadCCR Elam, SusianaCCS Susa

See also Persepolis CEFCCV Other places, A/ZCD Babylonia and Assyria togetherCDC Babylonia (comprehensive studies, 1900-900 BCE)CDD Babylonia (early period)CDE BabylonCDF DiyalaCDG NippurCDH Other places, A/ZCDK Hittite Kingdom, ancient Anatolia

* Alternative (preferred) is CEKAdd to CD letters K/P following CE in CEK/CEP

CDR Assyria (900-625 BCE)CDS NimrudCDT NinevehCDU AssurCDV HarranCDW Other places, A/ZCDY Babylonia (second period, 625-550 BCE)CE Media and Persia (550-225 BCE)CED MediaCEE PersiaCEF Persepolis

See also Susa CCSCEG Other places, A/ZCEH ParthiaCEK Hittite Kingdom

* Alternative (not recommended) is CDKCEL HattiCEM BoghazkoiCEN CarchemishCEP Other places, A/ZCEY The Levant

* Eastern Mediterranean coastal regionsCF SyriaCFD Antioch

CFE AramCFF Ugarit, Ras ShamraCFG PalmyraCFH DamascusCFK Other places, A/ZCG Phoenicia

* Alternative (not recommended) is to collocate all Phoenician territories at COG

CGD SidonCGE TyreCGG TripoliCGJ Carthage

* Alternative (preferred) is to locate separately at COG JCGL Other Phoenician colonies

* Alternative is to locate separately at COG LCH Canaan, PalestineCHD North Canaan, IsraelCHE Particular places, A/Z (e.g. Lachish)CHF SamariaCHG JerichoCHH Other places, A/ZCHJ South Canaan, JudeaCHK JerusalemCHL GazaCHM Other places, A/ZCHN EdamCHO MoabCHP Other places, A/Z

CHQ ArabiaCHR Arabia DesertaCHS Arabia PetreaCHT PetraCHU Mount SinaiCHV Other places, A/ZCHZ Arabia FelixCHY Yemen

CJ Asia MinorCJD Commagene CJE ArmeniaCJF Black Sea and Caucasus regionCJG ScythiaCJH IberiaCJJ AlbaniaCJK SarmatiaCJL ColchisCJM PontusCJN PaphlagoniaCJP NicomediaCJQ Bithynia

CJS TroasCJT Troy, IliumCJU MysiaCJV PhrygiaCJW GalatiaCJX AncyraCKB LycaoniaCKC IconiumCKD PolemonCKE CappodociaCKF AntiochusCKG CiliciaCKH TarsusCKK CyprusCKL Salamis

See also Greek Salamis CSY SCKN PisidiaCKP Antioch

See also Antiochus CKFCKQ PamphyliaCKR LyciaCKS LydiaCKT PergamonCKU SardisCKW SmyrnaCKX Other places, A/Z

(Rhodes) see Aegean Islands CRLCL Ionia

* Alternative (not recommended) is CUX See also Ionian Islands (Greece) CUG

Aegean Islands (Greece) CRHCLD CariaCLE HalicarnassusCLF MiletusCLG Ephesus

(Samos) see Aegean Islands CRO (Chios) see Aegean Islands CRP

CLL Aeolia

CLN Asia other than South West AsiaAdd to CL letters O/Z from Schedule 2 with the amendments indicatedbelow:

CLO D Central and Western Asia(South Western Asia) see CC(Afghanistan)

CLP R BactriaCLQ IndiaCLR ChinaCLS JapanCLT South East AsiaCLU Australasia

(Africa) see CMCLW OceaniaCLX The AmericasCM AfricaCME Africa south of the Sahara

* Add to CM letters F/Y following V in VF/VY in Schedule 2

CMY X North Africa and Egypt* Alternative is to locate works on ancient North Africa in general at COF

CN Egypt* The localities given below are arranged within the major periods of Ancient Egyptian history. Alternatively, all specific localities may be collocated below at CNY

CND (Early period, -- 2900 BCE)CNE Upper EgyptCNF NekhebCNG Nekhen, HierakonpolisCNH AbydosCNJ ThinisCNK Other places, A/ZCNL Lower EgyptCNM MemphisCNN Other places, A/Z (e.g. Buto, Gizeh, Heliopolis)CNP (Old Kingdom, 2900--2625 BCE)CNQ (Middle Kingdom and Dynasties 13-17, 2625--1580 BCE)CNR ThebesCNS Others, A/Z (e.g. Heracleopolis, Karnak)CNT (New Kingdom, 1580--1200 BCE, Imperial Age)CNV Particular places, A/Z e.g. CNV AB Abu SimbelCNV AK Akhetaten (Tell el-Amarna)CNV AV AvarisCNV L LuxorCNW (Post-Imperial and Graeco-Roman period)CNX AlexandriaCNY Other places

* An alternative to subordinating the places given above to broad period is to place them all here with other places, and to arrange A/Z (e.g. CNY ME Memphis)

COB NubiaCOC MerocCOD Other places, A/ZCOE Ethiopia

COF North Africa and Phoenicia* Alternative to locating ancient North Africa in general at CMY X

COG Phoenicia * Alternative to locating under the Levant at CG (which is preferred)

COG D SidonCOG E TyreCOG J Carthage

COG L Other Phoenician colonies, A/ZCOG N CyrenaicaCOG P TripolitaniaCOG Q Leptis MagnaCOG R Other places, A/ZCOG S UticaCOG T Numidia, ancient LibyaCOG V MauretaniaCOG W TingitanaCOG X Caesariensis

CQ Europe * Add to CQ letters E/H, J/LO and LR/N from Schedule 2 e.g.

CQE British IslesCQF GaulCQG IberiaCQL D PannoniaCQL F IllyriaCQL P ThraciaCQM MoesiaCQU Dacia

CQY Classical antiquityCR GreeceCRD (Aegean civilization)CRE Crete (Minos)CRF KnossosCRG Other places, A/Z (e.g. Phaistos)CRH Aegean Sea and islandsCRJ Southern Sporades, DodecaneseCRK CarpathusCRL RhodesCRM Other islands, A/ZCRN IcariaCRO SamosCRP ChiosCRP P PsaraCRQ LesbosCRR MytilineCRS Other mid-AegeanCRT Northern SporadesCRT X North Aegean islandsCRU LemnosCRV Imbros CRW SamothraceCRX Other islands, A/ZCRY Cyclades and southwestern islandsCS PeloponnesusCSD ArgolisCSE MycenaeCSF Argos

CSG CorinthCSH Other places, A/Z (e.g. Epidaurus) CSJ AchaeaCSK ElisCSL Particular places, A/Z (e.g. Olympus)CSM ArcadiaCSN MegalopolisCSO MesseniaCSP LaconiaCSR Lacedaemon CSS SpartaCST Other places, A/ZCSU Central GreeceCSV MegarisCSW Other places, A/ZCSX AtticaCSY Places other than Athens, A/Z (e.g. Salamis)CT AthensCUB BoeothiaCUC ThebesCUD DelphiCUE Aetolia CUF AcarnaniaCUG Ionian islandsCUH ZacynthusCUJ Cephalonia CUK IthacaCUL LeucasCUM OtherCUN Northern GreeceCUP EpirusCUQ ThessalyCUR Particular places, A/ZCUS MacedoniaCUT AmphipolisCUU OlynthusCUV ThraceCUW Other places, A/Z

CUX Ionia * Alternative to CL (which is preferred)

CV Ancient Italy and Rome CVE Northern ItalyCVG IstriaCVJ VenetiaCVL Cisalpine GaulCVN Transpadane GaulCVP Cispadane GaulCVQ LiguriaCW Etruria, Tuscany

CWE TarquiniaCWH Other places, A/ZCWM UmbriaCWP PicenumCWR Central and Eastern ItalyCWS Apprutium, Abbruzzi and Molise regionCWV Western ItalyCWX LatiumCX Rome (City)CXE OstiaCXF Campagna di RomaCYB Southern ItalyCYC Magna GraeciaCYD CampaniaCYE NaplesCYF BaiaeCYG HerculaneumCYH PompeiiCYJ Other places, A/Z (e.g. Paestum)CYK Sammum????CYL ApuliaCYM CalabriaCYN LucaniaCYO SybarisCYP Other places, A/ZCYQ Bruttium CYS SicilyCYT SyracuseCYYU Other places, A/ZCYV MaltaCYW Sardinia and CorsicaCYX SardiniaCYY Corsica

(Places of the modern world) * Alternative (not recommended) is to subordinate here places of the ancient world also. * With a very few exceptions, all places may be qualified by other concepts of place

(physiographic, etc.) by direct addition from A/B of this schedule e.g. Rivers of England EBA Q. Places whose classmarks already use A/B as divisions must add ‘8’ to introduce other concepts of place e.g. Rivers of the British Isles E8A Q

D EuropeE British IslesEA Great Britain

* Use also for United KingdomEB England

* Use also for England and Wales togetherEBX Southern EnglandEBX AQ Thames riverEC London (Metropolitan county)ECX Inner London

EDA City of LondonEDB West LondonEDC WestminsterEDD Kensington and ChelseaEDE HammersmithEDF North LondonEDG CamdenEDH IslingtonEDJ East LondonEDK HackneyEDL Tower HamletsEDM South LondonEDM X Southeast LondonEDN GreenwichEDP LewishamEDQ SouthwarkEDQ X Southwest LondonEDR LambethEDS WandsworthEDT Greater London

(South west: formerly in Surrey)EDV C Richmond-upon-ThamesEDV E Kingston-upon-ThamesEDV G MertonEDV J SuttonEDW Croydon

(South east: formerly in Kent)EDW R BromleyEDW T Bexley

(North east: formerly in Essex)EDW V HaveringEDW Y BarkingEDX B NewhamEDX D RedbridgeEDX F Waltham Forest

(North west and West: formerly in Middlesex)EDX H HaringeyEDX L EnfieldEDX N BarnetEDX P BrentEDX R EalingEDX T HounslowEDX V HillingdonEDX Y Harrow

EE Home CountiesEED Hertfordshire

* Alternative (preferred) to locating at EGFEEF C WatfordEEF E HertsmereEEF G Broxbourne

EEF J East HertfordshireEEF L StevenageEEF N North HertfordshireEEF P Welwyn. HatfieldEEF R St. AlbansEEF T DacorumEEF V Three RiversEEG SurreyEEH C SpelthorneEEH E RunymedeEEH G Surrey HeathEEH J Woking EEH L ElmbridgeEEH N Epsom and EwellEEH P Reigate and BansteadEEH R Mole ValleyEEH T GuildfordEEH W WaverleyEEJ Sussex (former county)EEJ X Weald in genera;EEK West Sussex (County)EEL C South DownsEEL E ChichesterEEL G ArumEEL J WorthingEEL L AdurEEL N HorshamEEL P CrawleyEEL R Mid SussexEEN East Sussex (County)EEN C Hove EEP BrightonEEQ C LewesEEQ E WealdenEEQ F Ashdown ForestEEQ G EastbourneEEQ J RotherEEQ L HastingsEER KentEER AC North DownsEES C ShepwayEES E Cinque PortsEES G DoverEES J ThanetEET CanterburyEEV C AshfordEEV E Tunbridge WellsEES G MaidstoneEES J SwaleEES L MedwayEES N Gillingham

EES P Tonbridge and MallingEES R SevenoaksEES T DartfordEES V Gravenham

EF Eastern England, East AngliaEFD EssexEFE C ThurrockEFE E BrentwoodEFE G BasildonEFE J Castle PointEFE L Southend-on-SeaEFE N RochfordEFE P MaldonEFE R ChelmsfordEFE T Epping ForestEFE V HarlowEFE X UttlesfordEFF B BraintreeEFF D ColchesterEFF F TendringEFG SuffolkEFH East Suffolk (former county)EFJ C BaberghEFJ E IpswichEFJ G Suffolk CoastalEFJ J WaveneyEFJ L Mid SuffolkEFK West Suffolk (former county)EFL C St. EdmundsburyEFL E Forest HeathEFM NorfolkEFN C BrecklandEFN E South NorfolkEFN G NorwichEFN J BroadlandEFN L Norfolk BroadsEFN N Great YarmouthEFN P North NorfolkEFN R West NorfolkEFP Lincolnshire

* Alternative (not recommended) is to locate at EMSEFQ C South HollandEFQ E BostonEFQ G East LindseyEFQ J West LindseyEFQ L LincolnEFQ N North KestevenEFQ P South KestevenEFR CambridgeshireEFS C Peterborough

EFS E Huntingdon (former county)EFS G FenlandEFS J Isle of ElyEFS L East CambridgeshireEFS N South CambridgeshireEFT CambridgeEG South Midlands

* For Midlands in general see EMEGD BedfordshireEGE C BedfordEGE E Mid-BedfordshireEGE G South BedfordshireEGE L LutonEGF/G (Hertfordshire)

* Alternative (not recommended) to locating at EEDEGH BuckinghamshireEGJ C Milton KeynesEGJ E Aylesbury ValeEGJ G ChilternEGJ J BeaconsfieldEGJ L WycombeEGK Oxfordshire EGL C South OxfordshireEGM OxfordEGN C CherwellEGN E West OxfordshireEGN G Vale of White HorseEGP BerkshireEGQ C NewburyEGQ E ReadingEGQ G WokinghamEGQ J Windsor and MaidenheadEGQ L SloughEGQ N BracknellEGR HampshireEGS C RushmoorEGS E Hart (Hartley Wintney) EGS G BasingstokeEGS J PetersfieldEGS L WinchesterEGS N East HampshireESG P Test ValleyEGS R New ForestEGT SouthamptonEGV C EastleighEGV E FarehamEGV G GosportEGV J PortsmouthEGV L Havant

EGW Isle of Wight

EGX C MedinaEGX E South Wight

EH Channel IslandsEHD JerseyEHG GuernseyEHJ AlderneyEHL SarkEHN HermEHP Others, A/Z

EHX South CoastEHY South West EnglandEJB DorsetEJC C ChristchurchEJC E BournemouthEJC G PooleEJC J Wimborne EJC L North DorsetEJC N PurbeckEJC P West DorsetEJC R Weymouth and PortlandEJD Somerset

* Alternative (not recommended) to locating at EJQEJF DevonEJF X East DevonEJG ExeterEJH C TeignbridgeEJH E TorbayEJH G South HamsEJH J PlymouthEJH L West DevonEJH M DartmoorEJH N TivertonEJH P North DevonEJH R TorridgeEJH T Lundy IslandEJK CornwallEJL C North CornwallEJL E CaradonEJL G RestormelEJL J CarrickEJL L KerrierEJL N PenwithEJM Scilly IslesEJP Bristol Channel and coastEJQ Somerset

* Alternative (not recommended) is to locate at EJDEJR C West SomersetEJR E ExmoorEJR G Sedgemoor

EJR J Taunton DeareEJR L YeovilEJR N MendipEL West of EnglandELC Wiltshire ELD C West WiltshireELD E SalisburyELD G Salisbury PlainELD J KennetELD L ThamesdownELD N North WiltshireELE AvonELF C WansdykeELF E BathELF G WoodspringELG BristolELH C KingswoodELH E NorthavonELJ GloucestershireELK C CotswoldELK E Cotswolds (region)ELK G CheltenhamELK J TewkesburyELK L GloucesterELK N StroudELK P Forest of DeanELM Hereford and WorcesterELN Herefordshire (former county)ELP C South HerefordshireELP E Hereford (City)ELP G LeominsterELP J Malvern HillsELQ Worcestershire (former county)ELR C Worcester (City)ELR E WychavonELR G Vale of EveshamELR J RedditchELR L BromsgroveELR N Wyre ForestELS Salop (former Shropshire)

* Alternative (not recommended) is to locate at EQX SELT C BridgnorthELT E South ShropshireELT G ShrewsburyELT J OswestryELT L North ShropshireELT N WrekinELV Southern Marches (region)

* Alternative (not recommended) to ERYELW StaffordshireELX C Stafford

ELX E Newcastle-under-LymeELX G Stoke-on-TrentELX H The Potteries (region)ELX J Staffordshire MoorlandsELX L East StaffordshireELX N LichfieldELX P TamworthELX R Cannock ChaseELX T South StaffordshireEM The MidlandsEMC West Midlands (region)EMD West Midlands (county), Black CountryEME C WalsallEME E WolverhamptonEME G DudleyEME J SandwellEMF BirminghamEMG C SolihullEMG E CoventryEMH WarwickshireEMJ C North WarwickshireEMJ E Nuneaton EMJ G Rugby EMJ J Warwick EMK Stratford-on-AvonEML East Midlands (region)EMN NorthamptonshireEMP C South NorthamptonshireEMP E NorthamptonEMPG WellingboroughEMP J East NorthamptonshireEMP L CorbyEMP N KetteringEMP P DaventryEMQ LeicestershireEMR C HarboroughEMR G MeltonEMR J CharnwoodEMR L LeicesterEMR N Oadby and WigstonEMR P BlabyEMR R Hinckley and BosworthEMR T North West LeicestershireEMS RutlandEMT Lincolnshire

* Alternative (not recommended) to locating at EFPEMU North Midlands (region)EMV NottinghamshireEMW C RushcliffeEMW E NewarkEMW F Sherwood Forest

EMW G BassetlawEMW J MansfieldEMW L AshfieldEMW N GedlingEMW P NottinghamEMW R BroxtoweEMX DerbyshireEMY C ErewashEMY E Derby EMY G South DerbyshireEMY J Amber ValleyEMY L BolsoverEMY N ChesterfieldEMY P North East DerbyshireEMY R West DerbyshireEMY T High PeakEMY V Peak DistrictEN North of EnglandENA C Pennine ChainENY North East EnglandEP Yorkshire (former county)EPD West Yorkshire (metropolitan county)EPE C KirkleesEPE E CalderdaleEPE G BradfordEPE J LeedsEPE L WakefieldEPF South Yorkshire (metropolitan county)EPF X BarnsleyEPG SheffieldEPG W RotherhamEPG Y DoncasterEPH Humberside (county)EPJ C East Riding (region)EPJ E BoothferryEPJ G GlanfordEPJ J ScunthorpeEPJ L CleethorpesEPJ N GrimsbyEPJ P HoldernessEPJ R Kingston-upon-HullEPJ T BeverleyEPJ V North WoldsEPK North Yorkshire (County)EPK X SelbyEPL YorkEPM C West Riding (Region)EPM E HarrogateEPM G CravenEPM J RichmondshireEPM L North Riding (Region)

EPM N HambletonEPM P RyedaleEPM R North Yorkshire moorsEPM T ScarboroughEPN ClevelandEPP C Langbaurgh EPP E Middlesborough (former Teesside)EPP G Stockton-on-TeesEPP J HartlepoolEPQ Durham (County)EPR C EasingtonEPR E SedgefieldEPR G DarlingtonEPR J TeesdalEPR L Wear ValleyEPR N DerwentsideEPR P Durham (City)EPR R Chester-le-StreetEPS Tyne and Wear (Metropolitan county)EPT C SunderlandEPT E GatesheadEPT G South TynesideEPT J North TynesideEPU Newcastle-upon-TyneEPV Northumberland (County)EPW C Cheviot HillsEPW E Blyth ValleyEPW G WansbeckEPW J Castle MorpethEPW L AlnwickEPW N Berwick-upon-TweedEPW P TynedaleEPW R Hadrian’s WallEPW V The Border (Region)EPW W North West England (Region)EQB Cumbria (County)EQC Cumberland (Former county)EQD C CarlisleEQD E EdenEQE Lake DistrictEQE X AllerdaleEQF Westmorland (Former county)EQG C South LakelandEQG E CopelandEQG G Barrow-in-FurnessEQH Isle of ManEQL LancashireEQM C LancasterEQM E WyreEQM G Ribble ValleyEQM J Pendle

EQM L BurnleyEQM N RossendaleEQM P HyndburnEQM R BlackburnEQM T South RibbleEQM V PrestonEQM X FyldeEQN B BlackpoolEQN D West LancashireEQN F ChorleyEQP Greater Manchester (Metropolitan county)EQQ C BoltonEQQ E BuryEQQ G RochdaleEQQ J OldhamEQQ L TamesideEQQ N StockportEQR Manchester EQS C TraffordEQS E SalfordEQS G WiganEQT Merseyside (Metropolitan country)EQU C St. Helen’sEQU E KnowsleyEQU G SeftonEQU L LiverpoolEQU N WirralEQV CheshireEQW C Ellesmere PortEQW E HaltonEQW G WarmingtonEQW J MacclesfieldEQW L CongletonEQW N Crewe and NantwichEQW P Vale RoyalEQW R ChesterEQX Welsh Marches (Region)

* Alternative (not recommended) to ERXEQX S Salop

* Alternative (not recommended) to ELSEQY Southern Marches

* Alternative (not recommended) to ERY

ER WalesERC North WalesERD ClwydERE C Flintshire (Former county)ERE E Wrexham MaelorERE G Alyn and DeesideERE J DelynERE L Denbighshire (Former county)

ERE N GlyndwrERE P RhuddanERE R ColwynERF Gwynnedd ERG C Caernarvonshire (Former county)ERG E AberconwyERG G AnfonERG J Snowdonia (Region)ERG L Ynys Mon (Isle of Anglesey) ERG N DwyforERG P Merioneth (Former county)ERG R Meirionnydd ERH South WalesERJ PowysERK C Wye RiverERK E MontgomeryERK G RadnorERK J Brecknock (Brecon)ERL DyfedERM C Ceredigion (Former Cardiganshire)ERM E Pembrokeshire (Former county)ERM G PreseliERM J South PembrokeshireERM L Carmarthenshire (Former county)ERM N CarmarthenERM P DinefwrERM R LlanelliERN Glamorgan (Former county)ERP West Glamorgan (County)ERQ C Lliw ValleyERQ E SwanseaERQ G NeathERQ J AfanERR Mid Glamorgan (County)ERS C OgwrERS E RhonddhaERS G Cynon ValleyERS J Taff-ElyERT South Glamorgan (County)ERU C Vale of GlamorganERU E CardiffERV GwentERW C Monmouthshire (Former county)ERW E NewportERW G IslwynERW J Blaenau GwentERW L TorfdenERW N MonmouthERX Welsh Marches (Region)

* Alternative (not recommended) is EQXERY Southern Marches

* Alternatives (not recommended) are ELS and EQY

ES ScotlandESD Southern Scotland

* Except for a few purely geographical regions (e.g. Southern Scotland) division is by the nine regions (e.g. Lothian) and fifty- three districts (e.g. West Lothian) determined by the Local Government (Scotland) Act, 1973 (effective from May 1975)

* Where a new district is almost coterminous with the old county of the same name (e.g. Berwickshire) no separate provision is made for the older area

ESE South Eastern ScotlandESF Central LowlandsESG LothianESH West LothianESJ EdinburghESK MidlothianESL East LothianESN BordersESP The Border country, Southern UplandsESQ BerwickshireESR RoxburghESS Ettrick and LauderdaleEST Selkirkshire (Former county)ESV Tweeddale (Formerly Peebleshire)ESY South Western ScotlandETB Dumfries and GallowayETC Dumfriesshire (Former county)ETC W Annandale and EskdaleETC Y NithsdaleETD Kirkcudbright (Former county)ETD X StewartryETE Wigtown (Merrick)ETF StrathclydeETG South Western districts, Ayrshire (Former county)ETH C Kyle and CarrickETH E Cumnock and Doon ValleyETH G Kilmarnock and LoudounETH J CunninghameETH L Isle of ArranETH N South Central districtsETH P InverclydeETH R Renfrew (Former Renfrewshire) ETH T EastwoodETH V East Kirkbride

ETH Y South Eastern districtsETJ B Lanarkshire (Former county)ETJ C Lanark

ETJ E Central districtsETJ G HamiltonETJ J MotherwellETJ L MonklandsETJ N CumbernauldETJ P StrathkelvinETK GlasgowETL C North Central districtsETL E Bearsden and MilngavieETL G ClydebankETL J North Western districtsETL L DumbartonETL M Dumbartonshire (Former county)ETL N Loch LomondETM Argyll and Bute

* Alternative is to collocate with Highlands, EUM/EVO

ETN Buteshire (Former county)ETO Argyllshire (Former county)ETQ C Central Region (Administrative region)ETQ E StirlingETQ G Stirlingshire (Former county)ETQ J FalkirkETQ L Clackmannan (Former Clackmannanshire)ETS North Eastern ScotlandETT FifeETU C DunfermlineETU E KirkcaldyETU G North East FifeETV TaysideETW Perth and KinrossETX C Perthshire (Former county)ETX E Kinross-shire (Former county)ETX G City of DundeeETX J Angus (Former county)ETX L Angus districtEUB GrampianEUC Kincardine and DeesideEUD C Cairngorm mountainsEUD E Kincardineshire (Former county)EUD G City of AberdeenEUD J Aberdeenshire (Former county)EUD L Gordon districtEUD N Banffshire (Former county)EUD P Banff and BuchanEUD R Morayshire (Former county)EUD T MorayEUE Northern ScotlandEUF HighlandsEUG Highlands (Administrative region)EUH C Eastern districts

EUH E Nairn (Formerly Nairnshire)EUH G Badenoch and StrathspeyEUH J Central districtsEUJ Inverness-shire (Former county)EUK C Loch NessEUK E Inverness (Administrative district)EUM Argyll and Bute

* Alternative to locating at ETM/ETO* Although administratively Argyll and Bute is now part of

Strathclyde, this collocation with the rest of the North West coast of Scotland may be preferred

EUP Western districtsEUQ C Inner HebridesEUQ E LochabeEUQ G Skye and LochalshEUQ J Ross and Cromarty (Former county)EQU L Ross and Cromarty (Administrative district)EQU N Northern districtsEQU P Sutherland (Former county)EQU R Sutherland (Administrative county)EQU T Caithness (Formerly Caithness county)

EUS Islands (Administrative authorities)EUT Hebrides (General)EUU Western Isles, Outer HebridesEUW Orkney and ShetlandEUX OrkneyEUY Shetland, Zetland

EV IrelandEVY Ulster (General)EW Northern IrelandEWC Y Southern regionEWD Armagh (Former county)EWE Armagh districtEWE W Armagh (City)EWE Y Craigavon districtEWF South Eastern region (Formerly County Down)EWG C Newry and Mourne districtEWG E Bambridge districtEWG G Down districtEWG J Ards districtEWG L Strangford LochEWG N North Down districtEWG P Castlereagh districtEWH Belfast district, Greater BelfastEWJ Belfast (City)EWK North Eastern areaEWL Antrim (Former county)EWM C Lisburn districtEWM E Newtonabbey district

EWM G Carrickfergus districtEWM J Larne districtEWM L Antrim districtEWM N Ballymena districtEWM R Moyle districtEWM T Giant’s CausewayEWM V Ballymorey districtEWN Western regionEWP Londonderry (Former county)EWQ C Coleraine districtEWQ E Magherafelt districtEWQ G Limavady districtEWQ J Londonderry districtEWQ L Londonderry, Derry (City)EWR Tyrone (Former county)EWS C Strabane districtEWS E Cookstown districtEWS G Dungannon districtEWS J Omagh districtEWT Fermanagh district (Formerly Fermanagh county)

EX Eire, Irish RepublicEXD Ulster counties

* For Ulster as a whole see EVYEXE Donegal (Tirconaill)EXF CavanEXG MonaghanEXH Leinster provinceEXJ LouthEXJ D DroghedaEXK Central plainEXL MeathEXM LongfordEXN WestmeathEXP OffalyEXQ KildareEXR DublinEXS Dublin (City)EXS X Dun LaoghaireEXT WicklowEXU WexfordEXU X Wexford (City)EXV CarlowEXW Laoighise (Laois, Leix)EXX KilkennyEXY Western Ireland, Munster and Connaught (Connacht)EY MunsterEYD WaterfordEYE Waterford (City)EYF CorkEYG Cork (City)

EYJ KerryEYK KillarneyEYL LimerickEYM TipperaryEYN River Shannon and estuaryEYP ClareEYQ Connaught (Connacht)EYR GalwayEYS RoscommonEYT LeitrimEYV SligoEYW Mayo

F France

FAY North West FranceFB BritannyFBD Finistere departmentFBF Morbihan departmentFBH Cotes du Nord departmentFBJ Ille-et-Vilaine departmentFBL Pays de la Loire regionFBN Loire-Atlantique departmentFBP Anjou regionFBQ Maine-et-Loire departmentFBS Maine regionFBV Sarthe departmentFBW Mayenne departmentFBY Northern FranceFC NormandyFCD Basse-Normandie regionFCF Orne departmentFCH Manche departmentFCJ Calvados departmentFCL Haute-Normandie regionFCN Eure departmentFCP Seine-Maritime departmentFCR Nord regionFCT Artois regionFCV Pas-de-Calais departmentFCX Nord department (Flanders in France)FD Picardie regionFDD Somme departmentFDF Aisne departmentFDH Oise departmentFDJ Ile-de-France, greater Paris regionFDL Seine RiverFE Paris departmentFEG Seine-St. Denis departmentFEH Val d’Oise departmentFEJ Hautes-de-Seine department

FEK Yvelines departmentFEL Essone departmentFEM Val-de-Marne departmentFEN Seine-et-Marne departmentFEP North East FranceFEQ Marne RiverFER Champagne regionFES Aube departmentFET Marne departmentFEV Argonne departmentFEW Ardennes departmentFEX Haute-Marne departmentFF Alsace-LorraineFFD Vosges MountainsFFF Lorraine regionFFH Meuse departmentFFJ Vosges departmentFFL Meurthe-et-Moselle departmentFFN Moselle departmentFFP Alsace regionFFR Bas-Rhin departmentFFT Haut-Rhin departmentFFY Eastern FranceFG Burgundy, Bourgogne regionFGF Franche-Comte regionFGJ Jura mountains in FranceFGL Territoire de Belfort departmentFGN Haute-Saone departmentFGP Doubs departmentFGR Jura departmentFH Saone-et-Loire departmentFHJ Cote d’Or departmentFHL Yonne departmentFHN Nivernais regionFHP Nievre departmentFJ Central FranceFJD Loire RiverFJF Orleanais regionFJH Loiret departmentFJJ Eure-et-Loire departmentFJL Loire-et-Cher departmentFK Touraine regionFKL Indre-et-Loire departmentFKN Berry regionFKP Cher departmentFKR Indre departmentFL South Central FranceFLD Massif Central regionFLF Bourbonnais regionFLG Allier departmentFLH Auvergne region

FLJ Puy-de-Dome departmentFLK Cantal departmentFLL Haute Loire departmentFLM South East FranceFLN Rhone-Alps regionFLP Rhone RiverFLQ Loire departmentFLR Rhone departmentFLS Lyonnais regionFLT LyonFLV Ain departmentFM Savoie region FMD Alps in FranceFMF Haute Savoie departmentFMH Savoie departmentFN Dauphine regionFND Isere departmentFNF Drome departmentFNH Hautes-Alpes departmentFNS Southern FranceFNV Cevennes mountainsFP ProvenceFPH Alpes-de-Haute Provence department (Basses Alpes)FQ Riviera, Mediterranean coast

* French and Italian rivieras treated togetherFR French Riviera, Cote d’AzurFRD Alpes-Maritime departmentFRF NiceFRM Monaco

* Alternative (preferred) to locating at FYFFRN Monte CarloFRP Var departmentFRS Vaucluse departmentFRT Bouches-du-Rhone departmentFRV MarseillesFS LanguedocFSD Gard departmentFSF Ardeche department, Rouergue regionFSH Lozere departmentFSK Aveyron departmentFSM Tarn departmentFSP Herault departmentFSR Aude departmentFST South West FranceFSX Pyrenees (General)FT Roussillon regionFTP Pyrenees-Orientales departmentFV GasconyFVD Midi-Pyrenees regionFVF Ariege departmentFVH Haute-Garonne department

FVJ Tarn-et-Garonne departmentFVL Armagnac regionFVN Gers departmentFVP Hautes-Pyrenees departmentFVR Pyrenees-Atlantiques department (former Basses-Pyrenees

department)FVT Landes departmentFW Aquitaine (Guienne) regionFWD Lot-et-Garonne departmentFWF Lot departmentFWH DordogneFWK Gironde departmentFWL BordeauxFWM Medoc regionFX Western FranceFXD Saintonge regionFXE Charente-Maritime departmentFXF Charente department, Angoumois regionFXH Limousin regionFXJ Haute-Vienne departmentFXK Correze departmentFXM Marche regionFXN Creuse departmentFXP Poitou regionFXQ Vienne departmentFXR Deux Sevres departmentFXS Vendee department

FY Corsica* Alternative to collocating with Sardinia at HD (which is preferred)

FYF Monaco * Alternative to collocating with Cote d’Azur at FRM (which is preferred)

FYL Andorra * Alternative to locating at GCH (which is preferred)

GA Iberian peninsulaGB SpainGBD Northwestern Spain, Galicia regionGBF Corunna provinceGBH Pontevedra provinceGBJ Orense provinceGBL Lugo provinceGBN Asturias regionGBO Oviedo province

GBR Northeastern SpainGBS Basque provincesGBT Vizcaya province, BiscayGBU Orduna (Enclave)

GBV Guipuzcoa provinceGBX Alava provinceGBY Trevino (Enclave of Burgos in Alava)GCB Navarre provinceGCF Pyrenees regionGCH Andorra (Independent state)

* Alternative (which is preferred) to locating at FYLGCK Aragon regionGCM Huesca province GCP Zaragoza province, SaragossaGCR Teruel province GD Catalonia regionGDE Tarragone province GDG Lerida provinceGDJ Barcelona provinceGDK Barcelona (City)GDM Costa Brava regionGDP Gerona province

GE Eastern SpainGFB Balearic islandsGFD Majorca (Mallorca)GFF Minorca (Menorca)GFH Ibiza (Iviza)GFK Columbretes IslandsGFL Valencia regionGFN Costa Blanca regionGFP Castellon de la Plana regionGFR Valencia province GFT Alicante provinceGFV Murcia regionGFW Albacete provinceGFY Murcia province

GG Southern Spain, Andalusia regionGGD Costa del Sol regionGGF Almeria province GH Granada provinceGHS Malaga provinceGHU Cadiz provinceGHX Gibraltar

* Alternative (which is preferred ) to GYGJB Sevilla provinceGJD Huelva provinceGJF Cordoba provinceGJJ Jaen province

GJL Central Spain, Central MesetaGJM CastileGJN New Castile regionGJP La Mancha region

GJR Cuidad Real provinceGJT Toledo provinceGJV Cuenca provinceGJX Guadalajara provinceGJY Madrid provinceGK Madrid (City)GL Old Castile regionGLD Avila provinceGLF Segovia provinceGLH Soria provinceGLL Logiona provinceGLN Burgos provinceGLQ Santander provinceGLS Palencia province GLV Valladolid province

GLY Western SpainGM Leon regionGMD Zamora provinceGMF Salamanca provinceGN Estramadura regionGND Cacares provinceGNF Badajoz province

GO Canary Islands * Alternative to VEQ (which is preferred)

GP Portugal

GRB Northern PortugalGRD Tras Os Montes e Alto Duoro provinceGRF Braganza districtGRH Vila Real districtGRK Entre Minho e DouroGRM Minho provinceGRP Viana do Castelo districtGRR Braga districtGRT Douro Litoral provinceGRV Oporto districtGRY Central PortugalGTB Beira regionGTD Beira Litoral provinceGTF Aveiro districtGTH Coimbra districtGTJ Leiria districtGTL Beira Alta provinceGTN Guarda districtGTP Viseu districtGTR Beira Baixa provinceGTT Castelo Branco districtGTV Estremadura region

GTW Estremadura provinceGTY Lisboa districtGU Lisbon (City)GVB Setubal districtGVD Ribatejo provinceGVF Santarem districtGVH Southern PortugalGVJ Alentejo regionGVL Alto Alentejo provinceGVN Portalegre districtGVP Evora districtGVR Baixo Alentejo provinceGVT Beja districtGW Algarve regionGWD Faro districtGX Madeira GXM Funchal

GXP The Azores

GY Gibraltar* Alternative (not recommended) to locating at GHX

H Mediterranean

HD Corsica * Alternative (which is preferred) to locating with France, at FY

HG Sardinia * Alternative (which is preferred) to IG

HGF SassariHGH NuoroHGK CagliariHM MaltaHN Valetta

HX Papal States (as temporal power)

I ItalyICP Papal StatesICR Central ItalyICS Latium regionICV ViterboICX RietiICY RomaID Rome (City)IEB Vatican CityIEE LatinaIEF FrosinoneIEJ Southern Italy and SicilyIEK CampaniaIEM Caserta

IEP BeneventoIER AvellinoIEY NapoliIF Naples (City)IFV SalernoIFY Tyrrhenian Sea coastIG Sardinia

* Alternative (not recommended) to HGIH SicilyIHD West SicilyIHF TrapaniIHH PalermoIHJ AgrigentoIHL CaltanissettaIHN East SicilyIHP RagusaIHR SiracusaIHT CataniaIHV EnnaIHX MessinaIJ Calabria regionIJD Reggio di CalabriaIJF CatanzaroIJH CosenzaIK Basilicata, Catania regionIKD PotenzaIKF MateraIKY Adriatic coast (General)IL Puglia, Apulia regionILD TarantoILF LecceILH BrindisiILK BariILM FoggiaILY Central Italy IM Abruzzi e Molise regionIMD CampobassoIMF ChietiIMH PescaraIMK TeramoIMM AquilaIMP UmbriaIMR TerniIMT PerugiaIN MarchesIND Ascoli PicenoINF MacerataINH AnconaINK Pesaro e UrbinoIP San Marino (Independent state)IQ Tuscany region

IQD ArezzoIQF SienaIQH GrossetoIQL LivornoIQP PisaIQY FirenzeIR FlorenceIRS PistoiaIRU LuccaIRW Massa e Carra

IRY North Italy IS Emilia-Romagna regionISD ForliISF RavennaISH FerraraISK BolognaISL Bologna (City)ISM ModenaISP Reggio nell’EmiliaISR ParmaIST PiacenzaISV Ligurian Sea coast, Italian Riviera

* For French and Italian Rivieras combined see FQIT Liguria (Region)ITD SpeziaITF GenovaITH SavonaITJ Imperia

ITL North West ItalyITM Alps in Italy ITN Italian lakesITP Piedmont regionITQ CuneoITR AstiITS AlessandriaITT TorinoITU Turin (City)ITV VercelliITW NovaraITY Val d’Aosta regionIU Lombardy regionIUD Po riverIUF VareseIUH ComoIUJ MilanoIUL Milan (City)IUN PaviaIUP CremonaIUR Bergamo

IUT SondrioIUV BresciaIUW Mantova

IUY North East Italy IV Veneto regionIVD VeronaIVF RovigoIVH PadovaIVV VeneziaIW Venice (City)IXB TrevisoIXD VicenzaIXF BellunoIXG Trentino-alto Aldiige region, Venzia-TridentinaIXJ Tirol in Italy IXK TrentoIXL BolzanoIXP Fruili-Venezia-Giulia regionIXR UdineIXT GoriziaIXV Trieste (City)

JA Central EuropeJAP The Alps

JB SwitzerlandJCB Alps in SwitzerlandJCG Grisons (Graubunden), Romansch cantonJCT Ticino, Italian cantonJD French cantonsJE ValaisJF FribourgJFV VaudJG GenevaJGD Geneva (City)JHJ Jura regionJHN NeuchatelJJ German cantonsJJD BerneJJF Bernes Oberland regionJJH Mittelland regionJJK Berne (City)JJM Seeland regionJJY North SwitzerlandJK SolothernJLB Basel (Canton)JLD Basel-LandschaftJLF Basel-StadtJLX Aargau (Canton)JM Zurich (Canton)

JMD Zurich (City)JMF Schaffhausen (Canton)JMH Thurgau (Canton)JMK St. Gallen (Canton)JMN AppenzellJMP Appenzell Ausser-RhodenJMQ Appenzell Inner-RhodenJMS Glarus (Canton)JMU Uri (Canton)JMW Schwyz (Canton)JMZ Zug (Canton)JNC Lucerne (Canton)JNE Unterwalden (Canton)JNF NidwaldenJNG Obwalden

JNL Liechtenstein JNM Vaduz

JP Belgium

JPS North Belgium. Flemish speaking areasJPV Limburg provinceJPY Antwerp provinceJQ Antwerp (City)JQF Flanders regionJQH East Flanders provinceJQK West Flanders province

JQN Central BelgiumJQX Brabant provinceJR Brussels (City)

JSB South Belgium. French speaking areasJSD Hainaut provinceJSF Namur provinceJSL Liege provinceJSN Liege (City)JSX Luxembourg province

JT Luxembourg (Grand Duchy)JTL Luxembourg (City)

JU Netherlands (Holland)

JVB North and Central NetherlandsJVE Groningen provinceJVF Friesland provinceJVH Drenthe provinceJVK Overijssel provinceJVM Gelderland province

JVP Utrecht provinceJVQ Utrecht (City)

JVS South NetherlandsJVT Limburg provinceJVV Noord-Brabant province

JW West CoastJWW Zeeland provinceJWY Zuid-Holland provinceJX The Hague (City)JY Rotterdam (City)JYN Nord-Holland provinceJYP Amsterdam (City)JYR Zuidelijke Ijsselmeerpolders provinceJYS Reclaimed landJYW West Frisian Islands

K Germany

KB East Germany, German Democratic RepublicKBE Mecklenburg regionKBG Rostock district (Besirke)KBJ Schwerin districtKBL Pomerania regionKBN Neubrandenburg districtKBQ Brandenburg regionKBS BerlinKBT East Berlin districtKC West BerlinKCN Cotbus districtKCP Potsdam districtKCQ Frankfurt an der Oder districtKCR Central GermanyKCS Prussian SaxonyKCT Saxony-Anhalt regionKCV Magdeburg districtKCX Halle districtKD Saxony regionKE Dresden districtKF Leipzig districtKFS Karl-Marx-Stadt district (formerly Chemnitz)KG Thuringia regionKGE Erfurt districtKGG Gera districtKGK Suhl district

KH West Germany, German Federal RepublicKHY South and South West GermanyKJ Bavaria (Land)KJF Franconia region

KJG Lower Franconia regionKJH Middle Franconia regionKJJ Upper Franconia regionKJL Upper Palatinate districtKJM Lower Bavaria districtKJN Upper Bavaria districtKJP MunichKL Baden-Wurtemburg (Land)KLD Swabia regionKLF Wurtemburg regionKLH Hohenzollern regionKLJ Black ForestKLM Baden regionKLP Hesse (Land)KLR Frankfurt-am-Main (City)KMB Rhine riverKMD Palatinate regionKMF Rhineland-Palatinate (Land) Rhineland-Palatinate (Land)KMH Rhine Province region, Rhenish Prussia KML Saarland (Land) KMY North West and West Germany KN North Rhine-Westphalia (Land)KNC Bonn (City)KNE Cologne (City)KNG Ruhr regionKNH Dusseldorf (City)KNJ Westphalia regionKNL Lower Saxony (Land)KNM Brunswick regionKNN Hanover regionKNO Oldenburg regionKNQ North Sea coastKNR Bremen (Land)KNS Hamburg (Land)KNT Schleswig-Holstein (Land)KNU Holstein regionKNV Schleswig regionKNW East Frisian IslandsKNY Heligoland

KRY Danube River

KS Czechoslovakia

KSX Czech RepublicKT BohemiaKTS Sudetenland districtKUB Prague. Praha regionKUD Prague (City)KUG Stradocesky regionKUJ Jihocesky region

KUK Zapadocesky regionKUN Plzen region and cityKUP Severocesky regionKUQ Vychodoscesky regionKUR MoraviaKUS Silesia in CzechoslovakiaKUT Jihomoravsky regionKUV Brno (City and region)KUW Severomoravsky regionKUX Ostrava (City and region)

KUY Slovak RepublicKV SlovakiaKVL Bratislava (City and region)KVN Zapadoslovenska regionKVS Stradoslovenska regionKVV Vychodoslovenska region

KVY Austria and Hungary

KW AustriaKWV Northern AustriaKWY Danube river in AustriaKX Vienna, Wien provinceKXD Vienna (City)KXL Lower Austria, Niederosterreich provinceKXU Upper Austria, Oberosterreich province

KYB Central and Western Austria KYD Alps in AustriaKYF Salzburg provinceKYG Salzburg (City)KYJ Tyrol provinceKYK Innsbruck (City)KYM Vorarlberg provinceKYP South and Eastern AustriaKYQ Corinthia provinceKYS Styria provinceKYU Burgenland province

LD Hungary

LDN North West HungaryLDP Komarom CountyLDQ Gyor-Sopron CountyLDR Vas CountyLDS Veszprem CountyLDT Zala County

LDV Central Hungary. Danube areaLDY Pest County

LE Budapest (City and County)LEE Bacs-Kiskun CountyLEF Fejer County LEG Szolnok County

LEJ North East HungaryLEK Nograd CountyLEL Heves CountyLEN Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen CountyLEO Szabolcs-Szatmar CountyLEP Hajdu-Bihar County

LEQ South East HungaryLER Bekes County LES Csongrad County

LET South West HungaryLEU Baranya CountyLEV Somogy CountyLEW Tolna County

LEY The Balkans

LF YugoslaviaLG Northern YugoslaviaLGS Slovenia Federal RepublicLH Croatia Federal RepublicLHE Zagreb (City)LHG Slavonia Federal RepublicLHY Western YugoslaviaLJ Dalmatia regionLJE Coast and islandsLJS South and Central YugoslaviaLJY Bosnia and Hercegovina Federal RepublicLK BosniaLL HercegovinaLM Montenegro Federal RepublicLMS Eastern Yugoslavia, Serbia RegionLMV Vojvodina (Autonomous region)LN Serbia Federal RepublicLNE Belgrade, Beograd (City)LNK Kosovo-Metohija (Autonomous region)LNM Macedonia Federal Republic

LO AlbaniaLOE Tirana

LP GreeceLPE Northern GreeceLPF ThraceLPG Macedonia

LPG S SalonikaLPH EpirusLPJ ThessalyLPJ Y Central GreeceLPK EuboeaLPL AthensLPL Y Southern GreeceLPM Peloponnesus, MoreaLPP Ionian IslandsLPQ CorfuLPR CephaloniaLPS Others, A/ZLPT CreteLQ Aegean Islands, Greek ArchipelagoLQE Cyclades and South Western islandsLQF Southern Sporades, DodecaneseLQG RhodesLQH Others, A/ZLQJ SamosLQK ChiosLQL LesbosLQM Other mid Aegean islands, A/ZLQN Northern SporadesLQO Individual islands, A/ZLQQ North Aegean islandsLQR Lemnos

Imbros see OJMPLQS SamothraceLQT Others, A/Z

LR BulgariaLRE Central BulgariaLRF Veliko Turnovo districtLRG Gabrovo districtLRH Yambol districtLRJ Stara Zagora districtLRL Sliven districtLRN Kolarovgrad districtLRP Pazardzhik districtLRR Eastern Bulgaria, RumeliaLRS Black Sea coast areaLRT Silistra districtLRU Tolbukhin district, Dobruja regionLRV Varna districtLRX Burgas districtLSB Thrace regionLSC South Bulgaria, RhodopeLSD Khaskovo districtLSE Smolyan districtLSF Kurdzhali districtLSG Plovdiv district

LSH Macedonia region in BulgariaLSJ West Bulgaria, StrumitsaLSK Blagoevgrad districtLSL Pernik districtLSM Kiustendil districtLSN Sofia districtLSO Sofia (City)LSP Mikhailovgrad districtLSQ Vratsa districtLSR Vidin districtLSS North BulgariaLST Pleven districtLSU Lovech districtLSV Turgovishte districtLSW Ruse districtLSX Razgrad district

LU RomaniaLUS South East districtsLUT PrahovaLUV BuzauLVB BucharestLVD IlfovLVE Southern districts. WalachiaLVF TeleormanLVG OltLVH South West districtsLVJ DoljLVK MehedintiLVL GorjLVM Western districts. TimisoaraLVN Caras-SeverinLVO TimisLVP AradLVQ Central districts. TransylvaniaLVR HunedoaraLVS AlbaLVT ClujLVU Bistrita-NasaudLVV MoresLVW HarghitaLVX SibiuLVY ValceaLWB ArgesLWC DimbovitaLWD BrasovLWE CovasnaLWF Black Sea coastal districts. DobrujaLWG Ialomita LWH ConstantaLWJ Tulcea

LWK Eastern districts. MoldaviaLWL BrailaLWM GalatiLWN VranceaLWO VasluiLWP North East districtsLWQ IasiLWR BotosaniLWS SuceavaLWT NeamtLWU North West districtsLWV MaramuresLWW Satu MareLWX SalajLWY Bihor

LX Eastern Europe

LY Poland

LYG South East Poland. GaliciaLYH Kielce provinceLYJ Rzeszow provinceLYK Krakow provinceLYL Krakow (City). CracowLYM Katowice provinceLYN South West Poland. SilesiaLYO Opole provinceLYP Wroclaw provinceLYQ Wroclaw (City). BreslauLYR Western PolandLYS Zielona Gora provinceLYT Szczecin province. Stettin. Polish PomeraniaLYU Northern Poland. Baltic coast. West Prussian PomeraniaLYV Koszalin provinceLYW Gdansk province. DanzigLYX Bydgoszcz provinceLZB Central PolandLZC Poznana provinceLZD Poznana (City)LZE Lodz provinceLZF Lodz (City)LZG Warsaw provinceLZH Warsaw (City)LZK Eastern Poland. MazuriaLZL Olsztyn provinceLZM Bialystok provinceLZN Lublin province

LZV Baltic countries and the Baltic Sea

M Scandinavia

MB Denmark

MBS IslandsMBT Eastern and Southern islandsMBV BornholmMC Sjaelland, ZealandMCD Frederiksborg countyMCE Kobenhavn countyMCF Kobenhavn, Copenhagen (City)MCH Frederiksberg (Independent municipality)MCJ Roskilde countyMCK Vestsjaellands countyMCL Holbaek (Former county)MCM Soro (Former county)MCN Storstroms countyMCP Praesto (Former county)MCQ Mon IslandMCR Maribo (Former county)MCS Falster IslandMCT Lolland IslandMCU Fyno and Langeland Islands = FynsMCV Fyns county. Island of Fyn (Funen)MCW Langeland IslandMCX B Svendborge (Former county)MCX H Odense (Former county)MCX P Assense (Former county)

MD Jylland (Jutland) and adjacent islandsMDD Sonderjyllands countyMDE Abenra-Sonderborg (Former county)MDF Tonder (Former county)MDG Haderslev (Former county)MDH Ribe countyMDJ Ringkobing countyMDK Vejle countyMDL Skanderborg (Former county)MDM Arhus countyMDN Arhus (Former county)MDP Randers (Former county)MDQ Viborg countyMDR Viborg (Former county)MDT Tisted (Former county)MDV Nordjyllands countyMDW Alborg (Former county)MDX Hjorring (Former county)

MF Faroe county, Faroe Islands

MG Iceland

MGO East IcelandMGP South IcelandMGQ ReykjanesMGR ReyjavikMGU West IcelandMGV Western PeninsulaMGW Northland WestMGX Northland East

MJ Norway

MJS Spitsbergen, Svalbard (Arctic Archipelago)* Alternative to locating under Arctic regions, WW

MJT West SpitsbergenMK Nord-Norge. North NorwayMKF FinmarkMKH TromsMKJ Nordland

MKL Trondelag. North Central Norway MKN Nord-TrondelagMKS Sor-Trondelag

ML Vestlander. West Norway MLD More og RomsdalMLE Sogn og FjordaneMLH HordalandMLJ Bergen (City)MLR Rogaland

MM Agder. South Norway MMD Vest-AgderMMF Aust-Agder

MMH Ostlandet. East Norway MMJ TelemarkMML VestfoldMMN BuskerudMMP OpplandMMR HedmarkMMT AkershusMN Oslo (City)MNS Ostfold

MO Sweden

MP Gotaland. Southern Sweden MPF Goteburg och Bohus county. Bohuslan (Former province)MPG Goteburg (City). GothenburgMPH Vastergotland (Former province)

MPK Skaraborg countyMPL Alvsborg countyMPM Dalsland (Former province)MPN Halland county (Former province)MPP Skane (Former province)MPQ Kristianstad countyMPR Malmohus countyMPS Blekinge county (Former province)MPT Smaland (Former province)MPU Kalmar countyMPV Oland (Former province)MPW Kronoberg countyMPX Jonkoping countyMPY Ostergotland county (Former province)

MQ Svealand. Central Sweden MQD Sodermanland county (Former province)MQF Uppland (Former province)MQY Stockholm countyMR Stockholm (City)MRS Uppsala countyMRT Vastmanland countyMRU Orebro countyMRV Narke (Former province)MRW Vastmanland (Former province)MRX Varmland county (Former province)MRY Koppaberg county. Dalarna (Former province)

MS Norrland. Northern Sweden MSD Gavleborg countyMSG Gastrikland (Former province)MSH Halsingland (Former province)MSJ Jamtland countyMSK Harjedalen (Former province)MSL Jamtland (Former province)MSN Vasternorrland countyMSP Medelpad (Former province)MSQ Angermanland (Former province)MSR Vasterbotten countyMSS Vasterbotten (Former province)MST Norrbotten countyMSV Norrbotten (Former province)MSX Lappland (Former province)

* See also Finnish Lappland MUF

MT Lappland region (General)

MU Finland

MUE North Finland MUF Lappi. Lappland

MUG Oulu. Uleaborg

MUJ South East Finland. Lakeland provincesMUK KuopioMUL Pohjois-Karjala. Norra KarelenMUM Mikkeli. St. MichelMUN Hame. TavestehusMUP Keski-Suomi. Mellersta Finland

MUR South West Finland. Coastal provincesMUS Vaasa. VasaMUT Turka ja Pori. Abo och BjorneborgMUV Ahvenanmaa. AlandMUW Uusimaa. NylandMUX Helsinki. HelsingforsMUY Kymi. Kymene

N Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Soviet Union * The following abbreviations are used:

ASSR Autonomous Soviet Socialist RepublicAR Autonomous Region (Province, Oblast)NA National Area

NCX European RussiaND Russian Soviet Federated Socialist RepublicNDV Central and Western areaNDX MoscowNE Moscow (City)NEK Kalinin regionNEL Yaroslavl regionNEM Kostroma regionNEN Ivanovo regionNEP Vladimir regionNEQ Gorky region (Formerly Nizhni-Novgorod)NER Kirov regionNES Udmurt ASSRNET Mariy ASSRNEV Chuvash ASSRNEW Mordov ASSRNEX Ryazan regionNEY Tula regionNFB Saluga regionNFC Smolensk regionNFD Bryansk regionNFE Orel regionNFF Kursk regionNFG Belgorod regionNFH Voronezh regionNFJ Lipetsk regionNFK Tambov regionNFL Penza region

NFN Volga RiverNFP Volga areaNFQ Ulyanovsk regionNFR Tatar ASSRNFS Kuybyshev regionNFT Saratov regionNFV Volgograd (formerly Stalingrad) regionNFW Astrakhan regionNFX Caspian SeaNFY Don RiverNGB North Caucasus areaNGC Kalmyk ASSRNGD Kostov regionNGE Krasnodar regionNGF Adygey ARNGG Karachayavo-Cherkess ARNGH Kabardin Balkar ASSRNGJ Chechen-Ingush ASSRNGK Severo-Osetin ASSRNGL Dagestan ASSRNGM Caucasus MountainsNGN TranscaucasiaNGP Azerbaijan SSRNGQ Nagorno-Karabakh ARNGR Nakhichevan ARNGS Armenia SSRNGT Georgia SSRNGV South Ossetia ARNGU Adzhar ASSRNGW Abkhaz ASSRNGX Black Sea areaNGY Sea of AzovNH Ukraine SSRNHD Dnieper RiverNHE South UkraineNHG Crimea regionNHH Odessa regionNHJ East UkraineNHK DnepropetrovskNHL Donbas regionNHN Kharkov regionNHP Central and West UkraineNHQ Kiev regionNHR Galicia regionNHS L’vov regionNHT Carpathians in Russia. Transcarpathia regionNHU Ruthenia regionNHV Bukovina regionNHW Moldavia SSRNHX BessarabiaNHY Western USSR

NJ Belorussia SSR. White RussiaNJE East BelorussiaNJG Gomel regionNJH Mogilev regionNJJ Vitebsk regionNJL West BelorussiaNJM MinskNJN BrestNJP GrodnoNJV Baltic Sea areaNJX Kaliningrad (formerly Konigsberg)

(Russian SFSR)NK Lithuania SSRNL Latvia SSRNLG Courland regionNLL Livonia regionNM Estonia SSRNMU North West RussiaNMV Pskov regionNMX Novgorod regionNMY Leningrad regionNN Leningrad (City)NNL Lake Ladoga areaNNP Lake Onega regionNNQ Karelia ASSRNNS Murmansk regionNNW White SeaNP Arkhangel’sk regionNPN Nenets NANPV Vologda regionNQ Northern RussiaNQD Coast and islandsNQF Franz Josef Land

* Alternative is WYFNQH Severnaya Zemlya

* Alternative is WYNNQK Novaya ZemlyaNQM Komi ASSRNR Ural Mountains and regionNRD Komi-Permyak NANRF Perm regionNRH Sverdlovsk regionNRK Chelyabinsk regionNRM Bashkiv ASSRNRP Orenburg region

NS Soviet AsiaNT SiberiaNTD West SiberiaNTE KurganNTF Tyurmen

NTG Khanty-Mansi NANTH Yamal-Nenets NANTJ Tomsk regionNTK Omsk regionNTL Novosibirsk regionNTM KemerovoNTP East SiberiaNTQ KrasnoyarskNTR New Siberian IslandsNTS Khakass ARNTT EvenkiNTV Dolgarno-NenetsNTY YakutNU Far EastNUD Chukot NANUE KamchatkaNUF KoryakNUH MagadanNUK KhabarovskNUN SakhalinNUP PrimorskNUQ VladivostokNUS Yevreysk ARNUT AmurNV Central and South SiberiaNVD Chita (East Siberia)NVE Aginsk NANVG Buryat ASSRNVH Lake BaikalNVJ IrkutskNVK Ust’Ordyn NANVM Tuva ASSRNVP Gorno-Altay ARNVQ Altay

NW Kazakhstan SSRNWD Vostochmo-Kazakhstan regionNWE Semipalatinsk regionNWF Karaganda regionNWG Pavlodar regionNWH Akmolinsk regionNWJ Severo-Kazakhstan regionNWK Kokchetav regionNWL Kustanay regionNWM Aktyubinsk regionNWN Uralsk regionNWP West Kazakhstan areaNWQ Guryev regionNWR South Kazakhstan areaNWS Kzyl Orda regionNWT Chimkent region

NWU Dzhambul regionNWV Alma-Ata regionNWW Taldy-Kurgan region

NX Central Asia republicsNXD Turkestan areaNXE Kirghizia SSRNXF Frunze regionNXG Tyanshan region. Tien ShanNXH Osh regionNXK Tadzhikistan SSRNXM Pamir plateau and mountainsNXP Gorno-Badakhshan ARNY Uzbekistan SSRNYF Fergana regionNYH Tashkent regionNYJ Samarkand regionNYL Bukhara regionNYP Kara-Kalpak regionNYT Turkmenistan SSR

O Asia

OD Central and Western Asia

OF The Near East. Middle East

OG The Arab worldOGK Kurdistan regionOGX Asia Minor

OH Turkey

OHS North West Turkey. Turkey in Europe. Thrace regionOHT Edirne provinceOHU Kirklareli provinceOHV Tekirdag provinceOI Istanbul province. ConstantinopleOJB Sea of Marmara. Bosporus. DardanellesOJC Kocaeli provinceOJD Sakarya provinceOJE Bolu provinceOJF Zonguldak provinceOJG Cankiri provinceOJH Kastamonu provinceOJJ Sinop provinceOJK Amasya provinceOJL Samsun province

OJM Anatolia regionOJM P North Aegean Islands. Imroz

OJM W West TurkeyOJN Burdur provinceOJO Mugla provinceOJP Denizli provinceOJQ Aydin provinceOJR Usak provinceOJS Izmir province. SmyrnaOJT Manisa provinceOJU Kutahya provinceOJV Balikesir provinceOJW Canakkale provinceOJX Bursa provinceOJY Bilecik province

OKA Y South West TurkeyOKB Hatay province OKC Adana province (formerly Seyhan)OKD Icel provinceOKE Antalya province

OKE Y South East TurkeyOKF Siirt province OKG Mardin provinceOKH Diyarbakir provinceOKJ Urfa provinceOKK Adiyaman provinceOKL Gaziantep provinceOKM Maras province

OKN Eastern TurkeyOKO ArmeniaOKP Kars provinceOKQ Agri provinceOKR Van provinceOKS Hakkari provinceOKT KurdistanOKU Bitlis province

OKU Y North East TurkeyOKV Tokat provinceOKW Ordu provinceOKX Giresun provinceOKY Trabzon province. TrebizondOLB Gumusane provinceOLC Rize provinceOLD Corum provinceOLE Artvin province

OLE Y East Central TurkeyOLF Erzurum provinceOLG Mus province

OLH Bingol provinceOLJ Elazig provinceOLK Tunceli provinceOLL Erzincan provinceOLM Malatya provinceOLN Sivas province

OLN Y West Central TurkeyOLO Kayseri provinceOLP Yozgat provinceOLQ Kirsehir provinceOLR Nevsehir provinceOLS Nigde provinceOLT Ankara provinceOLU Eskisehir provinceOLV Afyonkarahisar provinceOLW Isparta provinceOLX Konya province

OM The Levant

ON CyprusONS Nicosia

OO Syria

OOC Y North West SyriaOOD TartusOOE LatakiaOOF IdlibOOG HamahOOH AleppoOOJ RaqqaOOJ Y North East SyriaOOK HassekehOOL Eastern Syria. Syrian Desert regionOOM Deir-ez-ZorOON HomsOON Y Southern SyriaOOP Damascus (Governorate)OOQ Damascus (City)OOR Quneitra. KunaitraOOS Suveida. Jebel-DruzOOT HauranOOU Der’a

OOV LebanonOOW TripoliOOY Beirut

OP Israel. Palestine

OPE Northern districtOPH HaifaOPJ Central districtOPL Tel AvivOPN JerusalemOPQ Jordan River

* Alternative for West BankAdd to OPQ letters following OQ in OQE/OQL

OPR Dead SeaOPS Southern districtOPT GazaOPV Negev

OQ JordanOQE West BankOQF Hebron districtOQG Jerusalem districtOQJ SamariaOQK Nablus districtOQL JeninOQM East BankOQN Irbid district (formerly Ajhen)OQP ZarkaOQQ Amman districtOQS Balqua districtOQT Karak districtOQV Ma’an districtOQW East Jordan

OR Arabia. Arabian Peninsula (Sinai Peninsula) see VAF

OS Saudi ArabiaOSP North WestOSQ HejazOSR MedinaOSS MeccaOST North Central. NejdOSV Eastern areaOSW Gulf CoastOSX Southern region

OT YemenOTR Yemen RepublicOTT Democratic Republic of Yemen. Southern Yemen (formerly Federation of

South Arabia)OTV Aden

OU Gulf StatesOUD Oman (formerly Muscat and Oman)OUF OmanOUH Muscat

OUK Trucial OmanOUM United Arab EmiratesOUQ QatarOUS BahrainOUW Kuwait

OV IraqOVD Neutral TerritoryOVF Western desert regionOVH Northern IraqOVK KurdistanOVM MosulOVP Erbil (Arbil)OVS SulayaminayaOVV KirkukOW MesopotamiaOWD Tigris-Euphrates regionOX Al Jazirah regionOXC Central IraqOXD DiyalaOXY Baghdad regionOY Baghdad (City)OYD Ramadi (formerly Dulaim)OYF Lower MespotamiaOYH KarbelaOYJ HillaOYL DiwaniyaOYN KutOYP AmaraOYR Nasiriyah (formerly Muntafiq)OYT Basra

OYX Persian Gulf coast (General)

PA Iran. PersiaPB South West IranPC Khuzistan provincePK Western IranPL LuristanPM Kermanshah provincePMG ArdalanPMH North West IranPMK Kurdistan provincePN AzerbaijanPNG West Azerbaijan provincePNJ East Azerbaijan provincePNK TabrizPNP North IranPNQ Gilan provincePNS Mazanderan provincePNT Samnan Damghan

PNV Central provincePP Tehran (City)PPF KazvinPPG Central IranPPH Isfahan provincePPJ Isfahan (City)PPL YezdPPM Southern IranPPN Fars provincePPP Shiraz (City)PPQ Persian Guld coast and Ports provincePPR South East IranPPS Gulf of OmanPPT LaristanPPV MakranPPW Baluchistan and Sistan provincePPX BaluchistanPPY SistanPQ Kerman provincePQF East IranPQH BashtilutPQK KaianPQN North East IranPQR Khurasan provincePQS Meshed (Moshdad) City

PR AfghanistanPRY North West AfghanistanPS North AfghanistanPSH Herat provincePSK Badghis provincePSM Faryals provincePSP Jeuzjan provincePSR Samangan provincePST Balkh provincePU North East Afghanistan. Badakhshan regionPUH Hindu Kush regionPUK Takhar provincePUM Kunduz provincePUP Badakhshan provincePUR Baghlan and Pul-i-Khumri provincePUT Konarhar provincePUV Laghman provincePV Eastern AfghanistanPVG Kabul provincePVJ Wardak provincePVL Zabul provincePVN Chazni provincePVP Paktya provincePVR Logar provincePVT Parwan province

PVV Kapisa provincePW Central AfghanistanPY Southern AfghanistanPYK Kandahar provincePYM Uruzgun provincePYP Bamian provincePYR Western AfghanistanPYS Helmand provincePYT Farah provincePYU Nimrooz provincePYV Ghor province

PYX South AsiaQA Indian subcontinent

QAX PakistanQB West PakistanQBD BaluchistanQBE QuettaQBK KalatQBM MakranQBP Indus River in PakistanQBS SindQBT KharachiQBV HyderabadQC Punjab

* General works on the Punjab as a wholeQCC Punjab in PakistanQCD KhairpurQCF BahawalpurQCH MultanQCL LahoreQCN SargodhaQCR RawalpindiQD North West FrontierQDD Dera Ismail KhanQDF PeshawarQDH AmbQDJ DirQDL ChirralQDN SwatQDP KalamQDT Tribal areas (Centrally administered)QDV Kashmir in Pakistan

* Disputed territory; alternative (preferred) is to locate under Jammu and Kashmir at QV

(East Pakistan) see Bangladesh QP

QE India. Republic of IndiaQEF Northern IndiaQEH Himalayas

* See also Himalayan states QRYQEK Kashmir in India

* Disputed territory; alternative (preferred) is to locate under Jammu and Kashmir at QV

QEP Punjab region * Works on Punjab as a whole are classed at QC

QEQ Himachal Pradesh StateQER Punjab StateQES Haryana StateQET Chandigarh TerritoryQF Delhi TerritoryQG Uttar Pradesh StateQGF Agra districtQGH Oudh districtQGK Indus River and valley in IndiaQGN North West IndiaQGR Rajasthan StateQH Gujerat State (formerly Bombay)QHF Western IndiaQHJ Central IndiaQHM Madhya Pradesh StateQHS Southern IndiaQHT Deccan PlateauQHV Malabar CoastQJ South West IndiaQJD Dadra and Nagar Hareli TerritoryQJF Maharashtra StateQJH Bombay (City). MumbaiQJK Karnakata State (formerly Mysore)QJP Former Portuguese territoriesQJQ Goa, Daman and Diu TerritoryQJX Kerala StateQK Lakshadweep TerritoryQKD Laccadive Islands and Minicay IslandQKF Amindivi IslandsQKH Andaman and Nicobar Islands TerritoryQKK Andaman IslandQKN Nicobar IslandQKV Eastern IndiaQKX South East IndiaQL Tamil Nadu StateQLK PondicherryQLM Madras (City)QLP Andra Pradesh StateQLR Hyderabad (City)QLT North East IndiaQLU Bihar and OrissaQLV Orissa StateQLW Bihar StateQLY West Bengal StateQM Calcutta (City). Kolkata

QMG Ganges River and valleyQMJ Brahmaputra River and valleyQN Himalayan Mountain regionQND Tripura StateQNF Manipur TerritoryQNH Nagaland StateQNL Assam StateQNP Meghalaya StateQNQ Shillong

QP Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan)QRB RajshahiQRD DaccaQRF KhulnaQRH Chittagong

QRY Himalayan states

QS BhutanQSF ThimphuQT SikkimQTF GanktokQU NepalQUF KatmanduQV Jammu and Kashmir

* Alternative is to locate works dealing with Indian or Pakistan regions under India (QEK) and Pakistan (QDV)

QW Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon)QX ColomboQY Maldive Islands

RA East Asia. The Far East

RB China. People’s Republic of China

RD South East ChinaRDH Hainan IslandRDM Macao (Portuguese)RE Hong-Kong (former British Crown Colony)REO VictoriaRF Kwangtung provinceRFO Canton (City)RFY East China Sea areaRG Taiwan. Formosa (Independent state)RGK Other islandsRGT Kwangsi-Chuang Autonomous RegionRGY Yunnan provinceRH Central China. Wuhan regionRHQ Yangtze River and regionRHS Kweichow province

RHU Hunan provinceRJB Eastern China. Shanghai regionRJE Kiangsi provinceRJG Fukien provinceRJH Foochow (City)RJK Chekiang provinceRJS Shangtung provinceRJX Kiangsu provinceRK Nanking (City)RL Shanghai (City)RLR Anwhei provinceRLT Honan provinceRLV Hupeh provinceRMB South West China. Chungking regionRMD Szechwan provinceRN Tibet Autonomous RegionROB North West China. Sian regionROD Chinghai (Tsinghai) provinceROF Turkestan in ChinaROH Sinkiang-Uighur Autonomous RegionROJ Jungaria (Dzungaria)ROL Tien Shan in ChinaRON Kansu provinceROQ Shensi provinceROS Shansi provinceROV Ningsia-Hui Autonomous RegionRP Northern China. Peking regionRPD Yellow River, Hwang-HoRPH Hopeh provinceRPP Beijing (City) Peking RPT Tientsin (City)RPY MongoliaRQ Inner Mongolia Autonomous RegionRR Outer Mongolia. Mongolian People’s RepublicRRD Altai MountainsRRF Ulan BatorRRK DarkhanRS North East China. Shenyang region. ManchuriaRSD Liaoning province (Fengtien)RSH LiaosiRSL LiaotungRSM MukdenRSP Kirin provinceRSS Heilungkiang province

RU KoreaRV North Korea. Democratic People’s Republic of KoreaRW PyongyangRX South Korea. Republic of KoreaRY Seoul

S Japan

(Karafuto) see Sakhalin NUNSC Hokkaido Island and districtSCK Kuril Islands (USSR?)SCP Other islands of North JapanSD Honshu. Mainland JapanSE Tohoku district. Northern HonshuSED AomoriSEE AkitaSEF IwateSEG MiyagiSHE YamagataSEJ FukushimaSF Kwanto district. East Central HonshuSFD TochigiSFE IbarakiSFF ChibaSFG KanagawaSG TokyoSGT Tokyo (City)SGU YokohamaSGV SaitamaSGX GummaSH Chubu district. West Central HonshuSHD NigataSHE ToyamaSHF NaganoSHG YamanashiSHH FujiyamaSHJ ShizuokaSHK AichiSHL GifuSHM IshikawaSHN FukuiSJ Kinki district. Western and Southern HonshuSJD ShigSJE MieSJF NaraSJG WakayamaSJH OsakaSJJ Osaka (City) SJK KyotoSJL Kyoto (City)SJM HyogoSK Chugoku districtSKD TottoriSKF ShimaneSJG YamaguchiSJH HiroshimaSJK Hiroshima (City)

SKK OkayamaSL Shikoku Island and districtSLD KagawaSLF TokushimaSLH KochiSLK Kochi (City)SLL EhimeSM Kyushu Island and districtSMD OitaSMF MiyazakiSMH KagoshimaSMK KumamotoSMM FukuokaSMP SagaSMR NagasakiSMS Nagasaki (City)SN Southern Islands. Ryukyu IslandsSND Amami-gunto groupSNF Okinawa groupSNH Sakishima groupSNL Bonin Islands (Ogasawara-gunto)

ST South East Asia

SU East Indies. Malay Archipelago* Alternative (not recommended) is to locate general works on the East Indies at TJA since the term usually has the more limited connotation of Indonesia

SV PhilippinesSW LuzonSWE ManilaSWM MindoroSWP PalawanSX Visayan Islands (Bisayas)SXE PanaySXG MasbatoSXJ SamarSXL LeyteSXN NegrosSXP CebuSXR BoholSY MindanaoSYS Sulu Archipelago

TB Indo-China

TD Vietnam. AnnamTDE Mekong RiverTDF South Vietnam. Republic of VietnamTDG Cochin-ChinaTDH Saigon

TDN North Vietnam. Democratic Republic of VietnamTDP TonkinTDR Hanoi

TE LaosTEF Luang PrabangTHE Vientiane

TG Khmer Republic. CambodiaTGF Phnom Penh

THB Thailand. SiamTHD Bangkok

THL BurmaTHM North Burma. Upper BurmaTHN Kachin StateTHN S SagaingTHP West BurmaTHP H Chin Hills DivisionTHP K ArakanTHQ Central Burma. Lower BurmaTHQ M MagweTHQ Y MandalayTHR Mandalay (City)THS Shan StateTHT Kaya State (Karenni State)THT K Kawthule StateTHT Y PeguTHU Rangoon (City)THV Irrawaddy River and regionTHW South BurmaTHX Tenasserim

TJA East Indies. Malay Archipelago * Alternative (preferred) is to locate at SU

TJB Malaysia * Proposed Federation of Malaysia

TJC Malay Peninsula

TJD Malaya. Federation of Malaya. West MalaysiaTHE PerlisTJF KedahTJG Straits Settlements. Penang and MalaccaTJH PenangTJJ PerakTJK KelantanTJL TrengganuTJM PahangTJN Selangor

TJO Kuala Lumpur (City) TJP Negri SembilanTJQ MalaccaTJR Johore

TJT Singapore

TJV East Malaysia. Malaysian Borneo * For Borneo (general) see TKH

TJW Sarawak TJX Sabah. North BorneoTJY Brunei. British North Borneo

TK Indonesian RepublicTKH Borneo (general)TKK Kalimantan. Indonesian BorneoTKY Sunda IslandsTL SumatraTM JavaTMD DjakartaTMM MaduraTMN Lesser Sunda Islands. NusatenggaraTMP BaliTMQ LombokTMR SumbawaTMS SumbaTMT FloresTMV TimorTMX Portuguese TimorTMY Others, A/Z (e.g. Alor)TN Celebes. SulawesiTO Moluccas. Spice IslandsTQ New Guinea (general)TQH West Irian (former Dutch Territory)

(Australasia see U8)

TR Papua New Guinea (formerly Australian Trust Territory)TRG North East New Guinea Territory (former German Territory)TRH North East New GuineaTRJ Bismarck ArchipelagoTRK Admiralty IslandsTRL New BritainTRM New IrelandTRN Other islands, A/ZTRO Northern Solomon Islands

* Alternative (preferred) is to locate with Solomon Islands at TSMTRP Papua TerritoryTRQ Trobriand IslandsTRR d’Entrecasteaux IslandsTRT Louisiade Archipelago

TRV Other islands, A/Z

TS Pacific Ocean territories. Oceania

TSD South PacificTSE South West PacificTSG Melanesia

(Bismarck Archipelago) see New Guinea TRJ (Trobriand Islands) see New Guinea TRQ (d’Entrecasteaux Islands) see New Guinea TRR

TSL Solomon IslandsTSM Northern group, Australian Trust Territory

* Alternative (not recommended) is to locate with New Guinea at TRO

TSM D BougainvilleTSM E Other islands in northern groupTSN Southern group. British Solomon IslandsTSP New HebridesTSS Santa Cruz IslandsTST Torres IslandsTSV Banks IslandsTSX Loyalty IslandsTSY New Caledonia (Noumea)TT Fiji IslandsTTM Other Melanesian islands, A/Z

TTW North Pacific

TTY West PacificTUB MicronesiaTUC Gilbert and Ellice IslandsTUE Ellice IslandsTUF Phoenix IslandsTUG Gilbert IslandsTUH Kingsmill groupTUJ Trust Territory of the Pacific IslandsTUK Marshall IslandsTUL Nauru Island (Pleasant Island)TUM Caroline IslandsTUN Individual islands, groups of islands, A/Z (e.g. Truk Islands)TUP Mariana Islands (Ladrone Islands)TUQ GuamTUR Others, A/ZTUS Other North West and North Pacific Islands, A/Z (e.g. Wake Island)

TYA Central and South Central PacificTYB PolynesiaTYC Hawaiian IslandsTYD Hawaii (State of the USA)TYF Hawaii Island (Hawaii County)TYF H Maui County

TYF K Kahcolaure IslandTYF L Lanai IslandTYF M Molokai IslandTYF N Kalawae County and districtTYF O Oahu Island (Honolulu County)TYF P Honolulu (City)TYF R Kauai CountyTYF S Kauai IslandTYF T Nihau IslandTYS V Other islands, A/Z (e.g. Midway)TYG Line islandsTYH Individual islands or groups of islands, A/Z (e.g. Jarvis)TYJ French Polynesia. French OceaniaTYK Marquesas IslandsTYL Tuamotu ArchipelagoTYM * Individual islands and groups, A/Z (e.g. Gambier)TYN Society IslandsTYO TahitiTYP Tubuai Islands (Austral Islands)TYP R RapaTYQ Other South East Pacific islands and groups, A/Z (e.g. Pitcairn Island, Easter

IslandTYR Cook IslandsTYS Manihiki IslandsTYT Tokelau IslandsTYU SamoaTYV American Samoa (East Samoa)TYW Western Samoa (Trust Territory of New Zealand)TYX Tonga Archipelago. Friendly IslandsTYY Other Polynesian islands, A/Z

U8 Australasia

UA AustraliaUAV Eastern AustraliaUAX South East AustraliaUB Tasmania (State)UBH HobartUC Victoria (State)UD MelbourneUE Australian Capital TerritoryUEC CanberraUEM Murray River regionUF New South Wales (State)UH SydneyUHT East coast regionUHV Islands, A/Z (e.g. Lord Howe Island)UJ Queensland (State)UK BrisbaneUKT TownsvilleUKV Cloncurry Creek

UO Northern AustraliaUP Northern TerritoryUPK DarwinUPM Central AustraliaUPP Alice SpringsUQ Southern AustraliaUR South Australia (State)US AdelaideUT Western Australia (State)UTK KalgoorlieUTM CoolgardieUTP Perth

UV New ZealandUW North IslandUWD AucklandUWE North Auckland (District)UWF South Auckland (District)UWG Gisborne (District)UWJ Taranaki (District)UWL Wellington (District)UWN Hawke’s Bay (District)UX South IslandUXD Southern AlpsUXM Marlborough (District)UXN Nelson (District)UXP Westland (District)UXQ Canterbury (District)UXR ChristchurchUXS Otago (District)UXT DunedinUXU Southland (District)UXV Stewart IslandUXW Chatham IslandsUXX Other islands, A/Z (e.g. Kermadec Islands)

V Africa

V8N North AfricaV8S Sahara DesertV8V Nile River

VA Egypt. Arab Republic of Egypt, formerly United Arab Republic * Places named are governorates, unless otherwise indicated

VAE North East EgyptVAE G Desert GovernoratesVAF SinaiVAF G Gaza Strip

* Occupied by Egypt 1948; Israeli occupied 1967VAG Lower Egypt. Nile Delta regionVAH Suez

VAJ IsmailiaVAK Port SaidVAK L Damietta (Dumyat)VAK N SharqiyahVAK Q DaqahliyahVAK S GharbiyahVAK V Kafr el ShaykhVAL AlexandriaVAL K Beheira (Buhayrah)VAL M MinufiyahVAL Q QalyubiyahVAM Cairo

VAN Middle and Upper EgyptVAN M Middle EgyptVAN P GizaVAN R Beni SuefVAN T FayyumVAN V MinyaVAN X AsyutVAP Upper EgyptVAP K SohagVAP L QinaVAP M AswanVAP N Nubia regionVAP P Lake Nasser

VAP S Eastern Desert. Red Sea governorateVAQ Western DesertVAQ M MatruhVAQ Q Qattara DepressionVAQ V New Valley (Southern oases)

Sudan region (general) see VEY

VAS SudanVAS N Nile River in SudanVAS P Northern ProvinceVAS R Nubia region. Nubian DesertVAS T East SudanVAS V Kassala ProvinceVAS Y Central SudanVAT Khartoum ProvinceVAT K Khartoum (City)VAT M Kordofan ProvinceVAT R Blue Nile RiverVAU Blue Nile ProvinceVAV Southern SudanVAV N White Nile RiverVAV P Upper Nile ProvinceVAV R Equatorial Province

VAV T Bahr el Ghazal ProvinceVAW Western SudanVAX Darfur Province

VBD Libyan DesertVBH Barbary Coast and states

VBL LibyaVBP CyrenaicaVBR FezzanVBT TripolitaniaVBV Tripoli

VC TunisiaVCD South TunisiaVCE MedenineVCF Ile de DjerbaVCG CabesVCH Central TunisiaVCJ GafsaVCK East TunisiaVCL Coastal regionsVCM SfaxVCN KasserineVCP KairouanVCQ Northern TunisiaVCR SousseVCS NabeulVCT TunisVCU BizertaVCV North West TunisiaVCW BejaVCX JendoubaVCY Le Kef

VD AlgeriaVDD North East AlgeriaVDE Annaba (formerly Bone)VDF Kabylia regionVDG ConstantineVDH Batna (formerly Aures)VDJ SetifVDK North Central AlgeriaVDL Tizi-OuzoyVDM Algiers (Department)VDN Algiers (City)VDO MedeaVDP El Asnan (formerly Orleansville)VDQ North West AlgeriaVDR TiaretVDS Mostaganem

VDT OranVDU TlemcenVDV SaidaVDW Atlas Mountains in AlgeriaVDX Southern Algeria, Sahara in AlgeriaVDX O Oasis (Eastern Sahara)VDX S Saoura (Western Sahara)

VE MoroccoVED North East MoroccoVED O OujdaVEE Northern MoroccoVEE N NadorVEE P Melilla (Spanish enclave)VEE R Al-HoceimaVEE T TetouanVEE V Ceuta (Spanish enclave)VEF TangierVEF K Rif MountainsVEF M TazaVEF P FesVEF R MeknesVEF T KenitraVEG RabatVEH CasablancaVEH J El-JadidaVEH L SettatVEH N KhourigbaVEJ Central MoroccoVEJ M Beni-MellalVEK Atlas Mountains (general)VEH K High Atlas and Atlas Mountains in MoroccoVEL South East MoroccoVEL K Ksar-es-SoukVEM South West MoroccoVEM O OuarzazateVEN MarrakechVEN G AgadirVEN J Ifni regionVEN T Tarfaya (Villa Bens)

VEP Madeira

VEQ Canary Islands (Alternative to GO)VER Las Palmas provinceVES Santa Cruz de Tenerife provinceVES T Tenerife

VET Spanish Sahara (formerly Spanish West Africa) See also Ifni region of Morocco VEN J

VEU Saguid el Hamra

VEU S Smara (Semara). (Nordeste district)VEV El Aaium. (Norte district)VEW Rio de OroVEW W Villa Cisneros (Sur district)

VEX Black Africa. Africa South of the SaharaVEY Sudan. Bilad-es-Sudan. Soudan region

VF West AfricaVFF Former French territories

VFH Mauretania. Western SaharaVFJ Nouakchott

VFL SenegalVFM Le FleuveVFN DiourbalVFP Cape VerdeVFQ DakarVFR Sine-SaloumVFS Senegal OrientalVFT Casamance

VGA Guinea Coast (general)

VGB GambiaVGB H BathurstVGC Cape Verde Islands (formerly Portuguese)VGC P Praia

VGD Guinea-Bissau (formerly Portuguese Guinea)VGD F BissauVGD H BolambaVGD JX Bijagos (Bissagos) Islands

VGE GuineaVGE D West Guinea. Lower GuineaVGE E ForecariahVGE F ConakryVGE G KindiaVGE H DubrekaVGE J BoffaVGE K TelimeleVGE L BokeVGE M GaoualVGE N Youkounkoun, KoundaraVGE P Central GuineaVGE Q MaliVGE R LabeVGE S Fouta Djallan MoutainsVGE T Dalaba

VGE U PitaVGE V MamouVGE W DabolaVGE X DinguirayeVGF East Guinea. Upper GuineaVGF D SiguiriVGF E KouroussaVGF F KankanVGF G BeylaVGF H NzerekoreVGF J YomouVGF M MacentaVGF N GueckdaiVGF P KissidongouVGF Q Faranah

VGG Sierra LeoneVGG D Northern ProvinceVGG F Western areaVGG H FreetownVGG K Eastern ProvinceVGG M Southern Province

VGJ LiberiaVGJ D Grand Cape MountVGJ F LoffaVGJ L MontserradoVGJ M MonroviaVGJ P BongVGJ Q NimbaVGJ R Grand BassaVGJ S SinoeVGJ T Grand GedahVGJ V Maryland

VGK Ivory CoastVGK E West DepartmentVGK G Central West DepartmentVGK K Central DepartmentVGK L South DepartmentVGK N AbidjanVGK P East DepartmentVGK P North Department

VGM MaliVGM E SikassoVGM G BamakoVGM K KayesVGM L SegouVGM M MoptiVGM R Gao

VGP NigerVGP E Northern NigerVGPG AgadezVGP J Southern NigerVGP L DiffaVGP N ZinderVGP P MaradiVGP T TahousaVGP V DossoVGP X Niamey

VGR Upper Volta VGR E East DepartmentVGR G Sahel DepartmentVGR J Yatenga DepartmentVGR L Volta-Noire DepartmentVGR N Hauts-Bassin DepartmentVGR P Centre-Oust DepartmentVGR R CentreVGR S Ougadougou

VGS British West Africa (former territories)

VGT GhanaVGT F Upper ProvinceVGT H Northern ProvinceVGT J Tarnale ProvinceVGT L Brong-Ahafo ProvinceVGU Ashanti ProvinceVGU K KumasiVGU M Western ProvinceVGU P Central ProvinceVGV Accra ProvinceVGV K Eastern ProvinceVGV V Volta Province

VGW Togo (former French Trust Territory)VGW E Maritime regionVGW G LoméVGW J Des Plateaux regionVGW L Centrale regionVGW N De La Kara regionVGW P Des Savanes region

VGY DahomeyVGY E Atakora DepartmentVGY G Borgou DepartmentVGY J Zou DepartmentVGY L Mono DepartmentVGY N Atlantique Department

VGY Q Queme DepartmentVGY R Porto Nuovo

VH Nigeria, Federation ofVHE Lagos StateVHF Benin regionVHG Western StateVHH Mid-Western StateVHH K Benin CityVHJ Niger RiverVHK Eastern NigeriaVHL Rivers StateVHM South East StateVHN East Central StateVHO Benue Plateau State VHP Kwara StateVHP Y Northern NigeriaVHQ North Western StateVHR North Central StateVHS Kano StateVHT Kano (City)VHU North Eastern State

VHY French Equatorial Africa (Former territories)

VJ ChadVJD Lake ChadVJE LacVJE K KanemVJE Y Northern ChadVJF Borkou-Ennedi-TibestiVJF H Tibesti regionVJF K BorkouVJF P Ennedi regionVJG BiltineVJH OuaddiVJJ BathaVJK Chari-BaguirmiVJK L Fort LamyVJL Mayo-KebbiVJM TanjileVJN LoganeVJN K Logane-OrientaleVJN P Logane-OccidentaleVJO Moyen-ChariVJP GueraVJQ Salamat

VJS Central African Republic (formerly Ubang-Shari)VJS V Vakaga PréfectureVJS X Haute-Kotto Préfecture

VJT Haute MbomouVJT M MbomouVJT P Basse-KottoVJT R OuakaVJT W Bamingui-BangoranVJT Y Kemo-GribinguiVJU Ombella-MpokuVJV BanguiVJV N OuhamVJV P Ouham-PendéVJW Nana-NambereVJX Haute-SanghaVJY Lombaye

VK Cameroun (Federated States)VKE East Cameroun (formerly French Cameroun)VKF North (Administrative Federal Inspectorate)VKG EastVKH South CentralVKJ WestVKK YaoundeVKL LittoralVKL D DoualaVKM West Cameroun (formerly British Cameroons)VKN Buea

VKP Equatorial Guinea (formerly Spanish Guinea)VKQ Rio MundiVKR Fernandez PoVKR S Santa IsabelVKR V Annoban Island

VKS Sao Tomé and Principe, Republic ofVKT Sao ToméVKU Principe

VLA Former French Equatorial Africa

VLB GabonVLC EstuaireVLD LibrevilleVLD R Ogooué RiverVLE Ogooué-MaritimeVLF NyangaVLG NgounieVLH Moyen-OgoouéVLJ Woleu-NtemVLK Ogooué IvindoVLL Ogooué-LoloVLM Haute Ogooué

VLP Congo Republic (formerly Middle Congo, then Congo Brazzaville)VLQ LekoumouVLR NiariVLS KovilouVLT BouenzaVLU PoolVLV BrazzavilleVLW PlateauVLW K CuvetteVLW S SanghaVLW T Likouala

VLY Congo River

VM Zaire (formerly Belgian Congo, then Congo Kinshasa)VMD Kinshasa (formerly Leopoldville)VME Base-ZaireVMF BandunduVMG EquateurVMH Haute-ZaireVMJ Kasangani (formerly Stanleyville)VMK KivuVMM Kasai regionVMN Kasai WestVMP Kasai EastVMS Shaba (Katanga)

VMY Portuguese West Africa (former territories)

VN AngolaVND North West AngolaVNE CabindaVNF ZaireVNG UigeVNH Luanda (District)VNJ Luanda (City)VNK Cuanza-SulVNL Cuanza-NorteVNM MalanjeVNN Eastern AngolaVNP LundaVNQ MoxicoVNR Cuando-CubangoVNS South East AngolaVNT BieVNU HuamboVNV Nova LisboaVNW BenguelaVNX MocamedesVNY Huila

VO Southern Africa

VP Namibia (formerly South West Africa)VPE Namib, Coastal region. Namib DesertVPE K KaokoveldVPE O OutjoVPE S SwakopmundVPF Walvis Bay (District)VPG Walvis (Enclave of South Africa)VPH LunderitzVPJ Central PlateauVPJ D WarmbadVPJ F KeetmanshoopVPJ H BethanienVPJ K GibeonVPJ M MaltahoheVPJ R RehobothVPK WindhoekVPL OkahandjaVPM KaribibVPM D OmaruruVPM F OtjiwarongoVPM H TsumebVPM J Tribal districts (general)

* See also Okavango VPM P and Kaokoveld VPE KVPM L OvambolandVPM N North East NamibiaVPM P OkavangoVPM R Kalahari Desert region

* For Kalahari Desert (general) see Botswana VPSVPM T GrootfonteinVPM V Gobabis

VPO BotswanaVPO L North West districtVPO N NgamilandVPO P ChombeVPO R Central (Ngwato) districtVPO T OrappaVPO V Selebi-PikweVPP SeroweVPP Y North East districtVPQ FrancistownVPR Ghanzi districtVPS Kalahari DesertVPT Kgalagadi districtVPU Kweneng districtVPV Southern districtVPV N NgwaketseVPV Q KanyeVPV S Lobatse

VPW South East districtVPX GabaroneVPY Kgatleng

VQ South Africa, Republic ofVQD Cape Province, Cape of Good HopeVQE Cape TownVQF Port ElizabethVQG East LondonVQH Orange Free StateVQJ BloemfonteinVQK DrakensbergVQN NatalVQP PietermaritzburgVQQ DurbanVQR ZululandVQT TransvaalVQU The Rand, WitwatersrandVQV JohannesburgVQW Pretoria

VQX LesothoVQX M Maseru

VQY SwazilandVQY M Mbabane

VRA East AfricaVRB Portuguese East Africa (former territories)

VRC MozambiqueVRC Y South MozambiqueVRD Lourenco MarquesVRE GazaVRF InhambaneVRF Y Central MozambiqueVRG Manica and SofalaVRH TeteVRL Zambezi RiverVRM North MozambiqueVRN ZambeziaVRN Y Mocambique (District)VRO Mocambique (City)VRO N NiassaVRO T Cabo Delgado

VRR Zimbabwe (formerly Rhodesia )VRR M Mashonaland NorthVRR S Mashonaland SouthVRS Harare (formerly Salisbury)VRT Manicaland

VRV VictoriaVRW MatabelelandVRW E Matabeleland SouthVRW G BulawayoVRW N Matabeleland NorthVRW V Victoria FallsVRW X Lake KaribaVRX Midlands

VS ZambiaVSC Y Zambezi River in ZambiaVSD Southern ProvinceVSE Western ProvinceVSF North Western ProvinceVSG Copperbelt ProvinceVSG N NdolaVSH Central ProvinceVSH L LusakaVSH N Luapula ProvinceVSH P Northern ProvinceVSH R Eastern Province

VSK British East Africa (former territories)

VSM Malawi (formerly Nyasaland)VSN Southern RegionVSO ZombaVSP BlantyreVSQ Lake NyasaVSR Central RegionVSS LilongweVST Northern Region

VT TanzaniaVTD Tanganyika (former sovereign state)VTD Y SouthVTE TringaVTE RuvumaVTG MtwaraVTG Y CentralVTH BodomaVTJ SingidaVTJ Y WestVTK MbeyaVTL Lake TanganyikaVTM TaboraVTN KigomaVTN Y NorthVTO ShinyangaVTP Lake VictoriaVTQ West Lake

VTR B MwanzaVTR D MaraVTR F North EastVTR H ArushaVTR K KilimanjaroVTR L Kilimanjaro MountainVTR N EastVTR T TangaVTS CoastVTT Dar-es-SalaamVTU Zanzibar (Semi-autonomous territory)VTV Zanzibar IslandVTV P Pemba Island

VTW Ruanda-Burundi (former Belgian Trust Territory)

VTX BurundiVTX K Bujumbura

VTY RwandaVTY K Kigali

VU UgandaVUD South WestVUD K KigeziVUD T ToroVUD X AnkoleVUE Lake VictoriaVUF BugandaVUF M MasakaVUF P West BugandaVUG KampalaVUG M MuberdeVUG P East BugundaVUG R WestVUG T BunyoroVUG V Lake AlbertVUH B NorthVUH C West NileVUH E MadiVUH G AcholiVUH H West AcholiVUH L LangoVUH M EastVUH N TesoVUH P BusogaVUH Q BukediVUH S SebeiVUH V KaramojaVUH W South KaramojaVUH X North Karamoja

VUK KenyaVUL Rift Valley ProvinceVUM Lake RudolfVUN West ProvinceVUP Nyanza ProvinceVUQ Central ProvinceVUR NairobiVUS Coast ProvinceVUT MombasaVUU Eastern ProvinceVUV North Eastern Province

VUY Italian East Africa (former territories of Somaliland, Abyssinia, and Eritrea)

VV Ethiopia (former Abyssinia)VVD Southern EthiopiaVVD G Gemu-Gofa ProvinceVVD S Sidamo ProvinceVVD U Bale ProvinceVVD Y Eastern EthiopiaVVE Harar ProvinceVVE Y Central EthiopiaVVF Arusi ProvinceVVG Showa ProvinceVVH Addis-AbabaVVH Y Western EthiopiaVVJ B Kefa ProvinceVVJ D Ilubabor ProvinceVVJ F Welega ProvinceVVJ H Gojam ProvinceVVJ J Northern EthiopiaVVJ M Begemdir ProvinceVVJ P Wallo ProvinceVVJ T Tigre ProvinceVVK EritreaVVM Massawa

VVO French East Africa (former territories)

VVP Somaliland (Autonomous region) (Former British Somaliland Protectorate)

VVP F French Territory of the Afars and Issas (formerly French Somaliland)VVR Djibouti

VVS Somalia. Somali Democratic Republic (formerly Italian and British Somaliland)VVT HargeisaVVU B BuraoVVU M MigiurtiniaVVU P MudughVVU S Hiran

VVU X BenadirVVV MogadishuVVW Jubaland (Giuba) regionVVW J Juba RiverVVW L Upper JubaVVW N Lower Juba

VW Indian Ocean territories

VWN North and Central Indian OceanVWS Socotra Island

VX Madagascar (former Malagasy Republic)VXD Diego-SuarezVXF MajungaVXH TamataveVXK TananariveVXN FianarantsoaVXP Tulear

VXR Glorioso Islands. The Glorieuses

VXT Comoro Isands (formerly French territory)VXW Mayotte

VYB British Indian Ocean territories

VYB D Aldabra IslandsVYB F Cosmoledo IslandsVYB H Amirante IslandsVYC SeychellesVYD Mahé IslandVYE P Providence IslandVYE R Farquhar IslandVYE T Agalega IslandsVYF Chagos ArchipelagoVYG Tiomelin IslandVYH Mascarene IslandsVYJ RodriguezVYK MauritiusVYL Réunion

VYM Other islands in North Indian OceanVYM C Cocos Keeling Islands (Australian)VYM F Christmas Island (Australlian)

VYP South Indian OceanVYQ Prince Edward Islands (South African)VYR Terres Australes FrancaisesVYS Crozet IslandsVYT Amsterdam and St. Paul Islands

VYV Kerquelen (Desolation) IslandVYW Heard Island (Australian)

WA Pacific Ocean territories, Oceania* Alternative (not recommended) to collocating with East Indies at TS* The following examples are given solely to show how the notation is transposed

WAD (South Pacific)WAE South West PacificWAG Melanesia

* Add to WA letters G/Y following TS in TSG/TSY - e.g. WAY New Caledonia

WB Fiji IslandsWBM Other Melanesian Islands, A/Z

WBW (North Pacific)WBY (West Pacific)WC Micronesia

* Add to WC letters C/S following TU in TUC/TUS - e.g. WCS Other North West and North Pacific islands, A/Z

WDA (Central and South East Pacific)WDB Polynesia

* Add to WD letters A/Y following TY in TYA/TYY - e.g. WDY Other Polynesian islands, A/Z

WP Polar regions (general)

WQ Antarctic Ocean territories* Strictly, those parts of the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans bordering Antarctica

WR AntarcticWRF Queen Maud LandWRH Enderby LandWRK Wilkes LandWRM Terres AdélieWRP Victoria LandWRR Byrd LandWRT Ellsworth LandWRV Palmer Peninsula (Graham Land)

WS (Arctic regions and Ocean) * Alternative (not recommended) to locating at WW * Add to WS letters W/Y following W in WW/WY

WT Atlantic Ocean territories

WU South AtlanticWUE South Shetland IslandsWUF South Orkney IslandsWUH South Sandwich Islands

WUK South Georgia IslandsWUM Falkland IslandsWUP Bouvet IslandWUR Gough IslandWUT Tristan da Cunha IslandsWUV St. Helena IslandWUW Ascension Island

(Martin Vaz (Trinidade) Island) see Brazil ZPK H (Fernando Noranha Islands) see Brazil ZPK F

WV North Atlantic * See also West Indies and Bermudas Cape Verde Islands VGC; Canary Islands VEQ; Azores GXP; Iceland MG

WW Arctic Regions and Ocean* The preferred treatment of the individual territories bordering the Arctic Ocean is to collocate them with the mainlands with which they are most closely connected* But for the convenience of libraries wishing to collocate material on the Arctic regions the following are provided as alternatives.

WXG Greenland (Norwegian) * Alternative (preferred) is at XBG

WXS Spitzbergen (Svalbard) Archipelago (Norwegian) * Alternative is at MJS

WYF Franz Josef Land (USSR) * Alternative is at NQF

WYN North Land Severnaya Zemlya (Krasnoyarsk region USSR) * Alternative is at NQH

WYQ Queen Elizabeth Islands (Canada)

X America

XB North America

XBG Greenland * Alternative (preferred) to locating at WXG

XBH East GreenlandXBJ North GreenlandXBK West GreenlandXBK G Godthaarp

XC CanadaXD Eastern CanadaXDM Maritime Provinces, AcadiaXDN Newfoundland ProvinceXDO LabradorXDP Newfoundland IslandXDQ Great North PeninsulaXDR East CoastXDS West Coast

XDT Central regionXDU South CoastXDV Burin PeninsulaXDW AvalonXDX St. John’sXE Islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon (French)XF Nova Scotia (Province)XFE Cape Breton IslandXFF SydneyXFG Other towns, districts, etc., A/Z

(Mainland)XFJ HalifaxXFK DartmouthXFL Other towns, districts, etc., A/ZXFP Prince Edward Island (Province)XFQ Kings CountyXFR Queens CountyXFS CharlottetownXFT Prince CountyXG New Brunswick (Province)XGE York CountyXGF FrederictonXGG Other counties, A/ZXGH Other towns, etc., A/ZXH Quebec (Province). French Canada. Lower CanadaXHE South East (South of St. Lawrence River)XHG Cape PeninsulaXHH Magdalen IslandsXHJ Counties, A/ZXHK Towns, etc., A/ZXHL Southern Quebec (South of St. Lawrence River)XHM Richelieu River regionXHN North Central regionXHP Quebec (County)XHQ Quebec (City)XHR Laurentian MountainsXHS Other counties, A/ZXHT Other towns, etc., A/ZXHT W Anticosti IslandXHT X Northern QuebecXHU Ungava regionXHV Hudson Bay (generally)XHV W West and South West QuebecXHW Ottawa River regionXHX Montreal IslandXHY Montreal (City)

XJ Ontario (Province)XJE South EastXJF Ottawa River regionXJO Ottowa

XJP Other counties, A/ZXJQ Other towns, etc., A/ZXJS St. Lawrence River and Seaway in CanadaXJT Thousand Islands (in Ontario)XK Great Lakes region in CanadaXKE Lake Ontario regionXKF TorontoXKH HamiltonXKJ Other counties, A/ZXKK Other towns, etc., A/ZXKL Lake Eerie regionXKN Niagara FallsXKP Middlesex CountyXKQ LondonXKR Other counties, A/ZXKS Other towns, etc., A/ZXKT Lake Huron regionXKV Georgian Bay areaXKW Counties, A/ZXKX Towns, etc., A/ZXLE Lake Superior regionXLF Lake Nipissing regionXLG Lake of the Woods regionXLH Counties, A/ZXLJ Towns, etc., A/ZXLN Northern OntarioXLP Hudson Bay area

XLX Prairie provincesXM Manitoba ProvinceXME Northern regionXMH Hudson Bay regionXMJ ChurchillXMK Other towns, districts, etc., A/ZXML Lake Winnipeg regionXMN South East regionXMP WinnipegXMQ Other towns, districts, etc., A/ZXMR South West regionXMS Assiniboine River regionXMT Towns, districts, etc., A/ZXN Saskatchewan ProvinceXNE South EastXNF ReginaXNG Other towns, districts, etc., A/ZXNH South WestXNJ Cypress HillsXNK Towns, districts, etc., A/ZXNL Central regionXNO Saskatchewan River regionXNP Saskatoon

XNQ Other towns, districts, etc., A/ZXNR NorthXNS Reindeer Lake regionXNT Athabaska Lake regionXNV Towns, districts, etc., A/ZXO Alberta ProvinceXOE NorthXOF Athabaska River regionXOG Peace River regionXOJ CentralXOK Saskatchewan River regionXOL EdmontonXON CalgaryXOP Other towns, districts, etc., A/ZXOR Rocky Mountains in Alberta

XP Western CanadaXQ British Columbia ProvinceXQE Rocky Mountains in CanadaXQG South EastXQH Rocky Mountain Trench regionXQJ Columbia RiverXQL Fraser RiverXQM Towns, districts, etc., A/ZXQY Coastal region and South WestXR Vancouver IslandXRE VictoriaXRG Prince RupertXRJ Queen Charlotte IslandsXRK Towns, districts, etc., A/ZXRN North XRP Towns, districts, etc., A/Z

XT Northern CanadaXU Yukon TerritoryXUE St. Elias MountainsXUF WhitehorseXUK Klondyke River regionXUL DawsonXV Northwest TerritoriesXVE Mackenzie DistrictXVG Keewatin DistrictXVJ Franklin DistrictXVK Baffin Island

XY Alaska * Alternative to locating at YX

Y United States of America

YAE Eastern USA

YAF North East USA. Atlantic StatesYAG Appalachian MountainsYAH Connecticut RiverYAJ New EnglandYAK MaineYAK E Northern MaineYAK G Aroostook CountyYAK M Moosehead Lake regionYAK P Penobscot River regionYAK Q Penobscot CountyYAL Other counties in North Maine, A/ZYAM Towns, districts, etc., A/ZYAN Central and South MaineYAN E South EastYAN G South CentralYAN H South WestYAN P PortlandYAN S Coastal regionsYAO Counties, A/ZYAP Towns, districts, etc., A/ZYAQ New HampshireYAQ E Southern New HampshireYAQ G ConcordYAQ L Lake Winnipesaukee regionYAR Counties, A/ZYAS Towns, districts, etc., A/ZYAT Northern New HampshireYAT M White MountainsYAT Q Counties, A/ZYAT S Towns, districts, etc., A/ZYAV VermontYAV G Green Mountains YAV J Northern VermontYAV L Lake Champlain in VermontYAV N BurlingtonYAV P MontpelierYAW Counties, A/ZYAX Towns, districts, etc., A/ZYAY Southern VermontYAY Q Counties, A/ZYAY S Towns, districts, etc., A/ZYB Massachusetts YBE Berkshire CountyYBF Connecticut River region YBG Counties, A/ZYBH Towns, districts, etc., A/ZYBJ East MassachusettsYBK BostonYBL Counties, A/ZYBM Other towns, districts, A/Z

YBN Coastal regionsYBN E Barnstaple County, Cape CodYBN G Dukes CountyYBN M Martha’s VineyardYBN N Nantucket County, Nantucket IslandYBR Rhode IslandYBR P ProvidenceYBS Counties, A/ZYBT Other towns, districts, etc., A/ZYBV ConnecticutYBV H Hartford CountyYBV K Hartford (City)YBW Other counties, A/ZYBX Other towns, districts, etc., A/ZYBY Middle Atlantic StatesYC New YorkYCE Middle Eastern CountiesYCE Y Albany CountyYCF Albany (City)YCG Other counties, A/ZYCH Other towns, districts, etc., A/ZYCJ Northern New YorkYCJ G AdirondacksYCJ L Lake Champlain in New YorkYCJ S St. Lawrence River regionYCJ T Thousand IslandsYCK Counties, A/ZYCL Towns, districts, etc., A/ZYCM North Central regionYCM K Mohawk River regionYCM O Oneida LakeYCM S SyracuseYCN Counties, A/ZYCO Other towns, districts, etc., A/ZYCP West Central region YCP O Lake Ontario regionYCP R RochesterYCP T Buffalo

(Niagara Falls) see XKNYCP V Lake Eerie regionYCP X Finger LakesYCQ Counties, A/ZYCR Other towns, districts, etc., A/ZYCS Southern New YorkYCT Catskill MountainsYCU Hudson RiverYCV Counties, A/ZYCW Towns, districts, etc., A/ZYD New York Metropolitan areaYDF Bronx BoroughYDM Manhattan Borough. New York City

YDR Staten Island. Richmond BoroughYDT Long IslandYDU Brooklyn BoroughYDV Queens BoroughYDW Nassau CountyYDX Suffolk CountyYEB New JerseyYEB F North Eastern New JerseyYEB J Jersey CityYEB N NewarkYEC Counties, A/ZYED Other towns, districts, etc., A/ZYEE North Western New JerseyYEE K Kittakinny MountainsYEE N Central regionYEE T TrentonYEF Counties, A/ZYEG B Other towns, districts, etc., A/ZYEG D South Central and Southern regionYEG F Atlantic CoastYEG H Counties, A/ZYEG K Towns, districts, etc., A/ZYEH DelawareYEJ Sussex CountyYEK Dover CountyYEL Kent CountyYEL W WilmingtonYEM New Castle CountyYEP PennsylvaniaYEP S South EastYEQ PhiladelphiaYER B EastYER E North EastYER H North East CentralYER L North West CentralYER N Allegheney RiverYER Q North WestYER T Eerie CountyYER W South WestYES PittsburghYET E South CentralYET G Allegheney MountainsYET P PiedmontYEU South East United States. South Atlantic StatesYEV MarylandYEV N North EastYEV S North WestYEW BaltimoreYEX C Chesapeake BayYEX G Delmarva PeninsulaYEX L Eastern Shore

YEX P South EastYEY South and South CentralYEY N AnapolisYEY T Potomac RiverYEY Y Washington, District of ColumbiaYG Southern USA, The SouthYGC West VirginiaYGC F North EastYGC G Eastern Panhandle regionYGC L Potomac River in West VirginiaYGC N Harpers FerryYGC P North CentralYGC S Monogahela River regionYGD North WestYGD F North Panhandle regionYGD O Ohio River in West VirginiaYGE B WestYGE D Little Kanawha River regionYGE G South WestYGE H Kanawha River regionYGE J CharlestonYGE L CentralYGE O Elk River regionYGE R Allegheney Mountains in West VirginiaYGE S South EastYGE V Greenbrier River regionYGF VirginiaYGF F WestYGF H Blue Ridge (general)YGF J North WestYGF K Shenandoah regionYGF L West CentralYGF O South WestYGF R Roanoke River regionYGF S South CentralYGF V Roanoke River regionYGF Y Piedmont in VirginiaYGG C CentralYGG D James River regionYGG G WilliamsburgYGG K RichmondYGG N Rappahannock River regionYGG R York River regionYGG V NorthYGH Washington metropolitan areaYGH M Eastern PeninsulaYGH N Chesapeake Bay regionYGH P South EastYGH S NorfolkYGH X PortsmouthYGJ North Carolina

YGJ E EastYGJ G Coastal regionYGJ K North EastYGJ L Roanoke River in North CarolinaYGJ O South EastYGJ R Cape Fear River regionYGK B CentralYGK F Piedmont in North CarolinaYGK K EastYGK N WestYGL CharlotteYGM West, Appalachian regionYGM R Blue Ridge in North CarolinaYGN South CarolinaYGN N North WestYGN P Blue Ridge in South CarolinaYGN T Piedmont in South CarolinaYGN V Broad River regionYGO North EastYGO P Pee Dee River regionYGP SouthYGP F Santee River regionYGP K ColumbiaYGQ CharlestonYGQ S Sea IslandsYGR GeorgiaYGR N North EastYGR P Savannah River regionYGR S SavannahYGR V North WestYGS AtlantaYGT B West CentralYGT D Piedmont in GeorgiaYGT H CentralYGT K Ocmulgee River regionYGT O South WestYGT S South EastYGT W Sea IslandsYGV FloridaYGV F EastYGV J Atlantic coastYGV N North EastYGV P JacksonvilleYGV S St. AugustineYGV V South EastYGV Y Palm BeachYGW MiamiYGX B South WestYGX D Florida KeysYGX F Ten Thousand IslandsYGX H Everglades

YGX K Lake OkeechobeYGX N South Central YGX Q TampaYGX R North WestYGX S Panhandle regionYGX W Tallahassee

YGY South Central USA

YHB Gulf Coast regionYHC AlabamaYHC E SouthYHC G Coastal regionYHC K Alabama River regionYHC M MobileYHC O CentralYHC P Black Belt, Cotton Belt regionYHC S Piedmont region in AlabamaYHD MontgomeryYHD V Martin LakeYHE BirminghamYHE Q NorthYHE T Tennessee River in AlabamaYHF MississippiYHF F North EastYHF K North WestYHF O CentralYHF P Yazoo-Mississippi regionYHF S Big Black River regionYHF V Pearl River regionYHG JacksonYHG Q South EastYHG T Pascagoula River regionYHH L South WestYHH Q Coastal regionYHJ Mississippi River (general)YHL LouisianaYHM South East. Mississippi deltaYHN New OrleansYHO B South CentralYHO F Baton RougeYHO J CentralYHO N North EastYHO R North WestYHO V South WestYHO W Sabine River and LakeYHT TexasYHT F South EastYHT K Coastal regionYHT U Houston

YHT VB Nueces River regionYHT VF Corpus ChristiYHT VK Rio Grande regionYHT VP South Central plainYHT VS San AntonioYHT VW AustinYHT VY Edwards Plateau regionYHT WB WestYHT WC Big Bend regionYHT WG Sacramento Mountains in TexasYHT WL El PasoYHT WM Pecos River regionYHT WP Great Plains regionYHT WS North WestYHT WT Panhandle regionYHT WW Llano Estacado regionYHT XB North Central plainsYHT XF Fort WorthYHT XL DallasYHT XO East CentralYHT XR Red River region

YJ OklahomaYJF South EastYJF E Red River in OklahomaYJF O Ouachita MountainsYJF S Lake TexomaYJF V South WestYJF W Washita River regionYJG B North WestYJG F Canadian River regionYJG P Panahandle regionYJG X CentralYJH Oklahoma CityYJH N North EastYJH R Arkansas River regionYJH T TulsaYJK ArkansasYJK F North WestYJK K Ozark PlateauYJK P Boston MountainsYJK W South WestYJK X Ouachita Mountains in ArkansasYJK Y South EastYJM Mississippi River regionYJM K Arkansas River regionYJM O CentralYJM S Hot SpringsYJN Little RockYJO North EastYJT Tennessee

YJT F WestYJT M MemphisYJU Tennessee River regionYJU T CentralYJV NashvilleYJV T South EastYJW C Cumberland PlateauYJW G ChattanoogaYJX Great Smoky MountainsYJY B North EastYJY F Oak RidgeYJY K KnoxvilleYJY P Cumberland Mountains in TennesseeYK KentuckyYKD B South EastYKD E Cumberland MountainsYKD H South Central, Pennyroyal regionsYKD M Lake CumberlandYKD Q Bowling GreenYKD S Mammoth Cave National ParkYKD Y South WestYKE B Tennessee River regionYKE F The PurchaseYKE K North WestYKE N Green River regionYKE R Ohio River regionYKF Bluegrass regionYKF G LouisvilleYKF K Kentucky River regionYKE P FrankfortYKE S Licking River regionYKE W Knobs region

YKG The Middle West

YKG L The Lake StatesYKH OhioYKH W South WestYKJ Cincinnati YKK B South EastYKK G East CentralYKK N North EastYKK R AkronYKK T Lake Eerie regionYKL ClevelandYKL T CentralYKM C ColumbusYKM G North CentralYKM L ToledoYKN IndianaYKO B North East

YKO G South BendYKO N Fort WayneYKO T CentralYKP IndianapolisYKQ B South EastYKQ G South WestYKQ N White River regionYKQ T EransvilleYKQ W Wabash River regionYKR B North WestYKR G GaryYKS IllinoisYKS T South EastYKT B South WestYKT G CentralYKT L Illinois River regionYKT S SpringfieldYKT U North WestYKT UB North EastYKT V Chicago

YKT X Great Lakes regionYKT Y Lake Michigan

YL MichiganYLF Lower PeninsulaYLG B South WestYLG K Kalamazoo River regionYLG S South EastYLG V LansingYLH DetroitYLJ Lake St. ClairYLK Lake HuronYLL NorthYLM Upper Peninsula

YLN Lake Superior region

YM WisconsinYME North EastYME G Green Bay regionYME L East CentralYME P Lake WinnebagoYME V South EastYMF MilwaukeeYMG MadisonYMH South WestYMH G Wisconsin River regionYMH N North WestYMH R Chippewa River regionYMN Minnesota

YMP B East CentralYMP M Mille Lacs LakeYMP T North CentralYMQ DuluthYMR B Misquah HillsYMR G North WestYMR L Lake of the Woods regionYMR W West CentralYMS South WestYMS M Minnesota River regionYMS S South EastYMT Mississippi regionYMU MinneapolisYMV St. Paul

YNA IowaYNA T North EastYNB North WestYNC CentralYND Des Moines River regionYND F South WestYND N South EastYND S Des MoinesYNE MissouriYNF North EastYNF G CentralYNF M Missouri River regionYNG St. LouisYNH B Lake of the OzarksYNH F SouthYNH K Ozark PlateauYNH N WestYNH S Kansas City (Missouri)

YNJ Great Plains regionYNK KansasYNK T North EastYNL Kansas CityYNL P TopekaYNL T South EastYNM B South CentralYNM E WichitaYNM J Arkansas River in KansasYNM M South WestYNM P North WestYNM S North CentralYNM T Smoky HillsYNM U Smoky Hill River regionYNO NebraskaYNO S SouthYNO T Republican River in Nebraska

YNP B South EastYNP G Missouri River in NebraskaYNP L LincolnYNP O OmahaYNQ Platte River regionYNQ F North EastYNQ K Elkham River regionYNQ P North CentralYNQ T Niobrara River regionYNR North West, PanhandleYNS South DakotaYNT B South WestYNT F Black Hills YNT K Cheyenne River regionYNT O BadlandsYNT S South CentralYNT W White River regionYNU B PierreYNU G Missouri River in South DakotaYNU L South EastYNU Q Sioux FallsYNV NorthYNW North DakotaYNW S South WestYNW V BadlandsYNX B BismarckYNX F Missouri River in North DakotaYNX K South EastYNX O James River regionYNX S Sheyenne River regionYNX W FargoYNY B North EastYNY F Red River regionYNY K North WestYNY O Garrison Reservoir region

YQ The West

YQF Rocky Mountains in USA (general)

YQM MontanaYQN B North EastYQN M Missouri River regionYQN R Fort Peck ReservoirYQN V Rocky Mountains in MontanaYQP B North WestYQP F Bitterroot RangeYQP K Flathead LakeYQP O South WestYQQ HelenaYQQ R South East

YQQ V Yellowstone River regionYQS WyomingYQT B North East plainYQT F North West and WestYQU Rocky Mountains in WyomingYQV B Big Horn Mountains regionYQV F Absaroka Range regionYQV T Teton Range regionYQW Yellowstone National ParkYQW T Grand Teton National ParkYQX B South EastYQX F North Platte River regionYQX L LaramieYQX S CheyenneYR ColoradoYRE B North WestYRE R Rocky Mountains in ColoradoYRF Colorado River regionYRG B South WestYRG J San Juan MountainsYRG N SouthYRG R CentralYRG W Arkansas RiverYRH B PuebloYRH F North CentralYRJ DenverYRJ P East, Great PlainsYRJ S South Platte River regionYRN New MexicoYRO B North WestYRO F Rocky Mountains in New MexicoYRO K Sangre de Cristo Mountains regionYRP Santa FéYRP Q AlbuquerqueYRQ B North EastYRQ F South EastYRQ L Llano Estacado in New MexicoYRQ P Pecos River regionYRR B Sacramento Mountains regionYRR G Rio Grande in New MexicoYRS ArizonaYRT B South EastYRT U TucsonYRU B South WestYRU P PhoenixYRU V North WestYRU Y Colorado PlateauYRV Colorado RiverYRW Grand Canyon National ParkYRW P Painted DesertYRW S North East

YRX Navajo CountyYRX T Petrified Forest National ParkYRY Apache CountyYSH UtahYSJ B South, Colorado Plateau regionYSJ F Colorado River in UtahYSJ J San Juan River regionYSJ N Rocky Mountains in UtahYSJ S South CentralYSK B Bryce Canyon National ParkYSK F Wasatch RangeYSK N NorthYSK U Uinta Mountains regionYSL Salt Lake CityYSM B Great Basin regionYSM L Great Salt Lake regionYSM S South WestYSN NevadaYSO SouthYSP Lake MeadYSQ Las VegasYSR Great Basin regionYSS CentralYST Carson CityYSU Humboldt River regionYSV NorthYT IdahoYTE SouthYTF Snake River regionYTG American Falls Reservoir regionYTH Craters of the Moon National ParkYTJ BoiseYTK Rocky Mountains in IdahoYTL Salmon River Mountains regionYTM Bitterroot Range in IdahoYTN North

YTS Pacific Coast StatesYV WashingtonYVE EastYVF B Blue Mountains regionYVF S SpokaneYVG Columbia River regionYVG T Grand CouleeYVH Cascade RangeYVJ North WestYVJ P Pacific Coast of WashingtonYVK SeattleYVL B Puget SoundYVL F OlympiaYVL L Olympian National Park

YVL R Mount Rainier National ParkYVM Yakima River regionYVN South WestYVO OregonYVO R Cascade Range in OregonYVP North WestYVQ Columbia River regionYVR Coastal RangesYVS PortlandYVT SalemYVU North EastYVV Blue Mountains regionYVW SouthYVX Klamath Mountains regionYW CaliforniaYWE Coastal Ranges in CaliformiaYWF NorthYWG Cascade Range in CaliforniaYWH Sierra NevadaYWJ CentralYWK Sacramento River regionYWL San Francisco Bay regionYWM San Francisco (City)YWN OaklandYWO BerkeleyYWP San Joaguin River regionYWQ Yosemite National ParkYWR SouthYWS Los AngelesYWST San DiegoYWU Coastal IslandsYWW Desert regions

YX Alaska * Alternative to collocating with Yukon Territory at XY

YXE South East, Panhandle YXG South CentralYXJ AnchorageYXL Alaska RangeYXN Aleutian IslandsYXP KodiakYXR Central PlateauYXT North, Polar regionYXV Brooks Range

YXY Latin America

ZA Central America (including Mexico)ZAG Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea (together)

ZB Mexico

ZBE North WestZBE G Gulf of CaliforniaZBF Baja (Lower) CaliforniaZBF E Baja California SurZBF J Baja California NorthZBF P Pacific CoastZBF S SonoraZBG Sierra Madre OccidentalZBG E SinaloaZBG N NayaritZBG R North CentralZBG T ZacatecasZBH D DurangoZBH H ChihuahuaZBH M CoahuilaZBH Q North EastZBH S East CoastZBH V Sierra Madre OrientalZBJ B Nuevo LeonZBJ F TamaulipasZBJ K Coastal StatesZBJ L San Luis PotosiZBJ Q QueretaroZBJ T GuanajuatoZBK A AguascalientesZBK J JaliscoZBK O ColimaZBK S MichoacanZBL Mexico (State)ZBM Mexico City (Federal district)ZBM T Tlaxcala ZBN HidalgoZBN S South Gulf StatesZBO Vera CruzZBP Puebla ZBP S South MexicoZBQ MorelosZBQ S Sierra Madre del SurZBR GuerreroZBR O OaxacaZBR T Isthmus of TehuantepecZBS ChiapasZBT TabascoZBU Yucatan PeninsulaZBV Campeche ZBY Yucatan ZBY Q Quintana Roo

ZC Central America (excluding Mexico)ZCD Central American Cordilleras

ZCE Belize (former British Honduras)ZCF Belize CityZCF P Belmopan

ZCG Guatemala. Republic of GuatemalaZCH Guatemala City

ZCL El Salvador. Salvador. Republic of El SalvadorZCM San Salvador

ZCN Honduras. Republic of Honduras (former Spanish Hinduras)ZCO Tegucigalpa

ZCP Nicaragua. Republic of NicaraguaZCQ ManaguaZCR Lake Nicaragua region

ZCT Costa Rica. Republic of Costa RicaZCV San José

ZCW Panama. Republic of Panama ZCX Panama CityZCY Panama Canal Zone

ZD West Indies and Bermuda

ZDE Spanish Main

ZDF BermudasZDF E BermudaZDF H HamiltonZDG Other islands

ZDH West Indies, AntillesZDH X Former colonial West IndiesZDJ British West Indies (general)ZDK West Indies Federation. Federation of British IndiesZDL French West IndiesZDM Netherlands West Indies

See ZHW, ZHKZDN Spanish West Indies

ZDP Bahamas. Commonwealth of the BahamasZDP G Grand BahamasZDP J AbacoZDP K AndrosZDP P New ProvidenceZDP Q NassauZDP R EleutheraZDP S Other islands, A/Z

ZDP T Turks and Caicos IslandsZDP U Caicos IslandsZDP V Turks Islands

ZDP X Caribbean SeaZDP Y Greater Antilles

ZE Cuba. Republic of Cuba* These six provinces now subdivided into fifteen smaller ones

ZEF Pinar del Rio ProvinceZEG Havana ProvinceZEH Havana (City)ZEJ Isle of PinesZEM Matanzas ProvinceZEN Las Villas ProvinceZEP Camaguey ProvinceZEQ Oriente Province

ZEX Cayman IslandsZEY Georgetown

ZF JamaicaZFE Kingston

ZFH Hispaniola. Haiti and Dominican RepublicZFJ Haiti. Republic of HaitiZFK Port au PrinceZFN Dominican RepublicZFP Santo Domingo

ZFY American West Indies (general)

ZG Puerto Rico. Commonwealth of Puerto RicoZGJ San Juan

ZHB Lesser Antilles, Windward and Leeward IslandsZHC Leeward IslandsZHD Virgin IslandsZHE American Virgin IslandsZHE K St. CroixZHF British Virgin IslandsZHG St. BarthélemyZHH St. MartinZHJ St. Martin (French)ZHK Netherlands Antilles (North)

* For Netherlands Antilles in general see ZHWZHK M St. MaartenZHK S SabaZHK V St. Eustatius ZHL St. Kitts (St. Christopher) -Nevis-AnguillaZHL F Sombrero Island

ZHL G AnguillaZHL K St. KittsZHL N NevisZHM Antigua and BarbudaZHM G BarbudaZHM K AntiguaZHM M MontserratZHN Guadeloupe (Overseas Department of France)

* See also St. Martin ZHH; St. Barthélemy ZHGZHN M Marie-GalanteZHN P DesiradeZHN S Les SaintesZHO DominicaZHP Martinique (Overseas Department of France)ZHQ Others, A/Z

ZHR Windward IslandsZHR L St. LuciaZHR N St. VincentZHR P BarbadosZHR R GrenadinesZHR T Grenada (including Carriacou)ZHR V Others, A/Z

ZHT Trinidad and Tobago, Democratic Republic of* Use also for Trinidad alone

ZHU Port of SpainZHV Tobago

ZHW Netherlands Antilles (general)See also ZHK

ZHX Netherlands Antilles (South)ZHX G Bonaire IslandZHX K CuracaoZHX R Aruba

ZJ South America

ZJN Andes MountainsZJW North Western South America

ZK ColombiaZKE Andes in ColombiaZKE N North WestZKE T Caribbean coastZKF San Andres y Providencia (Island intendancy)ZKG B La GuajiraZKG F Cesar, El CesarZKG M MagdalenaZKG Q AltanticoZKG V Bolivar

ZKH B SucreZKH F Cordoba ZKH K AntioquiaZKJ West (Pacific) Coast departmentsZKJ E ChocoZKJ K Valle de CaucaZKJ P CaucaZKK South WestZKK E NarinoZKK P PutamayoZKL South East, tropical lowlandsZKL E CaquetaZKL J AmazonasZKL V VaupesZKM EastZKM G Guainia ZKM L Llanos regionZKM V VichadaZKN B AraucaZKN F BoyacaZKN M MetaZKP CentralZKP H HuilaZKP T TolimaZKQ QuindioZKR RisaraldaZKS CaldasZKT CundinamarcaZKU BogotaZKV SantanderZKW Norte de Santander

ZL VenezuelaZLE Caribbean coast and islandsZLE N North WestZLF Andes in VenezuelaZLG ZuliaZLH Lake Maracaibo regionZLJ B TachiraZLJ M MeridaZLJ T Trujillo ZLK B Lara ZLK F Falcon ZLK V YaracuyZLL B North CentralZLL C CaraboboZLM V Federal DistrictZLN CaracasZLP MirandaZLQ AragueZLR Llanos region

ZLR G GuaricoZLR L CojedesZLR P PortuguesaZLR T BarinasZLS A ApureZLS O Orinoco River regionZLS T South, tropical lowlandZLT AmazonasZLV B EastZLV F BolivarZLV L AnzoateguiZLV S SucreZLW Nueva EspartaZLW M MonagasZLW T Delta Amacuro

ZLY North Eastern South America

ZM Guyana (former British Guiana)ZME Coastal plainZMF North West DistrictZMG Essequibo DistrictZMH Essequibo Islands DistrictZMJ Essequibo RiverZMK Demerara regionZML West Demerara DistrictZMM East Demerara DistrictZMN Berbice regionZMP West Berbice DistrictZMQ East Berbice DistrictZMR Mazaruni Potaro DistrictZMS Rupununi District

ZN Suriname. Surinam. Republic of SurinameZNE West ZNF Nickerie DistrictZNG NorthZNH Coastal plainZNJ CoronieZNK SaramaccaZNL ParamariboZNM ParaZNN SurinameZNP CommewijneZNQ SouthZNR BrokopondoZNS Marowijne

ZO Guiana (French Guiana). Overseas Department of FranceZOE Saint-Laurent-du-MaroniZOK Cayenne

ZOY Eastern and Central South America

ZP BrazilZPD North regionZPE Amazon River and regionZPF B Amapa territoryZPF F Roraima territory (formerly Rio Branco)ZPF K AmazonasZPF O AcreZPF S Rondonia territoryZPF W ParaZPG Central-West regionZPG M Mato-GrossoZPG S GoiasZPG Y Federal DistrictZPH BrasiliaZPJ B North East region ZPJ F MaranhaoZPJ K PiauiZPJ O CearaZPJ S FortalezaZPK B Rio Grande do Norte ZPK F Fernando de Noronha Islands (territory)ZPK H Trinidade and Martin Vaz IslandZPK K ParaibaZPK P PernambucoZPK T RecifeZPL B AlagoasZPL F SergipeZPM BahiaZPM S SalvadorZPN B Brazilian HighlandsZPN F South Eastern BrazilZPO Minas GeraisZPO H Belo HorizonteZPO S Espirito SantoZPO T Rio de Janeiro (State)ZPO V GuanabaraZPP Rio de Janeiro (City)ZPQ Sao Paolo (State)ZPR Sao Paolo (City)ZPS South regionZPS F South Brazilian HighlandsZPT Parana River regionZPU ParanaZPV Santa CatarinaZPW Rio Grande do SulZPX Porto Alegre

ZR Paraguay

ZRE Paraguay River regionZRE X Eastern regionZRF NeembucoZRG MisionesZRH ItapuaZRJ Alto ParanaZRK CaazapaZRL GuairaZRM ParaguariZRN CentralZRO Asuncion ZRP La CordilleraZRQ CaaguazoZRR San PedroZRS AmambayZRT ConcepcionZRU West and North region, Chaco BorealZRV Presidente HayesZRW RoqueronZRX Olimpo

ZS UruguayZSE N NorthZSE T ArtigasZSF SaltoZSG RiveraZSH TacuaremboZSJ PaysanduZSJ T CentralZSJ V Rio Negro River regionZSK Rio NegroZSL DuraznoZSM Cerro-LargoZSM S SouthZSM V South EastZSN Treinta y TresZSN X Coastal regionZSO RochaZSP MaldonadoZSQ LavallejaZSR FloridaZSR X South WestZSS CanelonesZST MontevideoZSU Montevideo (City)ZSV San JoseZSW FloresZSX SorianoZSY Colonia

ZT ArgentinaZTE CentralZTF Buenos AiresZTG Buenos Aires (City)ZTH Pampas regionZTH P La PampaZTH S San LuisZTJ CordobaZTJ M East, Mesopotamian regionZTJ P Rio de la Plata (Plate River) regionZTK Santa FéZTL Entre RiosZTM CorrientesZTM S MisionesZTM X NorthZTN Gran Chaco regionZTN K ChacoZTN O FormosaZTN S SaltaZTO Andes in Argentina, Andina regionZTO J JujuyZTP TucumanZTQ Santiago del EsteroZTQ P WestZTQ T CatamarcaZTR La RiojaZTS San JuanZTT MendozaZTU NeuquenZTU X SouthZTV PatagoniaZTV R Rio NegroZTW ChubutZTX Santa CruzZTY Tierra del Fuego (National territory)

ZTZ Western South America, Pacific States

ZU ChileZUE Southern ProvincesZUE M Magallanes ZUE S AisenZUF ChiloeZUG LlanquihueZUG O OsornoZUG S ValdiviaZUG W Central ProvincesZUH CautinZUJ MallecoZUJ R Bio-BioZUJ V Arauco

ZUK ConcepcionZUL NibleZUL R LinaresZUL V Maule ZUM TalcaZUM R CuricoZUN ColchaquaZUO O’HigginsZUP SantiagoZUQ Santiago (City)ZUQ V Northern ProvincesZUR Coastal islandsZUR J Juan FernandezZUR V ValparaisoZUS Valparaiso (City)ZUT Aconcagua ZUU CoquimboZUV AtacamaZUW Antofagasta ZUX Tarapaca

ZV BoliviaZVE Andes in BoliviaZVF South EastZVG OrusoZVH PotosiZVJ TarijaZVK ChuquisacaZVL East, plains regionZVM Santa CruzZVN CentralZVO Yungas regionZVP CochabambaZVQ La PazZVR La Paz (City)ZVT Lake Titicaca in BoliviaZVU NorthZVV BeniZVW Pando

ZW PeruZWE Andes in PeruZWE S SouthZWF PunoZWF T Lake Titicaca in PeruZWG TacnaZWG M MoquegaZWH ArequipaZWH V IcaZWJ AyacuchoZWK Apurimac

ZWL CuzcoZWL R HuancavelicaZWL V CentralZWM LimaZWN Lima (City)ZWO CallaoZWP JuninZWP S PascoZWQ AncashZWR HuancoZWR R EastZWR V Madre de DiosZWS LoretoZWS R Amazon River in PeruZWS V North WestZWT AmazonasZWT S San MartinZWU La LibertadZWV CajamarcaZWW LambayequeZWX PiuraZWX T Tumbes

ZX EcuadorZXE Andes mountains in EcuadorZXE V SouthZXF El OroZXG LojaZXG T Zamora-ChinchipeZXH AzuayZXH V EastZXJ Morona-SantiagoZXJ P PastazoZXJ T NapoZXJ W Central Sierra regionZXK CarchiZXL ImbaburaZXM PichinchaZXN QuitoZXO CotopaxiZXP Los RiosZXQ TunguarahuaZXR BolivarZXS ChimborazoZXT CanarZXT V West, Coastal plainZXU GuayasZXV ManabiZXW EsmeraldasZXX Galapagos Islands, Colon Archipelago

ZY Space* Add to ZY letters D/F following D in DD/DF

ZYD Astronomical bodies and systems, extra-terrestrial worldsZYE SunZYF Planets and satellitesZYF H SatellitesZYF M PlanetsZYF N MercuryZYF O VenusZYF P MarsZYF Q Asteroids, planetoidsZYF RB JupiterZYF RD SaturnZYF RH UranusZYF RP PlutoZYG Moon

ZYK Space beyond the solar system