Outline Motivation Present Signalling Field Study Thesis Contributions Simulation Conclusion References Automatic Train Control System for Railways using Wireless Sensor Network Prakhar Bansal 2011CS29 under the guidance of Prof. M.M. Gore Computer Science and Engineering Department Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, India June 11, 2013 Prakhar Bansal, MNNIT Allahabad 1 / 66 Automatic Train Control System
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Automatic Train Control System using Wireless Sensor Networks
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Outline Motivation Present Signalling Field Study Thesis Contributions Simulation Conclusion References
Automatic Train Control System for Railwaysusing Wireless Sensor Network
Prakhar Bansal2011CS29
under the guidance of
Prof. M.M. Gore
Computer Science and Engineering DepartmentMotilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad,
Allahabad, India
June 11, 2013
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Automatic Train Control System
Outline Motivation Present Signalling Field Study Thesis Contributions Simulation Conclusion References
Table of Contents
1 Motivation
2 Introduction to Present Railway Signalling Architecture
5 Simulation ImplementationTinyOS, nesC and TOSSIMSensor Motes and Sensor BoardsRouting ProtocolsSimulation Experiences and Results
6 Conclusion and Future Work
7 References
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Outline Motivation Present Signalling Field Study Thesis Contributions Simulation Conclusion References
Present Railway Signalling Architecture
Figure: General Signalling Boards
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Automatic Train Control System
Outline Motivation Present Signalling Field Study Thesis Contributions Simulation Conclusion References
Present Railway Signalling Architecture
Figure: Color Light Signals
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Automatic Train Control System
Outline Motivation Present Signalling Field Study Thesis Contributions Simulation Conclusion References
Present Railway Signalling Architecture
Figure: Semaphore Signals
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Outline Motivation Present Signalling Field Study Thesis Contributions Simulation Conclusion References
Present Railway Signalling Architecture
Figure: Convergence and Divergence Signals
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Outline Motivation Present Signalling Field Study Thesis Contributions Simulation Conclusion References
Present Railway Signalling Architecture
Figure: Shunting and Repeater Signals
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Outline Motivation Present Signalling Field Study Thesis Contributions Simulation Conclusion References
Successfully Deployed WSN Projects
Smart-Grid Project [9]: entire process from generation,transmission, distribution of electricity to integration ofrenewable and alternative energy sources, is handled bywireless sensors.
Microsoft SensorMap [10]:
100s of mini weather stations deployed in schools throughoutSingapore.sensor grid, to automatically collect and aggregate the weatherdata in real time.studies correlation between the weather patterns and denguefever.
CodeBlue [11]: wireless sensors for medical care.
Ultra-wideband sensing and communication for biomedicalapplications [12].
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Automatic Train Control System
Outline Motivation Present Signalling Field Study Thesis Contributions Simulation Conclusion References
Table of Contents
1 Motivation
2 Introduction to Present Railway Signalling Architecture
Algorithm 4: Data Aggregation and Forwarding: Data to CHs
Algorithm 5: Topology Updation and Maintenance
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Algorithm 1
Algorithm 1 Configuration Phase: Learning the BHs
BH/Station broadcasts a ‘configuration message’CM with aBHdistance = 1Ru is the set of nodes that receive the CM messagefor each u ∈ Ru do
i=0if BHdistanceu > BHdistanceCM and
firstsendingu[BhIDCM ]==true and isBH==false thennextbhu[i] ← BhIDCM
nexthopu[i] ← NIDCM
BHdistanceu ← BHdistanceCM + 1NIDCM ← TOS NODE IDBHdistanceCM ← BHdistanceunode u broadcast the modified CM msgfirstsendingu[BhIDCM ] ← falsei++
elsenode u discards the received CM message
end ifend for
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After Algorithm 1
Figure: After Blockhead Configuration
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Algorithm 2
Algorithm 2 Configuration Phase: Learning the CHs
Clusterhead broadcasts a Clusterhead Declaration Message(CDM) with a TTL valueRu is the set of nodes that receive the CDM messagefor each u ∈ Ru doif TTL 6= 0 and u ∈ BH thenif CDM− > ID /∈ CHQueueu thenadd(CHQueueCH , CDM− > ID)TTL← TTL− 1node u broadcasts modified CDM message
end ifelse
node u discards the received CDM messageend if
end for
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After Algorithm 2
Figure: After Clusterhead Configuration
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Algorithm 3
Algorithm 3 Train Event Detection and Seeking for Clearance
Ru is the set of nodes that detect trainfor each u ∈ Ru do
if TrainDetectedu == true and DoubleLane==true thenif flagu == 0 then
// critical sectionsend clearance signalflagu = 1
end ifelse
send wait signalend ifif TrainDetectedu == true and DoubleLane==false and
stationu == true thenif flagu == 0 and flagNextStationu == 0 then
// critical section
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Algorithm 3
Algorithm 3 Train Event Detection and Seeking for Clearance(cont.)
5 Simulation ImplementationTinyOS, nesC and TOSSIMSensor Motes and Sensor BoardsRouting ProtocolsSimulation Experiences and Results
6 Conclusion and Future Work
7 References
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TinyOS, nesC and TOSSIMTinyOS
TinyOS
Free, open-source, BSD-licensed OS designed for low-powerembedded distributed wireless sensor devices [16].
Developed by University of California, Berkeley, Intel Researchand Crossbow Technology.
Designed to support the concurrency intensive operationsrequired by networked sensors with minimal hardwarerequirements.
Written in nesC programming language.
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TinyOS, nesC and TOSSIMnesC and TOSSIM
nesC
Network embedded systems C, C optimized to supportcomponents and concurrency [17].Component based, event driven programming language usedto build application for TinyOS platform.Components are wired together to run applications onTinyOS.Programs = software components (connected statically viainterfaces).
TOSSIM
Simulates entire TinyOS applications [18].Replaces components with simulation implementations.2 interfaces: c++ and python.
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Automatic Train Control System
Outline Motivation Present Signalling Field Study Thesis Contributions Simulation Conclusion References
TinyOS, nesC and TOSSIMnesC and TOSSIM
nesC
Network embedded systems C, C optimized to supportcomponents and concurrency [17].Component based, event driven programming language usedto build application for TinyOS platform.Components are wired together to run applications onTinyOS.Programs = software components (connected statically viainterfaces).
TOSSIM
Simulates entire TinyOS applications [18].Replaces components with simulation implementations.2 interfaces: c++ and python.
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Automatic Train Control System
Outline Motivation Present Signalling Field Study Thesis Contributions Simulation Conclusion References
Table of Contents
1 Motivation
2 Introduction to Present Railway Signalling Architecture
5 Simulation ImplementationTinyOS, nesC and TOSSIMSensor Motes and Sensor BoardsRouting ProtocolsSimulation Experiences and Results
6 Conclusion and Future Work
7 References
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Routing Protocols
Collection Tree Protocol
Collecting data from motes.One or more collection trees is built, each of which is rootedtowards the specified destination.When a node has data which needs to be collected, it sendsthe data up the tree, and it forwards collection data thatother nodes send to it after aggregating, or suppressingredundant transmissions.
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Routing Protocols
Dissemination
It is used to maintain consistency across the network.The dissemination service tells nodes when the value changes,and exchanges packets so it will reach eventual consistencyacross the network.
Blip
BLIP, the Berkeley Low-power IP stack, is an implementationin TinyOS of a number of IP-based protocols.Internet of things.
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Automatic Train Control System
Outline Motivation Present Signalling Field Study Thesis Contributions Simulation Conclusion References
Routing Protocols
Dissemination
It is used to maintain consistency across the network.The dissemination service tells nodes when the value changes,and exchanges packets so it will reach eventual consistencyacross the network.
Blip
BLIP, the Berkeley Low-power IP stack, is an implementationin TinyOS of a number of IP-based protocols.Internet of things.
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Routing Protocols
Tymo
TYMO is the implementation on TinyOS of the DYMO[Dynamic MANET On-demand] protocol, a point-to-pointrouting protocol for MANET.TYMO, packet format is changed and implemented on top ofthe Active Message stack of TinyOS.Reactive protocol, DYMO does not explicitly store thenetwork topology.Nodes compute a unicast route towards the desireddestination only when needed using RREQ and RREP packets.
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Outline Motivation Present Signalling Field Study Thesis Contributions Simulation Conclusion References
Table of Contents
1 Motivation
2 Introduction to Present Railway Signalling Architecture
Outline Motivation Present Signalling Field Study Thesis Contributions Simulation Conclusion References
Simulation ExperiencesTopology Framework with respect to Allahabad Junction
Figure: Topology Framework with respect to Allahabad Junction
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Simulation ExperiencesTopology Framework with respect to Allahabad Junction
Figure: Topology Framework with respect to Allahabad Junction
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Simulation Experiences and ResultsResults with Variable Number of Nodes
Figure: (a) Energy Consumptionwith Variable Number of Nodes
Figure: (b) Success Rate withVariable Number of Nodes
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Simulation Experiences and ResultsResults with Variable Frequency of Trains across Allahabad Junction
Figure: (a) Energy Consumptionwith Variable Frequency of Trainsacross Allahabad Junction
Figure: (b) Success Rate withVariable Frequency of Trains acrossAllahabad Junction
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Simulation Experiences and ResultsDiscussions
In our work we used the energy model where the radiodissipates energy E = 50 nJ/bit to run the transmitter orreceiver circuitry and εamp = 100 pJ/bit/m2 for the transmitamplifier to achieve an acceptable SNR [20].
Simulation maximum duration is 10000 seconds and it runs 8rounds/set of nodes.
Topology is generated randomly in each run when doingsimulation for variable number of nodes and it is fixed forsimulation across Allahabad junction.
The success rate is currently decreasing as the number ofpackets increase in the network. This is due to collisions ofmessages. This needs to be improved.
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Table of Contents
1 Motivation
2 Introduction to Present Railway Signalling Architecture
Outline Motivation Present Signalling Field Study Thesis Contributions Simulation Conclusion References
References III
P. Levis, N. Lee, M. Welsh, and D. Culler, “Tossim: accurate and scalable simulation of entire tinyos
applications,” in Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems,SenSys ’03, (New York, NY, USA), pp. 126–137, ACM, 2003.
Crossbow Technology, “Micaz Specification.”
www.openautomation.net/uploadsproductos/micaz_datasheet.pdf.[Online; last accessed June 10, 2013].
Leandro Aparecido Villas, Azzedine Boukerche and Heitor Soares Ramos,, “DRINA: A Lightweight and
Reliable Routing Approach for In-Network Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks,” vol. 62, IEEETransactions on Computers, April 2013.