INTRODUCTION The project is based on the working of temperature controller using LM35 and fan as cooler. The circuit automatically senses the temperature and works normally within a particular temperature range. Above that range the sensor produces a signal and automatically turns on the cooling fan to control the testing temperature. 0-100°C electronic temperature controlled relay is a circuit using which the temperature can be controlled with the help of a LM35 temperature sensor. The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in˚ Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does not require any external calibration. Using a precision reference (TL431) a temperature is set and an accurate comparator in order to construct a simple thermal controlled switch. The temperature that is set is compared with the output of the LM35 which decides whether to energize or de- energize the relay. An LED and an alarm are used to indicate when the device crosses the set temperature.
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
INTRODUCTION
The project is based on the working of temperature controller using LM35 and fan as
cooler. The circuit automatically senses the temperature and works normally within a particular
temperature range. Above that range the sensor produces a signal and automatically turns on the
cooling fan to control the testing temperature. 0-100°C electronic temperature controlled relay is
a circuit using which the temperature can be controlled with the help of a LM35 temperature
sensor.
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is
linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus has an advantage
over linear temperature sensors calibrated in˚ Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a
large constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does
not require any external calibration.
Using a precision reference (TL431) a temperature is set and an accurate comparator in order to
construct a simple thermal controlled switch. The temperature that is set is compared with the
output of the LM35 which decides whether to energize or de-energize the relay.
An LED and an alarm are used to indicate when the device crosses the set temperature.
The circuit is very useful in practical areas like heater, iron box etc.
Block Diagram
BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION
The functional block diagram is shown. It comprises of a LM35, comparator, relay and a reference voltage to set the reference temperature.
LM35: Temperature sensor which is calibrated in the Celsius (Centigrade) scale with a linear degree to volt conversion.
Comparator: An accurate comparator (A1 of LM358) in order to construct a complete thermal-controlled switch
Reference voltage: The preset (VR1) & resistor (R3) from a variable voltage divider which sets a reference voltage (V ref) form 0V ~ 1.62V. The op-amp (A2) buffers the reference voltage so as to avoid loading the divider network (VR1 & R3).
Relay: The circuit switches a miniature relay ON or OFF according to the temperature detected by the single chip temperature sensor LM35DZ. When the LM35DZ detects a temperature higher than the preset level (set by VR1), the relay is actuated. When the temperature falls below the preset temperature, relay is de-energized.
REFERENCE
VOLTAGE
LM 35 COMPARATOR
RELAY
List of Components
Fig 1: Circuit diagram of temperature controller using LM35dz
The fig1 shows the circuit diagram of temperature controller using LM35dz and following are
the list of components of temperature controller:
IC1: LM35DZ Precision Celsius (Centigrade) Temperature sensor
IC2: TL431 +2.5V precision voltage reference
IC3: LM358 Dual single supply Op-amp.
LED1: 3mm or 5mm LED
Q1: General purpose PNP transistor ( A1015,...) with E-C-B pin-out
D1, D2: 1N4148 silicon diodes (or 1SS133)
D3, D4: 1N400x (x=2,,,,.7) rectifier diodes
ZD1: Zener diode, 13V, 400mW
Preset (trim pot) : 2.2K (Temperature set point)
(# 222 or 2k2)
Resistor: ( 1/4W or 1/6W)
R1 -- 10K
R2 -- 4.7M
R3 -- 1.2K
R4 -- 1K
R5 -- 1K
R6 -- 33Ω
Capacitors:
C1 -- 0.1 µF ceramic or Mylar cap
(# 104 or 100n)
C2 -- 470 µF or 680 µF electrolytic cap.
(16V min)
Miscellaneous items:
8-pin socket -- x 1 pcs
Miniature relay -- DC12V SPDT, Coil=400 Ω or higher
Temperature sensor (LM35)
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is
linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus has an advantage
over linear temperature sensors calibrated in ° Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a
large constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does
not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of ±/4°C at room
temperature and ± /4°C over a full -55 to +150°C temperature range. Low cost is assured by
trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The LM35’s low output impedance, linear output,
and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy.
It can be used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws only 60
µA from its supply, it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1°C in still air. The LM35 is rated to
operate over a -55° to +150°C temperature range, while the LM35C is rated for a -40° to +110°C
range (-10° with improved accuracy). The LM35 series is available packaged in hermetic TO-46
transistor packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also available in the plastic
TO-92 transistor package. The LM35D is also available in an 8-lead surface mount small outline
package and a plastic TO-220 package.
BACKGROUNG OF LM35 SENSOR
Most commonly-used electrical temperature sensors are difficult to apply. For example,
thermocouples have low output levels and require cold junction compensation. Thermistors are
nonlinear. In addition, the outputs of these sensors are not linearly proportional to any
temperature scale. Early monolithic sensors, such as the LM3911, LM134 and LM135, overcame
many of these difficulties, but their outputs are related to the Kelvin temperature scale rather than
the more popular Celsius and Fahrenheit scales. Fortunately, in 1983 two I.C.’s, the LM34
Precision Fahrenheit Temperature Sensor and the LM35 Precision Celsius Temperature Sensor,
were introduced. This application note will discuss the LM34, but with the proper scaling factors
can easily be adapted to the LM35. The LM35/LM34 has an output of 10 mV/°F with a typical
nonlinearity of only ±0.35°F over a −50 to +300°F temperature range, and is accurate to within
±0.4°F typically at room temperature (77°F). The LM34’s low output impedance and linear
output characteristic make interfacing with readout or control circuitry easy. An inherent strength
of the LM34 sensor over other currently available temperature sensors is that it is not as
susceptible to large errors in its output from low level leakage currents. For instance, many
monolithic temperature sensors have an output of only 1 μA/°K. This leads to a 1°K error for
only 1 μ-Ampere of leakage current. On the other hand, the LM34 sensor may be operated as a
current mode device providing 20 μA/°F of output current. The same 1 μA of leakage current
will cause an error in the LM34’s output of only 0.05°F (or 0.03°K after scaling).
Low cost and high accuracy are maintained by performing trimming and calibration
procedures at the wafer level. The device may be operated with either single or dual supplies.
With less than 70 μA of current drain, the LM34 sensor has very little self-heating (less than
0.2°F in still air), and comes in a TO-46 metal can package, a SO-8 small outline package and a
TO-92 plastic package.
The LM35/LM34 is a versatile device which may be used for a wide variety of
applications, including oven controllers and remote temperature sensing. The device is easy to
use (there are only three terminals) and will be within 0.02°F of a surface to which it is either
glued or cemented. The TO-46 package allows the user to solder the sensor to a metal surface,
but in doing so, the GND pin will be at the same potential as that metal. For applications where a
steady reading is desired despite small changes in temperature, the user can solder the TO-46
package to a thermal mass. Conversely, the thermal time constant may be decreased to speed up
response time by soldering the sensor to a small heat fin.
Features:
Calibrated directly in ° Celsius (Centigrade)
Linear + 10.0 mV/°C scale factor
0.5°C accuracy guarantee able (at +25°C)
Rated for full -55° to +150°C range
Suitable for remote applications
Low cost due to wafer-level trimming
Operates from 4 to 30 volts
Less than 60 µA current drain
Low self-heating, 0.08°C in still air
Nonlinearity only ±/4°C typical
Dual single supply OP-AMP (LM358)
The LM358 series consists of two independent, high gain, internally frequency compensated
operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate from a single power supply
over a wide range of voltages. Operation from split power supplies is also possible and the low
power supply current drain is independent of the magnitude of the power supply voltage.
The LM358 and LM2904 are available in a chip sized package (8-Bump micro SMD) using