A Mini Project Report on DESIGN OF AUTOMATIC MAIN GATE CONTROL SYSTEM IN CORPORATE OFFICES Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the award of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical & Electronics Engineering Submitted By Student Name Hall Ticket No. D.VINAY KUMAR 07K91A0257 P.VINOD KUMAR 07K91A0258 MD.WASIF 07K91A0259 D.UMAMAHESWAR RAO 04K91A0256
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A Mini Project Report on
DESIGN OF AUTOMATIC MAIN GATE CONTROL SYSTEM IN CORPORATE OFFICES
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the award of
This is to certify that the following students of T.K.R. COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, Meerpet, Hyderabad, studying in
Electrical and Electrical Engineering branch have completed their mini-project
work titled “DESIGN OF AUTOMATIC MAIN GATE CONTROL SYSTEM IN
CORPORATE OFFICES” in the month of june-2010 successfully in our organization
Student Name Hall Ticket No.
D.VINAY KUMAR 07K91A0257
P.VINOD KUMAR 07K91A0258
MD.WASIF 07K91A0259
D.UMAMAHESWAR RAO 04K91A0256
[Mr. Jakeer Hussain] DIRECTOR
Acknowledgement
This report would be incomplete without the mention of those who have directly or
indirectly helped us during the project.
We would like to thank our guide Mrs. U.Anitha Asst.prof.Dept of EEE, department
for her valuable support in various ways .
We express our thanks to our Prof. K.B.Raju, Head of Department, EEE for helping us
in carrying out this project.
We are grateful to our principal and would like to thank Dr T. Srihari, for the
encouragement has given us throughout the study.
We are thankful to our Technical Adviser Mr.Zakir Hussain in completion of this
project work.
We are also thankful to all the teaching and non-teaching staff of our department who
has rendered their cooperation in completion of this project.
Lastly, I would like to thank everyone who has been involved in this progress of the
project, whose contributions, have added a lot of value.
INDEX
CONTENTS PAGE NO.
ABSTRACT
1. Over View Of Project 1
2. Project Schematic-working Principle 2
Working principle Power supply Transformer Rectifier Voltage Regulator Capacitor Applications
3. 8051 Microcontroller 13
Block Diagram Introduction Pin Diagram Interrupts Timers/Counters Serial Ports
4. Other Hardware Components 21
LCD Interfacing LED Interfacing ULN2003 MC STEPPER MOTOR
5. Fabrication Process 31
Circuit Diagram
Components Used Operation Result
6. Conclusion 34
7. Biblography 35
ABSTRACT
In this modern world of new innovations, automatic main gate control finds a good solution for security system which are light sturdy and easy to install on new constructions or existing doors and gate. Automatic main gate control is the concept mainly introduced to find solution to the employee access in the corporate offices.
This project demonstrates the application of microcontroller AT89C51 with a stepper motor which both functions jointly in opening and closing of main gate. So, every employee at the time of joining should register with the control system of entrance. Respective passwords are provided by administrator to each and every employee.
Our demonstrated project can be upgraded or extended to complex control system of entrance by employing high processing speed controller. And it can be taken as a base for introduction of automatic main gate control.
CHAPTER 1
Overview of the Project
Now-a-days, everywhere in industry is automation. Every process should take care of itself. One these processes is main gate control of corporate office. In this project we designed a system which automates the control process of
main gate. It allows only registered people inside and stops the others at entrance only.
Every authorized employee should register with the our entrance control system. Every
registered employee will be given a password. Using employee id and password, every employee
can access the gate. Newly joined employee should register his employee id through
administrator. Administrator assists the employee in the registration and setting a new password.
Block diagram:
1
Buzzer
8 0 5
1Key Pad Gate
Stepper Motor
LCD Display Unit
CHAPTER 2
Project Schematic – Operating Principle
Working Principle:
At the time of entering the office, every employee should enter his emp_id and password. After
authenticated verification, microcontroller AT89C51 activates a stepper motor which in turn
opens a main gate. Every employee at the time of joining the company should register with the
entrance control system using his/her emp_id. Administrator of this system will assist the
employee in getting the password. Using this emp_id and password, every employee can get
access into office.
Project Schematic Diagrams:
Power Supply Kit:
It gives 5V and 12V DC output voltage from 230V, 50Hz AC input supply. The purpose of power supply is that many components in this project requires 12v
and 5v dc supply. For this purpose we require power supply kit.
In a power supply, basically, starting with an AC voltage, a steady DC voltage is
obtained by rectifying the AC voltage, then altering to a DC-level by filtering and
finally regulating to obtain a desired fixed dc voltage.
The circuit diagram of power supply kit is shown in fig (a).
2
Fig (a)
In this kit the 230v AC voltage supply step down to 15v. This 15v AC voltage converted into DC supply by using full wave diode bridge rectifier. This 15v DC supply is given to voltage regulators 7812 and 7805. The voltage regulator 7812 gives 12v output voltage and 7805 voltage
regulator gives 5v output voltage. At each stage we require capacitors filtering purpose.
For example a15V regulated supply:
Each of the blocks is described in more detail below:
Transformer - steps down high voltage AC mains to low voltage AC. Rectifier - converts AC to DC, but the DC output is varying.
Smoothing - smoothes the DC from varying greatly to a small ripple.
Regulator - eliminates ripple by setting DC output to a fixed voltage.
As mentioned earlier the rectified DC voltage contains some ripples or AC voltage
variation. To eliminate this ripples capacitors are used which acts as filters. This filters or
eliminates the ripples or AC voltage variation. At rectifier output we are using 1000UF capacitor
at IC7812 we are using 100UF capacitor and at IC 7805 we are using 10UF capacitors.
In practical circuit, when a capacitor is directly connected to the output of a bridge, the bridge
diodes must be sized to withstand the current surge that occurs when the power is turned on at
the peak of the AC voltage and the capacitor is fully discharged.
10
Sometimes a small series resistor is included before the capacitor to limit this current, though in
most applications the power supply transformer’s resistance is already sufficient.
Output can also be smoothed using a choke and second capacitor. The choke tends to
keep the current (rather than the voltage) more constant. Due to the relatively high cost of an
effective choke compared to a resistor and capacitor this is not employed in modern equipment.
CAPACITOR TYPES:
Practical capacitors are available commercially in many different forms. The type of internal dielectric, the structure of the plates and the device packaging all strongly affect the characteristics of the capacitor, and its applications.
Values available range from very low (picofarad range; while arbitrarily low values are in principle possible, stray (parasitic) capacitance in any circuit is the limiting factor) to about 5 kF super capacitors.
Above approximately 1 microfarad electrolytic capacitors are usually used because of their small size and low cost compared with other technologies, unless their relatively poor stability, life and polarised nature make them unsuitable. Very high capacity super capacitors use a porous carbon-based electrode material.
Capacitors have many uses in electronic and electrical systems. They are so common that it is a rare electrical product that does not include at least one for some purpose.
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CHAPTER 3
8051 MICRO CONTROLLER
13
INTRODUCTION:
The Intel 8051 is a Harvard architecture, single chip microcontroller (µC) which
was developed by Intel in 1980 for use in embedded systems. Intel's original versions
were popular in the 1980s and early 1990s, but has today largely been superseded by a
vast range of faster and/or functionally enhanced 8051-compatible devices manufactured
by more than 20 independent manufacturers including Atmel, Infineon
Technologies (formerly Siemens AG), Maxim Integrated Products (via its
This is the pit fall for beginners.Proper working of LCD depend on the how the LCD is initialized. We have to send few command bytes to initialize the lcd. Simple steps to initialize the LCD
This section describes how to interface an LED to the microcontroller AT89C51/52 to flash.
The circuit explains how to connect an LED to the Microcontroller, the program to flash an LED connected to port 1.4 using the CPL instruction.
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Enough current flows to make the LED light up, but not so much that the LED is damaged. Later in this Chapter, you will find out how to calculate a suitable value for this resistor.
The 'box' symbol for a fixed resistor is popular in the UK and Europe. A 'zig-zag' symbol is used in America and Japan:
Resistors are used with transducers to make sensor subsystems. Transducers are electronic components which convert energy from one form into another, where one of the forms of energy is electrical. A light dependent resistor, or LDR, is an example of an input transducer. Changes in the brightness of the light shining onto the surface of the LDR result in changes in its resistance. As will be explained later, an input transducer is most often connected along with a resistor to to make a circuit called a potential divider. In this case, the output of the potential divider will be a voltage signal which reflects changes in illumination.
25
Example: Circuit symbol:
Function:
LEDs emit light when an electric current passes through them.
Connecting and soldering:
LEDs must be connected the correct way round, the diagram may be labelled a or + for anode and k or - for cathode (yes, it really is k, not c, for cathode!). The cathode is the short lead and there may be a slight flat on the body of round LEDs. If you can see inside the LED the cathode is the larger electrode (but this is not an official identification method).
LEDs can be damaged by heat when soldering, but the risk is small unless you are very slow. No special precautions are needed for soldering most LEDs.
STEPPER MOTOR:
26
INTRODUCTION TO STEPPER MOTOR
Motion Control, in electronic terms, means to accurately control the movement of an object based on either speed, distance, load, inertia or a combination of all these factors. There are numerous types of motion control systems, including; Stepper Motor, Linear Step Motor, DC Brush, Brushless, Servo, Brushless Servo and more. This document will concentrate on Step Motor technology.
In Theory, a Stepper motor is a marvel in simplicity. It has no brushes, or contacts. Basically it's a synchronous motor with the magnetic field electronically switched to rotate the armature magnet around.
A Stepping Motor System consists of three basic elements, often combined with some type of user interface (Host Computer, PLC or Dumb Terminal):
The Indexer (or Controller) is a microprocessor capable of generating step pulses and direction signals for the driver. In addition, the indexer is typically required to perform many other sophisticated command functions.
The Driver (or Amplifier) converts the indexer command signals into the power necessary to energize the motor windings. There are numerous types of drivers, with different current/amperage ratings and construction technology. Not all drivers are suitable to run all motors, so when designing a Motion Control System the driver selection process is critical.
The Step Motor is an electromagnetic device that converts digital pulses into mechanical shaft rotation. Advantages of step motors are low cost, high reliability, high torque at low speeds and a simple, rugged construction that operates in almost any environment. The main disadvantages in using a step motor is the resonance effect often exhibited at low speeds and decreasing torque with increasing speed.
Types of Stepper Motor:
A stepper motor is a motor controlled by a series of electromagnetic coils. The center shaft has a series of magnets mounted on it, and the coils surrounding the shaft are alternately given current or not, creating magnetic fields which repulse or attract the magnets on the shaft, causing the motor to rotate.This design allows for very precise control of the motor: by proper pulsing, it can be turned in very accurate steps of set degree increments (for example, two-degree increments, half-degree increments, etc.). They are used in printers, disk drives, and other devices where precise positioning of the motor is necessary.
27
There are two basic types of stepper motors, unipolar steppers and bipolar steppers.
Unipolar Stepper Motors
The unipolar stepper motor has five or six wires and four coils (actually two coils divided by center connections on each coil). The center connections of the coils are tied together and used as the power connection. They are called unipolar steppers because power always comes in on this one pole.
Bipolar stepper motors
The bipolar stepper motor usually has four wires coming out of it. Unlike unipolar steppers, bipolar steppers have no common center connection. They have two independent sets of coils instead. You can distinguish them from unipolar steppers by measuring the resistance between the wires. You should find two pairs of wires with equal resistance. If you’ve got the leads of your meter connected to two wires that are not connected (i.e. not attached to the same coil), you should see infinite resistance (or no continuity).
Like other motors, stepper motors require more power than a microcontroller can give them, so you’ll need a separate power supply for it. Ideally you’ll know the voltage from the manufacturer, but if not, get a variable DC power supply, apply the minimum voltage (hopefully 3V or so), apply voltage across two wires of a coil (e.g. 1 to 2 or 3 to 4) and slowly raise the voltage until the motor is difficult to turn. It is possible to damage a motor this way, so don’t go too far. Typical voltages for a stepper might be 5V, 9V, 12V, 24V. Higher than 24V is less common for small steppers, and frankly, above that level it’s best not to guess.
28
To control the stepper, apply voltage to each of the coils in a specific sequence. The sequence would go like this:\
Step wire 1 wire 2 wire 3 wire 41 High Low high low2 low High high low3 low High low high4 high Low low high
However, if you do not have an equivalent diagram for the motor you want to use, you can make a resistance chart to decipher the mystery connections. There is a 13 ohm reistance between the center-tap wire and each end lead, and 26 ohms between the two end leads. Wires originating from seperate coils are not connected, and therefore would not read on the ohm meter.
29
STEPPER MOTOR CONNECTOR
PIN CONNECTION OF ULN2003 MC:
30
CHAPTER 5
5.Fabrication Process
Circuit digram:
Power supply kit:
31
a Key-pad circuit: To enter employee id and passwords.
b. LCD display unit: To display the information over LCD.
c. Stepper motor: It opens and closes the main gate.
d. Microcontroller circuit: AT89C51 information.
OPERATION:
At the time of entering the office, every employee should enter his emp_id and password. After
authenticated verification, microcontroller AT89C51 activates a stepper motor which in turn
opens a main gate. Every employee at the time of joining the company should register with the
entrance control system using his/her emp_id. Administrator of this system will assist the
employee in getting the password. Using this emp_id and password, every employee can get
access into office.
6.2 COMPONENTS USED:
COMPONENTS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
1.Resistors 1kΩ 01
10kΩ 12
2. PCB ---- 01
3. IC’s ULN2003 01
4. LED’s ---- 01
Red ---- 01
5. Micro controller 8051 01
6. Capacitor 10µf 02
100µf 02
33pf 02
32
7. Push button ---- 12
9. Crystal oscillator 11.529mhz 01
10. Transistors DC549 01
11. Digital display ---- 01
12. Transformer 230/15v,500mA 01
13. Fuse 1Amp 01
RESULT:
33
Chapter 6
CONCLUSIONS
The proposed project we designed is demonstrated successfully. This idea can be extended to
sophisticated control with much more accuracy by adding high processing speed controller.
34
Chapter 7
BIBLOGRAPHY:
The following is the list of study material referred while designing, developing and
fabrication the project work.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. The 8051 Micro controller and embedded systems by Mazidi.
2. The 8051 Micro controller Architecture, programming & Applications by