AUTOMATIC DEPENDENT SURVEILLANCE BROADCAST (ADS-B) - SURVEILLANCE DEVELOPMENT FOR AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT FAST 47 8 Christine VIGIER Design Management Avionics Airbus Upgrade Services Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) Surveillance development for Air Traffic Management As air traffic is predicted to increase steadily over the coming years, there is a clear need to ensure that standards of safety and efficiency are maintained, or even enhanced. This is recognized by the Single European Sky programme in Europe (SESAR) and the NextGen programme in the U.S.A. (read FAST article - Demonstrating the green trajectory), the two major bodies driving the Air Traffic Management (ATM) development over the coming years. Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) is all about communications between aircraft, and also between aircraft and ground. Both are vital in ensuring safe flights and efficiency in terms of fuel use, time and emissions. ADS-B is an integral part of the planned efficiency drive towards 2020. Taking advantage of the latest technology, ADS-B is designed to be retrofit on aircraft flying today. Here, we will look at aspects associated with the retrofit and take a look at the developments that are planned for the future.
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AUTOMATIC DEPENDENT SURVEILLANCE BROADCAST (ADS-B) - SURVEILLANCE DEVELOPMENT FOR AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENTFA
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Christine VIGIERDesign Management Avionics
Airbus Upgrade Services
AutomaticDependent Surveillance
Broadcast (ADS-B)Surveillance development for Air Traffic Management
As air traffic is predicted to increase steadily overthe coming years, there is a clear need to ensurethat standards of safety and efficiency aremaintained, or even enhanced. This is recognizedby the Single European Sky programme in Europe(SESAR) and the NextGen programme in theU.S.A. (read FAST article - Demonstrating thegreen trajectory), the two major bodies driving theAir Traffic Management (ATM) developmentover the coming years. Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast
(ADS-B) is all about communications betweenaircraft, and also between aircraft and ground.Both are vital in ensuring safe flights andefficiency in terms of fuel use, time andemissions. ADS-B is an integral part of theplanned efficiency drive towards 2020. Taking advantage of the latest technology, ADS-Bis designed to be retrofit on aircraft flying today.Here, we will look at aspects associated with theretrofit and take a look at the developments thatare planned for the future.
AUTOMATIC DEPENDENT SURVEILLANCE BROADCAST (ADS-B) - SURVEILLANCE DEVELOPMENT FOR AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
ADS-Breceiver
Air Traffic Control
Step 1: ADS-B OUTAircraft informationbroadcasted for ground use
Step 2: ADS-B IN (ATSAW)Display of other aircraft ADS-Binfo in the cockpit
ADS-B
ADS-B
ADS-B
First steps involved inADS-B
Figure 1
ADS-B summary
In its final form, ADS-B isdesigned to ease Air TrafficControl (ATC) as the number ofapproaches grows, enhancing safe-ty and increasing airport capacity.In the air, the information providedby ADS-B enhances the pilots' traf-fic awareness, allowing more opti-mal flight levels leading to fuelsavings. ADS-B is considered in two partsas described:
• ADS-B OUT provides a means of automated aircraft parametertransmission be tween the aircraftand the ATC.
• ADS-B IN provides automated aircraft parameter transmissionbetween aircraft themselves.
g l o s s a r y
ADC: Air Data ComputerADIRS: Air Data/Inertial ReferenceSystemATC: Air Traffic ControlATSAW: Air Traffic Situational AwarenessDMC: Display Management ComputerEHS: Enhanced SurveillanceEIS: Electronic Instrument SystemFCOM: Flight Crew Operating ManualFM: Flight ManualFMS: Flight Management SystemFWC: Flight Warning ComputerGPS: Global Positioning System
HFDR: High Frequency Data RadioIRS: Inertial Reference SystemMCDU: Multi-purpose Control DisplayUnitMMR: Multi-Mode ReceiverNRA: Non-Radar AirspaceOANC: On-board Airport NavigationComputerOANS: On-board Airport NavigationSystemOMS: On-board Maintenance SystemSATCOM: Satellite CommunicationSPI: Special Position Identification
AUTOMATIC DEPENDENT SURVEILLANCE BROADCAST (ADS-B) - SURVEILLANCE DEVELOPMENT FOR AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENTFA
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STEP 1: ADS-B OUT
ADS-B OUT automaticallytransmits aircraft parameters fromthe aircraft to the ATC on ground.There is no need for the pilot’saction and it conforms to EASAregulations on ADS-B OUT, forNon-Radar Airspace (NRA)operations. The capability must bedeclared in the FCOM and the FMshall be updated (see figure 2).
STEP 2: ADS-B IN (ATSAW)
The Airbus approach to ADS-B INis named the Air Traffic SituationalAwareness (ATSAW) whichenables the reception of ADS-Binformation from other aircraft inthe vicinity. As for the ADS-BOUT, the capability must also bedeclared in the FCOM and the FMupdated (figure 4).
ATSAW is splited in two steps:- Step 2A: ATSAW operation in
flight- Step 2B: ATSAW operation on
ground
STEP 2A: ATSAW OPERATION IN FLIGHT
a) ATSAW • Improves cooperation with ATC
(better understanding of ATCinstructions),
• Improves the detection ofopportunities for flight levelchanges in standard separationfor reduced fuel savings and areduction of CO2 emissions,
• Improved efficiency onapproach,
• Enhances identification andinformation on target aircraft,
• Increases runway capacity.
b) ATSAW with ITP (In TrailProcedures) today defined onthe North Atlantic ocean (see figure 3):
• Enables more frequent altitudechanges by temporarily reducingstandard separation,
AUTOMATIC DEPENDENT SURVEILLANCE BROADCAST (ADS-B) - SURVEILLANCE DEVELOPMENT FOR AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
The NavigationDisplay (ND)shows the aircraftorientation andrelativeinformation fromaircraft in thevicinity.
Step 2A Step 2B
Equipment required
• ATC transponder EHS• MMR (with GPS
capability)• EIS2• Wiring provision• EHS traffic selector• FWC standard
As for Step 2A+ OANC
Availability date Early 2011 2013 TBC
Additional information shown on the MCDU.
Figure 6
The Pilot elects to see more information onAFR6512 by the menu selection.
Figure 7
ADS-B IN (ATSAW)
Figure 4
Example on NavigationDisplay and MCDU
Figure 5
Aircraft identification
Relativealtitude/Absolutealtitude
Groundspeed
Verticalvelocity
Absolutebearing/
2D distance
Heading/Tracking
Wake vortexcategory
NEXT STEPS
STEP 3: SEQUENCING AND MERGING
The objective of the future stepis to enable the flight crews toachieve and maintain automati-cally a given spacing with des-ignated aircraft.The two principle maneuversare 'remain behind' and 'mergebehind'.The operational benefit will bethe enhanced traff ic regularityduring the approach to airportswith heavy traff ic allowingincreased airport capacity.
How does ADS-Bwork?ADS-B OUT
It uses ATC transponders to transmitaircraft information to the ground,using the Mode S 1090 MHzExtended Squitter with a refreshrate of 0.5 seconds.
AUTOMATIC DEPENDENT SURVEILLANCE BROADCAST (ADS-B) - SURVEILLANCE DEVELOPMENT FOR AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENTFA
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ADS-B IN
On aircraft, it is the TCAS computerthat receives and treats the ADS-Binformation coming from ATCtransponders of surrounding aircraft.The information is then displayedon the Navigation Display (ND)and the MCDU (see figures 5, 6 & 7).When ATSAW is activated and ifthe ADS-B information is availablefrom aircraft in the vicinity, thefollowing information is availablefor each pilot:• Aircraft identification• Absolute bearing/2D distance• Heading/Tracking• Wake vortex category• Relative altitude/Absolute
altitude• Ground speed• Vertical velocity
Aircraftarchitecturerequired for ADS-B OUTADS-B OUT NEEDS
Aircraft currently flying in Europeare generally well equipped for the transition to ADS-B OUT asthe prerequisite ATC transpondersMode S (DO-260) are alreadyrequired to meet the formerenhanced surveillance mandate.Aircraft greater than five years ofage and operating outside ofEurope are more likely to need anew transponder in order toachieve ADS-B capability.
ADS-B IN TRIALSTo pioneer and test the new func-tions associated with ADS-B IN,trials are scheduled with theinvolvement of Eurocontrol andcertain airlines which will have theATSAW capability, some fromproduction and others by retrofit.The European trials will com-mence in early 2011.
Whilst the initial drivers from SESAR andNextGen are motivated by the need tomaintain and where possible enhancesafety standards, the commercialimplications for operators are notforgotten. The benefits from the AutomaticDependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) are not only for Air Traffic Control (ATC),but also for the airlines, flight crew andpassengers. ADS-B OUT eases the flight crew and ATCworkload, resulting in fuel and timesavings thanks to more efficientapproaches.
ADS-B IN presents additionalopportunities for fuel and time savings, in particular by the utilization of ‘In TrialProcedures’ for long range flights in theoceanic airspace, maintaining safety.ADS-B is in the early stages of a roadmapvision up until 2020 and has been adoptedby SESAR and NextGen. Airbus UpgradeServices will continue to develop newsolutions to ease flight operations, thuscontributing to reduce the congestion infuture Air Traffic Management.
Conclusion
ADS-B OUT MANDATES
Current operational requirementsor mandates are already in serviceand others are anticipated. The fig-ure 10 shows areas where a man-date already exists, such as theHudson Bay, and also shows antic-ipated mandates in other regions.The upcoming mandates in Europeand North America require a new
standard (DO-260B) which impliesan upgrade to the FWC and con-nections between the MMR and theATC transponder. This will enableadditional benefits in terms of safe-ty, flight efficiency and situationalawareness, thanks to the GPS dataenabling the transmission of moreaccurate information on aircraftpositions and the improved latencyin broadcasts.