Automatic Density Sense Street Light Control Using Sensors and ...

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-12, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 160

Automatic Density Sense Street Light Control Using Sensors and Solar Panel

Tharindu Guruge1, D. M. K. S. S. Dassanayake2, S.P.Weerasinghe3 &,

Dhishan Dhammearatchi4 & G. R. Peiris5 1,2,3,5IT Undergraduate, Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology, Computing (Pvt) Ltd

4MSc (UK), BSc Hons(UK), CCNP, CCNA, MCSSL(SL), MBCS(UK), TM (CC), MCKC (SL), Lecturer, Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology, Computing (Pvt) Ltd

Abstract: This research aims at designing an advanced development, to save energy of street lights. Solar energy is a renewable source of energy, which is long-lasting and environment friendly. It can be easily utilized and also a cost effective in long term. It is very essential to automate the system, then it is easy to conserve energy as well as to maximize the efficiency of the system. At present, the street lights are switched on in the evening before the sun is set and they are switched off, the next day morning, after there is sufficient light on the roads. In this proposal, a new method is suggested to maximize the efficiency of the street lighting system and to conserve the energy usage. Automation of street lights is done by light-dependent resistor “LDR” sensors and Intensity of Light-Emitting Diode “LED” street lights is controlled by Infrared “IR” sensors. The sensors are used to indicate the day/night time and the photoelectric sensors are utilized to detect the movement on the street. Under the light control mode, LED lamp is turned off in daytime and is lit in night automatically. The microcontrollers are used as the “brain” to control the street light system, where the programming language used for developing the software of the microcontroller is C-language. Under voltage and over voltage scheme is taken care which is an essential part of any solar street lamp. The research aims to reduce the side effects of the current street lighting system, and find a solution to save power. This proposal will provide a best solution for electrical power wastage. The importance of eliminating the manually operated lighting systems is described within the proposal. Usage of human power is decreased in an immense percentage through LDR technology and IR Sensors. Using highly advanced Integrated Circuits and the help of growing technology the project can be successfully implemented. Keywords : Advanced development, Energy, Renewable, LDR, Effective, Automate, Solar energy, Maximize, Intensity, Microcontroller

1. Introduction Street lighting in Sri Lanka evolved from oil and gas lamps in the 17th and 18th centuries to electric lamps in the late 19th century. Today High Intensity Discharge “HID” lamps dominate street lighting installations. Then, the country engaged to undertake the best practices of Light Emitting Diode “LED” conversion as well as to study other aspects of LED street lights, intensity, controls, energy monitoring, public safety, special events, impacts on drivers, bicyclists, pedestrians, and the elderly and sight-disabled. This report outlines general recommendations regarding street lighting, as well as technical specifications on existing systems. It provides direction on ways to capitalize on the additional benefits of LED technology such as the use of control systems for dimming, changing color and emergency events.

The research aims were to reduce the side effects of the current street lighting system, and find a solution to save power. This system will go into a Switch-OFF mode and the lamps would not glow, if there is no necessity of light. This new system will allow its’ control station to identify the prevailing condition of each lamp. Hence, the problem will be rectified. It will automatically change to Switch-ON mode when the sunlight decreases, thus, will automatically change to the Switch-OFF mode when sunshine falls on it. It provides a productive method to save energy by preventing unnecessary wastage of electricity which is caused due to manual switching or lighting of street-lights. Moreover, this will be able to communicate with the control station, which examines the current status of the system. Accordingly, can check whether all the systems are working properly or not. This system basically consists of a Light Dependent Resistor “LDR”, photoelectric sensor, Power supply, Relays and Micro controller. Circuit will work properly to turn street lamp ON/OFF. LDR sensor and the

http://www.onlinejournal.in/




photoelectric sensor are the two main conditions working in the circuit.

The light sensor, which is used in this circuit, will be utilized as a darkness detector. After dusk, the light sensor will activate the system, and will get ready to detect any object by photoelectric sensors, on the road to turn on the street lights.

The street light can be successfully controlled by the microcontroller. The commands from the microcontroller the lights will be ON in the places of the movement when it is dark. Finally this control circuit can be used in long roadways between the cities. This research is written having the aim of implementing a system that assists in Street Lighting System of Sri Lanka.

After dusk, the light sensor will activate the system, and will get ready to detect any object by photo electric sensors, on the road to turn on the street lights. The street light can be successfully controlled by the microcontroller. The commands from the microcontroller the lights will be ON in the places of the movement when it is dark. Finally this control circuit can be used in long roadways between the cities.

The introduction of this document gives a brief idea of this research. Methodology section describes the processes involved in this project, which gives the idea of the development plan. Finally the reference section is defined and also covers more background area.

2. Literature Review

Road crashes exact a tremendous human and societal toll in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development member countries. Each year, more than 125 000 people are killed in such crashes and millions more are injured, many of them permanently [10].

Street lighting is a particularly critical concern for public authorities in developing countries. Its strategic importance for economic and social stability. Inefficient lighting wastes significant financial resources every year, and poor lighting creates unsafe conditions. Energy efficient technologies and design mechanism can reduce cost of the street lighting drastically.

Manual control is prone to errors and leads to energy wastages and manually dimming during mid-night is impracticable. Also, dynamically tracking the light level is manually impracticable. The current trend is the introduction of automation and remote management solutions to control street lighting [6].

Street lighting systems are a typical case of distributed low-voltage loads located in areas and collecting protected by the same device. Currently, reduction of electrical power consumption has been an extremely noticeable issue. Where the wastage of

power occurs highly in street lighting zone. A Street light is an important source of light on the edges of the road and it plays a vital role for providing society security, ensuring quality of life and avoiding crimes as well as accidents during night time. Street light systems were manually controlled, later via time control and optical control manner. These methods are very costly and noted for difficulty in monitoring. They involve high Power Consumption. The universal observation is that about 20%of power consumption occurs through street lighting system due their designs as per old standards which do not incorporate the latest technology features [3]. According to the implemented system there is a solar panel use for generating electricity.

The big advantage of that system is it will not emit a harmful output just like other famous power generating resources. Street lamps runs using solar panels which are non-polluting source of electricity and requires much less maintenance compared to conventional street lighting system. By using solar panel it will eliminate external wiring and risk of accidents can be minimized. The entire system will run only when sunlight goes below the visible region of human eyes and the system will be off when the sunlight comes visible to eyes [7].

LDR pair, solar panel, motor and Motor Driver IC interfaced with microcontroller together form the solar tracking system. Only microcontroller output is not sufficient to drive the motor. Motor driver IC is needed to interface the motor with microcontroller. The implemented system used LM293D IC as and interfacing IC. The main aim of this automated solar tracking system is to get the maximum solar energy output and to increase the efficiency of the overall system. The LDR is use to track the sun. A transparent coating is use around the LDR to detect the difference between its resistance under sun and under shadow. Automatically it will provide the voltage difference across LDR in shadow as well as in sunlight.

When LDR is exactly facing the sun the maximum light will enter into the LDR and its resistance changes accordingly. Since using Negative Temperature Coefficient “NTC” type of LDR i.e. LDR having negative temperature coefficient of resistance definitely its resistance decreases with incidence of solar radiations. In series with the LDR one resistance is connected. Refer Figure 1 for get the idea about LDR connection. The common point between LDR and resistor is connected to positive terminal of Operational Amplifier Linear Monolithic -358.This OP-AMP is used as comparator. One trimmer which is going to change the sensitivity is connected to negative terminal of OP-AMP.





Figure 1 : LDR Circuit Diagram

(Source : http://static.cactus.io/img/sensors/light/ldr/ldr-circuit.jpg)

This trimmer acts just like a potentiometer. The voltage provided at negative input terminal of OP-AMP can be change by moving screw at its top. If the voltage across positive terminal exceeds negative terminal voltage then OP- AMP provides 5V output and it will provide 0V in reverse case. The output of this OP-AMP is given to the microcontroller. When OP-AMP output is high the microcontroller turned on and it will rotate the motor through the desire angle. DC motor with 30 rpm is used. The microcontroller is programmed in such a way that solar panel is always able to maintain perpendicular profile with the incident solar radiations. As sun moves from East to west, solar panel will follow the sun and track the sun. The output of solar panel is given to the rechargeable battery through diode. Solar panel will convert the solar radiations which incident on its surface into electrical energy and provide us DC voltage. Using this DC voltage our rechargeable battery is charged which later used to design solar inverter. Totally this system shows high performance there are some disadvantages too. If the not shine well in day time or it is heavily shaded how will produce power? There is no way to producing power there for the solar panel will not be able to produce electricity [3] [4].

The other technologies use for automatic system which can be remotely control or monitored. Status of the system and lamps can be controlled and monitored remotely using base station. The base station can be designed using combination of Zigbee receiver, microcontroller and Graphical Liquid Crystal Display. Many of the researchers already developed the automatic street lighting system using power line communication, Global systems for Mobile communication (GSM) and General packet radio service (GPRS). Zigbee transmitter is used to transmit the data regarding status of the lamp and status of the system.

The data regarding fault in the lamp i.e. whether lamp is faulty or working and the data regarding fault in the LDR is transferred along this

transmitter to base station. Though Zigbee technology only allows small range to communicate, short range, low complexity, and low data speed. The advantages of this system is Reduce the power consumption and maintenance costs about 20-22%. The implemented system has used an Emergency Switch. It is a fault detecting system.

It is simple one way switch which is used for to on or off all the lamps in case of emergency. When pressing this switch all lamps will be switch on or switch off simultaneously by escaping the entire system. It will help to maintain this system easily and detect faults quickly [1].

Monitoring station is placed each lamp post. It has various types of sensors such as Light sensor, PIR Sensor, Hall Sensor and Emergency Device.

All these sensors work together and transmit the information to the microcontroller, then the sensed data are processed and remedial action is taken.

3. Methodology

The basic idea here is that instead of freezing the requirements before a design or coding can proceed, a throwaway prototype is built to understand the requirements. This prototype is developed based on the currently known requirements. Refer figure 2. Using this prototype, the client can get an “actual feel” of the system, since the interactions with prototype can enable the client to better understand the requirements of the desired system. Prototyping is an attractive idea for complicated and large systems for which there is no manual process or existing system to help determining the requirements. The prototype are usually not complete systems and many of the details are not built in the prototype. The goal is to provide a system with overall functionality.





Planning

Business value

This research is a cost effective, practical, eco-

friendly and is a safest way to save energy. It clearly tackles the two problems that world is facing today, saving of energy and also disposal of incandescent lamps, very efficiently. It can be saved more that 40 % of electrical energy that is now consumed by the highways.

Street Light Control ensures reduction in energy consumption and Carbon Dioxide emissions. Overall, the final outcome of this research can be used to make effective and consistent energy savings – up to 50 % per year. . The long term benefits and the initial cost would never be a problem as the investment return time is very less.

Street Light Control also has an effect on the maintenance costs. Comparing with the advances in technology and good resource planning the cost of the research can be cut down and also with the use of good equipment the maintenance can also be reduced in terms of periodic checks. The LEDs have long life and can be used for fast switching. For these reasons research presents far more advantages which can over shadow the present limitations.

Finally, an intelligent lighting system contributes to the contemporary design of the urban living space, by creating a quality of life and spaces where the citizens feel comfortable.

Analysis

Requirement Gathering and Analysis

Requirement gathering is the step which should be followed accurately to design the implemented Automatic Street Light System. By considering the information that has been gathered, a well-structured system can be implemented effectively.

Requirement gathering is done by background reading, discussions, analyzing reports and documents relevant to project. By reading the different kind of documents related to that system, the main idea of the implemented system is taken to action. The research has few categories as follows,

The features related to sensors. The information related to communication

methods between transmitter and receivers. The information related to solar technology.

The technology details of GSM. The technology of Arduino Mega. The functions in monitoring and caution

detections system. Designing Phase

The designing phase will be done after finishing the Analysis of the project. Designing phase should contain all the gathered and analyzed information.

The analyzed system should be designed using

Entity Relationship (ER) diagrams and UML diagrams, until it reveals the correct relationships among the functions. Entity Relationship diagrams should be used to identify the relationships between tables in the database for this Assets Management. All functions can be highlighted when using UML diagrams. The connectivity among the main functions can be identified by using UML diagrams. In order to be easily implementable in a conventional programming language, it can divide design phase into following areas.

Figure 3 : System Architecture Diagram

Implementation

Implementation phase will be done after the designing phase. The designed relationships, data flows are converted into the C and Java programming languages.

This Automatic Street Light System using sensors where this implemented system is different in many ways compared with the other manual street light systems available. It will be switched OFF in the daytime and will be switched ON at night

Figure 2 : Prototype Development Model (Source:https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/oNELp6BFY8XN1a

uCJtS625OcTZT5pxrXb7oO4QBEGaJo9DL5cRPBugDV44-BZm8zQXF89dR8GKlTv2UVJa53ed-hBjCe3TKcPewX1o4nvLoLrQ0kCR4)





automatically. Through the LDRs day and night is detected from the atmosphere. Switch OFF and Switch ON is occurred using sensors. Microcontroller controls the whole system it acts as the brain of the whole implemented system. When there is a vehicle movement, the LED would be bright transferring from the dimming mode to a brighter mode Thus, power sources will not be wasted in a pointless way. The power will be used only in a practical way where there would be no waste of power. This feature will help to achieve the main vision of this project.

The implemented system will use solar panels to give power to illuminate the LEDs. Thus the system will be eco-friendly where the natural power is used to illuminate the LEDs where the manual based street lights do not use in that way. This is a unique feature in the implemented system.

GSM is used to communicate between Network Operator and the system where the commands can be given and operated at the backend. Between the maintenance team and the system administrator will be communicating using the GSM technology.

If there is a fault detected the system administrator will receive a notification via the GSM module. Refer figure 4. This is a unique feature implemented in this system where this feature is not available in the available manual based street light systems.

Figure 4 : SIM 808 GSM Module (Source :

http://d2ydh70d4b5xgv.cloudfront.net/images/0/1/sim808-development-board-gsm-gprs-gps-bluetooth-sms-module-

8a7b7a2278e6784ac7a6191b9657775e.jpg)

Rain sensor is used to detect when there is heavy rain to detect the moisture and cautions will be displayed in the LCD display. Thus, the drivers will be aware of the weather conditions of that day. Refer figure 5. Gas detector is used to detect gas leakage of the area. Using the flame sensor, the drivers can be aware of any suffocation dealing in the environment. Thus, they can prevent occurring accidents. This

caution can help the drivers to be aware of an occurring suffocation for their safety. This implemented system is considering of the drivers safety in this way. In this way, this system is unique compared with other systems.

Through Java interfaces the manual section of the system can be operated.

Figure 5 : Rain Sensor Module

(Source : http://i0.wp.com/henrysbench.capnfatz.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Rain-Sensor-Module-Arduino-

Hookup.png)

Through the alcohol detection sensor, it will check all the drivers when entering the expressway. The Alcohol Detection Systems for safety would keep impaired drivers off the road by detecting their alcohol content. If alcohol is consumed, it is metabolized and Diffuses throughout the body.

It will help preventing and reduce the accidents. Vehicle counting sensor which is used in this system can count the number of vehicles which enters and exit the expressway. Thus, it can retrieve the calculation of number of users that are using the expressway within 24 hours.

This alcohol is present in various bodily substances such as breath, blood and perspiration. Some percentage of consumed alcohol is metabolized through the skin. The sensor will measure the specific characteristics that are chemically emitted transversally from the body. By using the alcohol sensor the probability of accidents are reduced because using the alcohol sensor will eliminate the people who generally mix drink and drives. So the main purpose of using the alcohol sensor is to reduce the accidents.

Through this manual system, the lights can be monitored manually checking whether there are any faults and the working condition of the system. The maintenance section of the system is done when there is any fault detected through GSM technology.

Arduino is the main controlling unit of this system which is connected to GSM module, sensors and LDRs. Refer figure 6. Where those feature





cannot be found in any of the available manual based systems.

This feature will help to reserve the power consumption in this country. So that the country can invest the monetary funds in a valuable way.

Figure 6 : Arduino Mega Module

(Source:https://www.reichelt.nl/bilder/web/xxl_ws/A300/ARDUINO_MEGA.png )

Testing

• Unit Testing • Integration Testing • System Testing

Unit testing of each module will be done in

isolation before integrating the modules begin. After modules are developed by each member, they will individually be tested. This will make sure that the required purpose of the module is being fulfilled. Thereafter, the modules will be integrated to a single system and a complete system testing will be performed.

During the system testing, certain tests such as acceptance testing, stress testing and security testing will be performed to make sure that the modules developed separately are working smoothly as expected.

4. Research Findings

The main risk was the implemented system is how to connect different technologies together. In this system, it uses several technologies to get a better solution in the end of the project. Such as Solar Technology, GSM Technology, Software Technology and Electronic Technology, every interface should be smooth and well defined. If not, it is difficult to receive the expected output as it is. Initial Investment is higher compared to conventional street lights and Dust combines with moisture can

accumulate on the parts and can reduce or even stop energy production.

Rechargeable batteries will need to be replaced several times over the life time of the fixtures adding to the total lifetime cost of the light.

Solar energy used street lights require higher initial investment compared to conventional street lights. Because these are non-wired and can easily be stolen. The risk for theft is relatively higher because it has higher monetary value compared to regular street lights. This is actually the main reason why most people are having second thoughts about switching to solar street lights. They consider the money they are required to spend, even without realizing the long-term benefits and the longer life cycle of solar street lights. The project aimed to reduce the side effects of the current street lighting system, and find a solution to save power. In this system prepare the inputs and outputs of the system to control the lights of the street. The main challenge was to be achieved in the work is the development of a system capable of becoming a set of streetlights which is smart enough to work autonomously. Should be able to remotely manage (for diagnostics, actions and other energy optimization services). These two capabilities can contribute decisively to improve the global efficiency of the lighting systems, both from an energy consumption point of view as in the cost required for their maintenance.

The risks such as, identifying any failure on the network (lamp failure, segment failure, accident on a pole, cycling lamp, high/low power, high/low voltage, low power factor, etc.) should be immediately fixed. By monitoring the lamp’s burning hours to change lamps before they actually fail, reports and generating advanced alarms to anticipate any issue, identify potential problems and fix them before they become critical can be stated as additional risk.

Providing a safe and secure environment, developing innovative services to citizens, contributing to a greener city and enhancing budget efficiency are amongst key priorities for many cities. This design will achieve an eco-friendly and cost effective system in implementation. To achieve it is found many solutions. Microcontroller has many options to give commands and it is a very good interface to connect several technologies. The programming language is C-Language. The SIM card is used to pass failure alerts to the maintenance section.

For long distance, the system can categorize for several blocks. Developed Software system keeps a record about each and every block. If some failure occurs in a block, maintenance team can monitor the block as the fault.

The maintenance team, it would give a full training about the system, such as, how to control the system, how to trouble shoot faults, etc. Use of new





lighting source which has a long life, consumes less energy and would be eco-friendly. Light Emitting Diode (LED) is the best solution on this as it does not emit any poisonous gaseous which are harmful to the environment. It is a clean lighting source. Many countries use this advanced intelligent high efficient street lighting system using LEDs as a lighting source.

Secondly, an automatic system which can be remotely control or monitored can be mentioned. Status of the system and lamps can be controlled and monitored remotely using base station. The base station can be designed using combination of a receiver, microcontroller and Graphical Liquid Crystal Display. Refer figure 7. Can develop the automatic street lighting system using power line communication and Global systems for Mobile communication (GSM). The design and development of remotely control system is achieved using sensors and communication protocol. This communication protocol is used to collect and transfer the relevant data between street light module and base station regarding status of the system. Another important solution is use of eco-friendly power source. In other words it is the use of renewable energy source as a power source. Solar energy is the best renewable energy source for such conditions as it describes the intelligent street lighting system in detail which is the ideal combination of all latest technical advancement mentioned above.

Figure 7 : LCD Interfacing with Arduino

(Source : https://electrosome.com/interfacing-lcd-arduino-uno/)

To combine all these solutions and reduce

the maintenance of the system, achieve the automatic fault detection of the system, increase the energy efficiency of the system using LEDs and solar tracking system will be the final outcome of this system.

This remotely controlled automatic high energy efficient street lighting system which is developed uses solar powered battery as a primary power source. Most cities allocate and spend between 35% and 40% of their total energy budget on street lighting. Conversions to more energy efficient lighting sources, such as LEDs, can cut energy expenditures by 30% to 50%. Using less energy to power a given number of streetlights frees up energy to deploy more lights or to power other productive assets. Increase safety is one of the major benefits, because non-working lamps can be replaced quickly. Fast identification of any unexpected situation on the streetlight grid, including segment failure, cable theft, or power theft, Reduce maintenance costs can be mentioned as additional benefits.

This implemented system is mainly proposed for expressway lighting systems. This can be directly applied to Sri Lankan expressways and can save a lot of electricity, maintenance costs and can full fill the wishes of the highway users. Ability to identify individual lamp failures, Full remote control of the network and Notification of all alarms can be mentioned as extra benefits.

This system will be a thinking point to all other development of streets and roads lighting systems in the country. This technology can apply for Traffic light systems, Security purpose and vehicle condensation purposes. This design can save a great amount of electricity compared to streetlamps that keep a light during nights.

Furthermore, this system has auto-alarm function which will set off if any light is damaged and will indicate the damaged light, thus it is easy to be found and repaired the damaged light.

Automatic street lighting helps the country in a positive way and will support nighttime activities. The quality of visual information is critical for traffic safety, pedestrian safety and security. Lighting should be designed not only for vehicle traffic on the roadways, but also for pedestrians on sidewalks and pedestrian paths. The system can be widely applied in all places which need timely control such as streets, stations, mining, schools, and electricity sectors, etc. In summary, by using this technology it can be saved surplus amount of energy.

5. Conclusion

Basically, street lighting is one of the important parts of a city’s infrastructure where the main function is to illuminate the city’s streets during dark hours of the day. Providing street lighting is one of the most important and expensive responsibilities of a city.





Lighting can account for 10–38% of the total energy bill in typical cities worldwide. Inefficient lighting wastes significant financial resources every year, and poor lighting creates unsafe conditions. Energy efficient technologies and design mechanism can reduce cost of the street lighting drastically. This research aims to reduce the side effects of the current street lighting system, and find a solution to save power. Saving power is very important instead of using the power in unnecessary times. In this project the designing of the hardware circuit and interfacing the 16x2 LCD module is successfully done. The hardware designing and the software both are successfully done.

This research is a cost effective, practical, eco-friendly and the safest way to save energy. It clearly tackles the two problems that world is facing today, saving of energy and also disposal of incandescent lamps, very efficiently. According to statistical data we can save more that 40 % of electrical energy that is now consumed by the highways. Initial cost and maintenance can be the draw backs of this project. With the advances in technology and good resource planning the cost of the project can be cut down and also with the use of good equipment the maintenance can also be reduced in terms of periodic checks. For these reasons our project presents far more advantages which can over shadow the present limitations. Keeping in view the long term benefits and the initial cost would never be a problem as the investment return time is very less.

6. Future Work

Furthermore, as future enhancements, taxi call buttons on lamp posts to signal to the network management center to generate a taxi call to the appropriate location can be implemented. If the system has traffic speed sensors then the information could be used to manage traffic speed via the dimming of the streetlights.

If the average traffic speed is too fast during evening and night hours, this could be used to trigger a slight dimming of the street lights. With the added intelligence in the lamp you can add further features to increase HID lamp life. The project has scope in various other applications like for providing lighting in industries, campuses and parking lots of huge shopping malls. This can also be used for surveillance in corporate campuses and industries.

9. References

[1] Srikanth M, Sudhakar K N "Zigbee Based Remote Control

Automatic Street Light System". IJESC ISSN-2321 -3361 (2014) Web. 2 Feb. 2016.

[2] Archana, M, and R Mahalahshmi. "LED Powered Intelligent Street Lighting System With Automatic Brightness Adjustment Based On Climatic Conditions And Vehicle Movement". International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering Vol. 3.Special Issue 2 (2014) Print. 2 Feb. 2016.

[3] Kumar, R. Santhosh, and Vijaya Rani. "Design And Implementation Of An Automatic Solar Panel Based Led Street Lighting System Using Zigbee And Sensors". Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 1990-9233 (2015): Print. 2 Feb. 2016.

[4] Patil, Sharath G.S, and M Kiran Kumar. "Design and Implementation of Automatic Street Light Control Using Sensors and Solar Panel". Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications Vol. 5.6 (2015): Print. 2 Feb. 2016.

[5] Ranjan Acharya, Mihir, Madhusmita Priyardahni, and S K Sabir. "Smart Power Consumption Street Light That Glows On Detecting Vehicle Moment Utilizing The Solar Power An Energy Saving Approach". IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE) Volume 10.Issue 2 (2015): Print 2 Feb. 2016.

[6] SAAD, MUSTAFA et al. "Automatic Street Light Control System Using Microcontroller". Mathematical Methods and Optimization Techniques in Engi ISBN: 978-960-474-339-1 (2014): Print. 2 Feb. 2016.

[7] Vasu, Thirumala. "Street Lighting System with Fault Detection Using ARM7". International Journal of Emerging Engineering Research and Technology Vol 2.Issue 4 (2014): Print. 2 Feb. 2016.

[8] Saganya. S., Sinduja. R., Somiya. T. And Senthikumar. S.” Street Light Glow On Detecting Vehicle Movement Using Sensors ”, IJAERT, ISSN 2320-6802, ICIRET-2014. 2 Feb. 2016.

[9] Sinhmar. P. " Intelligent traffic light and density control using IR sensors and microcontroller ", IJATER, ISSN NO: 2250-3536 ,vol. 2, march 2012 . 3 Feb. 2016.

[10] Sudhakar. K.S., Anil. A.A. , Ashok. K.C. , Bhaskar. S.S.

“Automatic Street Light Control System”, IJATER, ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008, Vol. 3, 5, May 2013. 2 Feb. 2016



Automatic Density Sense Street Light Control Using Sensors and ...

Documents