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Joyce I. Boye, Ph.D., is a Research Scientist at the Food R & D Centre of Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) located in St Hyacinthe, Quebec. AAFC provides information, research and technology, and policies and programs to achieve security of the food system, health of the environment, and innovation for growth. Dr. Boye leads a comprehensive research study in value-added processing of plant-based foods and food allergies.
Yves Arcand, Ph.D., is a Research Scientist at the Food R & D Centre of Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) located in St Hyacinthe, Quebec. His areas of exper-tise include characterization and treatment of agri-food industrial effl uents, biomet-ric applications, system engineering, optimization of dehydration processes, and simulation and model building, including the design and building of an in vitro upper gastrointestinal tract model for nutritional studies.
Author description
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As we move into the future, decisions on food purchases will increasingly be infl uenced not only by price and quality but by social and environmental factors, such as the sustainability of technologies used for food production and processing and their environmental and health impacts. Growing consumer awareness about the impact of processing and production practices on the environment, the high energy consumption of certain processes, health impacts of some of the technolo-gies used in processing, and a heightened social and industrial consciousness to reduce the carbon-footprint are examples of factors infl uencing food choice. These factors have been made quite evident in the recent “buy-local”, “fair-trade”, and “certifi ed organic” trends. As a result, farmers and food manufacturers will increas-ingly be interested in identifying and using greener economically viable technolo-gies for food production and processing. Some producers are already responding with the use of organic inputs in processing, use of recyclable and good-for-the-environment packaging, establishing just employer-employee relationships, and reducing animal testing in product development.
Green Technologies in Food Production and Processing provides a compre-hensive review of the current status of the agriculture and agri-food sectors in regards to environmental sustainability and material and energy stewardship, and provides strategies that can be used by industries to enhance the use of environ-mentally-friendly technologies for food production and processing. The book fur-ther provides an in-depth look at some emerging analytical techniques for research and development which reduce solvent, chemical, and energy use. In addition, technologies to reduce the generation of process-induced toxins are also reviewed. In the last section of the book, a critical analysis of some of the challenges associ-ated with the use of agricultural resources to grow biofuels and bio-based products are addressed. Furthermore, social factors that infl uence consumer perceptions about some of the current and emerging agri-food technologies, and the need and importance of biodiversity in maintaining sustainable diets of human populations are also discussed in detail.
Book cover description
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A ABB Group (Finland) , 435 Acid proteases , 335–336 Acrylamide
(EcoX) , 77–78 4- a -glucanotransferase. See Amylomaltase Akhtar, H. , 571 Akritidis, C.B. , 438 Alibhai, Z. , 314 Ali, F. , 314 Alpha-lactalbumin nanotubes , 476 Aluminum packaging, recycling of , 464 American Chemical Society , 522 Amon, B. , 155 Amplifi ed fragment length polymorphism
(AFLP) , 483 Amylomaltase , 334 Andersson, K. , 140 Animal production system
Chesbrough, H. , 544 Chirinda, N. , 192 Chlorofl uorocarbons (CFCs) , 527 Cholette, S. , 211, 220, 221 Chouchi, D. , 256 CITIES list. See Convention in Trade in
Endangered Species (CITIES) list Classic bead-based immunoassays , 507
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Clifford, A.A. , 289 “Climate friendly farming,” 612 Coffee , 592–593 Coleman, W. , 27, 30, 32 Coltro, L. , 141 Communication and packaging , 446 Compact fl uorescents lamps (CFLs) , 536 Comparative packaging assessment
(COMPASS) , 453–454 Composting systems and biodegradability ,
456–458 Condo, P.D. , 261 Conduction dryers , 429 Consequential Life Cycle Analysis (CLCA) , 95 Contact-sorption drying , 416, 433 Convective drying, thermal effi ciency of , 426 Convenience. See Utility and packaging
Conventional electrodialysis See also Electrodialysis basic principles , 296–297
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) , 581 Erisman, J.W. , 62 European Chemical Agency , 587 European Commission , 593 European Food Safety Authority
(EFSA) , 593, 594 Eutrophication
life cycle impact assessment, wheat production , 76–77
organic farming , 193–196 water quality, manure nutrient , 95
Exopeptidase , 335 Extensive animal production systems , 91
F Family-scale dryers , 421, 423 Feng, P. , 397 Fet, A. , 126 Fidaleo, M. , 310 Field sun and wind drying , 419–420 Firdaous, L. , 320 Fleissner, U. , 230 Flessa, H. , 192 Flow cytometer , 499–501 Fluidized bed (FB) dryers , 430, 431
668 Index
Food allergy , 495 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
ammonia emission rate , 154 animal products consumption , 88 biodiversity and nutrition , 643 global GDP growth rates , 7–8 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Dairy
Sector , 50 International Scientifi c Symposium on
Biodiversity and Sustainable Diet , 654–655
land area, for agriculture , 609 N losses , 153 Regional Conference for Europe , 654 sustainable diets , 649 typologies, farming systems , 173
Garber, E.A.E. , 511 Garcia-Suarez, T. , 131 Gardner, G. , 84 Gate to gate study. See Cradle to gate study Gattinger, A. , 183, 193 Gauthier, E. , 615 Gelb, J. , 260 Gendron, C. , 23, 36 General public license (GPL) , 545 Genetically modifi ed organisms (GMOs) ,
484, 616 Genetic engineering, in agriculture and food
industry , 483 GHG. See Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) Glass packaging, recycling of , 462–463 Global agri-food system
Global Dairy Agenda for Action , 49–50 Global warming potential (GWP) , 73, 527 Glucose oxidase (GOX) , 333 GMA. See Grocery Manufacturers Association
(GMA) GMOs. See Genetically modifi ed organisms
(GMOs) Goedkoop, M. , 66, 70 Golicic, S. , 211 Goodman, D. , 34 GOX. See Glucose oxidase (GOX) GPL. See General public license (GPL) Grabowski, S. , 413, 433 Grand Rapids (Michigan) , 460 Green chemicals , 123 “Green” drying installation scheme , 414 “Green” food processing technologies
consumers’ acceptance, factors affecting , 615
food technologies and environment , 624–633
progressive “greening” of consumption , 617–624
Green food products , 630–633 Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) , 413 Greening of research and development
administration air conditioners usage, reduction in ,
537 carpooling , 538–539 energy star–labeled equipment , 538 low energy light bulbs, choice of ,
536–537 printer usage, reduction in , 535 recycle ink cartridge and paper ,
management of , 530–533 refi ned understanding of , 533–535
Intensive animal production systems , 92 Internal heat exchangers , 425 International Agency for Research on Cancer
(IARC) , 578, 579 International Dairy Federation (IDF)
environmental impact, milk production , 96
Global Dairy Agenda for Action , 49 International Federation of Organic
Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) , 184
International Network of Food Data Systems (INFOODS) program , 646
International Rice Commission , 653–654 International Scientifi c Symposium on
Biodiversity and Sustainable Diets , 654–655
IP. See Intellectual property (IP) Ippersiel, D. , 295
J Jayaraman, K.S. , 421 Jeanneret, P. , 187 Jeong, H.Y. , 251 Jiang, Y. , 273 Jimenez-Carmona, M.M. , 289 Jog, S. , 230, 232 Johnson, E. , 219 Johnston, K.P. , 261, 262 Joint Food and Agriculture Organization , 587 Jon, C.K. , 434 Josling, T. , 32
672 Index
K Kader, A.A. , 445 Kägi, T. , 137 Kamukondiwa, W. , 156 Kang, Y.J. , 311 Kassama, L. , 363 Katajajuuri, J.M. , 134 Kazarian, S.G. , 252, 259 Kemp, R. , 520 Keoleian, G. , 211 Kerridge, E. , 25 Kiang, C.S. , 434 Kim, J.S. , 510 Kindred, D. , 76 Kjeldahl reaction , 524 Klibanov, A.M. , 261 Koellner, T. , 51 Köhler, G. , 503 Kostaroupoulos, A.E. , 437 Kraglund, A. , 415 Kudra, T. , 413, 428, 434 Kwag, C. , 261
L Labs-on-a-chip (LOC) , 481–482 Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) , 333 Lal, R. , 197 Lamarche, F. , 295 Lampkin, N.H. , 183 Land deposition , 456 Landless systems. See Intensive animal
production systems Lapple diagram , 437 Large-scale solar dryers , 422 L-asparaginase , 588 Latheef, M.B. , 363 LDH. See Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) Lea, E. , 631 Leafy vegetables (Kenya) , 652 Less is better: laboratory chemical
management for waste reduction , 522
Liau, I.S. , 261 Life cycle analysis, green packaging , 449 Life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology
agri-food chain allocation , 48 assumptions , 47 basic concept , 44 business and policy developments ,
48–50 complexities , 47–48 food miles , 49
Global Dairy Agenda for Action , 49–50 impact categories , 47 integrated product policy (IPP) , 43 land use and biodiversity , 50–51 marketing communication tool , 48 methodological choices , 47–48 midpoint and damage categories , 45–46 pig production, denmark , 51–57 Publicly Available Specifi cation
animal production system allocation , 103–104 aquaculture , 98–99 beef production , 96–97 functional unit , 101–102 intensity indicators , 99–100 milk production , 96 pork production , 97–98 poultry production , 98 system boundaries , 102–103 system objectives , 101
crop production calculation procedure , 70 goal and scope defi nition , 67 life cycle impact assessment ( LCIA ) ,
69–70 life cycle inventory (LCI) , 68–69 phases , 67 wheat production case study , 71–79
organic farming vs. conventional farming characteristics and methodological
choices , 198 complexity and data availability ,
203–204 environmental legislation , 202 heterogeneity , 200–201 land use impacts , 200 multifunctionality, agriculture , 199–200 normative assumptions , 202–203 sustainable development , 201 whole farm consideration , 202
processed food applications , 119 bakery and tortilla production , 139–140 beverage, animal food , 141 dairy , 129–131 Earth Summit Rio conference , 116 fruits and vegetables , 128–129 glass and plastic bottles , 115 grain and oilseed , 136–138 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change , 116
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life cycle inventory (LCI) , 118 limitations and perspective , 123–126 meat , 131–134 methodological considerations ,
118–123 nonfood materials , 117 seafood , 134–136 Society of Environmental Toxicology
and Chemistry (SETAC) , 115 sugar and confectionary , 138–139 Unilever industrial group, Knorr
products , 140–141 quantifying tool, green packaging
fats and oils, in propane , 256 lifetimes, palladium catalysts , 257 pinene , 256–257 reaction kinetic control , 257–258 resistances and overall rate of transport ,
255 selectivity , 255–256
Littered packaging materials , 458 Liu, J. , 172 Li, Y. , 137 LOC. See Labs-on-a-chip (LOC) Lovelock, J. , 607 LOX. See Lipoxygenases (LOX) Luminex Corporation , 498 Lutin, F. , 307 Lyndhurst, B. , 625, 628
M Macher, M.B. , 256 MagPlex microspheres , 510, 511 Malkova, K. , 510 Maltais, A. , 495, 519 Malthus, T. , 608 Mani, K.N. , 310, 317 Market orientation strategy , 546 Market pull , 551 Mashoko, L. , 138, 139 Mason, R. , 226 Massidea.org
business success , 545 content creators, users as , 546–547 content structure , 555–557
expected and unexpected fi ndings in innovation , 543–544
idea vs innovation , 543 innovation triangle, three repositories of ,
550–551 innovators, users as , 545–546 mass innovation players role
nutrient fl ow models , 173–174 simplifi ed global N cycle , 172 simulation modeling
GAMEDE, European Union , 165–174 NUANCES-FARMSIM, southern
Africa , 160–165 technical solutions
improved manure handling , 158 limiting N leaching and runoff , 159 N effi ciency by plants , 160 reducing N excretion , 157 soil N emissions reduction , 158–159
NDMA. See N-nitroso-N,N-dimethylamine (NDMA)
Ndunakazi project , 651 Near-critical CO
2 processing. See CO
2
processing Nemecek, T. , 192, 194 Nestle Product Technology Centre , 593 Net primary production , 608 New drying installation
general recommendations , 428–429 modern methods , 433 new energy-effi cient dryers, selection of ,
429–432 superheated steam drying , 432–433
New energy-effi cient dryers, selection of , 429–432
New product development (NPD) process , 541 Ngadi, M.O. , 363 Nguyen, T.L.T. , 43, 52, 133 Nilsson, K. , 134 Niro A/S (Denmark) , 433 NISs. See National Innovation Systems (NISs) Nitrogen-phosphorus detector (NPD) , 574 Nitrosamines
techniques (SPME) Spouted bed fl uidized bed dryer , 430 Spray-drying , 489 Spriensma, R. , 66, 70 SSD systems. See Superheated steam drying
(SSD) systems Stadler, R.H. , 584 Stadlmayr, B. , 643 Starch-based plastics , 457 Steam-heated spray-dryer, thermal effi ciency
of , 428 Steel packaging, recycling of , 463–464 Steinfeld, H. , 133, 155 Stojanovic, M. , 591 Stolze, M. , 183, 191, 205 Strumillo, C. , 434 Subcritical water extraction
vs. hydrodistillation , 289 industrial applications , 289–290 instrumentation , 287 principles , 285–289 schematic diagram , 288 vs. Soxhlet extraction , 289 vs. steam distillation , 289–290 water phase temperature–pressure
challenges, food production , 216–217 supply chain
concept of , 212–213 intermodal transport , 214 packaging decisions , 215–216 schematic diagram , 212 transport modes, packaged products ,
213–214 vehicle utilization and backhaul , 215 warehousing , 215
T-RFLP. See Terminal-restrictive fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP)
Triple Helix model , 549, 557–558 Twede, D. , 217
U United Nations Environment Program , 619 United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change Summit , 618 United States Department of Agriculture
(USDA) , 224 U.S. Department of Agriculture , 446 US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) ,
446, 593 US National Academy of Sciences , 574 Utility and packaging , 446–447
V Van der Hoek, K.W. , 153, 170 Van Hauwermeiren, A. , 220 Vasapollo, G. , 281 Vass, M. , 585 Vayssières, J. , 151, 167, 168 Vega-Mercado, H. , 413 Venkat, K. , 211, 220, 226 Vera, E. , 311, 312 Vergé, X.P.C. , 83 Vibrated fl uidized bed (VFB) dryer , 430 Vignali, D.A.A. , 501
Vitamin A supplementation , 651 Vold, M. , 135
W 5WA4 format , 556–557, 563–565 Wagner, J.R. , 313 Wagner, L. , 541 Wakeland, W. , 211, 226 Wakeman, R.J. , 437 Wallen, S.L. , 252, 253 Wal-Mart , 451 Wal-Mart packaging scorecard , 453 Wang, J. , 512 Wang, L. , 137 Wang, W. , 261 Waste management hierarchy , 521 Waste-to-energy (WtE) plant , 456 Wastewater regeneration , 316–318 Weber, C.L. , 211, 212 Weidema, B.P. , 46, 48 Westeco Drying Inc , 421 West Growers and Packers , 424 West, P. , 65 Wet feed preparation, before drying
osmotic pretreatment/dehydration , 417–419
preheating of wet feed , 417 thickening, preconcentration, and