Australia fighting against the tide to create a ... · 1 Australia fighting against the tide to create a sustainable built environment. Speakers: Russell, A1 1 Dynamic Composite Technologies

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Australia fighting against the tide to create a sustainable built

environment.

Speakers:

Russell, A1

1 Dynamic Composite Technologies & Proctor Group Australia, Sydney, Australia

Abstract: Blessed with ample renewable resources, Australia’s urban population is centred in large coastal cities located in temperate and sub-tropical climates. One could be forgiven for thinking Australia would be leading the way in adoption of zero carbon buildings.

Although research shows Australia faces significant environmental and economic impacts from climate change, Australia were awarded in 2013 by the Climate Action Network with the “Colossal Fossil” of the year award, presented to the country that has done most to block progress on climate change.

In spite of the background of climate change scepticism from the current government, it is hoped that the construction industry has sufficient momentum to improve the sustainability of the built environment. Through a combination of drivers, including relatively lightweight regulatory change, market forces and ambitious, foresighted individuals, Australia has successfully completed and continues to design exceptional sustainable buildings. This paper introduces some shining examples of Australian sustainable design.

Keywords, Australia, Sustainable design, Green Star, Case Studies, Passive Solar

Introduction

When I first visited Australia in 1990 I had in my mind the image of a sun blessed country. I

barely noticed the transition from the typically cool Scottish summer to the warm winter of

Sydney’s eastern coastal suburbs. Considering the key climate indicators in table 1, the

temperate climates of the major cities of Perth, Adelaide, Melbourne and Sydney and sub-

tropical Brisbane would be the envy of those designing sustainable buildings elsewhere

around the globe. 63% of Australia’s 23million population live in these 5 urban coastal

centres. (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2013)

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Table 1 Climate indicators for the capital cities in Australia (Bell, 2005)

Many recent arrivals from Europe express dismay regarding poor levels of energy efficiency

in Australia’s residential and commercial building stock. Typical comments in the winter,

when temperatures may dip below just 10°C overnight are that they have never felt so cold,

now forced to live in overpriced, uninsulated and draughty homes.

Energy source and consumption

Despite rich gas deposits and natural renewable resources, in 2011-12 coal remained the

largest source of electricity generation at 69%. Natural gas accounted for 20% per cent and

renewables at 11% dominated by hydro. (BREE, 2013) Of fossil fuel resources, much of

which is shipped overseas, Australia is left burning higher moisture content and polluting

brown coal, paying increasingly high prices for electricity.

A report from Deloitte Access Economics (Deloitte, 2014) found that, “Electricity prices in

the state of New South Wales (NSW) have doubled since 2007-08. The average household

electricity bill in 2013-14 is AUD2073, compared to just AUD1013 in 2007-08. Network

costs have accounted for more than half (AUD580) of this increase, despite demand for

energy declining in recent years.”

In Germany with a much higher proportion of electricity generation from renewables,

customers object to an average annual household bill equivalent to AUD1060. (Wright, 2012)

However despite paying very similar rates, Australian average household bills are almost

twice those in Germany demonstrating that electricity usage, rather than pricing accounts for

such high bills. Even when taking into account that German households burns on average 35

per cent more gas than those in Australia’s southern temperate state of Victoria, it is clear that

Australian households are consuming comparatively more energy in our their homes. Given

the significantly lower combines heating and cooling degree days, this is surprising.

The Policy Response

In 2013 Australia were awarded by the Climate Action Network with the Colossal Fossil of

the year award, presented to the country that has done the most to block progress on climate

State / Territory Capital Latitude VSN* HDD18* CDD18*

South Australia Adelaide 34.9°S 11.8 1,007 584

Queensland Brisbane 27.5°S 11.0 232 1,228

Australian Capital

Territory Canberra 35.3°S 12.0 2,160 241

Northern Territory Darwin 12.4°S 10.4 - 3,450

Tasmania Hobart 42.9°S 10.5 2,062 37

Victoria Melbourne 37.8°S 9.9 1,423 244

Western Australia Perth 31.9°S 11.6 665 811

New South Wales Sydney 33.5°S 11.1 743 556

VSN represents the average annual solar irradiation, MJ/m²day

HDD18 Heating Degree Days per year with a base temperature of 18°C

CDD18 represents the Cooling Degree Days per year with a base temperature of 18°C

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change. Australia has one of the world's largest ecological footprints at 25 tonnes CO2-e per

person (DCCEE, 2012) of which half is due to greenhouse gas emissions.

Back in October 2009, Australia’s current Prime Minister Tony Abbott let slip his sceptical

leaning views on climate change. “The argument [on climate change] is absolute crap...

however, the politics of this are tough for us. 80 per cent of people believe climate change is a

real and present danger." (Rintoul, 2009)

Since the election of the current government in September 2013, Australia has seen

significant winding back of environmental policy. Alexander White wrote in the Guardian

newspaper that “this negligence is reckless and endangers our air, water, soil now and for

future generations.” (White, 2014)

In just one year the Abbott government has repealed the carbon price legislation replacing this

with a policy of “direct action,” the main constituent being an Emissions Reduction Fund,

based on a tender process, to fund future projects that reduce carbon emissions. Rather than

penalising polluters, the policy would now appear to reward the worst polluters best placed to

make changes.

The long established policy committing to a 20% renewable energy target is up for review

and in danger of being wound back or scrapped to the benefit of fossil fuel energy providers.

Within weeks of coming to power the government announced that the Climate Commission,

created to provide independent and accurate information about global warming, was to be

abolished. Other agencies facing a similar threat are the Clean Energy Finance Corporation

and the Renewable Energy Agency which finances research and development in renewable

energy projects. AUD10 billion worth of fossil fuel subsidies such a deductions on diesel for

those in the mining sector have however been maintained.

With respect to Australia’s natural resources, the expansion of a coal terminal near the Great

Barrier Reef has been approved, an attempt was made to delist 74,000 hectares of Tasmania’s

forest from its UN World Heritage status, and the status of Marine National Reserves is also

being reviewed. (White, 2014)

No changes are anticipated from the current government with regards to legislation

encouraging or incentivising stronger energy efficient requirements for new buildings or for

upgrading existing buildings.

In the construction industry, at one end of the spectrum are those who view the relatively

benign climate as an excuse to dismiss energy efficiency as a waste of time and money.

Others remain disinterested, doing the bare minimum required. At the other end of the

spectrum there are fortunately individuals and companies that see a marvellous opportunity to

design and add to Australia’s stock of highly sustainable buildings.

Despite this background of climate change scepticism in the current conservative government,

the construction industry has made steps in recent years to improve the sustainability of new

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additions to the built environment. Through a combination of drivers including relatively

lightweight regulatory change, market forces and ambitious and foresighted individuals,

Australia has constructed and continues to design exceptional sustainable buildings.

As of September 2014, Australia now has 103 Green Star 6 Star (World Leader) certified

projects and 344 Green Star 5 Star (Australian Excellence) certified projects. (GBCA, 2014)

This paper introduces some of the most notable sustainable building completed in Australia

over the past decade.

University of Wollongong Sustainable Buildings Research Centre (SBRC), Wollongong,

NSW

As well as being the first 6 star green star building in the Wollongong region the SBRC is

Australia’s first Living Buildings Challenge candidate.

The SBRC aims to promote sustainability in the built environment through the performance

of the building itself, and via partnerships with industry, becoming a test bed for sustainable

building, retrofitting technologies and addressing skills gaps in technical training. (Jeffery,

2013)

Figure 1 University of Wollongong Sustainable Buildings Research Centre (SBRC, n.d.)

The building fabric is, by Australian standards, a well-insulated air tight envelope

incorporating thermal mass, orientated for carefully controlled solar access. The indoor

environment is designed to operate in natural ventilation mode for up to 70% of occupied

hours, with building management systems (BMS) operating opposing high and low level

openings for cross ventilation to provide occupant comfort in the band of 18-27°C.

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Building services include vertical bore and horizontal pit ground source loops, ground source

heat pumps, an air cooled chiller, a ground level air handling unit (AHU) and level 1

displacement AHU connected to a rooftop photovoltaic thermal experiment, hydronic floor

heating with user controlled floor vents and a solar wall that can be used for experimental

purposes. (Jeffery, 2013)

The building has an interior green wall with removable pods. Part of the roof top has been

designed for research purposes with the inclusion of green roof testing beds that allow for

black-water quality testing. The landscaping includes native agriculture and permaculture

gardens.

The SBRC will be net exporter of water making use of 65,000l rainwater collection tanks,

detention basins and a black-water treatment system.

The SBRC site typifies the opportunity to achieve great things with the Australian built

environment. The site has over 200 days of sunshine, average annual rainfall of 1,082mm, an

annual mean monthly temperatures between just 14°C and 21°C, and prevailing coastal winds

lending the site to natural ventilation. The building has been designed with this in mind and

air conditioning is expected only be required at peak times.

The projected energy consumption is just 60 kWh/m² which will be provided by solar power

with an array of approximately 130kWp. The excess is shared with a neighbouring University

building.

1 Bligh Street Sydney

Winner of several awards including the Australian Institute of Architects Milo Dunphy Award

for Sustainable Architecture in 2012, the principle architects, Architectus, in association with

German architects Ingenhoven, created a highly sustainable office tower. The building has

achieved 6 Star Green Star Office Design V2 certified rating from the Green Building Council

of Australia. (Architectus, 2014)

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Figure 2 Number 1 Bligh Street from above (Architectus, 2014)

In prime location in Sydney’s central business district, aiming to attract high value tenancies,

a full glass facade was the only option to capitalise on the Sydney Harbour views. The double

skin facade system is a first for an Australian high rise office building and includes an inner

skin of performance glass, automated blinds, and an outer skin of clear glass separated by an

accessible naturally ventilated cavity. (DEXUS, 2014)

The 135m full-height glass atrium is also naturally ventilated. Other sustainable features

include onsite black-water recycling, rainwater recycling, tri-generation, and solar thermal

collection to reduce peak and annual energy consumption. Materials used included FSC

certified timber and 40% recycled concrete. 90% of the steel also has a 50% recycled content.

Figure 3 Naturally ventilated atrium, 1 Bligh Street (Architectus, 2014)

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Air conditioning is provided by a hybrid combination of variable air volume (VAV) with

chilled beams for maximum comfort and reduced energy consumption. A 9.7m high green

vertical garden, which at the time was Australia largest green wall, is not only a decorative

backdrop but was designed to reduce reflective light and heat.

Pixel Building

Completed in 2010, the Pixel building was Australia first carbon neutral building. The

building scored a perfect 100 Green Star points with an addition 5 points for innovation, thus

receiving a Green Star 6 Star Office Design V3 rating, LEED Platinum 110% and BREEAM

outstanding rating with a score of 99.4%. When factoring in a 50-year life cycle, Pixel will

deliver a net carbon benefit to the environment, exceeding the original brief to be carbon zero.

(Sustainability Victoria, 2012)

Figure 4 Pixel Building (Studio505, 2014)

Generating all its own power and water on site, Pixel was designed as a prototype for

commercial buildings that will emerge when a carbon constrained environment demands

greater focus on energy efficiency. The Director and Principal Sustainability Consultant at

ESD and building services engineer for the project Umow Lai said, "The aim of the project

was clear from the start. Our objectives were to provide an example of the sustainable office

of the future and to set a benchmark that exceeds all current-day sustainable office

developments." (GBCA, 2013)

Cooling and heating is provided by an onsite gas-fired ammonia absorption heat pump/chiller,

with an air-cooled condenser. Other demands for power are met by an extensive photovoltaic

array mounted on a tracking device on the roof to improve output by 40 per cent, and highly

efficient 1kW wind turbines.

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Figure 5 Cooling Strategy, PIXEL Building (Sustainability Victoria, 2012)

Figure 6 Heating Strategy, PIXEL Building (Sustainability Victoria, 2012)

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Slab cooling, underfloor air distribution with individual occupant control and 100 per cent

outside air provided at rates far in excess of the Australian code requirements, contribute to

high indoor environment quality.

Other features include highly efficient lighting with daylight control, 100% self-sufficiency in

water and a façade designed for disassembly. (GBCA, 2013)

University of Queensland Global Change Institute (GCI) building

Officially opened in 2013, another Living Buildings Challenge version 2.0 candidate is

located in sub-tropical Brisbane. Designed by Hassell Architects to work with the natural

environment and operate as a zero-energy and carbon neutral workplace, the building is

targeting 6 Star Green Star (Education Design) and 6 Star Green Star (Education As Built)

ratings.

Figure 7 University of Queensland Global Change Institute (GCI) building facade (Getting to Sustainability, 2012)

The aim is for the building to be naturally ventilated for 88% of the year. Outside air is drawn

through a basement labyrinth of thermal mass prior to being dehumidified and delivered from

the upper floor. The building generates and stores sufficient solar power for all its own needs

with some left over to go back into the national grid. An Australian first, the GCI Building

makes use of a low carbon geopolymer precast structural concrete made with waste from iron

production and coal fired power generation. The floor panels are exposed and kept cool with

hydronic coils. (Fedele, A, 2013)

Perforated operable exterior screens for managing solar heat gain track the sun to protect the

glass louvres used for natural ventilation. Air flows across the occupied zones to the central

atrium that can discharge warm air up and out through a thermal chimney.

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The atrium which features a green wall for bio-filtration and re-oxygenation of return air has a

triple skin operable translucent ETFE roof featuring pneumatically inflated pillows to reduce

solar loads into the atrium space. (Hassell, 2013)

Other features include an Australian “bush tucker” garden, bio-retention basin and 60,000

litres of rainwater storage.

The building will function as a live research site piloting new and innovative sustainable

building solutions with the aim of improving the operation of buildings specifically located in

sub-tropical regions.

20 Martin Place, Sydney

In the heart of Sydney, a major refurbishment of 20 Martin Place is currently underway.

Primarily through the upgrade of plant services and increased façade performance the goal is

to increase its current poor National Australian Built Environment Rating System (NABERS )

1 Star rating to a 5 Star NABERS and 5 Star Green Star as built rating.

Figure 8 Number 20 Martin Place (Crone Partners, 2014)

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The existing 1960’s structure will be retained but re-skinned with a high-performance glass

façade designed to illuminate the property with changing colours reflecting the sun’s

movement. (Chua, 2013)

Darling Quarter, Sydney

Winner of a long list of Australian and international awards, Darling Quarter, completed in

2011 achieved GBCA 6 Star Green Star (Office), 6 Star Green Star (Office As Built v3), and

5 Star Green Star (Office Design Interiors v1.1) ratings. Compared with typical existing office

buildings in Australia, Darling Quarter offers a 72% reduction in carbon emissions and a 92%

reduction in potable water consumption. Media walls at the entrance display not only data on

energy and water use but also the sale of reusable verses disposable coffee cups to encourage

occupants to take an active part in reducing their carbon footprint. (Lend Lease, 2014)

Figure 9 Darling Quarter (Lend Lease, 2011)

The building envelope is designed to balance the priorities of daylight penetration, the views,

thermal comfort, glare and control of solar gain. The gently curving West Façade has

adjustable timber louvres on the inside of the glazing that adjust in relation to the sun’s

position to manage heat and glare. The louvres sit between irregularly spaced natural timber

mullions providing a soft and more natural look from the interior and exterior.

Electricity is generated on site from natural gas turbines to provide electricity, heating and

passive chilled beam cooling. Darling Quarter features an atrium to maximise daylight

penetration, a green roof, rainwater recycling with filtration and UV treatment and a black-

water treatment system.

Locate in a very public thoroughfare from the city to a waterfront tourist and entertainment

precinct, Darling Quarter address social sustainability featuring a children’s theatre,

playground, retail, restaurants and green public domain.

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Blackmores Campus, Warriewood, Sydney

The owner occupied office building designed by WMK Architecture won the Australian

Institute of Architects, Sustainable Architecture Award NSW in 2010.

The building was designed to exceed NABERS 5 star rating by 40%, not to require air

conditioning for 55% of the year, 70% free of both mains electricity and mains water with

66% less carbon emissions than similar conventional buildings. Gas fired tri-generation is

used to supply electricity, hot water and cooling. (WMK, n.d.)

Figure 10 Blackmores Campus (WMK, n.d.)

Fresh air and natural cross flow ventilation are provided by automated temperature-sensitive

windows. The North façade incorporates heat stacks with reverse performance glass heat

banks. Shading is provided by horizontal blades and deciduous vine planting.

The fresh air intake is pre-cooled using ponds for natural evaporative cooling and is drawn

through an underground labyrinth and distributed sub floor to individual floor mounted air

outlets. 100% fresh air is achievable for the majority of the year. Office floor dimensions have

a narrow design to maximise natural daylight and natural ventilation.

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Figure 11 Blackmores Campus (WMK, n.d.)

Both black-water and grey-water recycling are used, rainwater being harvested and ozone

treated to potable standard. If approved for future sewer mining, this could make the building

95% independent of mains water. Wetlands collect and clean storm water run-off and a

natural creek system has been reinstated.

Where possible recyclable natural materials have been used in their raw state along with

renewable plantation hardwood. Low VOC paints were also used.

As owner occupiers, natural health products supplier Blackmores, were able to take a long

term view of the savings they expect to make over the life of building, allowing them to

demonstrate their strong commitment to sustainability. (Barnett, n.d.)

Tyree Energy Technologies Building (TETB), University of New South Wales, Sydney

The TETB has received a 6 Star Green Star Design rating, awarded by the GBCA.

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Figure 12 Tyree Energy Technologies Building (UNSW, n.d.)

1,100 m² of roof-mounted photovoltaic arrays at different tilt angles provide a total capacity

of 150 kWp, which is exported to the university’s high voltage network.

A northern and a southern thermal labyrinth of concrete tunnels approximately 90m in length,

1.2m wide and 3m high provide underground passive heating and cooling systems. Vertical

windows running the length of the building can be opened through the BMS to allow the

building core to be purged overnight when the outside and internal building conditions make

this suitable. (Brookfield Johnson Controls, 2013)

The Illawara Flame House

Australia’s first entry into a Solar Decathlon, Team UOW from the University of Wollongong

and TAFE Illawara, convincingly won the Solar Decathlon 2013 competition co-hosted in

China by the US Department of Energy and the National Energy Administration of China.

With 957.6 out of a possible 1000 points, the Australian team also took first place in

engineering, architecture and solar application.

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Figure 13 The Illawarra Flame & team in China (Team UOW, 2014)

In a first for the Solar Decathlon competition, the team chose a renovation project to

demonstrate the upgrade of a basic 'fibro' home, into a sustainable net-zero energy home.

Fibro (short for fibre/asbestos cement sheet) homes were built in great numbers during the

post-war period, at low cost, using a minimum of materials and timber frame construction.

This project aimed to demonstrate the potential to achieve significant economic and

environmental gains from upgrading the domestic built environment.

The Living Building Challenge criteria was used as a guide for material selection. The

building envelope was given considerable attention, upgrading insulation levels to R5.0 in all

areas, increased air tightness and windows being upgraded to high performance double-

glazing.(Team UOW, 2014)

When natural ventilation can’t be employed, heating and cooling that balances the diurnal

thermal loads is provided by a photovoltaic thermal (PVT) system coupled with a Phase

Change Material (PCM) thermal store. Power is supplied by a 9.4KW Photovoltaic system

comprising a thin-film CIGS array and poly-crystalline PV array. The PVT system also

removes hot air from underneath the CIGS solar panels, increasing the electrical efficiency of

the panels and also providing space heating in winter and night-sky radiant cooling in

summer. A thermal mass wall was constructed from 90% recycled content, including the

original terracotta roof tiles. (Team UOW, 2014)

Conclusion

These buildings show a broad cross section of what is possible. The designs are far in excess

of what is required by local regulation and have been driven by a desire to create landmark

sustainable buildings.

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The design of many of these buildings contain features of passive solar design which has a

strong history and level of acceptance in Australia. With a full range of climate zones in

Australia, recognition of the macro and micro climate us playing a strong part in the effective

operation of these buildings.

I liken these leading sustainable projects to seed-bombing. This is the practice of activists

throwing tightly bound balls of soil, fertilizer and seed into empty blocks and desolate

industrial land to improve the local environment. It is my hope that everyone, across the

construction and regulatory sector, can experience what is achievable on our own doorstep,

and be motivated to come closer, to match, or even exceed these high standards and provide

Australia with the sustainable built environment that it deserves and is very much within

reach.

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