Australia Copyright Act of 1968

7/27/2019 Australia Copyright Act of 1968

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Copyright Act 1968

Act No. 63 of 1968 as amended

This compilation was prepared on 1 June 2011

taking into account amendments up to Act No. 39 of 2011

The text of any of those amendments not in forceon that date is appended in the Notes section

The operation of amendments that have been incorporated may beaffected by application provisions that are set out in the Notes section

Prepared by the Office of Legislative Drafting and Publishing,Attorney-Generals Department, Canberra


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Copyright Act 1968 iii

Contents

Part IPreliminary 11 Short title [see Note 1] ..................... ...................... ..................... ....... 12 Commencement [see Note 1]............................................................. 14 Extension to external Territories .................... ..................... .............. 15 Exclusion of Imperial Copyright Act, 1911 ...................... ................. 16 Repeal of Copyright Acts .................... ...................... ...................... .. 17 Act to bind the Crown ..................... ...................... ..................... ....... 28 Copyright not to subsist except by virtue of this Act ...................... ... 28A Prerogative rights of the Crown in the nature of copyright ................ 29 Operation of other laws ................... ...................... ...................... ...... 29A Application of the Criminal Code ..................................................... 3

Part IIInterpretation 410 Interpretation ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... 410AA Non-infringing copy of a sound recording ..................... .................. 2410AB Non-infringing copy of a computer program .................... ............... 2510AC Non-infringing copy of an electronic literary or music item ............ 2610AD Accessories to imported articles ..................... ..................... ............ 2610A Declarations and notices relating to certain bodies and

institutions ....................................................................................... 2711 Residence in a country not affected by temporary absence ............. 2812 References to Parliament ..................... ...................... ..................... . 2813 Acts comprised in copyright .................... ...................... .................. 2814 Acts done in relation to substantial part of work or other

subject-matter deemed to be done in relation to the whole .............. 2815 References to acts done with licence of owner of copyright ............ 2916 References to partial assignment of copyright ...................... ........... 2917 Statutory employment ..................... ...................... ..................... ..... 2918 Libraries established or conducted for profit .................... ............... 2919 References to Copyright Act, 1911............. ..................... ................ 2920 Names under which work is published ...................... ..................... . 3021 Reproduction and copying of works and other subject-matter ......... 3022 Provisions relating to the making of a work or other

subject-matter .................................................................................. 3123 Sound recordings and records ..................... ...................... ............... 3424 References to sounds and visual images embodied in an

article ............................................................................................... 3425 Provisions relating to broadcasting ..................... ..................... ........ 3427 Performance................... ...................... ...................... ..................... . 3528 Performance and communication of works or other

subject-matter in the course of educational instruction ................... . 3629 Publication ..................... ...................... ..................... ...................... . 38


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iv Copyright Act 1968

30 Ownership of copyright for particular purposes ................... ........... 4030A Commercial rental arrangement ..................... ..................... ............ 40

Part IIICopyright in original literary, dramatic, musical andartistic works 42

Division 1Nature, duration and ownership of copyright in

works 4231 Nature of copyright in original works .................... ..................... ..... 4232 Original works in which copyright subsists ...................... ............... 4433 Duration of copyright in original works .................... ..................... . 4434 Duration of copyright in anonymous and pseudonymous

works ............................................................................................... 4535 Ownership of copyright in original works ..................... .................. 45

Division 2Infringement of copyright in works 4836 Infringement by doing acts comprised in the copyright ................... 4837 Infringement by importation for sale or hire ..................... ............... 4838 Infringement by sale and other dealings .................... ..................... . 4939 Infringement by permitting place of public entertainment to

be used for performance of work .................... ..................... ............ 5039A Infringing copies made on machines installed in libraries and

archives............................................................................................ 5039B Communication by use of certain facilities ...................... ............... 51

Division 3Acts not constituting infringements of copyright in

works 5240 Fair dealing for purpose of research or study ................... ............... 5241 Fair dealing for purpose of criticism or review................. ............... 5441A Fair dealing for purpose of parody or satire ...................... ............... 5442 Fair dealing for purpose of reporting news .................... .................. 5443 Reproduction for purpose of judicial proceedings or

professional advice ................... ...................... ...................... ........... 5543A Temporary reproductions made in the course of

communication ................................................................................ 5543B Temporary reproductions of works as part of a technical

process of use .................................. ...................... ...................... .... 5543C Reproducing works in books, newspapers and periodical

publications in different form for private use ................................. . 5644 Inclusion of works in collections for use by places of

education ......................................................................................... 5844A Importation etc. of books ..................... ...................... ..................... . 5844B Reproduction of writing on approved label for containers for

chemical product ............................................................................. 6144BA Acts done in relation to certain medicine ...................... .................. 6244C Copyright subsisting in accessories etc. to imported articles ........... 63


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Copyright Act 1968 v

44D Import of non-infringing copy of sound recording does notinfringe copyright in works recorded ..................... ..................... ..... 63

44E Importation and sale etc. of copies of computer programs .............. 6444F Importation and sale etc. of copies of electronic literary or

music items ...................................................................................... 64Division 4Acts not constituting infringements of copyright in

literary, dramatic and musical works 6645 Reading or recitation in public or for a broadcast ..................... ....... 6646 Performance at premises where persons reside or sleep .................. 6647 Reproduction for purpose of broadcasting ..................... .................. 6647AA Reproduction for the purpose of simulcasting ...................... ........... 6847A Sound broadcasts by holders of print disability radio licences ........ 68

Division 4AActs not constituting infringements of copyright in

computer programs 7247AB Meaning ofcomputer program........................................................ 7247B Reproduction for normal use or study of computer programs ......... 7247C Back-up copy of computer programs ..................... ..................... ..... 7347D Reproducing computer programs to make interoperable

products ...................... ..................... ...................... ...................... .... 7447E Reproducing computer programs to correct errors ...................... .... 7547F Reproducing computer programs for security testing ..................... . 7647G Unauthorised use of copies or information .................... .................. 7747H Agreements excluding operation of certain provisions ................... . 77

Division 4BActs not constituting infringements of copyright in

artistic works 7847J Reproducing photograph in different format for private use ........... 78

Division 5Copying of works in libraries or archives 8048 Interpretation ..................... ...................... ..................... ................... 8048A Copying by Parliamentary libraries for members of

Parliament ........................................................................................ 8049 Reproducing and communicating works by libraries and

archives for users ...................... ...................... ..................... ............ 8050 Reproducing and communicating works by libraries or

archives for other libraries or archives ............................................ 8551 Reproducing and communicating unpublished works in

libraries or archives ......................................................................... 9051AA Reproducing and communicating works in care of National

Archives of Australia .................... ...................... ...................... ....... 9151A Reproducing and communicating works for preservation andother purposes.................................................................................. 9251B Making preservation copies of significant works in key

cultural institutions collections ...................... ..................... ............ 94


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vi Copyright Act 1968

52 Publication of unpublished works kept in libraries orarchives............................................................................................ 96

53 Application of Division to illustrations accompanying

articles and other works ................... ...................... ...................... .... 97Division 6Recording of musical works 98

54 Interpretation ..................... ...................... ..................... ................... 9855 Conditions upon which manufacturer may make records of

musical work ................................................................................... 9957 Provisions relating to royalty where 2 or more works are on

the one record ................................................................................ 10159 Conditions upon which manufacturer may include part of a

literary or dramatic work in a record of a musical work ................ 10160 Records made partly for retail sale and partly for gratuitous

disposal .......................................................................................... 10361 Making inquiries in relation to previous records ...................... ..... 10464 Sections 55 and 59 to be disregarded in determining whether

an infringement has been committed by the importation ofrecords ........................................................................................... 105

Division 7Acts not constituting infringements of copyright in

artistic works 10665 Sculptures and certain other works in public places .................... .. 10666 Buildings and models of buildings ..................... ..................... ...... 10667 Incidental filming or televising of artistic works ...................... ..... 10668 Publication of artistic works .................... ...................... ................ 10670 Reproduction for purpose of including work in television

broadcast ..................... ..................... ...................... ...................... .. 10772 Reproduction of part of work in later work ...................... ............. 10873 Reconstruction of buildings ..................... ...................... ................ 108

Division 8Designs 109

74 Corresponding design ...................... ...................... ..................... ... 10975 Copyright protection where corresponding design registered ........ 10976 False registration of industrial designs under theDesigns Act

2003............................................................................................... 10977 Application of artistic works as industrial designs without

registration of the designs .................... ...................... .................... 11077A Certain reproductions of an artistic work do not infringe

copyright ........................................................................................ 112Division 9Works of joint authorship 114

78 References to all of joint authors .................... ..................... .......... 11479 References to any one or more of joint authors .................... ......... 11480 References to whichever of joint authors died last ...................... .. 11481 Works of joint authorship published under pseudonyms ............... 11482 Copyright to subsist in joint works without regard to any

author who is an unqualified person .............................................. 115


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Copyright Act 1968 vii

83 Inclusion of joint works in collections for use in places ofeducation ....................................................................................... 115

Part IVCopyright in subject-matter other than works 116Division 1Preliminary 116

84 Definitions ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... 116Division 2Nature of copyright in subject-matter other than

works 11885 Nature of copyright in sound recordings ................... .................... 11886 Nature of copyright in cinematograph films ..................... ............. 11887 Nature of copyright in television broadcasts and sound

broadcasts ...................... ...................... ...................... .................... 11988 Nature of copyright in published editions of works ..................... .. 119

Division 3Subject-matter, other than works, in which

copyright subsists 12089 Sound recordings in which copyright subsists ...................... ......... 12090 Cinematograph films in which copyright subsists .................... ..... 12091 Television broadcasts and sound broadcasts in which

copyright subsists .......................................................................... 12092 Published editions of works in which copyright subsists ............... 121

Division 4Duration of copyright in subject-matter other than

works 12293 Duration of copyright in sound recordings .................... ................ 12294 Duration of copyright in cinematograph films ...................... ......... 12295 Duration of copyright in television broadcasts and sound

broadcasts ...................... ...................... ...................... .................... 12296 Duration of copyright in published editions of works ................... 123

Division 5Ownership of copyright in subject-matter other

than works 124Subdivision AOwnership of copyright in subject-matter other

than works 12497 Ownership of copyright in sound recordings .................... ............. 12498 Ownership of copyright in cinematograph films ...................... ..... 12499 Ownership of copyright in television broadcasts and sound

broadcasts ...................... ...................... ...................... .................... 125100 Ownership of copyright in published editions of works ................ 126

Subdivision BSpecific provisions relating to the ownership of

copyright in pre-commencement sound recordings

of live performances 126100AA Application .................... ...................... ...................... .................... 126100AB Definitions ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... 126100AC Application of sections 100AD and 100AE ...................... ............. 126


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viii Copyright Act 1968

100AD Makers of pre-commencement sound recordings of liveperformances ....................................... ...................... .................... 127

100AE Ownership of pre-commencement copyright in sound

recordings of live performances .................................................... 127100AF Former owners may continue to do any act in relation to the

copyright ........................................................................................ 128100AG Actions by new owners of copyright ..................... ..................... ... 129100AH References to the owner of the copyright in a sound

recording ........................................................................................ 129Division 6Infringement of copyright in subject-matter other

than works 131100A Interpretation ..................... ...................... ..................... ................. 131101 Infringement by doing acts comprised in copyright .................... .. 131102 Infringement by importation for sale or hire ..................... ............. 132103 Infringement by sale and other dealings .................... .................... 132103A Fair dealing for purpose of criticism or review..................... ......... 133103AA Fair dealing for purpose of parody or satire ...................... ............. 133103B Fair dealing for purpose of reporting news .................... ................ 133103C Fair dealing for purpose of research or study ................... ............. 134104 Acts done for purposes of judicial proceeding............... ................ 134104A Acts done by Parliamentary libraries for members of

Parliament ...................................................................................... 135104B Infringing copies made on machines installed in libraries and

archives.......................................................................................... 135105 Copyright in certain recordings not infringed by causing

recordings to be heard in public or broadcast ........................... ..... 135106 Causing sound recording to be heard at guest house or club ......... 136107 Making of a copy of the sound recording for purpose ofbroadcasting................... ...................... ...................... .................... 136108 Copyright in published recording not infringed by public

performance if equitable remuneration paid .................................. 138109 Copyright in published sound recording not infringed by

broadcast in certain circumstances ..................... ..................... ...... 139109A Copying sound recordings for private and domestic use ............... 140110 Provisions relating to cinematograph films ...................... ............. 141110AA Copying cinematograph film in different format for private

use ................................................................................................. 142110A Copying and communicating unpublished sound recordings

and cinematograph films in libraries or archives ........................... 143110B Copying and communicating sound recordings and

cinematograph films for preservation and other purposes ............. 144

110BA Making preservation copies of significant recordings andfilms in key cultural institutions collections ................................. 146

110C Making of a copy of a sound recording or cinematographfilm for the purpose of simulcasting ................................ .............. 148


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Copyright Act 1968 ix

111 Recording broadcasts for replaying at more convenient time ........ 148111A Temporary copy made in the course of communication ................ 149111B Temporary copy of subject-matter as part of a technical

process of use .................................. ...................... ...................... .. 150112 Reproductions of editions of work ..................... ..................... ...... 150112A Importation and sale etc. of books ...................... ..................... ...... 151112AA Making preservation copies of significant published editions

in key cultural institutions collections ....................................... ... 154112B Reproduction of writing on approved label for containers for

chemical product ........................................................................... 155112C Copyright subsisting in accessories etc. to imported articles ......... 155112D Import of non-infringing copy of a sound recording does not

infringe copyright in the sound recording ...................... ................ 156112DA Importation and sale etc. of copies of electronic literary or

music items .................................................................................... 157112E Communication by use of certain facilities ...................... ............. 157

Division 7Miscellaneous 159

113 Copyrights to subsist independently ...................... ..................... ... 159113A Agents may act on behalf of groups of performers ...................... .. 159113B Consent to the use of a sound recording of a live

performance ................... ...................... ...................... .................... 159113C Use of published sound recordings when owners cannot be

found etc. ....................................................................................... 160Part VRemedies and offences 161

Division 1Preliminary 161114 Interpretation ..................... ...................... ..................... ................. 161

Division 2Actions by owner of copyright 162115 Actions for infringement ..................... ...................... .................... 162116 Rights of owner of copyright in respect of infringing copies ........ 164116AAACompensation for acquisition of property ...................... ................ 165

Division 2AALimitation on remedies available against

carriage service providers 167Subdivision APreliminary 167

116AA Purpose of this Division ...................... ...................... .................... 167116AB Definitions ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... 167

Subdivision BRelevant activities 168116AC Category A activity............... ...................... ...................... ............. 168116AD Category B activity ................... ...................... ...................... ......... 168116AE Category C activity ................... ...................... ...................... ......... 168116AF Category D activity............... ...................... ...................... ............. 168

Subdivision CLimitations on remedies 169116AG Limitations on remedies ...................... ...................... .................... 169


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x Copyright Act 1968

Subdivision DConditions 170116AH Conditions ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... 170116AI Evidence of compliance with conditions ................... .................... 174

Subdivision ERegulations 174

116AJ Regulations .................... ...................... ...................... .................... 174Division 2AActions in relation to technological protection

measures and electronic rights management

information 175Subdivision ATechnological protection measures 175

116AK Definitions ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... 175116AL Interaction of this Subdivision with Part VAA ..................... ......... 175116AM Geographical application ..................... ...................... .................... 175116AN Circumventing an access control technological protection

measure.......................................................................................... 175116AO Manufacturing etc. a circumvention device for a

technological protection measure .................................................. 179116AP Providing etc. a circumvention service for a technological

protection measure................ ...................... ...................... ............. 182116AQ Remedies in actions under this Subdivision ..................... ............. 185

Subdivision BElectronic rights management information 186116B Removal or alteration of electronic rights management

information .................................................................................... 186116C Distribution to the public etc. of works whose electronic

rights management information has been removed or altered ....... 186116CA Distribution and importation of electronic rights

management information that has been removed or altered .......... 187116CB Exception relating to national security and law enforcement ........ 188116D Remedies in actions under this Subdivision ..................... ............. 189

Division 3Proceedings where copyright is subject to exclusive

licence 190117 Interpretation ..................... ...................... ..................... ................. 190118 Application .................... ...................... ...................... .................... 190119 Rights of exclusive licensee............. ...................... ...................... .. 190120 Joinder of owner or exclusive licensee as a party ..................... ..... 191121 Defences available against exclusive licensee ...................... ......... 191122 Assessment of damages where exclusive licence granted ............. 191123 Apportionment of profits between owner and exclusive

licensee .......................................................................................... 192124 Separate actions in relation to the same infringement ................... 192125 Liability for costs ...................... ...................... ..................... .......... 193

Division 4Proof of facts in civil actions 194126 Presumptions as to subsistence and ownership of copyright ......... 194


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xii Copyright Act 1968

132APD Manufacturing etc. a circumvention device for atechnological protection measure .................................................. 230

132APE Providing etc. a circumvention service for a technological

protection measure................ ...................... ...................... ............. 234Subdivision FElectronic rights management information 238

132AQ Removing or altering electronic rights managementinformation .................................................................................... 238

132AR Distributing, importing or communicating copies afterremoval or alteration of electronic rights managementinformation .................................................................................... 240

132AS Distributing or importing electronic rights managementinformation .................................................................................... 242

132AT Defences ..................... ..................... ...................... ...................... .. 245Subdivision GEvidence 246

132AU Prosecution to prove profit ...................... ...................... ................ 246132A Presumptions in relation to subsistence and ownership of

copyright ........................................................................................ 246132AAAPresumptions relating to computer programs .................... ............. 247132B Presumptions relating to sound recordings .................... ................ 248132C Presumptions relating to films .................... ...................... ............. 249

Subdivision HExtra court orders 250133 Destruction or delivery up of infringing copies etc. .................... .. 250

Subdivision IProcedure and jurisdiction 251133A Courts in which offences may be prosecuted................. ................ 251133B Infringement notices ..................... ...................... ..................... ...... 251

Division 6Miscellaneous 252134 Limitation of actions in respect of infringement of copyright ....... 252

134A Affidavit evidence .................... ...................... ...................... ......... 252

Division 7Seizure of imported copies of copyright material 254134B Interpretation ..................... ...................... ..................... ................. 254135 Restriction of importation of copies of works etc. .................... ..... 255135AA Decision not to seize unless expenses are covered ...................... .. 257135AB Secure storage of seized copies ...................... ..................... .......... 257135AC Notice of seizure .................... ..................... ...................... ............. 257135AD Inspection, release etc. of seized copies ..................... .................... 259135AE Forfeiture of seized copies by consent ................... ..................... ... 260135AF Compulsory release of seized copies to the importer ..................... 260135AG Provision relating to actions for infringement of copyright ........... 261135AH Retention of control of seized copies ..................... ..................... ... 262135AI Disposal of seized copies ordered to be forfeited ..................... ..... 262135AJ Failure to meet Commonwealths expenses of seizure .................. 262135AK Immunity of the Commonwealth .................... ..................... .......... 263


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Copyright Act 1968 xiii

Part VAAUnauthorised access to encoded broadcasts 264Division 1Preliminary 264

135AL Definitions ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... 264135AM Counterclaim ..................... ...................... ..................... ................. 265135AN This Part does not apply to law enforcement activity etc. ............. 265

Division 2Actions 266Subdivision AActions relating to unauthorised decoders 266

135AOAMaking or dealing with unauthorised decoder ............................. .. 266Subdivision BActions relating to decoders for subscription

broadcasts 267135AOBMaking decoder available online ................................................... 267

Subdivision CActions for unauthorised access to encoded

broadcasts 268135AOCCausing unauthorised access .................... ...................... ................ 268135AODUnauthorised commercial use of subscription broadcast ............... 269

Subdivision DCourt orders 270135AOE Relief ............................................................................................. 270135AOF Destruction of decoder................................................................... 270

Subdivision EJurisdiction and appeals 270135AP Exercise of jurisdiction .................... ...................... ...................... .. 270135AQ Appeals ................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ..... 270135AR Jurisdiction of Federal Court of Australia .................................. ... 271135AS Jurisdiction of Federal Magistrates Court ...................... ................ 271

Division 3Offences 272Subdivision AOffences 272

135ASA Making unauthorised decoder........................................................ 272135ASB Selling or hiring unauthorised decoder .................................... ...... 272135ASC Offering unauthorised decoder for sale or hire ......................... ..... 272135ASD Commercially exhibiting unauthorised decoder in public ............. 273135ASE Importing unauthorised decoder commercially ........................ ..... 274135ASF Distributing unauthorised decoder ...................... ..................... ...... 274135ASG Making unauthorised decoder available online ............................. 275135ASH Making decoder available online for subscription broadcast ......... 275135ASI Unauthorised access to subscription broadcast etc. ..................... .. 276135ASJ Causing unauthorised access to encoded broadcast etc. ................ 277

Subdivision BProsecutions 278135ATA Courts in which offences may be prosecuted......... ...................... .. 278

Subdivision CFurther orders by court 279135AU Destruction etc. of unauthorised decoders ..................... ................ 279


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xiv Copyright Act 1968

Part VACopying and communication of broadcasts by

educational and other institutions 280Division 1Preliminary 280

135A Interpretation ..................... ...................... ..................... ................. 280135B Copies and communications of broadcasts .................... ................ 281135C Extended operation of this Part ................... ...................... ............. 281135D Operation of collecting society rules ..................... ..................... ... 282

Division 2Copying and communication of broadcasts 283135E Copying and communication of broadcasts by educational

institutions etc................................................................................ 283135F Making and communication of preview copies .................... ......... 284135G Remuneration notices ...................... ...................... ..................... ... 286135H Records notices ...................... ..................... ...................... ............. 287135J Sampling notices ...................... ...................... ..................... .......... 288135JAA Determination of questions relating to this Division or the

collecting societys rules ............................................................... 290135JA Agreed notice .................... ...................... ...................... ................ 291135K Marking and record keeping requirements .................... ................ 293135KA Notice requirements in respect of communications ..................... .. 294135L Inspection of records etc. ..................... ...................... .................... 295135M Revocation of remuneration notice ..................... ..................... ...... 296135N Request for payment of equitable remuneration ................... ......... 296

Division 3The collecting society 297135P Declaration of the collecting society ..................... ..................... ... 297135Q Revocation of declaration .................... ...................... .................... 298135R Annual report and accounts ..................... ...................... ................ 299

135S Amendment of rules ..................... ...................... ..................... ...... 299135SA Applying to Tribunal for review of distribution arrangement ........ 300

Division 4Interim copying 301135T Appointment of notice holder ..................... ...................... ............. 301135U Copying before declaration of collecting society...................... ..... 301135V Preview copies ................... ...................... ...................... ................ 302135W Notices by administering bodies ..................... ..................... .......... 302135X Marking and record keeping requirements .................... ................ 303135Y Effect of declaration of collecting society ..................... ................ 303

Division 5Miscellaneous 304135Z Relevant right holder may authorise copying etc. ..................... ..... 304135ZA Copyright not to vest in copier ................... ...................... ............. 304


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Copyright Act 1968 xv

Part VBReproducing and communicating works etc. by

educational and other institutions 305Division 1Preliminary 305

135ZB Interpretation ..................... ...................... ..................... ................. 305135ZC Eligible items and photographic versions ...................... ................ 306135ZE Part does not apply to computer programs .................... ................ 307135ZF Operation of collecting society rules ..................... ..................... ... 307135ZFA Licensed communications .............................. ...................... ......... 307

Division 2Reproduction by educational institutions of works

that are in hardcopy form 308135ZGA Application of Division ................................................................. 308135ZG Multiple reproduction of insubstantial parts of works that are

in hardcopy form ........................................................................... 308135ZH Copying of printed published editions by educational

institutions ..................................................................................... 309135ZJ Multiple reproduction of printed periodical articles by

educational institutions .................... ...................... ...................... .. 309135ZK Multiple reproduction of works published in printed

anthologies .................................................................................... 310135ZL Multiple reproduction of works that are in hardcopy form by

educational institutions .................... ...................... ...................... .. 310135ZM Application of Division to certain illustrations that are in

hardcopy form ............................................................................... 311Division 2AReproduction and communication of works that

are in electronic form 313135ZMAApplication of Division ................................................................. 313135ZMBMultiple reproduction and communication of insubstantial

parts of works that are in electronic form ...................... ................ 313135ZMCMultiple reproduction and communication of periodical

articles that are in electronic form by education institutions....... ... 315135ZMDMultiple reproduction and communication of works that are

in electronic form by educational institutions ................... ............. 315135ZMDAReproduction and communication of works from electronic

anthologies by educational institutions ...................... .................... 316135ZME Application of Division to certain illustrations in electronic

form ............................................................................................... 317Division 3Reproduction and communication of works by

institutions assisting persons with a print disability 319135ZN Copying published editions by institutions assisting persons

with a print disability ..................................................................... 319135ZP Multiple reproduction and communication of works by

institutions assisting persons with a print disability ..................... .. 319


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xvi Copyright Act 1968

135ZQ Making of relevant reproductions and relevantcommunications by institutions assisting persons with a printdisability ........................................................................................ 321

Division 4Reproduction and communication of works etc. by

institutions assisting persons with an intellectual

disability 324135ZR Copying of published editions by institutions assisting

persons with an intellectual disability .................... ..................... ... 324135ZS Copying and communication of eligible items by institutions

assisting persons with an intellectual disability ............................. 324135ZT Making of copies etc. for use in making copies or

communications for a person with an intellectual disability .......... 325Division 5Equitable remuneration 327

135ZU Remuneration notices ...................... ...................... ..................... ... 327135ZV Records notices ...................... ..................... ...................... ............. 327135ZW Sampling notices ...................... ...................... ..................... .......... 328135ZWAADetermination of questions relating to this Part or a

collecting societys rules ............................................................... 329135ZWAElectronic use notices .................................................................... 330135ZX Records notices and sampling notices: marking and

record-keeping requirements ......................................................... 332135ZXA Electronic use notices: notice requirements etc. .......................... .. 333135ZY Inspection of records etc. ..................... ...................... .................... 334135ZZ Revocation of remuneration notice ..................... ..................... ...... 335135ZZA Request for payment of equitable remuneration .......................... .. 335

Division 6Collecting societies 336135ZZB Collecting societies ................... ...................... ...................... ......... 336135ZZC Revocation of declaration .................... ...................... .................... 338135ZZD Annual report and accounts ..................... ...................... ................ 338135ZZE Amendment of rules ..................... ...................... ..................... ...... 339135ZZEAApplying to Tribunal for review of distribution arrangement ...... 339

Division 7Miscellaneous 340135ZZF Rights of copyright owners ...................... ...................... ................ 340135ZZG Copyright not to vest in copier ................ ...................... ................ 340135ZZH Unauthorised use of copies ...................... ...................... ................ 340

Part VCRetransmission of free-to-air broadcasts 342Division 1Preliminary 342

135ZZI Definitions ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... 342

135ZZJ Operation of collecting society rules ..................... ..................... ... 343135ZZJAApplication of Part ........................................................................ 343

Division 2Retransmission of free-to-air broadcasts 344135ZZK Retransmission of free-to-air broadcasts ................... .................... 344


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135ZZL Remuneration notices ...................... ...................... ..................... ... 344135ZZM Amount of equitable remuneration ...................................... .......... 345135ZZN Record system ............................................................................... 345135ZZP Inspection of records etc. ..................... ...................... .................... 346135ZZQ Identity cards ..................... ...................... ..................... ................. 347135ZZR Revocation of remuneration notice ..................... ..................... ...... 347135ZZS Request for payment of equitable remuneration ................... ......... 348

Division 3Collecting societies 349135ZZT Collecting societies ................... ...................... ...................... ......... 349135ZZU Revocation of declaration .................... ...................... .................... 351135ZZV Annual report and accounts ..................... ...................... ................ 351135ZZW Amendment of rules ................. ...................... ...................... ......... 352135ZZWAApplying to Tribunal for review of distribution

arrangement ................................................................................... 352Division 4Interim retransmissions 353

135ZZX Appointment of notice holder ..................... ...................... ............. 353135ZZY Retransmitting before declaration of collecting society ................. 353135ZZZ Notices by retransmitters ..................... ...................... .................... 353135ZZZARecord keeping requirements ....................................................... 354135ZZZBEffect of declaration of collecting society ......... ...................... ..... 354

Division 5Miscellaneous 356135ZZZCRelevant copyright owner may authorise retransmitting ........ ...... 356135ZZZDCopyright not to vest under this Part ............................ ................ 356135ZZZELicence to retransmit does not authorise copyright

infringements ................................................................................. 356Part VDRe-broadcasts by satellite BSA licensees 357

Division 1Preliminary 357135ZZZFDefinitions .................................................................................... 357135ZZZGEligible program and original broadcaster .................... ................ 358135ZZZHOperation of collecting society rules ............................................ 358

Division 2Re-broadcasts by satellite BSA licensees 359135ZZZI Re-broadcasts by satellite BSA licensees .................. .................... 359135ZZZJRemuneration notices .................................................................... 361135ZZZKAmount of equitable remuneration ................................. .............. 362135ZZZLRecord system ................... ...................... ...................... ................ 362135ZZZMRevocation of remuneration notice ...................... ..................... ... 363135ZZZNRequest for payment of equitable remuneration ........................... 363

Division 3Collecting societies 364135ZZZOCollecting societies....................................................................... 364135ZZZPRevocation of declaration ............................................................. 366135ZZZQAnnual report and accounts ...................................... .................... 366


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xviii Copyright Act 1968

135ZZZRAmendment of rules ..................................................................... 367135ZZZSApplying to Tribunal for review of distribution arrangement ....... 368

Division 4Interim re-broadcasts 369135ZZZTAppointment of notice holder ............................ ...................... ..... 369135ZZZURe-broadcast before declaration of collecting society .................. 369135ZZZVNotices by satellite BSA licensees ............................................... 369135ZZZWRecord keeping requirements ...................................................... 370135ZZZXEffect of declaration of collecting society ....................... ............. 370

Division 5Miscellaneous 372135ZZZYRelevant copyright owner may authorise re-broadcast ................. 372135ZZZZCopyright not to vest under this Part ..................... ..................... ... 372135ZZZZALicence to re-broadcast does not authorise copyright

infringements ................................................................................. 372Part VICopyright Tribunal of Australia 373

Division 1Preliminary 373

136 Interpretation ..................... ...................... ..................... ................. 373137 Cases to which licence schemes apply................ ..................... ...... 375

Division 2Constitution of the Tribunal 376138 Constitution of Tribunal ...................... ...................... .................... 376139 Appointment of members of Tribunal ................... ..................... ... 376140 Qualifications of members............................................................. 376141 Tenure of office ..................... ..................... ...................... ............. 377141A Seniority of Deputy Presidents ................... ...................... ............. 377142 Acting President .................... ..................... ...................... ............. 377143 Remuneration and allowances .................... ...................... ............. 378144 Oath or affirmation of office................ ...................... .................... 378144A Disclosure of interests by members .................... ..................... ...... 378144B Removal from office for failure to disclose interest .................... .. 379145 Resignation .................... ...................... ...................... .................... 379146 Sittings of the Tribunal .................... ...................... ...................... .. 379147 President to arrange business of Tribunal ...................... ................ 380

Division 3Applications and references to the Tribunal 381Subdivision APreliminary 381

148 Interpretation ..................... ...................... ..................... ................. 381Subdivision BApplications relating to Parts III and IV 381

149 Applications to Tribunal for determination of remuneration

payable for making recording or film of a work ................... ......... 381149A Applications to Tribunal under section 47A ..................... ............. 381150 Applications to Tribunal for determination of remuneration

payable to owner of copyright in recording for making of acopy of the sound recording .......................................................... 382


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Copyright Act 1968 xix

151 Applications to Tribunal for determination of remunerationpayable to owner of copyright in recording in respect ofpublic playing of the recording ................... ...................... ............. 382

152 Applications to Tribunal for determination of amountspayable for broadcasting published sound recordings ................... 383

152A Applications to Tribunal for determination of amount of

royalty payable for recording musical works .................... ............. 389152B Applications to Tribunal for determination of manner of

paying royalty .................... ...................... ...................... ................ 390153 Applications to Tribunal for apportionment of royalty in

respect of a record ......................................................................... 391Subdivision CApplications and references relating to Part VA 391

153A Applications to Tribunal under section 135H, subsection135J(1) or subsection 135JA(1) ...................... ..................... .......... 391

153B Applications to Tribunal under subsection 135J(3) ..................... .. 392153BAAAApplication to the Tribunal under subsection 135JAA(2) ........... 393

153BA Application to the Tribunal under subsection 135JA(3) ................ 393153BAAApplication to the Tribunal under subsection 135K(2A) ......... ...... 393153BAB References relating to declaration of collecting society................. 394153BAC References relating to revocation of declaration of collecting

society............................................................................................ 395153BADReview of collecting societys distribution arrangement.. .............. 395

Subdivision DApplications and references relating to Part VB 396153BB Application to the Tribunal under subsection 135ZME(3) ............ 396153C Applications to the Tribunal under section 135ZV or

subsection 135ZW(1) or 135ZWA(1) .................... ..................... ... 397153D Applications to Tribunal under subsection 135ZW(3) ................... 397153DAAApplication to the Tribunal under subsection 135ZWAA(2) ......... 398153DA Applications to the Tribunal under subsection 135ZWA(2) .......... 398153DB Application to the Tribunal under subsection 135ZX(2A) ............ 399153DC References relating to declaration of collecting society.............. ... 399153DD References relating to revocation of declaration of collecting

society............................................................................................ 400153DE Review of collecting societys distribution arrangement ............... 401

Subdivision EApplications relating to Part VII 401153E Applications to Tribunal under subsection 183(5) .................... ..... 401153F Applications to Tribunal to declare collecting society for

government copies .................... ...................... ...................... ......... 402153G Applications to Tribunal to revoke a declaration of a

collecting society ........................................................................... 403153H Time limit for deciding applications under section 153F or

153G .............................................................................................. 405153J Amendment and revocation of a declaration on the

declaration of another collecting society ....................................... 405


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xx Copyright Act 1968

153K Applications to Tribunal for method of working out paymentfor government copies ................................................................... 406

153KA Review of collecting societys distribution arrangement ............... 406Subdivision FApplications relating to declarations of

institutions 407153L Applications to Tribunal for review of declarations of certain

educational institutions .................... ...................... ...................... .. 407Subdivision GApplications and references relating to Part VC 408

153M Applications to the Tribunal under subsection 135ZZM(1) ........... 408153N Applications to Tribunal under subsection 135ZZN(3) ................. 409153P References relating to declaration of collecting society.............. ... 409153Q References relating to revocation of declaration of collecting

society............................................................................................ 410153R Review of collecting societys distribution arrangement ............... 410

Subdivision GAApplications and references relating to Part VD 411

153RA Application to the Tribunal to determine amount payable toowner of copyright in a broadcast.................................................. 411

153S Applications to the Tribunal under paragraph135ZZZK(1)(b)equitable remuneration ............................ ......... 412

153T Applications to Tribunal under paragraph 135ZZZL(3)(b)record system ..................... ...................... ..................... ................. 413

153U References relating to declaration of collecting society.............. ... 413153V References relating to revocation of declaration of collecting

society............................................................................................ 414153W Review of collecting societys distribution arrangement ............... 415

Subdivision HReferences and applications relating to licences

and licence schemes 415154 Reference of proposed licence schemes to Tribunal .................... .. 415155 Reference of existing licence schemes to Tribunal ...................... .. 417156 Further reference of licence schemes to Tribunal ..................... ..... 419157 Application to Tribunal in relation to licences............... ................ 420157A Tribunal must have regard to ACCC guidelines on request ........... 423157B Tribunal may make ACCC party to reference or application ........ 424158 Effect of licence scheme being continued in operation

pending order of the Tribunal ..................... ...................... ............. 424159 Effect of order of Tribunal in relation to licences ..................... ..... 425

Subdivision IGeneral provisions 427160 Interim orders .................... ...................... ...................... ................ 427161 Reference of questions of law to Federal Court of Australia ......... 428162 Agreements or awards not affected .................... ..................... ...... 429

Division 4Procedure and evidence 430163 Proceedings to be in public except in special circumstances ......... 430


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Copyright Act 1968 xxi

163A Application may be made to Tribunal by the agent of thecopyright owner ............................................................................. 430

164 Procedure .................... ..................... ...................... ...................... .. 430165 Mistakes or errors in orders of the Tribunal ..................... ............. 431166 Regulations as to procedure ..................... ...................... ................ 431167 Power to take evidence on oath ...................... ..................... .......... 432168 Evidence in form of written statement ................... ..................... ... 432169 Representation ................... ...................... ...................... ................ 432

Division 4AAlternative dispute resolution processes 433169A Referral of proceeding for alternative dispute resolution

process .................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ..... 433169B Directions by President or Deputy President .................... ............. 434169C Agreement about the terms of a decision etc. ................... ............. 434169D Evidence not admissible ...................... ...................... .................... 435169E Eligibility of person conducting alternative dispute

resolution process to sit as a member of the Tribunal .................... 436169F Participation by telephone etc. .................... ...................... ............. 436169G Engagement of persons to conduct alternative dispute

resolution processes ...................... ...................... ..................... ...... 436Division 5Miscellaneous 438

170 Registrar ..................... ..................... ...................... ...................... .. 438170A Other staff of the Tribunal ................... ...................... .................... 439171 Protecting persons connected with Tribunal proceedings .............. 439172 Offences by witnesses ..................... ...................... ..................... ... 440173 Offences relating to the Tribunal .................... ..................... .......... 441174 Costs of proceedings ..................... ...................... ..................... ...... 443175 Proof of orders of Tribunal ...................... ...................... ................ 443

Part VIIThe Crown 444Division 1Crown copyright 444

176 Crown copyright in original works made under direction ofCrown ............................................................................................ 444

177 Crown copyright in original works first published inAustralia under direction of Crown ............................................... 444

178 Crown copyright in recordings and films made underdirection of Crown .................... ...................... ...................... ......... 444

179 Provisions relating to ownership of copyright may bemodified by agreement .................................................................. 445

180 Duration of Crown copyright in original works .................... ......... 445181 Duration of Crown copyright in recordings and films ................... 446182 Application of Parts III and IV to copyright subsisting by

virtue of this Part ........................................................................... 446182A Copyright in statutory instruments and judgments etc. .................. 446


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xxii Copyright Act 1968

Division 2Use of copyright material for the Crown 448182B Definitions ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... 448182C Relevant collecting society ...................... ...................... ................ 448

183 Use of copyright material for the services of the Crown ............... 449183A Special arrangements for copying for services of government ...... 450183B Payment and recovery of equitable remuneration payable for

government copies .................... ...................... ...................... ......... 451183C Powers of collecting society to carry out sampling ..................... .. 452183D Annual report and accounts of collecting society ..................... ..... 453183E Alteration of rules of collecting society ..................... .................... 454183F Applying to Tribunal for review of distribution arrangement ........ 454

Part VIIIExtension or restriction of operation of Act 455184 Application of Act to countries other than Australia ..................... 455185 Denial of copyright to citizens of countries not giving

adequate protection to Australian works .................... .................... 457186 Application of Act to international organizations ..................... ..... 458187 Original works made or first published by international

organizations ................................................................................. 458188 Subject-matter, other than original works, made or first

published by international organizations ................................. ...... 459Part IXMoral rights of performers and of authors of literary,

dramatic, musical or artistic works and

cinematograph films 461Division 1Preliminary 461

189 Definitions ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... 461190 Moral rights conferred on individuals ................... ..................... ... 465191 Director, producer and screenwriter of cinematograph film .......... 465191A Staging a performance ..................... ...................... ..................... ... 466191B Conductor to be treated as a performer ...................... .................... 466192 Rights to be additional to other rights .................... ..................... ... 467

Division 2Right of attribution of authorship 468193 Authors right of attribution of authorship ..................... ................ 468194 Acts giving rise to right of attribution of authorship .................... .. 468195 Nature of the identification of author .................... ..................... ... 469195AA Identification of author to be clear and reasonably prominent ....... 469195AB What is a reasonably prominent identification ..................... ......... 469

Division 2ARight of attribution of performership 470195ABAPerformers right of attribution of performership ...................... ..... 470195ABB Acts giving rise to right of attribution of performership ................ 470195ABC Nature of the identification of performer ................... .................... 470


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xxiv Copyright Act 1968

195AQ Infringement of right of integrity of authorship .................... ......... 485195AR No infringement of right of attribution of authorship if it was

reasonable not to identify the author ...................... ..................... ... 486195AS No infringement of right of integrity of authorship if

derogatory treatment or other action was reasonable ..................... 488195AT Certain treatment of works not to constitute an infringement

of the authors right of integrity of authorship ...................... ......... 489195AU Infringement by importation for sale or other dealing ................... 493195AV Infringement by sale and other dealings .................... .................... 493195AVAMatters to be taken into account .................................................... 493195AVBCommunication by use of certain facilities ................................. ... 494195AW Authors consent to act or omissionfilms or works in films ...... 494195AWAAuthors consent to act or omissionwork that is not a film

or included in a film ...................................................................... 495195AWBConsent invalidated by duress or false or misleading

statements ...................................................................................... 496

195AX Acts or omissions outside Australia....................... ..................... ... 496Subdivision BInfringement of moral rights of performers 496

195AXAInfringement of right of attribution of performership .......... .......... 496195AXBInfringement of right not to have performership falsely

attributed ........................................................................................ 497195AXCInfringement of right of integrity of performership ...................... .. 497195AXDNo infringement of right of attribution of performership if it

was reasonable not to identify the performer .................... ............. 497195AXE No infringement of right of integrity of performership if

derogatory treatment or other action was reasonable ..................... 498195AXF Infringement by importation for sale or other dealing ................... 499195AXGInfringement by sale and other dealings ........................................ 500195AXHMatters to be taken into account .................................................... 500195AXI Communication by use of certain facilities ................... ................ 500195AXJ Performers consent to act or omission ...................... .................... 501195AXKConsent invalidated by duress or false or misleading

statements ...................................................................................... 501195AXL Acts or omissions outside Australia............................................... 502

Division 7Remedies for infringements of moral rights 503Subdivision ARemedies for infringement of moral rights of

authors 503195AY Definition etc. .................... ...................... ...................... ................ 503195AZ Actions for infringement of authors moral rights .................... ..... 503195AZA Remedies for infringements of authors moral rights .............. ...... 503195AZD Presumption as to subsistence of copyright ................................... 505195AZE Presumption as to subsistence of authors moral rights ........... ...... 505195AZF Presumptions in relation to authorship of work ............................. 506


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Copyright Act 1968 xxv

195AZG Other presumptions in relation to literary, dramatic, musicalor artistic work ................... ...................... ...................... ................ 506

Subdivision BRemedies for infringement of moral rights ofperformers 506195AZGADefinition etc. .............................................................................. 506195AZGBActions for infringement of performers moral rights.................. 506195AZGCRemedies for infringements of performers moral rights ............. 507195AZGDPresumption as to subsistence of copyright ................................. 508195AZGEPresumption as to subsistence of performers moral rights .......... 508195AZGFPresumptions in relation to performership ...................... ............. 508

Subdivision CMiscellaneous 509195AZGGSaving of other rights and remedies ............................................ 509 195AZGHJurisdiction of courts ................................................................... 509

Division 8Miscellaneous 510Subdivision AMiscellaneous provisions about moral rights of

authors 510195AZH Parts of works ................................................................................ 510195AZI Works of joint authorship .................... ...................... .................... 510195AZJ Cinematograph films that have more than one principal

director .......................................................................................... 510195AZK Cinematograph films that have more than one principal

producer ...................... ..................... ...................... ...................... .. 511195AZL Cinematograph films that have more than one principal

screenwriter ................................................................................... 511195AZMApplicationright of attribution of authorship ............................. 512195AZN Applicationright not to have authorship falsely attributed ......... 512195AZO Applicationright of integrity of authorship ....................... ......... 513

Subdivision BMiscellaneous provisions about moral rights of

performers 513195AZP Parts of performances ...................... ...................... ..................... ... 513195AZQ Performances that have more than one performer ............ ............. 513195AZR Application .................................................................................... 514

Part XMiscellaneous 515195A Interpretation ..................... ...................... ..................... ................. 515195B Review of certain decisions ..................... ...................... ................ 516196 Assignments and licences in respect of copyright .................... ..... 517197 Prospective ownership of copyright ...................... ..................... ... 518198 Copyright to pass under will with unpublished work .................... 518198A Non-infringement of trade mark in relation to the

importation of copyright material .................................... .............. 518199 Reception of broadcasts ................... ...................... ...................... .. 519200 Use of works and broadcasts for educational purposes ................. 520


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xxvi Copyright Act 1968

200AAAProxy web caching by educational institutions ..................... ......... 521200AA Use of broadcasts by institutions assisting persons with an

intellectual disability ..................................................................... 522200AB Use of works and other subject-matter for certain purposes .......... 522201 Delivery of library material to the National Library .................... .. 525202 Groundless threats of legal proceedings in relation to

copyright infringement .................................................................. 526202A Groundless threats of legal proceedings in relation to

technological protection measures ...................... ..................... ...... 527203 Limitation on power of courts to grant relief in proceedings

under this Act ................................................................................ 528203A Offencefailing to keep declarations relating to copying in

library or archives ..................... ...................... ..................... .......... 528203D Offencenot arranging declarations chronologically ................... 529203E Inspection of records and declarations retained by libraries,

archives or institutions ..................... ...................... ..................... ... 530203F False and misleading declarations ...................... ..................... ...... 532203G Offencedisposing of or destroying certain declarations ............. 532203H Notation of certain copies etc. .................... ...................... ............. 533

Part XITransitional 536Division 1Preliminary 536

204 Interpretation ..................... ...................... ..................... ................. 536205 References to making of works, recordings and films ................... 537206 References in other laws or instruments to copyright .................... 537207 Application .................... ...................... ...................... .................... 538208 Authorship of photographs ...................... ...................... ................ 538209 Publication ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... 538

Division 2Original works 540210 Expired copyright not to revive ...................... ..................... .......... 540211 Original works in which copyright subsists ...................... ............. 540213 Ownership of copyright ................... ...................... ...................... .. 540214 Infringement by importation, sale and other dealings .................... 542215 Recording of musical works .................... ...................... ................ 542216 Publication of artistic works .................... ...................... ................ 542217 Reconstruction of buildings ..................... ...................... ................ 543218 Industrial designs ...................... ...................... ..................... .......... 543219 Reproduction of work upon payment of royalties .................... ..... 543

Division 3Subject-matter other than works 546220 Sound recordings ...................... ...................... ..................... .......... 546221 Cinematograph films .................... ...................... ...................... ..... 546222 Application of Act to dramatic works and photographs

comprised in cinematograph films ...................... ..................... ...... 546223 Television broadcasts and sound broadcasts ..................... ............. 546


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xxviii Copyright Act 1968

248L Appeals ................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ..... 569248M Jurisdiction of Federal Court ...................... ...................... ............. 569248MA Jurisdiction of Federal Magistrates Court ...................... ................ 569248N Right to bring an action not assignable ...................... .................... 569

Division 3Offences 570Subdivision AGeneral offences 570

248P Scope of this Subdivision .................... ...................... .................... 570248PA Unauthorised direct recording during protection period ................ 570248PB Unauthorised indirect recording during protection period ............. 571248PC Unauthorised communication to public during 20-year

protection period .................... ..................... ...................... ............. 572248PD Playing unauthorised recording publicly during 20-year

protection period .................... ..................... ...................... ............. 573248PE Possessing equipment to make or copy unauthorised

recording ........................................................................................ 574

248PF Copying unauthorised recording ..................... ..................... .......... 576248PG Unauthorised copying of exempt recording ...................... ............. 577248PH Unauthorised copying of authorised sound recording ................... 578248PI Selling etc. unauthorised recording .................... ..................... ...... 580248PJ Distributing unauthorised recording ...................... ..................... ... 581248PK Commercial possession or import of unauthorised recording ........ 583248PL Exhibiting unauthorised recording in public by way of trade ........ 585248PM Importing unauthorised recording for exhibition by way of

trade ............................................................................................... 586Subdivision BActs relating to sound recordings of performances

given before 1 July 1995 587248QA Scope of this Subdivision .................... ...................... .................... 587

248QB Possessing equipment for copying unauthorised sound

recording ........................................................................................ 588248QC Copying unauthorised sound recording ..................... .................... 589248QD Selling etc. unauthorised sound recording ..................... ................ 590248QE Distributing unauthorised sound recording .................... ................ 591248QF Commercial possession or import of unauthorised sound

recording ........................................................................................ 593248QG Exhibiting unauthorised sound recording in public by way of

trade ............................................................................................... 594248QH Importing unauthorised sound recording for exhibition by

way of trade ................................................................................... 596Subdivision CProsecution and infringement notices 597

248R Courts in which offences may be prosecuted................. ................ 597248S Protection against multiple proceedings for same act .................... 597248SA Infringement notices ..................... ...................... ..................... ...... 597


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Copyright Act 1968 xxix

Subdivision DDestruction or delivery up of unauthorised

recordings 598248T Destruction or delivery up of unauthorised recordings .................. 598

Division 4Extension of protection to foreign countries 599248U Application to foreign countries ..................... ..................... .......... 599248V Denial of protection to citizens of countries not giving

adequate protection to Australian performances ................... ......... 600Part XIIRegulations 601

249 Regulations .................... ...................... ...................... .................... 601The Schedule 603Notes 605


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Part I Preliminary

Section 7

2 Copyright Act 1968

7 Act to bind the Crown

Subject to Part VII, this Act binds the Crown but nothing in thisAct renders the Crown liable to be prosecuted for an offence.

8 Copyright not to subsist except by virtue of this Act

Subject to section 8A, copyright does not subsist otherwise than byvirtue of this Act.

8A Prerogative rights of the Crown in the nature of copyright

(1) Subject to subsection (2), this Act does not affect any prerogativeright or privilege of the Crown.

(2) Where a right or privilege of the Crown by way of copyrightsubsists in a work or published edition of a work, a person does notinfringe that right or privilege by doing, or authorizing the doingof, an act in relation to the work or edition without the licence ofthe Crown if, assuming that that right or privilege of the Crown didnot subsist in the work or edition, but copyright subsisted underthis Act in the work or edition and was owned by a person otherthan the Crown, the person would not infringe the copyright of thatowner in the work or edition by doing, or by authorizing the doingof, that act without the licence of the owner.

(3) Nothing in subsection (2) shall be taken to limit the duration of the

right or privilege of the Crown by way of copyright in a work orpublished edition of a work.

9 Operation of other laws

(1) This Act does not affect the right of, or of a person deriving titledirectly or indirectly from, the Commonwealth or a State to sell,use or otherwise deal with articles that have been, or are, forfeitedunder a law of the Commonwealth or of the State.

(3) This Act does not affect the operation of the law relating tobreaches of trust or confidence.


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Preliminary Part I

Section 9A

Copyright Act 1968 3

9A Application of the Criminal Code

Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code applies to all offences against thisAct.

Note: Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code sets out the general principles ofcriminal responsibility.


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Part II Interpretation

Section 10


Part IIInterpretation

10 Interpretation

(1) In this Act, unless the contrary intention appears:

access control technological protection measuremeans a device,product, technology or component (including a computer program)that:

(a) is used in Australia or a qualifying country:

(i) by, with the permission of, or on behalf of, the owner or

the exclusive licensee of the copyright in a work orother subject-matter; and

(ii) in connection with the exercise of the copyright; and

(b) in the normal course of its operation, controls access to thework or other subject-matter;

but does not include such a device, product, technology orcomponent to the extent that it:

(c) if the work or other subject-matter is a cinematograph film orcomputer program (including a computer game)controlsgeographic market segmentation by preventing the playbackin Australia of a non-infringing copy of the work or othersubject-matter acquired outside Australia; or

(d) if the work is a computer program that is embodied in amachine or devicerestricts the use of goods (other than thework) or services in relation to the machine or device.

For the purposes of this definition, computer programhas thesame meaning as in section 47AB.

accessory, in relation to an article, means one or more of thefollowing:

(a) a label affixed to, displayed on, incorporated into the surfaceof, or accompanying, the article;

(b) the packaging or container in which the article is packaged or

contained;(c) a label affixed to, displayed on, incorporated into the surface

of, or accompanying, the packaging or container in which thearticle is packaged or contained;


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Interpretation Part II

Section 10


(d) a written instruction, warranty or other information providedwith the article;

(e) a record embodying an instructional sound recording, or acopy of an instructional cinematograph film, provided withthe article;

but does not include any label, packaging or container on which theolympic symbol (within the meaning of the Olympic InsigniaProtection Act 1987) is reproduced.

Note: See also section 10AD for an expanded meaning ofaccessoryinrelation to certain imported articles.

adaptationmeans:

(a) in relation to a literary work in a non-dramatic form a versionof the work (whether in its original language or in a different

language) in a dramatic form;(b) in relation to a literary work in a dramatic form a version of

the work (whether in its original language or in a differentlanguage) in a non-dramatic form;

(ba) in relation to a literary work being a computer programaversion of the work (whether or not in the language, code ornotation in which the work was originally expressed) notbeing a reproduction of the work;

(c) in relation to a literary work (whether in a non-dramatic formor in a dramatic form):

(i) a translation of the work; or

(ii) a version of the work in which a story or action isconveyed solely or principally by means of pictures; and

(d) in relation to a musical workan arrangement ortranscription of the work.

alternati ve dispute resolution processesmeans procedures andservices for the resolution of disputes, and includes:

(a) conferencing; and

(b) mediation; and

(c) neutral evaluation; and

(d) case appraisal; and

(e) conciliation; and(f) procedures or services specified in the regulations;

but does not include:

(g) arbitration; or


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Part II Interpretation

Section 10


(h) court procedures or services.

Paragraphs (b) to (f) of this definition do not limit paragraph (a) of

this definition.

approved labelmeans a label approved under:

(a) Part 2 of the Agvet Code of a State or of the NorthernTerritory; or

(b) Part 2 of the Agvet Code of the participating Territorieswithin the meaning of theAgricultural and VeterinaryChemicals Act 1994.

archivesmeans:

(a) archival material in the custody of:

(i) the National Archives of Australia; or

(ii) the Archives Office of New South Wales established bytheArchives Act1960 of the State of New South Wales;or

(iii) the Public Record Office established by thePublicRecords Act 1973 of the State of Victoria; or

(iv) the Archives Office of Tasmania established by theArchives Act1965 of the State of Tasmania; or

(aa) archival material in the custody of a person (other than theNational Archives of Australia) in accordance with anarrangement referred to in section 64 of theArchives Act1983; or

(b) a collection of documents or other material to which thisparagraph applies by virtue of subsection (4).

arti stic workmeans:

(a) a painting, sculpture, drawing, engraving or photograph,whether the work is of artistic quality or not;

(b) a building or a model of a building, whether the building ormodel is of artistic quality or not; or

(c) a work of artistic craftsmanship whether or not mentioned inparagraph (a) or (b);

but does not include a circuit layout within the meaning of the

Circuit Layouts Act 1989.

Australiaincludes the external Territories.


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Interpretation Part II

Section 10


author, in relation to a photograph, means the person who took thephotograph.

author ized of fi cer, in relation to a library or archives, means theofficer in charge of that library or archives or a person authorizedby that officer to act on his or her behalf.

broadcastmeans a communication to the public delivered by abroadcasting service within the meaning of theBroadcastingServices Act 1992. For the purposes of the application of thisdefinition to a service provided under a satellite BSA licence,assume that there is no conditional access system that relates to theservice.

Note: A broadcasting service does not include the following:

(a) a service (including a teletext service) that provides only data oronly text (with or without associated images); or

(b) a service that makes programs available on demand on apoint-to-point basis, including a dial-up service.

buildingincludes a structure of any kind.

calendar yearmeans a period of 12 months commencing on1 January.

carr iage service providerhas the same meaning as in theTelecommunicat

Australia Copyright Act of 1968

Documents