Auschwitz concentration camp From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "Auschwitz" and "Auschwitz-Birkenau" redirect here. For the town, see Oświęcim. Distinguish from Austerlitz. Or see Auschwitz (disambiguation) Auschwitz concentration camp (German: Konzentrationslager Auschwitz [ˈaʊʃv ɪts] ( listen)) was a network of concentration and extermination camps built and operated by the Third Reich in Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany during World War II. It was the largest of the Nazi concentration camps, consisting of Auschwitz I (the Stammlager or base camp); Auschwitz II– Birkenau (the Vernichtungslager or extermination camp); Auschwitz III–Monowitz, also known as Buna–Monowitz (a labor camp); and 45 satellite camps. [1] Auschwitz had for a long time been a German name for Oświęcim, the town by and around which the camps were located; the name "Auschwitz" was made the official name again by the Nazis after they invaded Poland in September 1939. Birkenau, the German translation of Brzezinka ("birch forest"), referred originally to a small Polish village that was destroyed by the Nazis to make way for the camp. Auschwitz II–Birkenau was designated by Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler, the Third Reich's Minister of the Interior, as the place of the "final solution of the Jewish question in Europe". From early 1942 until late 1944, transport trains delivered Jews to the camp's gas chambers from all over German-occupied Europe. [2] The camp's first commandant, Rudolf Höss, testified after the war at the Nuremberg Trials that up to three million people had died there (2.5 million gassed, and 500,000 from disease and starvation). [3] Today the accepted figure is 1.3 million, around 90 percent of them Jewish. [4][5] Others deported to Auschwitz included 150,000 Poles, 23,000 Roma and Sinti, 15,000 Soviet prisoners of war, some 400 Jehovah's Witnesses and tens of thousands of people of diverse nationalities. [6][7] Those not killed in the gas chambers died of starvation, forced labor, infectious diseases, individual executions, and medical experiments. [8] On January 27, 1945, Auschwitz was liberated by Soviet troops, a day commemorated around the world as International Holocaust Remembrance Day. In 1947, Poland founded a museum on the site of Auschwitz I and II, which by 2010 had seen 29 million visitors—1,300,000 annually—pass through the iron gates crowned with the infamous motto, Arbeit macht frei ("work makes [you] free"). [3] Auschwitz German Nazi Concentration and Extermination camp (1940-1945). The main entrance to Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp Location of Auschwitz in contemporary Poland Coordinates 50°02′09″N 19°10′42″E Other names Birkenau Location Auschwitz, Nazi Germany Operated by the Nazi Schutzstaffel (SS), the NKVD (after World War II) Original use Army barracks Operational May 1940 – January 1945 Inmates mainly Jews, Poles, Roma, Soviet soldiers Killed 1.1 million (estimated) Liberated by Soviet Union, January 27, 1945 Notable inmates Viktor Frankl, Primo Levi, Witold Pilecki, Rudolf Vrba, Elie Wiesel, Maximillian Kolbe Notable books If This Is a Man, Night, Man's Search for Meaning Website Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum Contents 1 Camps 1.1 Main camps 1.2 Auschwitz I 1.3 Auschwitz II-Birkenau 1.3.1 The Gypsy camp 1.4 Auschwitz III 1.5 Subcamps 2 Command and control 3 Selection and extermination process 3.1 Life in the camps 3.2 Medical experiments 3.3 Jewish skeleton collection 4 Escapes, resistance, and the Allies' knowledge of the camps 4.1 Underground media 4.2 Birkenau revolt 4.3 Individual escape attempts 5 Evacuation, death marches, and liberation 6 Death toll 7 Timeline of Auschwitz 8 After the war 8.1 Creation of the museum 8.2 "Arbeit macht frei" sign theft 8.3 Israeli Air Force historic flight 9 Gallery 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Camps Coordinates: 50°02′09″N 19°10′42″E Read View source View history Article Talk Create account Log in Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Data item Cite this page Create a book Download as PDF Printable version ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺑﻳﺔAzәrbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Bosanski Català Česky Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽFøroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaelg 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Navigation Interaction Toolbox Print/export Languages Page 1 / 19
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Auschwitz concentration campFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Auschwitz" and "Auschwitz-Birkenau" redirect here. For the town, see Oświęcim. Distinguish from Austerlitz. Or see Auschwitz
(disambiguation)
Auschwitz concentration camp (German: Konzentrationslager Auschwitz [ˈaʊʃvɪts] ( listen)) was
a network of concentration and extermination camps built and operated by the Third Reich in
Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany during World War II. It was the largest of the Nazi
concentration camps, consisting of Auschwitz I (the Stammlager or base camp); Auschwitz II–
Birkenau (the Vernichtungslager or extermination camp); Auschwitz III–Monowitz, also known as
Buna–Monowitz (a labor camp); and 45 satellite camps.[1]
Auschwitz had for a long time been a German name for Oświęcim, the town by and around which
the camps were located; the name "Auschwitz" was made the official name again by the Nazis
after they invaded Poland in September 1939. Birkenau, the German translation of Brzezinka
("birch forest"), referred originally to a small Polish village that was destroyed by the Nazis to make
way for the camp.
Auschwitz II–Birkenau was designated by Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler, the Third Reich's
Minister of the Interior, as the place of the "final solution of the Jewish question in Europe". From
early 1942 until late 1944, transport trains delivered Jews to the camp's gas chambers from all over
German-occupied Europe.[2] The camp's first commandant, Rudolf Höss, testified after the war at
the Nuremberg Trials that up to three million people had died there (2.5 million gassed, and
500,000 from disease and starvation).[3] Today the accepted figure is 1.3 million, around 90 percent
of them Jewish.[4][5] Others deported to Auschwitz included 150,000 Poles, 23,000 Roma and
Sinti, 15,000 Soviet prisoners of war, some 400 Jehovah's Witnesses and tens of thousands of
people of diverse nationalities.[6][7] Those not killed in the gas chambers died of starvation, forced
labor, infectious diseases, individual executions, and medical experiments.[8]
On January 27, 1945, Auschwitz was liberated by Soviet troops, a day commemorated around the
world as International Holocaust Remembrance Day. In 1947, Poland founded a museum on the
site of Auschwitz I and II, which by 2010 had seen 29 million visitors—1,300,000 annually—pass
through the iron gates crowned with the infamous motto, Arbeit macht frei ("work makes [you]
free").[3]
Auschwitz
German Nazi Concentration and Extermination
camp (1940-1945).
The main entrance to Auschwitz-Birkenau
extermination camp
Location of Auschwitz in contemporary Poland
Coordinates 50°02′09″N 19°10′42″E
Other names Birkenau
Location Auschwitz, Nazi Germany
Operated by the Nazi Schutzstaffel (SS), the
NKVD (after World War II)
Original use Army barracks
Operational May 1940 – January 1945
Inmates mainly Jews, Poles, Roma, Soviet
soldiers
Killed 1.1 million (estimated)
Liberated by Soviet Union, January 27, 1945
Notable
inmates
Viktor Frankl, Primo Levi, Witold
Pilecki, Rudolf Vrba, Elie Wiesel,
Maximillian Kolbe
Notable
books
If This Is a Man, Night, Man's
Search for Meaning
Website Auschwitz-Birkenau State
Museum
Contents
1 Camps
1.1 Main camps
1.2 Auschwitz I
1.3 Auschwitz II-Birkenau
1.3.1 The Gypsy camp
1.4 Auschwitz III
1.5 Subcamps
2 Command and control
3 Selection and extermination process
3.1 Life in the camps
3.2 Medical experiments
3.3 Jewish skeleton collection
4 Escapes, resistance, and the Allies' knowledge of the camps
administratively in Provinz Oberschlesien of the Third
Reich, Regierungsbezirk Kattowitz, Landkreis Bielitz,
approximately 30 km south of Katowice and 50 km west
of Kraków, as part of the Polish areas annexed by the
Nazis, encompassing a large industrial area rich in natural
resources. There were 48 camps in all. The three main
camps were Auschwitz I, Auschwitz II-Birkenau, and a
work camp called Auschwitz III-Monowitz, or the Buna.
Auschwitz I served as the administrative center, and was
the site of the deaths of roughly 70,000 people, mostly
ethnic Poles and Soviet prisoners of war. Auschwitz II
was an extermination camp or Vernichtungslager, the site
of the deaths of at least 960,000 Jews, 75,000 Poles, and
some 19,000 Roma. Auschwitz III-Monowitz served as a labor camp for the Buna-Werke factory of
the IG Farben concern. The SS-Totenkopfverbände (SS-TV) was the SS organization responsible for
administering the Nazi concentration camps for the Third Reich. The SS-TV was an independent unit
within the SS with its own ranks and command structure. Obersturmbannführer Rudolf Höss was overall commandant of the Auschwitz complex
from May 1940 – November 1943; Obersturmbannführer Arthur Liebehenschel from November 1943 – May 1944; and Sturmbannführer Richard
Baer from May 1944 – January 1945.
Yisrael Gutman writes that it was in the concentration camps that Hitler's concept of absolute power came to fruition. Primo Levi, who described
his year in Auschwitz in If This Is a Man, wrote:
[N]ever has there existed a state that was really "totalitarian." ... Never has some form of reaction, a corrective of the total tyranny,
been lacking, not even in the Third Reich or Stalin's Soviet Union: in both cases, public opinion, the magistrature, the foreign press,
the churches, the feeling for justice and humanity that ten or twenty years of tyranny were not enough to eradicate, have to a greater
or lesser extent acted as a brake. Only in the Lager [camp] was the restraint from below non-existent, and the power of these small
satraps absolute.[9]
Auschwitz I was the original camp, serving as the administrative center for the whole complex. The site for the
camp (16 one-story buildings) had earlier served as Austrian army and later Polish army artillery barracks. It
was first suggested as a site for a concentration camp for Polish prisoners by SS-Oberführer Arpad Wigand,
an aide to Higher SS and Police Leader for Silesia, Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski. Bach-Zelewski had been
searching for a site to house prisoners in the Silesia region as the local prisons were filled to capacity.
Richard Glücks, head of the Concentration Camps Inspectorate, sent former Sachsenhausen concentration
camp commandant, Walter Eisfeld, to inspect the site. Glücks informed SS- Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler
that a camp would be built on the site on February 21, 1940.[10] Rudolf Höss would oversee the development
of the camp and serve as the first commandant, SS-Obersturmführer Josef Kramer was appointed Höss's
deputy.[11]
Local residents were evicted, including 1,200 people who lived in shacks around the barracks, creating an
empty area of 40 km2, which the Germans called the "interest area of the camp". 300 Jewish residents of
Oświęcim were brought in to lay foundations. From 1940 to 1941 17,000 Polish and Jewish residents of the
western districts of Oświęcim town, from places adjacent to Auschwitz Concentration Camp, were expelled.
Germans ordered also expulsions from the villages of Broszkowice, Babice, Brzezinka, Rajsko, Pławy,
Harmęże, Bór, and Budy.[12] The expulsion of Polish civilians was a step towards establishing the Camp
Interest Zone, which was set up to isolate the camp from the outside world and to carry out business activity
to meet the needs of the SS. German and Volksdeutsche settlers moved into some buildings whose Jewish
population had been deported to the ghetto.
Main article: First mass transport to Auschwitz concentration camp
The first prisoners (30 German criminal prisoners from the Sachsenhausen camp) arrived in May
1940, intended to act as functionaries within the prison system. The first transport of 728 Polish
prisoners, which included 20 Jews, arrived on June 14, 1940 from the prison in Tarnów, Poland. They
were interned in the former building of the Polish Tobacco Monopoly adjacent to the site, until the
camp was ready. The inmate population grew quickly, as the camp absorbed Poland's intelligentsia
and dissidents, including the Polish underground resistance. By March 1941, 10,900 were
imprisoned there, most of them Poles.[11]
The SS selected some prisoners, often German criminals, as specially privileged supervisors of the
other inmates (so-called kapos). Although involved in numerous atrocities, only two Kapos were ever
prosecuted for their individual behavior; many were deemed to have had little choice but to act as
they did.[13] The various classes of prisoners were distinguishable by special marks on their clothes; Jews and Soviet prisoners of war were
generally treated the worst. All inmates had to work in the associated arms factories, except on Sundays, which were reserved for cleaning and
showering. The harsh work requirements, combined with poor nutrition and hygiene, led to high death rates among the prisoners.
Block 11 of Auschwitz was the "prison within the prison", where violators of the numerous rules were punished. Some prisoners were made to
spend the nights in "standing cells". These cells were about 1.5 m2 (16 sq ft), and four men would be placed in them; they could do nothing but stand, and were forced during the day to work with the other prisoners. In the basement were located the "starvation cells"; prisoners
incarcerated here were given neither food nor water until they were dead.[14]
In the basement were the "dark cells"; these cells had only a very tiny window, and a solid door.
too weak or sick to walk were left behind. These remaining 7,500
prisoners were liberated by the 322nd Rifle Division of the Red Army on January 27, 1945. Approximately 20,000 Auschwitz prisoners made it to
Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in Germany, where they were liberated by the British in April 1945.[82] Among the artifacts of industrial-scale
mass murder found by the Russians were 348,820 men's suits and 836,255 women's garments.
The exact number of victims at Auschwitz is impossible to fix with certainty. Since the
Nazis destroyed a number of records, immediate efforts to count the dead depended on
the testimony of witnesses and the defendants on trial at Nuremberg. While under
interrogation Rudolf Höss, commandant of Auschwitz concentration camp from 1940 to
1943, said that Adolf Eichmann told him that two and a half million Jews had been killed in
gas chambers and about half a million had died "naturally". Later he wrote "I regard two
and a half million far too high. Even Auschwitz had limits to its destructive possibilities".[85]
Communist Polish and Soviet authorities maintained a figure "between 2.5 and 4 million",[86] and the Auschwitz State Museum itself displayed a figure of 4 million killed, but "[f]ew
(if any) historians ever believed the Museum's four million figure".[87] Raul Hilberg's 1961
work The Destruction of the European Jews estimated the number killed at 1,000,000, and
Gerald Reitlinger's 1968 book The Final Solution described the Soviet figures as
"ridiculous", and estimated the number killed at "800,000 to 900,000".[87]
In 1983, French scholar George Wellers was one of the first to use German data on
deportations to estimate the number killed at Auschwitz, arriving at 1.613 million dead,
including 1.44 million Jews and 146,000 Poles.[88] A larger study started later by
Franciszek Piper used timetables of train arrivals combined with deportation records to calculate 960,000 Jewish deaths and 140,000–150,000
ethnic Polish victims, along with 23,000 Roma and Sinti,[89] a figure that has met with significant agreement from other scholars.[90]
After the collapse of the Communist government in 1989, the plaque at Auschwitz State Museum was removed and the official death toll given
as 1.1 million. Holocaust deniers have attempted to use this change as propaganda, in the words of the Nizkor Project:
Deniers often use the 'Four Million Variant' as a stepping stone to leap from an apparent contradiction to the idea that the
Holocaust was a hoax, again perpetrated by a conspiracy. They hope to discredit historians by making them seem inconsistent. If
they can't keep their numbers straight, their reasoning goes, how can we say that their evidence for the Holocaust is credible?
One must wonder which historians they speak of, as most have been remarkably consistent in their estimates of a million or so
dead ... Few (if any) historians ever believed the Museum's four million figure, having arrived at their own estimates independently.
The museum's inflated figures were never part of the estimated five to six million Jews killed in the Holocaust, so there is no need
to revise this figure.[87]
Antoni Dobrowolski, the oldest known survivor of Auschwitz, passed away at the age of 108 on 21 October 2012. He died in the northwestern
Polish town of Dębno, according to Jarosław Mensfelt, a spokesman at the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum.[91]
The timeline of events at the Auschwitz concentration camp began in January 1940 when the location was first visited by Arpad Wigand, an aide
to the Higher SS and Police Leader for Silesia, Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski. The original intent of the camp was to intern Polish political
prisoners. The original uses of the camp were added to and the capacity expanded over the course of the next four years, which reflected the
political and economic decisions of the Third Reich, including the implementation of the Final Solution.
Death toll
Hungarian Jewish children and an elderly woman on
the way to the gas chambers of Auschwitz-Birkenau
(1944). Many children and elderly were murdered
immediately after arrival and were never registered.[83]
[84]
Timeline of Auschwitz
Timeline of Auschwitz
February 21,
1940
In January Arpad Wigand, aide to Höhere SS- und Polizeiführer for Silesia Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski,
suggests the Polish military barracks at Oświęcim as a site for a concentration camp for Polish
prisoners. Inspector of concentration camps Richard Glücks sends Sachenhausen commandant Walter
Eisfeld to inspect the site. On February 21 Glücks informs Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler that the
site will be developed into a concentration camp.[92]
May 20, 1940
The first prisoners, 30 German career criminals from Sachsenhausen, arrive. Most will be made kapos;
prisoner no. 1 is a German of Polish descent, Bruno Brodniewicz. Among this group is Kurt Pachala
from Breslau (prisoner no. 24) who was tortured and then sent to a "standing cell" in the basement of
Block 11 where he died of thirst and hunger on January 14, 1943 as punishment for the June 20, 1942
escape of four prisoners.[93]
[94]
June 14,
1940
First mass transport, consisting of 728 Polish political prisoners from Tarnów. They are held in the
building which housed the Polish Tobacco Monopoly, until the camp is ready. Among the prisoners is
Edward Galinski who would later make an escape with his girlfriend.[95]
March 1,
1941
Reichsführer SS and Chief of German Police Heinrich Himmler inspects the camp. Because nearby
factories use prisoners for forced labor, Himmler is concerned about the camp's capacity. On this visit,
he orders both the expansion of Auschwitz I camp facilities to hold 30,000 prisoners and the building of a
camp near Birkenau for an expected influx of 100,000 Soviet prisoners of war. Himmler also orders that
the camp supply 10,000 prisoners for forced labor to construct an IG Farben factory complex at Dwory,
about a mile away. Himmler made additional visits to Auschwitz in 1942, when he witnessed the killing of
3. a b Trials of the Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg November 14, 1945 – October 1, 1946, Volume 1, Page 251
4. ^ Dr. Franciszek Piper, "Auschwitz and Shoah. The number of victims." Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum.
5. ^ Piper 1994, pp. 68–70.
6. ^ Swiebocka, Teresa. Report from Workshop 1 on Remembrance and Representation: Presentation by Teresa Swiebocka , Stockholm
International Forum on the Holocaust, 2000. Retrieved December 22, 2009.
7. ^ "Auschwitz-Birkenau:Imprisoned for Their Faith: Jehovah's Witnesses in Auschwitz" . En.auschwitz.org.pl. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
8. ^ Piper 1994, p. 62.
9. ^ Primo Levi quoted in Gutman 1994, p. 5.
10. ^ Rees 2009, BBC.
11. a b Gutman 1994, pp. 10, 16.
12. ^ Article about expulsions from Oświęcim in Polish (archived link)
13. ^ Wittmann 2003.
14. ^ "Maximilian Kolbe" . Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
15. ^ Rees 2005, p. 26.
16. ^ (English) Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau w Oświęcimiu
17. ^ Dwork and van Pelt 1997, p. 364.
18. ^ Reeves 2009, p. 56.
19. ^ Gutman 1994, p. 16.
20. ^ Rees 2005, pp. 96–97, 101.
21. ^ Testimony of Rudolf Hoess, Commandant of Auschwitz , University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law; Hoess, Rudolf (1900–1947), camp
commandant of Auschwitz , Yad Vashem. Retrieved December 22, 2009.
22. ^ Gustave Gilbert witness statement cited in Dwork and Van Pelt 2002, p. 278, cited in Rees 2005, p. 53.
23. ^ September 3: First experimental gassings at Auschwitz , Yad Vashem.
24. ^ Pressac: Auschwitz: Technique and Operation of the Gas Chambers Holocaust-History.org p. 100 reports that the timesheets of a civilian
worker from the company building the crematorium furnaces prove that the installed ventilation system for removing the hydrocyan acid gas from
Zyklon B application in the morgues worked well.
25. ^ Rees 2005, pp. 168–169.
26. ^ Lucjan Dobroszycki (1987)., The Chronicle of the Łódź Ghetto, 1941–1944. P. 82, Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03924-7.
27. ^ Simone Gigliotti (2010). The Train Journey: Transit, Captivity, and Witnessing in the Holocaust. P. 13. Berghahn Books. ISBN 1-84545-785-4.
28. ^ Nicholas Stargardt (2005). Witnesses of War: Children's Lives Under the Nazis. P.ii. ISBN 1-4000-4088-4.
29. ^ Fredrik Barth (2005). One Discipline, Four Ways: British, German, French, and American Anthropology. P. 122. University Of Chicago Press.
ISBN 0-226-03829-7.
30. ^ Toby F. Sonneman (2002). Shared Sorrows: A Gypsy Family Remembers the Holocaust. Pp.73–74. University Of Hertfordshire Press. ISBN 1-
902806-10-7.
31. ^ Levon Chorbajian. George Shirinian: Studies in Comparative Genocide. P. 223.
32. ^ Synthetic Rubber: A Project That Had to Succeed (Contributions in Economics and Economic History) by Vernon Herbert & Attilio Bisio.Publisher:
Greenwood Press (December 11, 1985) Language: English ISBN 0-313-24634-3 ISBN 978-0-313-24634-0
33. ^ Anatomy of the Auschwitz death camp By Yisrael Gutman, Michael Berenbaum Publisher: Indiana University Press (April 1, 1998) Language:
English ISBN 0-253-20884-X ISBN 978-0-253-20884-2
34. ^ Night by Elie Wiesel Publisher: Bantam (March 1, 1982) Language: English ISBN 0-553-27253-5 ISBN 978-0-553-27253-6
35. ^ The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide by Robert Jay Lifton Publisher: Basic Books (August 2000) Language: English
ISBN 0-465-04905-2 ISBN 978-0-465-04905-9
36. ^ Dein ist mein ganzes Herz (Fritz Löhner-Beda) by Günther Schwarberg (2000) ISBN 3-88243-715-4
37. a b Gutman 1994, p. 17.
38. ^ Danuta Czech in Gutman 1994, p. 18.
39. ^ "Auschwitz: A Doctor's Eyewitness Account" (Dr. Miklos Nyiszli)
40. ^ "Auschwitz: Inside the Nazi State", PBS (2004–2005)
41. ^ Gabor Kadar and Zoltan Vagi: Self-Financing Genocide: The Gold Train – The Becher Case – The Wealth of Jews p.125, Hungary; Central
European Univ Pr; ISBN 963-9241-53-9 (Sep 2004)
42. ^ Rees 2005, p. 100.
43. ^ Gilbert, S. Music in the Holocaust: Confronting Life in the Nazi Ghettos and Camps. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. The compositions
were written by musicians in the camps and included "Arbeitslager-March" (Work camp march) and "Arbeit macht frei".
44. a b BBC History of World War II. Auschwitz; Inside the Nazi State. Part 2, Orders and Initiatives.
45. ^ Rees 2005, pp. 172–175.
46. ^ Kárný 1994, p. 556.
47. ^ Dwork and van Pelt 1997, pp. 337–343.
48. ^ Peter Hellman, Lili Meier, Beate Klarsfeld. The Auschwitz Album, p. 166. Random House, Inc. New York, NY, 1981. ISBN 394-51932-9 .
49. a b Gilbert, S. Music in the Holocaust: Confronting Life in the Nazi Ghettos and Camps. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. p. 184
50. ^ Nyiszli, Miklos (2011). "3". Auschwitz: A Doctor's Eyewitness Account. New York: Arcade Publishing. p. 31.
51. ^ Nyiszli, Miklos (2011). "3". Auschwitz: A Doctor's Eyewitness Account. New York: Arcade Publishing.
52. ^ Nyiszli, Miklos (2011). "3". Auschwitz: A Doctor's Eyewitness Account. New York: Arcade Publishing. p. 33.
53. ^ Nyiszli, Miklos (2011). "3". Auschwitz: A Doctor's Eyewitness Account. New York: Arcade Publishing. p. 34.
54. ^ Nyiszli, Miklos (2011). Auschwitz: A Doctor's Eyewitness Account. New York: Arcade Publishing. p. 92.
55. ^ Nyiszli, Miklos (2011). Auschwitz: A Doctor's Eyewitness Account. New York: Arcade Publishing. p. 57.
56. ^ Gutman 1994, pp. 20–21.
57. ^ Gutman 1994, p. 21.
58. ^ Nyiszli, Miklos (2011). "3". Auschwitz: A Doctor's Eyewitness Account. New York: Arcade Publishing. p. 31.
59. ^ Rees 2005, pp. 178–179.
60. ^ Rees 2005, pp. 180–182.
61. ^ For "pseudo-scientific", see: * Kater, Michael H. Doctors Under Hitler, University of North Carolina Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-8078-4858-6, pp.
124–125. * Lukas, Richard C. Did the Children Cry?: Hitler's War Against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939–1945, Hippocrene Books, 1994, ISBN
978-0-7818-0242-0, pp. 88–89. * Schwarberg, Günther. The Murders at Bullenhuser Damm, Indiana University Press, 1984, ISBN 978-0-253-
15481-1, p. 117.
62. ^ Doctors from Hell: the Horrific Account of Nazi Experiments on Humans. By Vivien Spitz Publisher: Sentient Publications (May 25, 2005) ISBN 1-
59181-032-9 ISBN 978-1-59181-032-2 Pages 232–234
63. ^ Substantive and Procedural Aspects of International Criminal Law : The Experience of International and National Courts: Materials by Gabrielle Kirk McDonald Publisher: Springer; 1 edition (March 1, 2000) ISBN 90-411-1134-4 ISBN 978-90-411-1134-0
64. ^ Die Namen der Nummern (Gebundene Ausgabe) von Hans-Joachim Lang (Author)Publisher: Hoffmann + Campe Vlg GmbH (August 31, 2004)
66. ^ Lewis, Jon E. (1999), The Mammoth Book of True War Stories, Carroll & Graf Publishers, ISBN 0-7867-0629-5. p. 391.
67. a b c Adam Cyra, Ochotnik do Auschwitz – Witold Pilecki 1901–1948, Oświęcim 2000. ISBN 83-912000-3-5
68. ^ Karny 1994, p. 556.
69. ^ Heinz Galinski, "Jüdische Widerstandsgruppen". Unser Appell (journal of the Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime), no. 3/4 (September 10,
1947)
70. ^ Rubeigh James Minney. I shall fear no evil: the story of Dr. Alina Brewda. Kimber, 1966. p. 152.
71. ^ Norman Davies, Europe: A History, Oxford University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-19-820171-0., Google Print, p. 1023
72. ^ Rees 2005, pp. 256–257.
73. ^ "Auschwitz Concentration Camp The Gas Chambers http" . //www.HolocaustResearchProject.org. Retrieved 2013-03-25.
74. ^ (English) Państwowe Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau w Oświęcimiu
75. ^ Rees 2005, pp. 141.
76. ^ "Byłem Numerem: swiadectwa Z Auschwitz" by Kazimierz Piechowski, Eugenia Bozena Kodecka-Kaczynska, Michal Ziokowski, Hardcover,
Wydawn. Siostr Loretanek, ISBN 83-7257-122-8
77. ^ Gabriela Nikliborc (January 13, 2009). "The Film about the Amazing Escape from Auschwitz—Now Available on DVD" . Auschwitz-Birkenau
State Museum. Retrieved January 5, 2011.
78. ^ Daring to Resist: Jewish Defiance in the Holocaust Publisher: Museum of Jewish Heritage – A Living Memorial to the Holocaust (April 1, 2007)
ISBN 0-9716859-2-4 ISBN 978-0-9716859-2-5
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