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OD;aombdwausmif;onf bkef;BuD;ausmif; jzpfaomfvnf; twef;ausmif; jzpfygonf/ xdkacwfu xdkausmif;rsKd;udk ]avmu"mwfausmif;} [k ac:Muygonf/ a&S;pmoufoufoifonfh bk ef;BuD;ausmif;ESihf jcm;em;

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ap&eftwGuf odkY ac:jcif;jzpf[ef wlygonf/ vufaxmufq&mrsm;

onf vl0wfaMumifrsm;jzpf&m tcsKdU q&mjzpfpmar;yGJ atmifjrifMu tcsKdU ratmifjrifMuyg/ uRefawmfwdkY i,fpOfu xdkvufaxmufq&mrsm;onf vc r&MubJ ESpfuk efrS qkaiG &Muygonf/ ESpfpOf ynma&;XmerS ynmtkyf wa,mufa,muf vm ppfaq;NyD;vQif ausmif;om;rsm;udk twef;wifay;jcif;? twef;csjcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyfygonf/ ausmif;tkyfbkef;awmfBuD;aomf if;? vufaxmufq&mrsm;uaomf if; twef; wifay;jcif;? csjcif; rjyKEdkifMuay/

atmifqef;onf ausmif;aeonfhtcsdefrSp twef;xJ tNrJ yxr &ygonf/ ausmif;tkyf bkef;awmfBuD;ESifhwuG q&m? q&mrrsm;udktvGefaMumuf&GHUdkao tvGeftyd k;aoygonf/ pnf;urf;ao0yfjcif;? wm0efodwwfjcif;? vHkYv0d&d,&Sd jcif;wdkYonf atmifqef;\ADZyif jzpfygonf/

xdkADZudk rdzrsm;xHrS &onf[k qd kcsifuvnf; qdkEdkifygonf/ uRefawmfwdkY zcifESifh rdcifrSm tvGef dk;om;olrsm;jzpf rw&m;vkyf&ef a0;pG? rw&m;vkyfonf[k txifcH&rnfudk yif tvGef aMumufolrsm; jzpfMuygonf/ wm0efudk tvGefodwwf wm0efrJh ajymqdkvkyfudkifrIudktvGef pufqkyf&GH&Sm Muygonf/

pdwfaeoabmxm;tm;jzifh atmifqef;onf zcifESihf ydkwlyg onf/ uRefawmfwd kYzcifonf &SmrS &Sm;aom vlat; wa,mufjzpf

rnfolYudkrQ &efrjyK/ rdrdudk &efjyKMuvdrfhrnf[kvnf; rxifol jzpfygonf/tdrfif;? c&D;oGm;vm&mif; rdrdudk,fudk umuG,f&ef rnfonfhvufeuf udkrQ udk ifaqmifavh r&Sdyg/ uRefawmf rSwfrdoavmuf rnfolESihfrQvnf;&efrjzpfzl;yg/

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rSwf rdygao;onf/ yxrur mppfBuD;(1914-1918) twGif;u

uRefawmfwk dYzcifonf ppfonfawmfrsm; oufomacsmifcsda&;tzGJUwGif aiGxdef;tjzpf aqmif&Guf&ygonf/ waeYo vlwa,mufonf(emrnfukd rSwfrdaomfvnf; xdkol\ tquftEG,frsm;udk iJhn maomtm;jzifh razmfjy awmhyg) twGif;a&;r ;vufrSwfvdrfjzifh aiGxkwf &m uRefawmfwdkY zcifuxkwfray;bJ jiif;qdkvdkufygonf/ xdkvlonf &Sufvnf;&Suf? a'govnf;jzpfojzifh t&ufaomuf tdrfay:odkY wufvmum ]cifAsm;u ppfaMu;xdef;&vdk Y armufwmvm;} ponfjzifh &efp apmfum;vmygawmhonf/uRefawmfwd kY zcifum; rdrdtdrfay:odkY wufvm rdrdtm; apmfum;oludkbmrQrvkyfyg/ vSnfh yif rMunhfyg/ rQ onf;cHEdkifpGrf ; &Sdolaywnf;/ xufaomrdcifurlum; ]eif bmvlyg;0wmvJ} [kajymum zdeyfjzifh dkufrnfjyK&m? trl;orm;vl&rf;um;onf xdkif&Sdcdk; awmif;yefaomaMumifhom oufomcGifh &oGm;ygonf/

rdcifonf rnfonhftcgrQ trIrJh trSwf rJh aewwfol r[kwfyg/

c&D;oGm;vm&mwGif EIwfu orKa'&Gwf vsuf vufuvnf; "m;udkifxm;avh &Sdygonf/

atmifqef;onf zcifuJhodk Y trIrJh trSwfrJh aewwfygonf/ xdkYaMumifhyif i,fpOfu olwyg;\dkufESufjcif;udkcH&? BuD;vmaomtcg vnf; a&wdrfwGif tESpfcH&ygonf/ rdcifuJhodkY owd 0d&d,&Sdygrlum; a&wdrfwGif tESpfcH&rnf r[kwfyg/

i,fpOfu qdkif;wD;aeonfud k pdwf0ifpm;pGm em;axmifaeaom atmifqef;udk aumifuav; wpfa,mufu cJjzifhayguf xGufajy;&m atmifqef;rSm ESzl; 'Pf&m&oGm;ygonf/ tjcm;tjzpftysufuav; wckudkvnf; rSwf rdygao;onf/ waeYwG if ol Yxuf tenf;i,fBuD;aom]at;armif} qdkolu atmifqef;udk xdk;Budwf dkufESufvdkufygonf/

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uRefawmfodaomtcg csufaumif;apmifh xdkaumifuav;udk vufoD;jzifh

xdk;? ajcjzifhvnf;uef ponfjzifh tawmfuav;ESHvdkufygonf/ xdk aumifuav;u ]awmfawmhuG? rif;nD 'Davmufrembl;} [k jyefajymonfudk ,ck pma&;ae&if; Mum;a,mifrdvmojzifh jyHK;rdygonf/

atmifqef;um; i,fpOfrSp usqHk;onfhaeYtxd rnfolYudkrQ rESdyfpufvdk/ rESdyfpufcJh/ rdrdudkvnf; rnfolurQ ESdyfpuf&ef&Smvdrfhrnf[k rxifol jzpfygonf/ ]vkyf&Jwmow d r[kwfbl;? cH&JrS owd yg} [k

BuD;vmaomtcg rdrdESihf &if;ESD;olrsm;udk rMumcP ajymavh&Sdygonf/

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(2)ausmif;om;vli,fb0

a&S;acwftcgu jrefrmausmif; (Vernacular School)? t*Fvdyfjrefrmausmif; (Anglo-Vernacular School)? t*Fvdyfausmif;

(English School) [l ausmif;oHk;rsKd;&Sd &m ewfarmufausmif;onf jrefrmausmif; jzpfygonf/ t*Fvdyfausmif;onf &ef ukef? rEav;wdkY uJhodkYaom NrKdUBuD;rsm;om&Sd ]t*Fvd yf jrefrmausmif;} onf rauG;?a&eHacsmif ;? awmifwGif;BuD;wdkYuJhodkYaom NrKdUuav;rsm; om &Sdygonf/

NrKdUydkif H k;pdkufaomfvnf; &GmBuD;rQomjzpfaom ewfarmuf ]jrefrmausmif;}om &Sdygonf/

uRefawmfwd kYi,fpOfu ewfarmufonf ql;wyfrsm;um&Hxm;aom&GmBuD;jzpf oabFmqdyfNrKdUjzpfaom rauG;ESihf 36rdkif a0;onf/ rD;&xm; vrf;vnf; r&Sdao;yg/ um;vrf;vnf; r&Sdao; jzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh BuD;vmaomtcg atmif qef;onf &if;ESD;aomrdwfaqG rsm;tm; ]usKyf

*sif*vd0gvm;(awmom;)} [k *kPf,l &,farm ajymqdkavh &Sdygonf/ acwfynm(t*Fvdyfpm) oifvdkvQif ewfarmuf roifEdkifbJ

NrKdUwNrKdU oG m;&ygonf/ 13-ESpf 14-ESpf t&G,fa&mufNyDjzpfaom atmifqef;onf jrefrmpm 6-wef;atmifjrifNyD ;aemuf t*Fvdyfpmoifvd k&um; tpfudkBuD;ESifh uRefawmfwdk Y ynm&ifEdkY aomufpkdYcJhaoma&eHacsmif; ae&Sife,fausmif;odkY olYudkydk Y&ef rdbrsm;udk ylqmygawmhonf/

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rdbrsm;uomru tpfudktpf rrsm;uyg olYudk uav;[k ,lqxm;Mu

ojzifh wNrKdUwaus;odkYcGJydk Y&ef oabmrwlMuyg/ txl;ojzifh rdcifonf tcspfqHk; om;uav;udk rcGJEdk ifjzpfae&m tenf;i,f BuD;vmonfhwdkifatmif apmifhqd kif;&ef azsmif;zsajymqd kygonf/ vkyfvdk &mudk rjzpfrae vkyfwwfaom ZGJ&Sdonfhatmifqef;onf idk,dkylqm Hkru ]a&eHacsmif;ausmif;udk rydk YvQif xrif;rpm;} [k aMunm xrif;rpm;bJ aeygonf/wenf;tm;jzifhqdkvQif tpmiwfcHwdkufyGJ qifETJaeygonf/ ol\ pdwf"mwf udk aumif;pGmodaom rdbrsm;onf aemufqHk;wGif ol\ vkdvm;csufudkvdkufavsm a&eHacsmif; ausmif;odkY ydkY&ygawmhonf/ odkYjzifh 1928-ckwGif atmifqef;onf a&eHacsmif; ae&Sife,fausmif;om; jzpfvmygonf/

ewfarmufNrdKUAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;aetdrfjywdkuf

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,ckacwf vli,frsm; odMurnfr[kwfojzihf ae&Sife,fausmif;rsm;

taMumif;udk tenf;i,f azmf jyvdkygonf/ 1920-jynfhESpfrwdkifrDu ae&Sife,fausmif;rsm; r&Sdao;yg/ tpdk;&u wdkufdkuftkyf csKyfaom tpkd;&ausmif;rsm;ESifh c&pf,ef omoemjyK ausmif;rsm;om &Sdygonf/ Ak'bmom0ifrsm; BuD;r;zGifhvSpfaom ausmif;rsm;vnf; tenf;i,f &Sdygonf/

1920-jynhfESpfrwdk ifrDu jrefrmjynf wuodkvf[k r&SdbJ

]&efukefaumvdyf} ESifh tar&duef omoemjyK q&mBuD;*syfqif (Judson)

udk tpGJjyK zGifh vSpfxm;aom ]*syfqifaumvdyf} [l aumvdyfausmif;ESpfausmif;om &Sdygonf/ (tcsKdUpmtkyfrsm;wG if q&mBuD;*syfqifudk q&m,k'oef[k if;? *syfqifaumvdyfudk ],k'oefaumvdyf} [k if; a&;om;Mu ygonf/) xdkaumvdyfausmif;rsm;onf b*Fvm;jynfe,f umvuwm;wuodkvf \ vufatmuf cHjzpf&m xdkwuodkvf u BuD;r;vsuf pmar;yGJrsm; usif;yjcif;? bGJYrsm;ay;jcif; ponfwdkYudk jyKvkyfygonf/

1920-jynfhES pf0,f ]&efukefwuod kvf} udk oD;jcm;zGihfvSpf&ef&nf&G,fvsuf NAdwdoQbk&ifcH qm &,f*sDe,f u&ufa'guf(Sir Regianld

Craddock) BuD;r; ]&efukefwuod kvf tufOya'} w&yfudk a&;qGJ Muygonf/ NAdwdoQtpkd;&\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm jrefrmwdkYudk tppftrSefynmwwfapvdk r[kwfbJ? rdrdwd kY wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyf&m tultnD&apHkavmufom ynmoifay;&ef jzpfygonf/

wenf;tm;jzifhqd kvQif udkvd keD e,fcsJUorm;rsm;yDyD rdrdwdkY vufatmufcH vlrsKd;rsm;tm; rdrdwdkY\ udkvd keDpepftwGuf taxmuftuljzpfaprnfh ynma&;rsKd;udkom ay;vdkygonf/

wuodkvfynmudk vlajrmufjrm;pGm rwwfajrmufapvdkbJ vuf wqkyfpmrQaom t&m&SdBuD;rsm;\ om;orD;rsm;ESifh "e&Sif ajr&Sifrsm;\om;orD;rsm;udkom wwfajrmufapvdkygonf/ ,if;odkYjzpf&m omrefvlrsm;

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wuodkvf ynm roifEdk ifatmif ]wu odkvf tufOya'} udk a&;qGJMu

ygonf/1920-jynfhESpf 'DZifbmvwGif xk dOya'udk uefYuGufaomtm;jzifh

aumvdyfausmif;om;BuD;rsm;u acgif;aqmifum rdrdwdkYaumvdyfrsm;udkoydwfarSmuf xGufcGmvmMuygonf/ aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;\ erlemudk ,lvsuf tjcm;ausmif;rsm;rS ausmif;om;rsm;onfvnf; rdrdwdkYausmif; rsm;udk oydwfarSmufvdkufMuygonf/ ,aeYwdk if ESpfpOf usif;yNrJjzpfonfh

]trsKd;om;aeY} onf xkdausmif;om;oydwfud k tpGJjyK usif;yjcif;jzpfygonf/

ausmif;om;oydwf jzpfay:NyD;aemuf ausmif;om;uav;rsm;ynmoifrysufap&ef oydwfarSmufausmif;om;BuD;rsm;ESifh rsKd;cspfyk*dKvfrsm;

OD;pD;aom ]trsKd;om;ynma&;aumifpD} (Council of National

Education)zGJU ausmif;rsm;zGihfvSpfvsuf ynmoifMum;ay;Muygonf/

xkdausmif;rsm;udk trsKd;om;ausmif; (0g) ae&Sife,fausmif; [k ac:Muygonf/ trfatOD;armifBuD;(,ck qmarmifBuD;)? q&mBuD; ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;? 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd ponfh yk* dKvfBuD;rsm;uOD;pD;aom ae&Sife,f aumvdyfausmif; wausmif;udkvnf; wnfaxmifcJhMuygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; xdkaumvdyfonf oufqdk;r&SnfcJhyg/

ae&Sife,fausmif;rsm;\ aus;Zl;aMumihf ausmif;om;t&G,f

vlrr,fuav;rsm;onf ynmoifrysufH kru rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwfvnf; &vm Muygonf/ aemiftcsdef ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHkrsm;wGif if;? EdkifiHa&;wGif if; acgif;aqmifjzpfvmolrsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh ae&Sife,fausmif;xGufrsm; jzpfMuygonf/ wdkif;jynf vGwfvyfa&; wdkufyGJwavQmuf ae&Sife,fausmif;rsm;onf ta&;BuD;aomtcef;rS yg0ifcJhonfudkrnfolrQ jiif;qdkEdkifrnf r[kwfyg/

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a&eHacsmif ; ae&Sife,fausmif;wGifvnf; atmifqef;onf twef;

wdkif; yif yxr &ygonf/ 1930-jynhfESpf 7-wef;pmar;yGJwGif paumvm;&Spf& ]OD;a&Tcdkqk} udkvnf; &ygonf/ wvvQif aiG 10-usyfusjzihf oHk;ESpftwGuf paumvm;&Spf qkaiG csDjrihf jcif;cH&ygonf/ aemufESpfESpf Mumaomtcg 10-wef;atmifojzifh xd k paumvm;&Spf qkaiGudk aumvdyfa&mufonfh yxrESpftxd &cJhygonf/

a&eHacsmif ;ae&Sife,fausmif;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;onf vufa&;

pmapmifjzpfaom ]ausmif;om;pmapmif} wckxkwf&m atmifqef;onft,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&Guf&ygonf/

atmifqef;\ ]qef;} yHkudk ae&Sife,fausmif;om;b0vnf; awGU&Sd&ygonf/ 1931-ckESpf aEG&moD ausmif;ydwf&uftwGif; arv 18- &ufaeYwGif uRefawmfwdk Yzcifonf ESpfvrQ emrusef;jzpf NyD;aemuf uG,fvGefoG m;ygonf/ ausmif;ydwf&uftwG if; tdrfjyefvmaom atmifqef;ESihf ausmif;q&mjzpfaeaom tpfudkOD;b0if;BuD;wdkYonf zciftavmif;udkoN* K[fNyD;rS a&eHacsmif;odkYjyefEd kifMuojzifh ausmif;a&muf aemufusaeMu ygonf/ q&mwa,mufu ]rif;wdkY bmvdk Y aemufus aeovJ} [kar;&m atmifqef;u ]taz rrmvdkY} [k ajzygonf/ ]tck rmoGm;NyDvm;} [k q&mu qufar;&m ]qHk;NyD} [k atmifqef;u jyefajzygonf/ xdkodkYajzaMumif;udk xdkq&mu tpfudkBuD;tm;ajym tpfudkBuD;uuRefawmfhtm; wqifhjyefajymojzifh uRefawmfhwdkY &,fMu& ygonf/

odkYaomfvnf; ,aeY pOf;pm;Munhfaomtcg atmifqef;\tajzrSmtvGefwdusonfud k awGU&ygonf/ olajzonfhtwdkif ; ol ausmif; jyefta&muf aemufus&jcif;onf zcif qH k;oGm;aomaMumihf r[kwfbJ rrmaeaom zcifudk jyKpkae&aomaMumih fjzpfonfrSm rSefayonf/ tb,fh aMumifhqdkaomf qHk;NyD;aemuf tavmif;udk oN*K[f HkrSwyg; tjcm;vkyf&ef

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&SdaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ xdktcsdefu atmifqef;onf 16-ESpfausmf 17-

ESpfom; t&G,frQom &Sdygao;onf/ xdkt&G,fuyif olonf ausmif;jyef aemufus&jcif; jy em\ taMumif;&if;udk &Sif;&S if;jywfjywf jrifol jzpfygonf/ aemufydkif; ol\vkyfaqmifcsuf rsm; atmifjrifjcif;onfjy emw&yf\ taMumif;&if;udk &Sif;&Sif;jywfjywf xdk;xGif;odjrifwwfaom t&nftcsif;aMumihf[kqdkvQif rSm;rnf rxifay/

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(3)&efukefwuodkvf

1932-ckESpfwGif atmifqef;onf t*Fvdyfjrefrm q,fwef;udkjrefrmpmESifhygVdbmomwdk YwGif *kPfxl;jzifhatmifjrif &efukefwuodkvfodkY a&mufvmygonf/ xdkacwfu aumvdyfausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh txufwef;vTmESihf tvwfwef;vTmrsm;rS vmMuolrsm;jzpf tvGef ]I d;} xkwf Muygonf/ 0wfpm;qif,if&m aumif;ayh? vSayh? qef;ayh qdkonfh t0wfrsm;udkom *kPfwk *kPfNyKdif 0wfqifMuygonf/xdkacwftcsdefwGif aumvdyfausmif;om;jzpfvmaom atmifqef;onf wrlxl;jcm;aeygonf/

tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm; pwdkifxkwfoavmuf(0g)*dkufay;oavmuf atmifqef;onf t0wfud kvnf; * krpdkuf? tpm;udkvnf; *krpdkuf?taetxdkifudkvnf; * krpdkuf? jzpfovdkaeygonf/ tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm; bdkauajymifaeatmif zD;vdrf;jyifqifoavmuf atmifqef;onf tNrJqHyifpkwfzGm;jzifh aewwfygonf/ tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;onf ydk;-zJ-uwD

yg-befaumuf paom taumif;pm;txnfrsm;udk 0wfqifaomfvnf; atmifqef;um; rE av;vHkcsnfwywfEGrf;? yifeDwdkufyHktu s? wcgw&Houvyftu swywfEGrf; ponfwdk Yudkom 0wfqifavh&Sd ygonf/ tjcm; ausmif;om;rsm;onf rdrdwdkY\tcef;rsm;udk vSyatmif rGrf;rH cs,fvS,fxm;Muojzifh tcef;rsm; vSycefYnm;oavmuf atmifqef;\ tcef;onf

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IyfyG aeygonf/ wcef;vHk; pmtkyfrsm;onf jyefYBuJae tusvHkcsnf

wdkYvnf; ae&mtESHtjym;a&mufaeMuygonf/ tdyf&mudk vnf; rnfonfhtcgrQ rodrf;bJ? jcifaxmifudkvnf; tNrJ axmifxm;ygonf/

oyfoyf,yf,yf aewwfxdkifwwfaomausmifom;rsm;u rnfrQESmacgif; HIUapumrl? atmifqef;um; ywf0ef;usifudk vHk;0* krpdkuf? 0wfNrJaeNrJtwd kif;yif/ tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;u olYtm;azmfa&GGpG m EIwfqufaomfvnf; olujyef EIwfqufcsifrS EIwfqufonf/ xdkodkYaom atmifqef;udk

ausmif;om;trsm;u ]*Gpm} [k uifyGef;wyfMuonfrSm rxl;qef;vSay/ xkdrQ *Gusaomfvnf; atmifqef;onf tvG efpmzwfol jzpfygonf?pmzwf&m ausmif;oifpmtkyfrsm;udkomru tjyiftyrS pmtkyfrsm; (txl;ojzifh EdkifiHa&;pmtkyfrsm;) udkyg zwfavh&Sdygonf/ zwf&mvnf; tcef;eD;csif;rsm;twGuf taESmifht&S ufjzpfrnf rjzpfrnf udkyif owdrjyKEdkifawmhbJ atmfzwfvdku zwfwwfygonf/

atmifqef;onf rd rdudkEIwfqufolrsm;tm; jyefEIwfqufvdkrSEIwfqufjcif;? pmatmf zwfvdku zwfjcif;wdk Yonf tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm; tm; apmfum;vdkaom armufrmonfh pdwf"mwfaMumihf r[kwf/ pOf;pm;csif&mpOf;pm; ywf0ef;usifudk arhaeaomaMumifhomjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumihf

yif wcgu t*Fvdyfpmygarmu rpwmdkU'fpf (F.W.W. Rhodes) u]rifh;nD[m rd k;ay:cPcP wufwufaevdkY igu ajrBuD;ay:jyefa&mufatmif cscsay;ae&w,f} [k &,farmajymqdkbl;ygonf/

atmifqef;onf bmawG pOf;pm;aeygoenf;/ vlysKdvl&G,fwdkY obm0tavsmuf rdef;uav;awGtaMumif;udk pOf;pm;aeygovm;/ r[kwfyg/ atmifqef; pOf;pm;aeonfrSm uRef jzpfaeaom tzEdkifiHudk rnfodkY u,fwif &rnfenf; qd konhf tvGefBuD;us,faomjyemrsm;udkpOf;pm;aeaMumif; ol\ aemufydkif;vkyf&yfrsm;u oufaocHaeygonf/

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atmifqef;onf avmuGwfvkyfwwfol r[kwfyg/ pdwfxJu

rygbJ avmuGwfpum;awG ajymaejcif;jzifh tcsd efjzKef;vdkol r[kwfyg/ 1947-ck Zlvkdifv 29-&ufaeY wdk if;jyKjynfjyK vTwfawmftpnf;ta0;wGif]aMuuGJ 0rf;enf;aMumif;} tqdkwifoGif;&if; 0efBuD;csKyfa[mif;OD;Ekuatmufygtwdkif; ajymMum;cJhbl;ygonf/

]]tJ'Dvd k awGU&wJhtcgrSm udkatmifqef;[m olrsm;ESihfrwlatmifxl;jcm;wJh trlt&mawGudk pNyD;awGU&wmyJ/ Oyrm pNyD;awGU&w,fqdk&if

wa,mufESifhwa,muf [uf[ufyufyuf EIwfqufMuw,f/ ol wa,mufxJubJ bmrSrajymbJ ikwf wkwfxdkifaew,f/ onfawmhawmfawmfxl;qef;wJhyk* dKvfbJvdkY atmufarhNyD; tJ'DaeY tcsdefukefNyD;jyefcJh&w,f/

tJh'DrSmawGUwJhtaMumif;udk taMumif;jyKNyD; vrf;rSmawGUwJhtcgb,foGm;rvdkYvJ? b,fuvmwmvJ? bmvkyfrvdkYvJ ponfjzifh EIwfquf Muw,f/ EIwfqufwJhtcgrSm udktkef;? uRefawmf? udkodef;az? udkausmfNidrf; wdkYuom tJ'Dvdk EIwfqufMuw,f/ udkatmifqef;uawmh EIwfqufayr,fh vSnhfrMunhfbJ a&SmufoGm;csifoGm;wmyJ/ jyefajymcsifrS ajymw,f/&yfMunhfNyD; a&SmufoGm;csif oGm;wmyJ/

olrajymbl;qd kNyD; olYudk zmodzmomaevdkufayr,fh tJ'DtcgrSm tydkrygbJ ajymp&m&SdwmvmNyD; ajymwmbJ/ uRefawmf uvJ taMumif; rodbl;/ awGUwmvJ aemufusaew,f/ waeYusawmh udkodef;azudk tJ'D

udkatmifqef;qdkwJvl [m b,fvdkvlpm;vJ? vrf;awGU&if EIwfqufvdkYvJr&bl;? jyHK;vdkYvJ r&bl;/ olYudk vlxl;qef;wrsKd;bJvdkY tJh'Dvdk trSwfonmxm;vdkufw,f/

aemuf 6 vavmuftMum oleJY&if;&if;ESD;ESD; aygif;MunhfvdkufwJh tcgusawmh udkatmifqef;[m tydkawGqdk&if bmrS rvkyfcsifbl;?

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avmuGwfqdkwm omNyD; olt,HktMunfr&Sdao;w,f/ avmuGwfajymaewJh

vlawG[m wa,mufESifhwa,muf nmaewJhvlawGbJ/ 'Dawmhum wa,mufESihfwa,muf cspfcspfcifcif &if;&if;ESD;ESD;

aygif;&r,fhvlawG[m avmuGwfawG bmawG tydktvkyfawG ajymaebdkYrvdkbl ;/ ajymp&m&SdwmawG ajym? qdkp&m&SdwmawG qdk? ta&;&SdwJhtcgrSajymqdkbdkY? aqG;aEG;p&m&SdwmawG aqG;aEG;bdkY? 'gbJ/

tJ'DtcgrSm oGm;awGUawmh udkatmifqef;[m uRefawmfwdk Y xifwJh

twdkif; uwfoD;uwfowf vlwrsKd; r[kwfbJ? twdtusudk vdkvm;wJhyk*dKvfwa,mufqdkNyD; uRefawmfwdkY awGU&w,f}}

1932-33 ck ausmif;zGifhpwGif wuodkvfor* u BuD;r;vsuf]bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;onf EdkifiHa&; rvkyfoihf} [laom tqdkw&yfudk t*Fvdyf bmomjzifh pum;&nfvkyGJwck usif;yygonf/ xdktqdk udk uRefawmfwdkYwifoGif; udkat;csKd qdkolu uefYuGufygonf/

pum;&nfvkyGJ rjyKvkyfrDuyif jy emESihf ywfouf&efukefa*Zwf (The Rangoon Gazette) owif;pmwGif tajctwif a&;om;Muygonf/ taMumif;t&mrSm EdkifiHa&;qHae&um; tjyifrSEdkifiH a&;orm;rsm;vnf; 0ifa&;Muygonf/ xdktcsdefu EdkifiHa&;avmutdE d,jynfESihf jrefrmjynf cGJa&;wGJa&; jy emonf xdyfwef;a&mufaeygonf/

NAdwdoQwdkYonf jrefrmjynfudk oHk;BudrfoHk;vnf(1828-1852- 1885) wdkufcdkufodrf;,l tdE d,jynfwGif; xnfhoGif;xm;Muygonf/ tkyfcsKyfa&;udk apmapmydkif; rif;BuD;csKyf? aemufydkif; 'kwd, bk&ifcH? xdkYaemuf bk&ifcHu aqmif&Gufonf/ xdkyk*dKvfrsm;onf tdEd,jynf&Sd bk&ifcHcsKyf\ vufatmufcHrsm; jzpfMuygonf/ wenf;tm;jzifhqdkvQif jrefrmjynfonf tdE d,jynf\ jynfe,fwckrQomjzpf jrefrmjynf\

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tkyfcsKyfa&; tBuD;tuJrsm;onf tdEd,bk&ifcHcsKyf\trdefYud k emcHMu&

ygonf/ jrefrmjynfEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;wGif tdE d,jynfrS cGJxGufrS wdkif;jynf

twGuf ydkrdktusKd;&Sdrnf[k ,lqolrsm;vnf; &SdouJhodk Y tdEd,jynfESifh wGJaerS ydktusKd;&Sd rnf[k ,lqolrsm;vnf; &Sdaeygonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh qdkvQif tdE d,jynfESihf jrefrmjynf cGJa&;wGJa&;ESifhywfouf EdkifiHa&; avmuwGif y#dyu jzpfaeygonf/ cGJa&;bufrS acgif;aqmifrSm OD;baz

jzpf? wGJa&;bufrS acgif;aqmifrSm OD;cspfvdI if? a'gufwm barmfwdkY jzpfMuygonf/ (a'gufwmbarmfonf xdktcsdefrSp Edkif iHa&;e,fxJ 0ifvmjcif; jzpfygonf/)

y&d,m,ft&mwGif tvGefvdr myg;eyfaom NAdwdoQtpdk;&onfcGJa&;wGJa&;jy emudk rdrdwdk Y rqHk;jzwfvdk? jrefrmtrsKd;om;rsm;udk,fwdkif qHk;jzwfapvdkonf/ xdkodkY qHk;jzwfEdkif&ef a&G;aumufyGJ usif;yay;rnf[k aMunmygonf/ a&G;aumufyGJ(1932)NyD; wGJa&;axmufcHaom trwf avmif;rsm; ydk rdkta&G;cH&aomfvnf; wdusjywfom;pGm rqHk;jzwfEdkifMu ojzifh NAdwd oQtpdk;&onf (1935-ck jrefrmjynf tk yfcsKyfa&; tufOya' t&) 1937-ck {NyDv 1-&ufaeYwG if jref rmjynfudk tdEd ,jynfrS cGJxGufvdkufygonf/

aus;vufvlxktay:wGif vGefpGm MoZmBuD;rm;aom bkef;awmf BuD;rsm;\ tultnDudk &,lvdkaom(0g)EkdifiHa&;wGif bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;udk

ckwHk;vkyfvdkaom Edk ifiHa&;orm;rsm;(txl;ojzifh wGJa&;orm;rsm;)onf azmfjyyg bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;Edkif iHa&;rvkyfoifh[laom pum;&nfvkyGJwGifrsm;pGmpdwf 0ifpm;Muygonf/ odkYjzpf&m xdkaeYn pum;&nfvkyGJudk ausmif; om;rsm;omru tjyify Ed kifiHa&;orm;rsm;yg wufa&muf em;axmifMuojzihf wuodkvfor*cef;rBuD;wckvHk; jynhfvQHoGm;ygonf/

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aumvdyfausmif;a&mufp atmifqef;onf tqdkud k axmufcH

0ifa&mufaqG;aEG;ygonf/ tqdkudk axmufcHjcif;rSm uRefawmftqdk&Sif jzpfaeaomaMumihf r[kwfyg/ rdrd,HkMunfcsuftwdkif ; axmufcHjcif;omjzpfygonf/

t*Fvdyfpum;udk a&vnfydkifEdkifpGm rajymwwfao;Hk ru vl*dkuf rSmvnf; *Guswwjzpfae&um; atmifqef;onf y&dowf\ avSmifajymif jcif;? atmf[pfjcif;udk cH&ygonf/ odkY&mwGif atmifqef;onf rdrd

ajymvdkonfwdkYudk NyD;qHk;atmif ajymqdkNyD;rSom xdkifygonf/xdktcsd efuyifvQif atmifqef;onf EdkifiHa&;wGif pdwf0ifpm;

rdrd,Hk Munfcsufudk raMumufr&GHU azmfjyol jzpfygonf/ rsm;pGmaom aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;onf bG JU&a&;? ausmif;rSxG ufaomtcg tvkyf tudkif aumif;aumif;rGefrGef&a&;wdk YtwGuf jyifqifaeMuaomfvnf;atmifqef;onfum; EdkifiHa&;twGuf jyifqifaeygonf/

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(4)wuodkvfor*

1934-ckESpfwGif atmifqef;onf tdkifatpmar;yGJ atmifjrif NyD;aemuf ausmif;om;EdkifiHa&;udk pwifaqmif&Gufygonf/ xdkESpfwuodkvfausmif;om;or* (wuo) trIaqmifa&G;aumufyGJwGif 0ifa&muf ,SOfNyKdifta&G;cH&m atmifqef;ta&G;rcH&yg/ vlodenf;ao;onhfjyif ausmifom;trsm;u olYudk vlY*Gpm[kom todtrSwfjyKxm;Muygao;onf/

ta&G;rcH&aomfvnf; atmifqef;onf pdwfysufroGm;yg/ olYtm;rJray;olrsm;ud kvnf; pdwf ckroGm;yg/ atmifqef;onf oabmxm;BuD;olaywnf;/ rnfrQ oabmxm;BuD;onfudk jrLeDpDy,frif;BuD;a[mif; OD;xGef; tkef\ 1961-ck ur mYuav;rsm;aeY 13-2-61 o0PfvTmudk zwfIjcif;tm;jzifh odEdkifygonf/

OD;xGef;tkefu uav;rsm;xHydkYonfh ]OD;av;xGef;tkef\ pum;

vufaqmif} [laom o0PfvTm atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;ygonf/]]yxrOD;qHk; OD;av;taeeJY Adkvf csKyfatmifqef;udk owd&wm

uawmh 1934-ckESpfubJ/ &efukefwuodkvfrSm wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or* trIaqmifa&G;aumufyGJvkyfw,f/ 'DtcgrSm OD;ausmfNidrf;? OD;odef;azjrihfwdkYu tzG JUwck zGJUpnf;NyD; a&G;aumufyGJ 0ifMuw,f/ udkatmifqef;udk rJxnfhyg? usKyfwdkYwm0ef,l ygw,fwJh/ OD;av;u

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jyefajymvdkufw,f/ ]'gavmuf Iodk;wJhvludk rJxnfhvdkufvdkY b,fjzpfrvJ?

rxnfhEdk ifbl;Asm} vdk Y OD;av;u jyefajymvdkufw,f/ 'DtcgrSm olwdkYu]cifAsm; awmfawmfacgif;rmwJhvlbJ} vdkY rSwfcsufcsNyD; vufavQmhoGm; Muw,f/ rJa&wGufNyD;wJhnae udkatmifqef;[m OD;av;&JU tcef;udk a&mufvmw,f/ cyfvSrf;vSrf;uxJu olu &,farmNyD; vSrf;ajym vdkufw,f/ ]udkxG ef;tkef uRefawmf ta&G;rcH&bl;Asmh [J[J[J} wJh/ tem;a&mufvmawmh OD;av;u ukvm;xdkifxdk;ay;NyD; ]cifAsm; pdwfqdk;csifqdk;? cifAsm;udk uRefawmfrJrxnfhcJhbl;} vkdY ajymvdkufawmh olu tm;&yg;& &,farmNyD; ]'grsKd;rS uRefawmfu BuKduf wm? rJwefbdk ;qdkwm tJ'Dvdk xm;&w,fAs/ ta&G;rcH&wm cH&wmu ta&;rBuD ;ygbl;/ tjyifvltaeeYJvJ ausmif;om;udpawG wjyHKwacgif;BuD; vkyfEdkifygw,f/ wdkifwdkifyifyif eJY qufaqmif&GufMuwmayghAsm} ponfjzif h 3-em&Davmuf pum;vufqHkusNyD; oli,fcsif;vkyfazmfaqmifbuftjzpf &if;ESD; oGm;Muw,f/

1935-36 ckESpfusawmhvJ trIaqmifrsm;tjzpf wifajrmuf

cHMu&wJhtcg? ausmif;om;udkatmifqef;[m taxGaxG twGif;a&;r;taeeJY tvkyfodyfvkyfjycsifw,f/ 'gayr,fh vkyf azmfudkifzufawGu olY&JU qufqHrIudk tm;r&ao;wJhtwGuf olY&JUpGrf;&nfudk uavmifjzifhjyapbkdYtdk;a0r* Zif; t,f'Dwm0eftjzpf wm0ef,lapw,f/ vkyfjycsifwm rvkyf&vdkY olpdwf aumufoGm;ovm;? raumufygbl;/ xm;wJhae&muaeolYpGrf;&nfudk jyNyD; ausmif;om;udp t00udk aqmif&GufcJhygw,f/ omref tm;jzifhomqdk&if ig awmf&JUom;eJY ighudk ae&mray;&aumif;vm;qdkNyD;pdwfvdkufrmefyg *GvkyfrSmbJ/

'gwifvm;? r[kwfao;ygbl;/ vlav;wdkY aoaocsmcsmem;axmif rSwfxm;aemf/ OD;av;wdk Y 1936-ckES pf oydwfarSmufNyD ;wJh aemufydkif; rSmawmif olYudk wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or* Ou|ae&mrSmxm;NyD; aqmif&GufapMuw,f/ 'DvdkvkyfvJ ol[m b,folYudk rS pdwfuGufjcif;?

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rif;om;BuD;rvkyf&vdkY ywfrBuD;udk xd k;azmufr,fa[hqdkwJh pdwfrsKd;

rxm;bJ oabmxm;BuD;pGm MunfjzLpGm vkyfazmfudkif zufrsm; pDpOfay;wJhtwdkif; pGrf;pGrf;wref vkyfjyjyefygw,f/

'Dvd k jrifhjrwfwJh pdwfxm;awGaMumihf jrefrmtrsKd;om;acgif;aqmif wifru ur muyg todtrSwfjyK&wJh acgif;aqmifBuD ; jzpfcJhygw,f/ vlaoayr,fh olYtrnf[m raobJ &mZ0ifrSm tNrJ rSwfwrf;wifxm;awmhr,fqdkwm uav;wdkY odMuw,f}}

OD;xGef;tkefonf ausmif;om;b0rSp e,fcsJUawmfvSefa&;?zufqpfawmfvSefa&;wdkY atmifqef;ESihftwl vufwGJaqmif&GufcJhol jzpfygonf/ atmifqef;\ pdwfaeoabmxm;udk ca&aphwGif;usodoljzpfygonf/

tdk;a0t,f'DwmtzGJU (1936)

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1935-36 ck w?u?o trIaqmif a&G;aumufyGJwG if atmifqef;

ta&G;cH&ygonf/ wuo\ tmabmf jzpfaom ]tdk;a0r* Zif;} t,f'Dwmtjzpf wm0ef,l aqmif&Guf&ygonf/ xdkESpf w?u?o onf twuf

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wuodkvf tmPmydkifrsm;u udkEkud k ausmif;rS xkwfypfvkdufMuygonf/

xdktcg ausmif;om;rsm;\ rauseyfrIonf waeYxuf waeY jrifhwuf vmygonf/ xdktcsdefwGif w?u?o\ tmabmfjzpfaom ]tdk;a0r*Zif;}

wGif (A hell hound at large vGwfaeaom i&JacG;BuD;waumif)[laom aqmif;ygwck ygvmygonf/ xdkaqmif;yg;wGif wuodkvft&m&Sdwa,muf taMumif;udk apmif;yg;&dyfjcnf azmfjyxm;ygonf/

tmPmrmef,pfaeaom wuodkvfausmif;tkyfBuD;onf tdk;a0

r* Zif; t,f'Dwmjzpfaom atmifqef;udkac: aqmif;yg;&Sifudk xkwfazmf ajymqdk&ef awmif;qkdygonf/ aqmif;yg&Sifemrnfud k xkwfazmfajymqdkvQif atmifqef;udk rnfodk YrQ ta&;r,l[kvnf; ajymvdkufygao;onf/ trSefrSm ausmif;tkyfBuD ;onf aqmif;yg;&Sif rnfol rnf0g jzpfonfudk &dyfrdaomfvnf; wm0efcHt,f'Dwm\ twnfjyKcsuf udk &,lvdkojzihfatmifqef;udkac: ar;jcif;jzpfygonf/ acsmhvnf;raysmh? ajcmufvnf;raMumufwwfaomatmif qef;onf ]t,f'Dwmwd kYrnfonf aqmif;yg;&Sif

rsm;\trnfudk xkwfazmfajymqdkd k; xHk;pHr&Sd/ cifAsm;wdkY vkyfcsifovdkvkyf Mu/ xkwfazmfrajymEdkif} [k jyefajym ausmif;tkyfBuD;tcef;rS xGufcJhygonf/ xdkYaMumifh wuodkvftmPmydkifrsm;onf atmifqef;udkausmif;rSxkwf&ef pDpOfMuygonf/

xdktcsd efwGif uRefawmfonf bDatatmifojzifh ausmif;rSxGuft*Fvdyfbmomjzifh xkwfa0onfh wckwnf;aom 0HomEkowif;pmjzpfonfh

]e,l;bm;rm;} (The New Burma) wGif vufaxmuft,f'Dwmtjzpfaqmif&Gufaeygonf/

1936-ck azazmf0g&Dv 25-&ufaeYxk wf owif;pmrsm;wGif]udkatmifqef;udkvnf; ausmif;xkwfvdrfhrnf} [laom owif;udk zwf&NyD;aemuf uRefawmfonf w?u?o odkY oGm;ygonf/ uRefawmfa&mufoGm;csdef

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wGif ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0; usif;y&ef pDpOfaeMuygonf/ rauseyfrI?

epfemrItrsKd;rsKd;ESifh &ifqdk ifaeMu&aom ausmif;om;rsm;onf ]oydwf arSmufr,fuG} [k a

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&mZ0ifwGif xif&Sm;ausmfMum;cJhonfh yk* dKvfBuD;rsm;\ rdefYcGef;rsm;udk

tvGwfavmufeD;eD;&atmif zwfxm;aomaMumifh jzpfayonf/ ausmif;om; av;ig;a,mufavmuf pum;ajymNyD;aomtcg

tm;vHk;wnDwnGwfwnf; wu odkvfudk oydwfarSmuf&ef qHk;jzwfvdkuf Muavonf/ tcsKdUausmif;om;rsm;onf pdwfr&Snfawmh bJ ]bm av&Snf aewmvJ? jrefjrefqif;Mu} [k [pfatmf toifhapmifhaeaombwfpfum;rsm;ay:odk Y ajy;wufMuygonf/ xdkYaemuf wuodkvfe,fajrudk

vSnfhywfum a

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twuf

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atmifqef;onf xdkEdkifiHvHk;qdk if&m ausmif;om;or* \ 'kwd,

Ou|? aemufESpfwGif Ou|tjzpf a&G;aumufwifajrmufjcif;cH&ygonf/1936-ckESpf ausmif;jyefzGifhaomtcg atmifqef;onf w?u?o\

'kwd,Ou |jzpfvmygonf/ Ou |rSm 0efBuD;a[mif; trf?at? &m&Spf jzpfygonf/ &m&Spfonf ukvm;vlrsKd;jzpfojzif?h usOf;ajrmif;aom trsKd;om;a&; pdwf"mwf&Sd onfh ausmif ;om;rsm;u &m&Spfukd Ou | rwif vkdMuyg/ tjrifus,faom atmifqef;um; bmomra&G;? vlrsKd;ra&G;?

xdkufoifh oludk xdkufoihfonfh ae&may;&rnfqdkonhfrlud k tNrJpGJudkif xm;onfhtwdkif; &m&Spfud k Ou |wifvdkol jzpf ygonf/ atmifqef;onf ukvm;xkdif vkvdkol r[kwf yg/ vkyfief;atmifjrifrI wckwnf;udkoma&SUIol jzpfygonf/ usqHk;onfhaeYtxd atmifqef;wGif xdkpdwf"mwf tjynhft0 &Sdygonf/ xdkpdwf"mwf(0g)oabmxm;BuD;rIaMumihfyif ol\vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; atmifjrifjcif; jzpfayonf/

ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif b0uyif atmifqef;onf wdkif;jynf vGwfvyfa&;twGuf jyifqifaeol jzpfygonf/ jyifqif&m tzufzufrS jyifqifjcif; jzpfonf/ acgif;aqmifrI ay;Ekdifatmif ynmt&nftcsif;ESihf jynhfpHkap&ef jyifqifH kru vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJwavQmufwGif awGUBuHKcHpm;&rnhf 'kutrsdK;rsdK;udk &ifqdkifEdkif&efvnf; jyifqifonf/

ausmif;om;acgif;aqmiftaejzifh w?u?o wGif tdyf? w?u?owGif pm;onfu rsm;ygonf/ tdyfaomtcg arGU,m? ukwifay:rSmrtdyf/

wef;vsm;cHkay:rSm jcHKp&m? cif;p&m rygbJ tdyfavh&Sdonf/ w?u?o\ zGm;zufawmf tapmifh OD;uHodef;u rMunhf&ufojzifh tdyf&mcif;ay;aom tcg ]usKyfu EdkifiHa&;vkyfr,hfvl? axmifxJu xGuf&rSm r[kwfbl;? 'gaMumifh ckuxJu usifhaewm} [k ajym vufrcHay/ ausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;twG if; awmvufaus;&Gmrsm;odkY oGm;a&mufavhvm jyefa&muf

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vQif aoG;csif;om;csif;rsm;jzpfMuaom awmifolv,f orm;rsm; rnfrQ

qif;&JMuyHkudk ajymjyavh&Sdonf[k OD;uHodef;u uRefawmhftm; ajymbl;ygonf/

Edk ifiHa&; tppftrSef[lonf pnf;pdrf&Sdonfh tvkyfr[kwf? 'kutwd jynhfESufaeonfudk atmifqef; aumif;pGmodonf/ odonhf twdkif;xdk'ku rsm;udk &ifqdkifEdk if&ef ausmif;om;b0uyif jyifqifcJhonf/ atmifqef;onf rsufaphuef; wap raMumuf? rdkuf l;&J vkyfwwfol

r[kwfay/

w?u?o Ou| udkatmifqeff;

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[m &&menf;eJY vkyf&r,fvdk Y qdkwmbJ/ OyrmAsm cifAsm;tdyfxJrSm xnfhxm;wJh azmifwdef[m uRefawmfydkifwJh azmifwd ef qdkygawmh/ cifAsm;u uRefawmhfqDu tEdkifusifh NyD; vk,lxm;w,fqdk ygawmh/ 'Dawmh uRefawmfu cifAsm;ud k awmif;yefNyD; jyefay;ygAsmvd kY acsmhawmif;r,f/ r&&if aemufwenf;eJY awmif;r,f/ tJ'Dvdk r&wJh tqHk;usawmh ray;bl;

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ocifatmifqef; dk if;jcif;? Murf;jcif;(0g) avmufu0wfudk *k

rpkdufjcif;wkd Yonf ol wyg;tay:wGif apmfum;armfum; jyKvkyfvkdaom aMumifhr[kwf/ Edk ifiHa&;udkom tNrJpOf;pm;aeaomaMumifh jzpfonf[k,lqcsifygonf/ trSefrSm ocifatmifqef;onf tvGefudk,fcsif;pmw&m; &Sdol jzpfygonf/ udk,f csif;pmw&m;r&Sdaom wudk,faumif; qHaom olrsm;udk tvGefpufqkyfol jzpfygonf/ ocifatmifqef; rnfrQ &Jabmfpdwf &S donfudk olESihftwl vkyfazmfudk ifbuf tm;vHk; odygonf/ tcsKdUaom acgif;aqmifrsm;uJhodkY aqGrsKd;om;csif;tay:wGif 0HomrEkbJol\ &Jabmfrsm;udkom OD;pmay;avh&SdaMumif;? ol\ aemufydkif;vkyf&yfrsm;u oufaaocHygonf/

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(6)vuf0Jtiftm;pk

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(3) awmifolv,form;rsm;ESihf ypnf;rJhwdkY\ 'Drdkua&pD tmPm&Sifpepf/

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trsKd;orD; tvkyfor &HyHkaiG? tvkyf vufrJh &HyHkaiG ponfrsm;)

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barmftdrf tpnf;ta0;usif;yum xGuf&yf*dkPf;twGuf a'gufwm barmfudk Ou X? ocifatmifqef;udk twGif;a&;r;tjzpf wifajrmufMuvrf;pOfw&yfa&;qGJMuygonf/ vrf;pOfa&;qGJ&ef tpnf;ta0;udk 15-&uf cefY a&TUqdkif;oifhaMumif; tjcm;yk* dKvfrsm;u ajym&m ocifatmifqef;u]tpnf;ta0; a&TU&efrvdk? ,ckyifa&;qGJrnf? cifAsm;wdk Y vufzuf&nf aomufaeMuyg} [kajymNyD; tjcm;pm;yGJwvHk;odk Y a&TUajymif; wxdkifwnf;ESifh ]xGuf&yf*dkPf;} twGuf vrf;pOfrsm;ud k a&;qGJvdkufygonf/ocifatmif qef; a&;qGJwifjyaom vrf;pOfud k tm;vHk;u oabmwl vufcHMuonf[k twlygoGm;ol ocifwifarmif(usKH rai;)xHrS od&ygonf/

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*syefu tultnD ay;rnfqdkaomfvnf; ocifatmifqef;wdkYvlpkud k uGefjrLepf[k ,lqum r,HkMunfojzifh tcsdefqGJaeygonf/ xdkYaMumifh ocifatmifqef;onf ocifvS NrKdif (,ck Adk vf&efatmif) ESihfwkyfjynfodkY cdk;xGuf&ef pDpOfavonf/

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qdkol rdwfaqGwOD;u pDpOfay;avonf/

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aojcif;? EkdifiHtwGufaojcif;jzpfonf[k udk,fhudk,fudk ESpfodrfh&awmh\/}} txufyg aumufEkwfcsuft&? ocifatmifqef;onf wdkif;jynf

twGuf aojcif;udk jrwfaomaojcif;[k ,lqaMumif; xif&Sm;ayonf/

1940-ck Mo*kwfv 24-&ufaeYwGif ocifatmifqef;wdkYonf trGdKifNrKdUodkY a&mufoGm;Muavonf/ vrf;c&D;wavQmufwGif ocif atmifqef;onf olYxHk;pHtwdk if; pOf;pm; aeavonf/ ocifvSNrKdif

(Adkvf&efatmif) u ]tudkBuD ;? uRefawmfwk dY b,foGm;vdkY b,fa&muf MurSvJ} [kar;aomtcg ]tomaeprf;Asm? rar;prf;ygeJY} [k rmefrJjcif;udkom cH&onf[k ocifvSNrKdifu aqmif;yg;wckwGif a&;cJhavonf/

trGdKifodk Y a&mufaomtcg ]tjynfjynfqdk if&m a'o} jzpfonhf]ulvefpl;} uRef;uav;wGif aeMu&onf/ xkduRef;uav;udk NAdwdoQ? tar&duef? *syefESihf wkyftpd k;&wdkYu tvSnfhus tkyfcsKyfMuavonf/

ocifatmifqef;wd kYonf a,mifa,mifvnfvnfESihf roGm;wwf rvmwwf jzpfae&m ykvdyfu zrf;rnfvkyfojzif h rdrdwdkYrSm ygvmaom &Sdpk rJhpk aiGxJrS 75-usyf vyfxdk; vdkuf &avonf/ usefaiGuav;rSm rrsm;vS&um; wvausmfavmuf &Sdaomtcg waeY 4-usyfrQaoma[mfw,fcudk yif ray;Edk ifonfhtajcodkY qdkufa&mufMu&avonf/ ocifatmifqef;um; ol YxHk;pHtwdkif; pdwf"mwfrus? tcef;atmif;pmzwfumom aeavonf/

ESpfvrQMumaomtcg *syefppf Adkvfuav;wa,muf a&mufvmocifatmifqef;wdkYudk *syefjynfodkY ac:aqmifoGm;avonf/ 1940 jynfhEkd 0ifbmvwGif *syefjynf wdkusKdNrKdUavqdyfodkY qdkufa&mufaomtcgrpwm rDemrD(ac:) Adkvfr;BuD; qlZluD; (aemufydkif; Adkvfrdk;BuKd; jzpfvmol)

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u qD;BuKdonf/ xdkYaemuf ocifatmifqef;wdkYudk a[mfw,fwckwGif

xm; a&SUvkyfief;twGuf pDpOfMuavonf/ 1941-ck Zefe0g&DvwGif *syefwyfrawmf OD;pD;csKyfonf

]rDemrDuef} ac: tzGJUwck zGJU&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufavonf/ xdktzGJUuk d rpwm rDemrD u OD;pDvQuf jrefrmvl i,frsm;udk wdwfwqdwfac:aqmif ppfoifwef;ay;&ef jzpfayonf/ xdktcsd efyif *syefonf jrefrmjynfudk wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkuf&ef &nf&G,fcsuf &SdaMumif; xif&Sm;ayonf/ jrefrm

vli,fuav;rsm;udk ppfynmoifay;vdkonfrSm pdwfapwemaumif;jzifh r[kwfbJ jrefrmjynfudk rdrdwdkY0ifa&muf wd kufcdkufaomtcg twGif;olykeftjzpf toHk;cs&efjzpfayonf/

xdkYaMumihf tjcm;vli,frsm;ud kyg ac:vm&ef ocifatmifqef;wdkYudk jrefrmjynfodkY jyefvTwfMuavonf/

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(8)AdkvfawZESifh bD?tdkif?at

ocifatmifqef;onf *syef\ &nf&G,fcsufudk rsm;pGm r,HkMunfvSay/ odkYaomfvnf; ppfjzpfaepOf tawmtwGif; ppfynmoifMum;&vQif?vufeuf&EkdifvQif? wdk if;jynftwGuf tusKd;&Sdrnf[k ,lqonfhtwdkif;vli,f&Jabmfrsm;udk ac:aqmif&ef jrefrmjynfodkY jyefvmavonf/

1941-ck azazmf0g&DvwGif ocifatmifqef;onf oGm;wkwyfwkyfoabFmom;uJhodkY k yfzsufum jrefrmjynfod kY jyefa&mufvmonf/

jrefrmjynf&Sd &Jabmfrsm;tm; tajctaet&yf&yfudk &Sif;jyNyD;aemufrwfvqef;avmufwGif ocifvSaz(Adkvfvusfm)? ocifA*srf;(Adkvfva&mif)?wuodkvf ausmif;om; udkxGef;&Sdef(Adkvf&efEdkif )ponfh &Jabmfrsm;udk wygwnf;ac: *syefjynfodkY oabFmjzifhyif jyefavonf/ tjcm;vli,frsm;udkvnf; tokwfvdkufydkY&ef pDpOfcJhavonf/

odkYjzifh ]&JabmfoHk;usd yf} [k &mZ0if wGifaeonfh atmufyg

&JabmfwdkYonf oabFmjzih fwwef? ,kd;',m; txd ukef;aMumifhjzihfwrsKd; ponfjzifh *syefjynfodkY wdwfwqdwf cdk;xGuf Muavonf/ taemuf ppfrsufESmwGif tvkyfI yfaeonf NAdwdoQtpkd;&onf ocifatmifqef;aysmufoGm;onfudk if;? acwjyefvmonfudkif ;? tjcm; rsKd;cspfvli,frsm;aysmufoGm;onfudkif; rodvdkuf&Smay/

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&JabmfoHk;usdyf

1/ ocifatmifqef; - AdkvfawZ

2/ ocifvSaz - Adkvfvusfm

3/ ocifIarmif - Adkvfae0if;

4/ udkxGef;&Sdef - Adkvf&efEdkif

5/ udkvSarmif - AdkvfaZ,s

6/ ocifvSNrKdif - Adkvf&efatmif

7/ udka&T - AdkvfausmfaZm

8/ ocifpHvIdif - Adkvfatmif

9/ udkaqmif; - Adkvfxdef0if;(t*Fvdyft0ifaoqHk;oGm;onf/)

10/ ocifxGef;a&T - Adkvfvif;,kef

11/ ocifatmifodef; - Ad kvf&JxG#f

12/ ocifA*srf; - Ad kvfva&mif

13/ ocifwifat; - Adkvfbkef;jrih f

14/ ocifxGef;cif - AdkvfjrihfaqG

15/ ocifoef;wif(1) - Adkvfoef;wif(Zif;r,fwGifusqHk;onf/)

16/ ocifoef;wif(2) - Adkvfjr'if([dkifeHuRef;wGifusqHk;onf/)

17/ ocifatmifoef; - AdkvfpBuFm

18/ ocifpdk; - Adkvfjrih fatmif (t*Fvdyf jyeft0if udk,hfudk,fudkowfaoonf/)

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19/ ocifpHjr - Adkvfawmufxdef

20/ udkvS - Adkvfrif;a&mif

21/ udkapmvGif - Adkvfrif;acgif

22/ ocifausmfpdef - Adkvfrdk;ndK

23/ ocifopf - Ad kvfapmaemif

24/ ocifcifarmifOD; - Adkvfwm&m

25/ ocifxGef;vGif - Ad kvfAv

26/ ocifoef;nGefY - AdkvfZifa,mf

27/ ocifat;armif - Ad kvfrdk;(xl;BuD;wdkufyGJwGifusqHk;onf/)

28/ ocifarmifarmif - Ad kvfP(zmyGefwkdufyGJwGif usqHk;onf/)

29/ ocifaiG - Adkvfapmatmif(a&TusifwkdufyGJwGif usqHk;onf/)

30/ ocifxGef;tkyf - ppfynmroifbJ tkyfcsKyfa&; ynmomoifojzifh AdkvfbGJU rcH,lcJhay/

&JabmfoHk;usdyfonf *syefjynfodkY a&mufaomtcg a&S;OD;pGm]azmfrdkqm} uRef;\ taemufzuf&Sd ][kd ifeHuRef;} wGif ppf ynmudk yifyef;BuD;pG m oifMum;&onf/ tpm;taomuf taetxdkif tvGefqdk;&Gm;onfh tjyif pm;csdefESifh tdyfcsdefrSwyg; em;csdef[l vHk;0 r&Sdoavmufyif/ xdkxuf qd k;0g;onfrSm *syeft&m&Sd rsm;onf yxrwGif &JabmfoHk;usdyfudkrdwfaqGuJhodk Y qufqHaomfvnf; wjznf;jznf; armufrmvmum vufatmufi,fom;ozG,f qufqHvmMuonf/ toufi,f&G,faom&Jabmfrsm;onf cHjyif;vS&um; xdktcsdef xdkae&myif *syefwdkYudk awmfvSef

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vdkpdwf aygufvmMuayonf/ ocifatmif qef;\ qHk;roGefoifrI

aumif;aomaMumifhom pdwfvdkufrmefyg rvkyfcJhrdjcif; jzpfayonf/

1941-ck 'DZifbmv 7-&ufaeYwG if *syefonf ppfraMunmbJ

[ma0,HuRef;&Sd ykvJqdyfurf;(Pearl Harbour)

udk AHk;BuJwdkufcdkuf tar&duefa&wyfudk zsufqD;ypfvdkufavonf/ t*Fvdyf-tar&duef wdkYonfvnf; *syefudk ppfaMunm&avawmhonf/ *syefonf w[kefxdk; ppfqifum ]a0vrif;om;} ESifh ]&Dyg;vfpf} (Prince of Wales andRepulse)ac: t*FvdyfppfoabFmBuD; ESpfpif;ESifhwuG tjcm; oabFmi,frsm;pGmudk AHk;BuJzsufqD; ta&SUtm&Sawmifydkif;&Sd t*Fvdyf-tar&duefvufatmufcHEdk ifiHrsm;udk tvGefwdkawmif;aom tcsdeftwGif; odrf;ydkuf

vdkufavonf/ ,dk;',m;jynfonfvnf; av;em&DMumrQ pwdoabmckcHNyD;aemuf vufeufcsavonf/

*syefonf ppfxJ0ifvmNyD;onfhaemuf &ufydkif;twGif;yif]rDemrDuef} tzGJU0if *syefppfAdkvfrsm;ESifh &JabmfoHk;usdyfonf ,dk;',m;jynf befaumufNrKdUodkY a&TUajymif; ]bD-tdk if-at} ac: ArmhvGwfvyfa&;

Adkvfvufsm? AdkvfpBufm? AdkvfawZ (1941 - *syef)

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wyfrawmfud k zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifMuavonf/ bD-tdkif-at qdkonfrSm

(Burma Independence Army) [lonfh t*Fvdyf bmomjyefcsuf\twdkaumuf jzpfygonf/

befaumufNrKdUwGif &JabmfoHk;usdyfonf rdrdwd kY\ vufarmif;aoG; rsm;udk azmufNyD;vQif aiGzvm;wvHk;xJ xnfhvsufaomuf jrefrmh vGwfvyfa&; r&rcsif; t dk;ausaus ta&cef;cef; wdkuf yGJ qifETJrnf [kopmt"d |mef jyKMuavonf/ rdrdwdkY emrnfrsm;ud kvnf; txuf azmfjy

cJhonfhtwdk if; ajymif;um AdkvfawZ(ocifatmiffqef;)udk acgif;aqmiftjzpf wifajrmufMuavonf/

wyfom;rsm;pkaqmif;aomtcg ,dk;',m;jynf&Sd jrefrm trsKd;om; rsm;ESihf &Srf;trsKd;om;rsm;onf tifwdkuftm;wdkuf 0ifa&mufMuojzihf cefYrSef;onfxufyif ydkrdk&&S davonf/ xkdYaemuf bD?tdk if?at wyfrawmf onf 0dwkd&d,tilrS ppfwaMumif ;? xm;0,fe,frS ppfwaMumif;? zmyGefrSppfwaMumif;? ppfaMumif;oHk;aMumif;jzefYum jrefrmjynfwGif;odkY csDwufvmavonf/ AdkvfawZ(AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;) onf zmyGefppfaMumif;rS csDwufonf/

bD?tdkif?at wyfom;rsm; vufeufaumif;[l r&Sd/ pepfwus ,leDazmif;yif r&Sday/ *syefwyfrawmfonf acwfrSDvufeufaumif;rsm;wyfqifay;rnf[k uwday;cJhaomfvnf; uwdrwnfcJhay/ *syefwyfrawmfu ay;onfh vufeufrsm;onf acwfrrSD olwd kY roHk;vdkaom vufeuf

a[mif;rsm;om jzpfavonf/ pepfwus ,l eDazmif; r&Sdojzifh bD?tdkif?at wyfom;rsm;onf(0g?pdrf;?eD) a'gif;wHqd yf ygonfh vufywfrsm; ywfMu&onf/ tcsKdUrSm vHkcsnf 0wfMu&onf/

odkY&mwGif ,H kMunfcsufESihf rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwf tvGefjyif;xefaom bD?tdkif?at wyfom;rsm;onf &&mvufeufrsm;udk pGJ udkifvsuf? ppfcsD

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oDcsif;rsm; oDqdkum jrefrmh ZmwdaoG ; Zmwdrmefud k tjynfht0 xkwfazmf

jyoMuavonf/ pepfwus avhusifha&; r&SdygbJvsuf t*Fvdyfwyfrsm;udk ajymifajrmufpGm wkdufck dufEdkifcJhMuavonf/ a&TawmifwdkufyGJonf xif&Sm;aom om"u w&yf jzpfavonf/ ppfcsDoDcsif;rsm;udk aemufqufwGJ-*wGif zwfyg/

1942-ck rwfv 10-&ufaeYwGif bD?tkdif?at wyfrawmfonf&efukefNrKdUudk odrf;ydkufEkdifavonf/

xdktcsd eftxd bD?tdkif?at \ aoemywdonf *syef Adkvfr;BuD; qlZluD;(Adkvfrdk;BuKd;) jzpfavonf/ jrefrmjynfodkY 0ifa&muf wdkufcdkuf aomtcg AdkvfawZ (AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;) tm; bD?tdkif?at wyfrawmf\ aoemywd&mxl;udk vTGJajymif;ay;&ef tpDtpOf&SdcJhaomfvnf; &efukefodrf; NyD;onftxd vTJajymif;ray;cJhay/ qifajctrsKd;rsKd;ay;um tcsdefqGJae avonf/ xdkYjyif *syefppfom;rsm;onf bD?tdkif?at wyfom;rsm;udk tcgtcGifh&wdkif; ESdyfpufnOf;qJMuavonf/

AdkvfawZESihfwuG Adkvfvusfm? AdkvfpMum? Adkvfae0if; paombD?tdkif?at wyfrawmf acgif;aqmifrsm;onf qufvuf onf;rcHEdkifawmh ojzifh bD?tdkif?at tkyfcsKyfrIudk vTJajymif;ay;&ef Adkvf rdk;BuKd;xH pma&;wifjyMuavonf/ xdkpmudk taMumif;jyK aygufuGJrIBuD;wck jzpfEdkifonfhtE &m,f&Sdonfudk bD?tdkif?at acgif;aqmifrsm; aumif;pGm odygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; tajctaeonf onf;rcHEdkifavmufatmif qkd;0g;aeNyD

jzpf&m tjcm;enf;vrf; r&dSawmhay/

pma&;wifonfhaeY naeydkif;wGif Adkvfrdk;BuKd;u AdkvfawZESifh bD?tdkif?at acgif;aqmifrsm;udk rdrdaexdkif&mtdrf (,ck NAdwdoQoHtrwftdrf) od kY qifhac:ygonf/ AdkvfawZwdk Y a&mufoGm;aomtcg tdrf twGif;tjyif ae&mtESYHtjym;wGif vSHpGyfwyf dk ifz,faoewfrsm; udkif

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78

(9)bD?'D?at aoemywd

ocifatmifqef; (0g) AdkvfawZ (0g) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; onftajctaeudk rSefuefpGm oHk;wwfoljzpfygonf/ tajcmufwdkuf b0ifjrihf wwfol r[kwfyg/ rdrdudk csD;usL;xm;aom oDcsif;rsm; oDqdkaeMuaomfvnf; atmufajcvGwf roGm;ay/ aemufqufwGJ-C zwfyg/

1942-ck arv 19-&ufaeY xrif;pm;yGJwckwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u -

]]rdrdonf xrif;pm;yGJrsm;? {nfhcHyG Jrsm; wufa&muf&ef 0goem rygcJhaMumif;/ ,aeY raeom wufa&mufvmaomfvnf; &SufaMumif;/xrif;pm;yGJBuD;usif;y {nhfcHolrsm;u wdkif;jynfacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;[m wdkif;jynftwGuf aqmif&Guf atmifjrifNyD; jyefvmMuw,fqdkwJh txdrf; trSwfeJY {nfh cHjcif; jzpfaMumif;/ rdrdbmrQ jcm;jcm;em;em; raqmif&GufcJh&ojzifh xrif;rpm;vdkaMumif;/ Adkvfr;BuD;? tmZmenfBuD;[k csD;usL;Muonf

udkvnf; rcHvdkao;aMumif;/ rdrdonf rnfonhfygwDrvdkuf? rdrdBuD;r;aom ArmhumuG,fa&; wyfrawmfBuD ;onfvnf; b,fygwDESifh rQ rqdkif?wjynfvHk;ESifhom qdkifaMumif;}} ponfjzifh ajymcJhavonf/

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;um; tajcmufwdkuf

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tcsKdUyk* dKvfrsm; ,lqouJhodk Y *syef ppfEdk ifvdrfhrnf[k AdkvfcsKyf

atmifqef;onf wxpfcsr,kHMunf cJhay/ 1942-ck *syefonf ta&SUtm&Sawmifydkif;&Sd EdkifiHtm;vHk;vkdvdkukd odrf;ydkufxm;csdefwG if ]]*syefawmh trsm; BuD; rsKdxm;wmbJ/ tpmacsEdkif racsEdkif apmifh Munhf&rSmbJ}} [k uRefawmfhtm; ajymbl;ygonf/

tcsKdUyk* dKvfrsm; ,lqouJhodkY *syefu jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;twGufwdkufay;vdrfhrnf[l vnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf r,HkMunfcJhay/

bD?tdkif?at wyfrawmf\aoemywd AdkvfawZtjzpf xkwfa0aom aMunmpmwef;wapmifwGif ]]vGwfvyfa&;rnfonf olrsm;\ EdkYoufcHpdkYae r&Edkif/ rdrdwdkYtm;udk rdrdwdkYud k;NyD; rdrdwdkYzmom BuKd;yrf;&vdrfhrnf}}ponfjzifh azmfjyxm;avonf/

ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf\ aoemywd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; 0ifh0gjcif; vH k;0r&Sd/ jrefrmjynfwvTm; csDwuf&mwGif taqmifta,mif vHk;0rygbJ &SdpkrJhpktus? abmif;bDrsm;ESihf pm&Gufpmwef ;rsm;udk vHkcsnf wxnfESihf xkyfydk; armfawmfum;&Ekd ifonhfae&mwGif armfawmfum;jzihf?armfawmfum; r&Edkifonhfae&mwGif ajcvsif csDwufcJhavonf/

wjynfvH k;u ]AdkvfcsKyf-Ad kvfcsKyf} ESihf aumif;csD;Mobmaxmyem jyKaeMuaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmiffqef;onf atmufajcvGwfroGm;bJ rdrd\ vkyfief;rSm pvHk;a&;pom &Sdao;onfudk aumif;pGm oabmaygufayonf/ txufjrefrmjynfydkif;odkY csDwufvm&if; yckuLc dkif? NrKdifNrKdUwGif

uRefawmfESih fawGUaomtcg ]]uRefawmfwdkY tvkyf[m tp\ tprQomjzpfonf}} [k ajymoGm;ygonf/

ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf aoemywd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\tpm;taomuf? taetxdkif twGufvnf; txl;jyifqifay;&efrvdk/ &&m

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xrif;[if;pm; zsmMurf;ay:wGifyif tdyfavh&Sdonf/ tcsKdUu olYudk

AdkvfcsKyf[lyif rodMuay/ NAdwdoQwyfrsm; jref rmjynfrS vHk;0qkwfcGmoGm;aomtcg

bD?tdkif?at wyfrsm;onf &efukefNrKd UwGif jyefvnf pkpnf;Muavonf/ aoemywd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onfvnf; Adkvfrdk;BuKd;aeoGm;aomtdrf(,ck NAdwdoQ oHtrwftdrf) odkY ajymif;a&TU aexdkifavonf/

zufqpf*syefonf rdrd\Zmwd kyfudk jyonfxuf jyvmavonf/

*syefbmomjzifh ]'dkifwdk0usKdatuif;} ? jrefrmbmomjzihf ]ta&SUtm&S omwlnDrQ aumif;pm;a&;} t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh (East Asia Co-properity)[laom aqmifyk'fudk yg;pyfu a

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,cifu rMum;bl;? rBuHKbl;aom enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh n Of;yef; ESdyfpufMu

avonf/ jrefrm trsKd;orD;rsm;udkvnf; aiG? ypnf;wdk Yjzifh jzm;a,mif;aoG;aqmifif;? t"r tEdkifusihfif; zsufqD;Muavonf/

0rf;enf;p&maumif;onfrSm *syefudk ]rmpwm} ac:vsufpum;jyeftjzpfif;? ukrPDt0,fawmfrsm; tjzpfif; 0ifa&muf aqmif&Guf ulnDMuonfh trsKd;om;op mazmufjrefrmtcsKdU\ tjyKtrlyif jzpfayonf/

odkYaom tjcif;t&mrsm;udk awGUjrifMum;odae&aom AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;tzdkY pdwfESvHk;rcsrf;ajrU jzpfae&onfrSm tHh MozG,f r&Sday/waeYwGif uRef awmhftm; ]'dkYawmh EGm;usNyD/ acG;rjzpfatmif BuKd;pm;MuvdkY&Jabmfuav;awGudk ajym&w,f} [k nnf;wGm;ajymqdkbl;ygonf/

tawmtwGif; ]jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf toufaoG;ay;um wdkufckdufjcif;jzpfygonf} [k 0g'jzefYcJaom zufqpf*syefonf Armh

vGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf(bD?tkdif?at) udk zsufodrf;&ef

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