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Hugo SousaBScH Microbiology| MSc Oncology | PhD Biomedical Sciences
Kidney Cancer: A Sporadic CaseKidney Cancer in FamilyCancer
cells
Cancergenome
+Cancro...Etiologia
+Cancro...Etiologia hereditária
Inherited factor(s)
All Breast Cancer Patients
Other factor(s) ~15% Hereditário
+Cancro...Etiologia multifactorial
Agentes Biológicos
Hospedeiro
AmbienteHábitos
Agentes FísicosAgentes Químicos
- Vírus- Bactérias
- Radiações
The role of these factors has been demonstrated consistently in modern populations, but the epidemiology of cancer has changed over human history as the environmental conditions and the genetic characteristics of human populations have changed (Vogelstein B and Kinzler KW 2001; Capasso LL 2005)
Forma uniforme de falar dos casos e de agrupar se acordo com tipos de tratamento e prognóstico
TNM T = Tumor (tamanho, extensão…) N = Nodes (gânglios linfáticos locais/distantes) M = Metastasis (metastização)
Estadio Integração dos dados do TNM
Estadiamento
+Cancro…
T refers to the extent of the primary tumor Tx - cannot assess T0 indicates no evidence of primary tumor Tis is carcinoma in situ T1, T2, T3 and T4
Estadiamento TNM
+Cancro…
N to the extent of regional lymph node metastases Nx - cannot assess N0 - no regional node metastases N1, N2, N3 indicate increasing involvement of regional lymph nodes
Examples… Breast
1 of 15 axillary LNs + (breast) = N1 Cervix
1 + pelvic node = N1
Estadiamento TNM
+Cancro…
M to absence or presence of distant metastases... Mx - cannot assess M0 is no distant metastases M1 indicates distant metastases
Estadiamento TNM
+Cancro…
Referência global (varia de acordo com o tumor) Tis = Stage 0 Stage I Stage II Stage III Stage IV
Estadiamento TNM
Group Stage Examples (Breast)Stage 0 Tis N0 M0
Stage I T1 N0 M0
Stage IIA T0 N1 M0
~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~
Stage IIIB T4 N0 M0
Stage IIIC Any T N3 M0
Stage IV Any T Any N M1
+Cancro…
Referência global (varia de acordo com o tumor) Tis = Stage 0 Stage I Stage II Stage III Stage IV
Estadiamento TNM
Group Stage Examples (Cervix)Stage 0 Tis N0 M0
Stage I T1 N0 M0
Stage IIA T2a N0 M0
~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~
Stage IIIB T1 N1 M0
T2 N1 M0
Stage IV Any T Any N M1
+Cancro…Estadiamento TNM
Five-Year Survival Rates forPatients with Melanoma (by stage)
Stage at Time of Initial Diagnosis
100%
50%
I II III
+Cancro…Prevenção
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Cancer viruses or bacteria
Carcinogenic radiation
Carcinogenic chemicals
Cancro…Prevenção
+Cancro…Prevenção
+Cancro…Prevenção
15x
10x
5x
Non-smoker Cigarettes Smoked per Day
Lung Cancer Risk Increases with
Cigarette Consumption
Lung
Can
cer
Ris
k
0 15 30
40x
30x
20x
10x
Alcoholic Drinks Consumed per Day
Packs of Cigarettes Consumed per Day
Combination of Alcohol and Cigarettes Increases Risk for Cancer of the Esophagus
Ris
k In
crea
se
AND
+Cancro…Prevenção
0
Num
ber
of C
ases
(p
er 1
00,0
00 p
eop
le)
Grams (per person per day)
Correlation Between Meat Consumption and Colon Cancer Rates in Different Countries
40
30
20
10
30020010080
+Cancro…Prevenção
Noninfected women
HPV Infection Increases Risk for Cervical Cancer
Cer
vica
l Can
cer
Ris
k
Low
High
Women infected with HPV
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Hugo SousaBScH Microbiology| MSc Oncology | PhD Biomedical Sciences