Audit Reports Learning Objectives

Audit Reports

Learning Objectives:

After studying this chapter, you should be able to

Describe the parts of the standard unqualified audit report.

Specify the conditions required to issue the standard unqualified auditreport.

Understand reporting on financial statements and internal control overfinancial reporting under Section 404 of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act.

Describe the five circumstances when an unqualified report with anexplanatory paragraph or modified wording is appropriate.

Identify the types of audit reports that can be issued when an unqualifiedopinion is not justified.

Explain how materiality affects audit reporting decisions.

Draft appropriately modified audit reports under a variety of circumstances.

Determine the appropriate audit report for a given audit situation.

Understand proposed use of international accounting and auditingstandards

The Audit Report Was Timely, But At What Cost?

Halvorson & Co., CPAs was hired as the auditor for Machinetron, Inc., a company thatmanufactured high-precision, computer-operated lathes. The owner, Al Trent, thought thatMachinetron was ready to become a public company, and he hired Halvorson to conductthe upcoming audit and assist in the preparation of the registration statement for asecurities offering.

Because Machinetron’s machines were large and complex, they were expensive. Eachsale was negotiated individually by Trent, and the sales often transpired over severalmonths. As a result, improper recording of one or two machines could represent amaterial misstatement of the financial statements.

The engagement partner in charge of the Machinetron audit was Bob Lehman, who hadsignificant experience auditing manufacturing companies. He recognized the risk forimproper recording of sales, and he insisted that his staff confirm all receivables at year-end directly with customers. Lehman conducted his review of the Machinetron audit filesthe same day that Trent wanted to file the company’s registration statement for the initialpublic stock offering with the SEC. Lehman saw that a receivable for a major sale at

year-end was supported by a fax, rather than the usual written confirmation reply.Apparently, relations with this customer were “touchy,” and Trent had discouraged theaudit staff from communicating with the customer.

At the end of the day, there was a meeting in Machinetron’s office. It was attended byLehman, Trent, the underwriter of the stock offering, and the company’s attorney. Lehmanindicated that a better form of confirmation would be required to support the receivable.After hearing this, Trent blew his stack. Machinetron’s attorney stepped in and calmedTrent down. He offered to write a letter to Halvorson & Co. stating that in his opinion, a faxhad legal substance as a valid confirmation reply. Lehman, feeling tremendous pressure,accepted this proposal and signed off on an unqualified audit opinion aboutMachinetron’s financial statements.

Six months after the stock offering, Machinetron issued a statement indicating that itsrevenues for the prior year were overstated as a result of improperly recorded sales,including the sale supported by the fax confirmation. The subsequent SEC investigationuncovered that the fax was returned to the audit firm by Trent, not the customer. Halvorson& Co. recalled their unqualified audit report, but this was too late to prevent the harmdone to investors. Halvorson & Co. was forced to pay substantial damages, and BobLehman was forbidden to practice before the SEC. He subsequently left publicaccounting.

Reports are essential to audit and assurance engagements because they communicate theauditor’s findings. Users of financial statements rely on the auditor’s report to provide assurance onthe company’s financial statements. As the story at the beginning of this chapter illustrates, theauditor will likely be held responsible if an incorrect audit report is issued.

The audit report is the final step in the entire audit process. The reason for studying it now is topermit reference to different audit reports as we study the accumulation of audit evidencethroughout this text. These evidence concepts are more meaningful after you understand the formand content of the final product of the audit. We begin by describing the content of the standardauditor’s report.

Standard Unqualified Audit Report

To allow users to understand audit reports, AICPA professional standards provide uniform wordingfor the auditor’s report, as illustrated in the auditor’s standard unqualified audit report in Figure 3-1.Different auditors may alter the wording or presentation slightly, but the meaning will be the same.

Figure 3-1 Standard Unqualified Report on Comparative Statements for a U.S. Public

Company

ANDERSON and ZINDER, P.C.Certified Public AccountantsSuite 100Park Plaza EastDenver, Colorado 80110

303/359-0800

Independent Auditor’s Report Report Title

To the StockholdersGeneral Ring Corporation

Audit Report Address

We have audited the accompanying balancesheets of General Ring Corporation as ofDecember 31, 2011 and 2010, and the relatedstatements of income, retained earnings, andcash flows for the years then ended. Thesefinancial statements are the responsibility of theCompany’s management. Our responsibility is toexpress an opinion on these financial statementsbased on our audits.

Introductory Paragraph

(Factual Statement)

We conducted our audits in accordance withauditing standards generally accepted in theUnited States of America. Those standardsrequire that we plan and perform the audit toobtain reasonable assurance about whether thefinancial statements are free of materialmisstatement. An audit includes examining, on atest basis, evidence supporting the amounts anddisclosures in the financial statements. An auditalso includes assessing the accounting principlesused and significant estimates made bymanagement, as well as evaluating the overallfinancial statement presentation. We believe thatour audits provide a reasonable basis for ouropinion.

Scope Paragraph (Factual

Statement)

In our opinion, the financial statements referred toabove present fairly, in all material respects, thefinancial position of General Ring Corporation asof December 31, 2011 and 2010, and the resultsof its operations and its cash flows for the yearsthen ended in conformity with accountingprinciples generally accepted in the United Statesof America.

Opinion Paragraph(Conclusions)

ANDERSON AND ZINDER, P.C., CPAs Name of CPA Firm

February 15, 2012 Audit Report Date (Date

Audit Field Work IsCompleted)

Parts of Standard Unqualified Audit Report

Objective 3-1

Describe the parts of the standard unqualified audit report.

The auditor’s standard unqualified audit report contains seven distinct parts, and these are

labeled in bold letters in the margin beside Figure 3-1.

1. Report title. Auditing standards require that the report be titled and that the title include theword independent. For example, appropriate titles include “independent auditor’s report,”“report of independent auditor,” or “independent accountant’s opinion.” The requirement thatthe title include the word independent conveys to users that the audit was unbiased in allaspects.

2. Audit report address. The report is usually addressed to the company, its stockholders, or the

board of directors. In recent years, it has become customary to address the report to the boardof directors and stockholders to indicate that the auditor is independent of the company.

3. Introductory paragraph. The first paragraph of the report does three things: First, it makes

the simple statement that the CPA firm has done an audit. This is intended to distinguish thereport from a compilation or review report. The scope paragraph (see part 4) clarifies what ismeant by an audit.

Second, it lists the financial statements that were audited, including the balance sheet datesand the accounting periods for the income statement and statement of cash flows. The wordingof the financial statements in the report should be identical to those used by management onthe financial statements. Notice that the report in Figure 3-1 is on comparative financialstatements. Therefore, a report on both years’ statements is needed.

Third, the introductory paragraph states that the statements are the responsibility ofmanagement and that the auditor’s responsibility is to express an opinion on the statementsbased on an audit. The purpose of these statements is to communicate that management isresponsible for selecting the appropriate accounting principles and making the measurementdecisions and disclosures in applying those principles and to clarify the respective roles ofmanagement and the auditor.

4. Scope paragraph. The scope paragraph is a factual statement about what the auditor did in

the audit. This paragraph first states that the auditor followed U.S. generally accepted auditingstandards. For an audit of a public company, the paragraph will indicate that the auditorfollowed standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. Because financialstatements prepared in accordance with U.S. accounting principles and audited in accordancewith U.S. auditing standards are available throughout the world on the Internet, the country oforigin of the accounting principles used in preparing the financial statements and auditingstandards followed by the auditor are identified in the audit report.

The scope paragraph states that the audit is designed to obtain reasonable assuranceabout whether the statements are free of material misstatement. The inclusion of the word

material conveys that auditors are responsible only to search for significant misstatements, not

minor misstatements that do not affect users’ decisions. The use of the term reasonable

assurance is intended to indicate that an audit cannot be expected to completely eliminate thepossibility that a material misstatement will exist in the financial statements. In other words, an

audit provides a high level of assurance, but it is not a guarantee.

The remainder of the scope paragraph discusses the audit evidence accumulated andstates that the auditor believes that the evidence accumulated was appropriate for the

circumstances to express the opinion presented. The words test basis indicate that samplingwas used rather than an audit of every transaction and amount on the statements. Whereas theintroductory paragraph of the report states that management is responsible for the preparationand content of the financial statements, the scope paragraph states that the auditor evaluatesthe appropriateness of those accounting principles, estimates, and financial statementdisclosures and presentations given.

5. Opinion paragraph. The final paragraph in the standard report states the auditor’s

conclusions based on the results of the audit. This part of the report is so important that oftenthe entire audit report is referred to simply as the auditor’s opinion. The opinion paragraph isstated as an opinion rather than as a statement of absolute fact or a guarantee. The intent is toindicate that the conclusions are based on professional judgment. The phrase in our opinionindicates that there may be some information risk associated with the financial statements,even though the statements have been audited.

EU Requires and PCAOB Considers Audit Partner’s Personal Signature onAudit Report

While some countries in continental Europe already required that the personalsignature of the engagement partner be included in the audit report, the passage ofThe European Union’s Eighth Company Law Directive in 2006 made it mandatory forall EU member states. The 2008 final report of the U.S. Department of Treasury’sAdvisory Committee on the Auditing Profession urged the PCAOB to considermandating the engagement partner’s signature on the auditor’s report. In 2009 thePCAOB issued and received comments on “Concept Release on Requiring theEngagement Partner to Sign the Audit Report.” Proponents argue that therequirement would increase the partner’s sense of accountability to users and itwould increase transparency about who is responsible for performing the audit.Opponents note that only including the audit firm signature signals to users that theentire audit firm stands behind the opinion.

Source: “Concept Release on Requiring the Engagement Partner to Sign the Audit Report,”PCAOB Release No. 2009-005, July 28, 2009, PCAOB Rulemaking Docket Matter No. 29(www.pcaobus.org).

The opinion paragraph is directly related to the first and fourth generally accepted auditingreporting standards listed on page 35. The auditor is required to state an opinion about thefinancial statements taken as a whole, including a conclusion about whether the companyfollowed U.S. generally accepted accounting principles or the International Financial ReportingStandards (IFRS) issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).

One of the controversial parts of the auditor’s report is the meaning of the term present

fairly. Does this mean that if generally accepted accounting principles are followed, thefinancial statements are presented fairly, or something more? Occasionally, the courts have

http://www.pcaobus.org/

concluded that auditors are responsible for looking beyond generally accepted accountingprinciples to determine whether users might be misled, even if those principles are followed.Most auditors believe that financial statements are “presented fairly” when the statements arein accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, but that it is also necessary toexamine the substance of transactions and balances for possible misinformation.

6. Name of CPA firm. The name identifies the CPA firm or practitioner who performed the audit.

Typically, the firm’s name is used because the entire CPA firm has the legal and professionalresponsibility to ensure that the quality of the audit meets professional standards.

7. Audit report date. The appropriate date for the report is the one on which the auditor

completed the auditing procedures in the field. This date is important to users because itindicates the last day of the auditor’s responsibility for the review of significant events thatoccurred after the date of the financial statements. In the audit report in Figure 3-1 (p. 47), thebalance sheet is dated December 31, 2011, and the audit report is dated February 15, 2012.This indicates that the auditor has searched for material unrecorded transactions and eventsthat occurred up to February 15, 2012.

Conditions for Standard Unqualified Audit Report

Objective 3-2

Specify the conditions required to issue the standard unqualified audit report.

The standard unqualified audit report is issued when the following conditions have been met:

1. All statements—balance sheet, income statement, statement of retained earnings, andstatement of cash flows—are included in the financial statements.

2. The three general standards have been followed in all respects on the engagement.3. Sufficient appropriate evidence has been accumulated, and the auditor has conducted the

engagement in a manner that enables him or her to conclude that the three standards of fieldwork have been met.

4. The financial statements are presented in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accountingprinciples. This also means that adequate disclosures have been included in the footnotes andother parts of the financial statements.

5. There are no circumstances requiring the addition of an explanatory paragraph or modificationof the wording of the report.

When these conditions are met, the standard unqualified audit report, as shown in Figure 3-1, isissued. The standard unqualified audit report is sometimes called a clean opinion because thereare no circumstances requiring a qualification or modification of the auditor’s opinion. Thestandard unqualified report is the most common audit opinion. Sometimes circumstances beyondthe client’s or auditor’s control prevent the issuance of a clean opinion. However, in most cases,companies make the appropriate changes to their accounting records to avoid a qualification ormodification by the auditor.

If any of the five requirements for the standard unqualified audit report are not met, the standardunqualified report cannot be issued. Figure 3-2 indicates the categories of audit reports that canbe issued by the auditor. The departures from a standard unqualified report are consideredincreasingly severe as one moves down the figure. Financial statement users are normally muchmore concerned about a disclaimer or adverse opinion than an unqualified report with anexplanatory paragraph. These other categories of audit reports are discussed in following sections.

Figure 3-2 Four Categories of Audit Reports

Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting UnderSection 404 of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act

Objective 3-3

Understand reporting on financial statements and internal control over financial reportingunder Section 404 of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act.

As discussed in Chapter 1, Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act requires the auditor of apublic company to attest to management’s report on the effectiveness of internal control overfinancial reporting. Since 2004, larger public companies (known as accelerated filers) have beenrequired by the SEC to annually obtain an auditor’s report on internal controls over financialreporting. As noted in Chapter 1, non-accelerated filers have been exempt from this requirementand the passage by Congress of the 2010 financial reform legislation made that exemption

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permanent for non-accelerated filers.

PCAOB Auditing Standard 5 requires the audit of internal control to be integrated with the auditof the financial statements. However, the auditor may choose to issue separate reports, such asthe separate report on internal control over financial reporting shown in Figure 3-3, or in a

combined report. The combined report on financial statements and internal control over

financial reporting addresses both the financial statements and management’s report on internal

control over financial reporting. While the combined report is permitted, the separate report oninternal control over financial reporting is more common and includes these elements:

The introductory, scope, and opinion paragraphs describe that the scope of the auditor’s workand opinion is on internal control over financial reporting, and the introductory paragraphhighlights management’s responsibility for and its separate assessment of internal controlover financial reporting.The introductory and opinion paragraphs also refer to the framework used to evaluate internalcontrol.The report includes a paragraph after the scope paragraph defining internal control overfinancial reporting.The report also includes an additional paragraph before the opinion that addresses theinherent limitations of internal control.Although the audit opinion on the financial statements addresses multiple reporting periods,the auditor’s opinion about the effectiveness of internal control is as of the end of the mostrecent fiscal year.The last paragraph of the report includes a cross-reference to the auditor’s separate report onthe financial statements.

Figure 3-3 Separate Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC

ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of WestbrookCompany, Inc.:

IntroductoryParagraph

We have audited Westbrook Company, Inc.’s internal controlover financial reporting as of December 31, 2011, based oncriteria established in Internal Control–Integrated Frameworkissued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of theTreadway Commission (the COSO criteria). WestbrookCompany, Inc.’s management is responsible for maintainingeffective internal control over financial reporting, and for itsassessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financialreporting included in the accompanying Management Report onInternal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is toexpress an opinion on the company’s internal control overfinancial reporting based on our audit.

Scope

Paragraph

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of thePublic Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States).Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to

obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internalcontrol over financial reporting was maintained in all materialrespects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding ofinternal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that amaterial weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design andoperating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessedrisk, and performing such other procedures as we considerednecessary in the circumstances. We believe that our auditprovides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition

Paragraph

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a processdesigned to provide reasonable assurance regarding thereliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financialstatements for external purposes in accordance with generallyaccepted accounting principles. A company’s internal controlover financial reporting includes those policies and proceduresthat (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonabledetail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions anddispositions of the assets of the company; (2) providereasonable assurance that transactions are recorded asnecessary to permit preparation of financial statements inaccordance with generally accepted accounting principles, andthat receipts and expenditures of the company are being madeonly in accordance with authorizations of management anddirectors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assuranceregarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorizedacquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets thatcould have a material effect on the financial statements.

Inherent

Limitations

Paragraph

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financialreporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also,projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periodsare subject to the risk that controls may become inadequatebecause of changes in conditions, or that the degree ofcompliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Opinion

Paragraph

In our opinion, Westbrook Company, Inc. maintained, in allmaterial respects, effective internal control over financialreporting as of December 31, 2011, based on the COSOcriteria.

CrossReference

Paragraph

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of thePublic Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States),the consolidated balance sheets of Westbrook Company, Inc. asof December 31, 2011 and 2010, and the related consolidatedstatements of income, shareholders’ equity and cash flows foreach of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2011of Westbrook Company, Inc. and our report dated February 11,2012 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

The separate report in Figure 3-3 is an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of internal control

over financial reporting prepared in accordance with PCAOB Auditing Standard 5. The auditormay issue a qualified opinion, adverse opinion, or disclaimer of opinion on the operatingeffectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. Conditions that require the auditor to issuea report other than an unqualified opinion on the operating effectiveness of internal control arediscussed in Chapter 10, along with the effects of these conditions on the wording of the auditor’sreport on internal control over financial reporting.

Auditor reporting on internal controls for private companies is covered in Chapter 25.

Unqualified Audit Report with Explanatory Paragraph orModified Wording

Objective 3-4

Describe the five circumstances when an unqualified report with an explanatoryparagraph or modified wording is appropriate.

The remainder of this chapter deals with reports, other than standard unqualified reports, on theaudit of financial statements. In certain situations, an unqualified audit report on the financialstatements is issued, but the wording deviates from the standard unqualified report. Theunqualified audit report with explanatory paragraph or modified wording meets the criteria

of a complete audit with satisfactory results and financial statements that are fairly presented, butthe auditor believes it is important or is required to provide additional information. In a qualified,adverse, or disclaimer report, the auditor either has not performed a satisfactory audit, is notsatisfied that the financial statements are fairly presented, or is not independent.

The following are the most important causes of the addition of an explanatory paragraph or amodification in the wording of the standard unqualified report:

Lack of consistent application of generally accepted accounting principlesSubstantial doubt about going concernAuditor agrees with a departure from promulgated accounting principlesEmphasis of a matterReports involving other auditors

The first four reports all require an explanatory paragraph. In each case, the three standard reportparagraphs are included without modification, and a separate explanatory paragraph follows theopinion paragraph.

Only reports involving the use of other auditors use a modified wording report. This reportcontains three paragraphs, and all three paragraphs are modified.

Lack of Consistent Application of GAAP

The second reporting standard requires the auditor to call attention to circumstances in which

accounting principles have not been consistently observed in the current period in relation to thepreceding period. Generally accepted accounting principles require that changes in accountingprinciples or their method of application be to a preferable principle and that the nature and impactof the change be adequately disclosed. When a material change occurs, the auditor should modifythe report by adding an explanatory paragraph after the opinion paragraph that discusses thenature of the change and points the reader to the footnote that discusses the change. Themateriality of a change is evaluated based on the current year effect of the change. An explanatoryparagraph is required for both voluntary changes and required changes due to a new accountingpronouncement. Figure 3-4 presents such an explanatory paragraph.

Figure 3-4 Explanatory Paragraph Because of Change in Accounting Principle

INDEPENDENT AUDITOR’S REPORT

(Same introductory, scope, and opinionparagraphs as the standard report)

Fourth Paragraph—

Explanatory Paragraph

As discussed in Note 8 to the financial statements,the Company changed its method of computingdepreciation in 2011.

It is implicit in the explanatory paragraph in Figure 3-4 that the auditor concurs with theappropriateness of the change in accounting principles. If the auditor does not concur, the changeis a violation of generally accepted accounting principles, and his or her opinion must be qualified.

Consistency Versus Comparability The auditor must be able to distinguish between changes

that affect consistency and those that may affect comparability but do not affect consistency. Thefollowing are examples of changes that affect consistency and therefore require an explanatoryparagraph if they are material:

1. Changes in accounting principles, such as a change from FIFO to LIFO inventory valuation2. Changes in reporting entities, such as the inclusion of an additional company in combined

financial statements3. Corrections of errors involving principles, by changing from an accounting principle that is not

generally acceptable to one that is generally acceptable, including correction of the resultingerror

Changes that affect comparability but not consistency and therefore need not be included in theaudit report include the following:

1. Changes in an estimate, such as a decrease in the life of an asset for depreciation purposes2. Error corrections not involving principles, such as a previous year’s mathematical error3. Variations in format and presentation of financial information4. Changes because of substantially different transactions or events, such as new endeavors in

research and development or the sale of a subsidiary

Items that materially affect the comparability of financial statements generally require disclosurein the footnotes. A qualified audit report for inadequate disclosure may be required if the clientrefuses to properly disclose the items.

Substantial Doubt About Going Concern

Even though the purpose of an audit is not to evaluate the financial health of the business, theauditor has a responsibility under auditing standards to evaluate whether the company is likely tocontinue as a going concern. For example, the existence of one or more of the following factorscauses uncertainty about the ability of a company to continue as a going concern:

1. Significant recurring operating losses or working capital deficiencies2. Inability of the company to pay its obligations as they come due3. Loss of major customers, the occurrence of uninsured catastrophes such as an earthquake or

flood, or unusual labor difficulties4. Legal proceedings, legislation, or similar matters that have occurred that might jeopardize the

entity’s ability to operate

The auditor’s concern in such situations is the possibility that the client may not be able tocontinue its operations or meet its obligations for a reasonable period. For this purpose, areasonable period is considered not to exceed 1 year from the date of the financial statementsbeing audited.

When the auditor concludes that there is substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue asa going concern, an unqualified opinion with an explanatory paragraph is required, regardless ofthe disclosures in the financial statements. Figure 3-5 provides an example in which there issubstantial doubt about going concern.

Figure 3-5 Explanatory Paragraph Because of Substantial Doubt About Going Concern


(Same introductory, scope, and opinion paragraphsas the standard report)

The accompanying financial statements have beenprepared assuming that Fairfax Company willcontinue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 11to the financial statements, Fairfax Company hassuffered recurring losses from operations and has anet capital deficiency that raise substantial doubtabout the company’s ability to continue as a goingconcern. Management’s plans in regard to thesematters are also described in Note 11. The financialstatements do not include any adjustments that mightresult from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Fourth Paragraph—

ExplanatoryParagraph

Auditing standards permit but do not require a disclaimer of opinion when there is substantialdoubt about going concern. The criteria for issuing a disclaimer of opinion instead of adding anexplanatory paragraph are not stated in the standards, and this type of opinion is rarely issued inpractice. An example for which a disclaimer might be issued is when a regulatory agency, such asthe Environmental Protection Agency, is considering a severe sanction against a company and, ifthe proceedings result in an unfavorable outcome, the company will be forced to liquidate.

Auditor Agrees with a Departure from a Promulgated Principle

Rule 203 of the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct states that in unusual situations, a departurefrom a generally accepted accounting principle may not require a qualified or adverse opinion.However, to justify an unqualified opinion, the auditor must be satisfied and must state and explain,in a separate paragraph or paragraphs in the audit report, that adhering to the principle wouldproduce a misleading result in that situation.

Emphasis of a Matter

Under certain circumstances, the CPA may want to emphasize specific matters regarding thefinancial statements, even though he or she intends to express an unqualified opinion. Normally,such explanatory information should be included in a separate paragraph in the report. Examplesof explanatory information the auditor may report as an emphasis of a matter include the following:

The existence of significant related party transactionsImportant events occurring subsequent to the balance sheet dateThe description of accounting matters affecting the comparability of the financial statementswith those of the preceding yearMaterial uncertainties disclosed in the footnotes

Reports Involving Other Auditors

When the CPA relies on a different CPA firm to perform part of the audit, which is common whenthe client has several widespread branches or subdivisions, the principal CPA firm has threealternatives. Only the second is an unqualified report with modified wording.

1. Make No Reference in the Audit Report When no reference is made to the other auditor, astandard unqualified opinion is given unless other circumstances require a departure. Thisapproach is typically followed when the other auditor audited an immaterial portion of thestatements, the other auditor is well known or closely supervised by the principal auditor, or theprincipal auditor has thoroughly reviewed the other auditor’s work. The other auditor is stillresponsible for his or her own report and work in the event of a lawsuit or SEC action.

2. Make Reference in the Report (Modified Wording Report) This type of report is called ashared opinion or report. A shared unqualified report is appropriate when it is impractical toreview the work of the other auditor or when the portion of the financial statements audited bythe other CPA is material in relation to the whole. An example of an unqualified shared reportis shown in Figure 3-6. Notice that the report does not include a separate paragraph thatdiscusses the shared responsibility, but does so in the introductory paragraph and refers to theother auditor in the scope and opinion paragraphs. The portions of the financial statementsaudited by the other auditor can be stated as percentages or absolute amounts.

Figure 3-6 Unqualified Shared Report


Stockholders and Board of DirectorsWashington FelpMidland, Texas

Introductory

Paragraph—ModifiedWording

We have audited the accompanying consolidatedbalance sheets of Washington Felp as of July 31,2011 and 2010, and the related consolidatedstatements of income, retained earnings, and cashflows for the years then ended. These financialstatements are the responsibility of the Company’smanagement. Our responsibility is to express anopinion on these financial statements based on ouraudits. We did not audit the financial statements ofStewart Pane and Lighting, a consolidated subsidiaryin which the Company had an equity interest of 84%as of July 31, 2011, which statements reflect totalassets of $2,420,000 and $2,237,000 as of July 31,2011 and 2010, respectively, and total revenues of$3,458,000 and $3,121,000 for the years then ended.Those statements were audited by other auditorswhose report has been furnished to us, and ouropinion, insofar as it relates to the amounts includedfor Stewart Pane and Lighting, is based solely on thereport of the other auditors.

Scope Paragraph—

Modified Wording

We conducted our audits in accordance with auditingstandards generally accepted in the United States ofAmerica. Those standards require that we plan andperform the audit to obtain reasonable assuranceabout whether the financial statements are free ofmaterial misstatement. An audit includes examining,on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts anddisclosures in the financial statements. An audit alsoincludes assessing the accounting principles usedand significant estimates made by management, aswell as evaluating the overall financial statementpresentation. We believe that our audits and the reportof other auditors provide a reasonable basis for ouropinion.

Opinion Paragraph—Modified Wording

In our opinion, based on our audits and the report ofother auditors, the consolidated financial statementsreferred to above present fairly, in all materialrespects, the financial position of Washington Felp asof July 31, 2011 and 2010, and the results of itsoperations and its cash flows for the years then endedin conformity with accounting principles generallyaccepted in the United States of America.

September 16, 2011Farn, Ross, & Co.Certified Public AccountantsDallas, Texas

3. Qualify the Opinion A qualified opinion or disclaimer, depending on materiality, is required ifthe principal auditor is not willing to assume any responsibility for the work of the other auditor.The principal auditor may also decide that a qualification is required in the overall report if theother auditor qualified his or her portion of the audit. Qualified opinions and disclaimers arediscussed in a later section.

Departures from an Unqualified Audit Report

Objective 3-5

Identify the types of audit reports that can be issued when an unqualified opinion is notjustified.

It is essential that auditors and readers of audit reports understand the circumstances when anunqualified report is inappropriate and the type of audit report issued in each circumstance. In thestudy of audit reports that depart from an unqualified report, there are three closely related topics:the conditions requiring a departure from an unqualified opinion, the types of opinions other thanunqualified, and materiality.

First, the three conditions requiring a departure are briefly summarized. Each is discussed ingreater depth later in the chapter.

1. The Scope of the Audit Has Been Restricted (Scope Limitation) When the auditor has

not accumulated sufficient appropriate evidence to conclude whether financial statements arestated in accordance with GAAP, a scope restriction exists. There are two major causes ofscope restrictions: restrictions imposed by the client and those caused by circumstancesbeyond either the client’s or auditor’s control. An example of a client restriction ismanagement’s refusal to permit the auditor to confirm material receivables or to physicallyexamine inventory. An example of a restriction caused by circumstances is when the auditor isnot appointed until after the client’s year-end. It may not be possible to physically observeinventories, confirm receivables, or perform other important procedures after the balancesheet date.

2. The Financial Statements Have Not Been Prepared in Accordance with Generally

Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP Departure) For example, if the client insists onusing replacement costs for fixed assets or values inventory at selling price rather thanhistorical cost as required by generally accepted accounting principles, a departure from theunqualified report is required. When U.S. generally accepted accounting principles orinternational financial reporting standards are referred to in this context, consideration of theadequacy of all informative disclosures, including footnotes, is especially important.

3. The Auditor Is Not Independent Independence ordinarily is determined by Rule 101 of the

rules of the Code of Professional Conduct. Auditor independence requirements and the Code

of Professional Conduct are further discussed in Chapter 4.

When any of the three conditions requiring a departure from an unqualified report exists and ismaterial, a report other than an unqualified report must be issued. Three main types of audit reports

are issued under these conditions: qualified opinion, adverse opinion, and disclaimer of opinion.

Qualified Opinion

A qualified opinion report can result from a limitation on the scope of the audit or failure to follow

generally accepted accounting principles. A qualified opinion report can be used only when the

auditor concludes that the overall financial statements are fairly stated. A disclaimer or anadverse report must be used if the auditor believes that the condition being reported on is highlymaterial. Therefore, the qualified opinion is considered the least severe type of departure from anunqualified report.

A qualified report can take the form of a qualification of both the scope and the opinion or of the

opinion alone. A scope and opinion qualification can be issued only when the auditor has beenunable to accumulate all of the evidence required by generally accepted auditing standards.Therefore, this type of qualification is used when the auditor’s scope has been restricted by theclient or when circumstances exist that prevent the auditor from conducting a complete audit. Theuse of a qualification of the opinion alone is restricted to situations in which the financial statementsare not stated in accordance with GAAP.

When an auditor issues a qualified report, he or she must use the term except for in the opinionparagraph. The implication is that the auditor is satisfied that the overall financial statements arecorrectly stated “except for” a specific aspect of them. Examples of this qualification are given laterin this chapter. It is unacceptable to use the phrase except for with any other type of audit opinion.

Adverse Opinion

An adverse opinion is used only when the auditor believes that the overall financial statements

are so materially misstated or misleading that they do not present fairly the financial position orresults of operations and cash flows in conformity with GAAP. The adverse opinion report can ariseonly when the auditor has knowledge, after an adequate investigation, of the absence of conformity.This is uncommon and thus the adverse opinion is rarely used.

Disclaimer of Opinion

A disclaimer of opinion is issued when the auditor has been unable to satisfy himself or herself

that the overall financial statements are fairly presented. The necessity for disclaiming an opinionmay arise because of a severe limitation on the scope of the audit or a nonindependent

relationship under the Code of Professional Conduct between the auditor and the client. Either ofthese situations prevents the auditor from expressing an opinion on the financial statements as awhole. The auditor also has the option to issue a disclaimer of opinion for a going concernproblem.

The disclaimer is distinguished from an adverse opinion in that it can arise only from a lack ofknowledge by the auditor, whereas to express an adverse opinion, the auditor must haveknowledge that the financial statements are not fairly stated. Both disclaimers and adverseopinions are used only when the condition is highly material.

Materiality

Objective 3-6

Explain how materiality affects audit reporting decisions.

Materiality is an essential consideration in determining the appropriate type of report for a givenset of circumstances. For example, if a misstatement is immaterial relative to the financialstatements of the entity for the current period, it is appropriate to issue an unqualified report. Acommon instance is the immediate expensing of office supplies rather than carrying the unusedportion in inventory because the amount is insignificant.

The situation is totally different when the amounts are of such significance that the financialstatements are materially affected as a whole. In these circumstances, it is necessary to issue adisclaimer of opinion or an adverse opinion, depending on whether a scope limitation or GAAPdeparture is involved. In situations of lesser materiality, a qualified opinion is appropriate.

Levels of Materiality

The common definition of materiality as it applies to accounting and therefore to audit reporting isas follows:

A misstatement in the financial statements can be considered material if knowledge ofthe misstatement will affect a decision of a reasonable user of the statements.

In applying this definition, three levels of materiality are used for determining the type of opinionto issue.

Amounts Are Immaterial When a misstatement in the financial statements exists but is unlikelyto affect the decisions of a reasonable user, it is considered to be immaterial. An unqualifiedopinion is therefore appropriate. For example, assume that management recorded prepaidinsurance as an asset in the previous year and decides to expense it in the current year to reducerecord-keeping costs. Management has failed to follow GAAP, but if the amounts are small, themisstatement is immaterial and a standard unqualified audit report is appropriate.

Amounts Are Material but Do Not Overshadow the Financial Statements as a Whole Thesecond level of materiality exists when a misstatement in the financial statements would affect auser’s decision, but the overall statements are still fairly stated and therefore useful. For example,knowledge of a large misstatement in fixed assets might affect a user’s willingness to loan moneyto a company if the assets were the collateral. A misstatement of inventory does not mean thatcash, accounts receivable, and other elements of the financial statements, or the financialstatements as a whole, are materially incorrect.

To make materiality decisions when a condition requiring a departure from an unqualified reportexists, the auditor must evaluate all effects on the financial statements. Assume that the auditor isunable to satisfy himself or herself whether inventory is fairly stated in deciding on the appropriatetype of opinion. Because of the effect of a misstatement in inventory on other accounts and ontotals in the statements, the auditor needs to consider the materiality of the combined effect oninventory, total current assets, total working capital, total assets, income taxes, income taxespayable, total current liabilities, cost of goods sold, net income before taxes, and net income aftertaxes.

When the auditor concludes that a misstatement is material but does not overshadow thefinancial statements as a whole, a qualified opinion (using “except for”) is appropriate.

Amounts Are So Material or So Pervasive That Overall Fairness of the Statements Is in

Question The highest level of materiality exists when users are likely to make incorrect decisions ifthey rely on the overall financial statements. To return to the previous example, if inventory is thelargest balance on the financial statements, a large misstatement would probably be so materialthat the auditor’s report should indicate the financial statements taken as a whole cannot beconsidered fairly stated. When the highest level of materiality exists, the auditor must issue either adisclaimer of opinion or an adverse opinion, depending on which conditions exist.

When determining whether an exception is highly material, the extent to which the exceptionaffects different parts of the financial statements must be considered. This is called pervasiveness.A misclassification between cash and accounts receivable affects only those two accounts and istherefore not pervasive. On the other hand, failure to record a material sale is highly pervasivebecause it affects sales, accounts receivable, income tax expense, accrued income taxes, andretained earnings, which in turn affect current assets, total assets, current liabilities, total liabilities,owners’ equity, gross margin, and operating income.

As misstatements become more pervasive, the likelihood of issuing an adverse opinion ratherthan a qualified opinion increases. For example, suppose the auditor decides a misclassificationbetween cash and accounts receivable should result in a qualified opinion because it is material;the failure to record a sale of the same dollar amount may result in an adverse opinion because ofpervasiveness.

Regardless of the amount involved, a disclaimer of opinion must be issued if the auditor is

determined to lack independence under the rules of the Code of Professional Conduct. This strictrequirement reflects the importance of independence to auditors. Any deviation from theindependence rule is therefore considered highly material. Table 3-1 (p. 58) summarizes therelationship between materiality and the type of opinion to be issued.

Table 3-1 Relationship of Materiality to Type of Opinion

Materiality LevelSignificance in Terms of ReasonableUsers’ Decisions Type of Opinion

Immaterial Users’ decisions are unlikely to beaffected.

Unqualified

Material Users’ decisions are likely to be affectedonly if the information in question is

Qualified

important to the specific decisions beingmade. The overall financial statements arepresented fairly.

Highly material Most or all users’ decisions based on thefinancial statements are likely to besignificantly affected.

Disclaimer orAdverse

Note: Lack of independence requires a disclaimer regardless of materiality.

Materiality Decisions

In concept, the effect of materiality on the type of opinion to issue is straightforward. In application,deciding on actual materiality in a given situation is a difficult judgment. There are no simple, well-defined guidelines that enable auditors to decide when something is immaterial, material, or highlymaterial. The evaluation of materiality also depends on whether the situation involves a failure tofollow GAAP or a scope limitation.

Materiality Decisions—Non-GAAP Condition When a client has failed to follow GAAP, the

audit report will be unqualified, qualified opinion only, or adverse, depending on the materiality ofthe departure. Several aspects of materiality must be considered.

Dollar Amounts Compared with a Base The primary concern in measuring materiality when a

client has failed to follow GAAP is usually the total dollar misstatement in the accounts involved,compared with some base. A $10,000 misstatement might be material for a small company but notfor a larger one. Therefore, misstatements must be compared with some measurement basebefore a decision can be made about the materiality of the failure to follow GAAP. Common basesinclude net income, total assets, current assets, and working capital.

For example, assume that the auditor believes there is a $100,000 overstatement of inventorybecause of the client’s failure to follow GAAP. Also assume recorded inventory of $1 million,current assets of $3 million, and net income before taxes of $2 million. In this case, the auditor mustevaluate the materiality of a misstatement of inventory of 10 percent, current assets of 3.3 percent,and net income before taxes of 5 percent.

To evaluate overall materiality, the auditor must also combine all unadjusted misstatements andjudge whether there may be individually immaterial misstatements that, when combined,significantly affect the statements. In the inventory example just given, assume the auditor believesthere is also an overstatement of $150,000 in accounts receivable. The total effect on currentassets is now 8.3 percent ($250,000 divided by $3,000,000) and 12.5 percent on net incomebefore taxes ($250,000 divided by $2,000,000).

When comparing potential misstatements with a base, the auditor must carefully consider allaccounts affected by a misstatement (pervasiveness). For example, it is important not to overlookthe effect of an understatement of inventory on cost of goods sold, income before taxes, income taxexpense, and accrued income taxes payable.

Measurability The dollar amount of some misstatements cannot be accurately measured. Forexample, a client’s unwillingness to disclose an existing lawsuit or the acquisition of a newcompany subsequent to the balance sheet date is difficult if not impossible to measure in terms of

dollar amounts. The materiality question the auditor must evaluate in such situations is the effect onstatement users of the failure to make the disclosure.

Nature of the Item The decision of a user may also be affected by the kind of misstatement.The following may affect a user’s decision and therefore the auditor’s opinion in a different waythan most misstatements:

1. Transactions are illegal or fraudulent.2. An item may materially affect some future period, even though it is immaterial when only the

current period is considered.3. An item has a “psychic” effect (for example, the item changes a small loss to a small profit,

maintains a trend of increasing earnings, or allows earnings to exceed analysts’ expectations).4. An item may be important in terms of possible consequences arising from contractual

obligations (for example, the effect of failure to comply with a debt restriction may result in amaterial loan being called).

Materiality Decisions—Scope Limitations Condition When there is a scope limitation in an

audit, the audit report will be unqualified, qualified scope and opinion, or disclaimer, depending onthe materiality of the scope limitation. The auditor will consider the same three factors included inthe previous discussion about materiality decisions for failure to follow GAAP, but they will be

considered differently. The size of potential misstatements, rather than known misstatements, isimportant in determining whether an unqualified report, a qualified report, or a disclaimer of opinionis appropriate for a scope limitation. For example, if recorded accounts payable of $400,000 wasnot audited, the auditor must evaluate the potential misstatement in accounts payable and decidehow materially the financial statements could be affected. The pervasiveness of these potentialmisstatements must also be considered.

It is typically more difficult to evaluate the materiality of potential misstatements resulting from ascope limitation than for failure to follow GAAP. Misstatements resulting from failure to followGAAP are known. Those resulting from scope limitations must usually be subjectively measured interms of potential or likely misstatements. For example, a recorded accounts payable of $400,000might be understated by more than $1 million, which may affect several totals, including grossmargin, net earnings, and total assets.

Discussion of Conditions Requiring a Departure

Objective 3-7

Draft appropriately modified audit reports under a variety of circumstances.

You should now understand the relationships among the conditions requiring a departure from anunqualified report, the major types of reports other than unqualified, and the three levels ofmateriality. This part of the chapter examines the conditions requiring a departure from anunqualified report in greater detail and shows examples of reports.

Auditor’s Scope Has Been Restricted

Two major categories of scope restrictions exist: those caused by a client and those caused byconditions beyond the control of either the client or the auditor. The effect on the auditor’s report isthe same for either, but the interpretation of materiality is likely to be different. When there is ascope restriction, the appropriate response is to issue an unqualified report, a qualification ofscope and opinion, or a disclaimer of opinion, depending on materiality.

For client-imposed restrictions, the auditor should be concerned about the possibility thatmanagement is trying to prevent discovery of misstated information. In such cases, auditingstandards encourage a disclaimer of opinion when materiality is in question. When restrictionsresult from conditions beyond the client’s control, a qualification of scope and opinion is morelikely.

Two restrictions occasionally imposed by clients on the auditor’s scope relate to the observationof physical inventory and the confirmation of accounts receivable, but other restrictions may alsooccur. Reasons for client-imposed scope restrictions may be a desire to save audit fees and, inthe case of confirming receivables, to prevent possible conflicts between the client and customerwhen amounts differ.

The most common case in which conditions beyond the client’s and auditor’s control cause ascope restriction is when the auditor is appointed after the client’s balance sheet date. Theconfirmation of accounts receivable, physical examination of inventory, and other importantprocedures may be impossible under those circumstances. When the auditor cannot performprocedures he or she considers desirable but can be satisfied with alternative procedures that theinformation being verified is fairly stated, an unqualified report is appropriate. If alternativeprocedures cannot be performed, a qualified scope and opinion or disclaimer of opinion isnecessary, depending on materiality.

A restriction on the scope of the auditor’s examination requires a qualifying paragraph precedingthe opinion to describe the restriction. In the case of a disclaimer, the entire scope paragraph isexcluded from the report.

For example, the report in Figure 3-7 is appropriate for an audit in which the amounts werematerial but not pervasive and the auditor could not obtain audited financial statements supportingan investment in a foreign affiliate and could not satisfy himself or herself by alternate procedures.

Figure 3-7 Qualified Scope and Opinion Report Due to Scope Restriction


(Same introductory paragraph as standard report)

Scope Paragraph—Qualified

Except as discussed in the following paragraph, weconducted our audit . . . (remainder is the same as thescope paragraph in the standard report).

Third Paragraph—

Added

We were unable to obtain audited financial statementssupporting the Company’s investment in a foreign affiliatestated at $475,000 or its equity in earnings of that affiliateof $365,000, which is included in net income, as

described in Note X to the financial statements. Becauseof the nature of the Company’s records, we were unableto satisfy ourselves as to the carrying value of theinvestment or the equity in its earnings by means of otherauditing procedures.

Opinion Paragraph—Qualified

In our opinion, except for the effects of such adjustments,if any, as might have been determined to be necessaryhad we been able to examine evidence regarding theforeign affiliate investment and earnings, the financialstatements referred to above present fairly, in all materialrespects, the financial position of Laughlin Corporation asof December 31, 2011, and the results of its operationsand its cash flows for the year then ended in conformitywith accounting principles generally accepted in theUnited States of America.

When the amounts are so material that a disclaimer of opinion rather than a qualified opinion isrequired, the auditor uses only three paragraphs. The first (introductory) paragraph is modifiedslightly to say “We were engaged to audit . . ..” The second paragraph is the same as the thirdparagraph in Figure 3-7. The scope paragraph is deleted, and the final (opinion) paragraph ischanged to a disclaimer. The reason for deleting the scope paragraph is to avoid stating anythingthat might lead readers to believe that other parts of the financial statements were audited andtherefore might be fairly stated. Figure 3-8 shows the audit report assuming the auditor hadconcluded that the facts in Figure 3-7 required a disclaimer rather than a qualified opinion.

Figure 3-8 Disclaimer of Opinion Due to Scope Restriction


Introductory

Paragraph—Modification of

Standard Report

We were engaged to audit . . . (remainder is the sameas the introductory paragraph in the standard report)

Second Paragraph—

Added

(Same wording as that used for the third paragraph inFigure 3-7)

Opinion Paragraph—Disclaimer

Because we were unable to obtain audited financialstatements supporting the Company’s investment in aforeign affiliate and we were unable to satisfyourselves as to the carrying value of the investment orthe equity in its earnings by means of other auditingprocedures, the scope of our work was not sufficientto enable us to express, and we do not express, anopinion on these financial statements.

Statements Are Not in Conformity with GAAP

When the auditor knows that the financial statements may be misleading because they were not

prepared in conformity with GAAP, and the client is unable or unwilling to correct the misstatement,he or she must issue a qualified or an adverse opinion, depending on the materiality of the item inquestion. The opinion must clearly state the nature of the departure from accepted principles andthe amount of the misstatement, if it is known. Figure 3-9 shows an example of a qualified opinionwhen a client did not capitalize leases as required by GAAP.

Figure 3-9 Qualified Opinion Report Due to Non-GAAP


(Same introductory and scope paragraphs as thestandard report)

The Company has excluded from property and debt in theaccompanying balance sheet certain lease obligationsthat, in our opinion, should be capitalized to conform withU.S. generally accepted accounting principles. If theselease obligations were capitalized, property would beincreased by $4,600,000, long-term debt by $4,200,000,and retained earnings by $400,000 as of December 31,2011, and net income and earnings per share would beincreased by $400,000 and $1.75, respectively, for theyear then ended.

Third Paragraph—Added

In our opinion, except for the effects of not capitalizinglease obligations, as discussed in the precedingparagraph, the financial statements referred to abovepresent fairly, in all material respects, the financialposition of Ajax Company as of December 31, 2011, andthe results of its operations and its cash flows for the yearthen ended in conformity with accounting principlesgenerally accepted in the United States of America.

Opinion Paragraph—Qualified

When the amounts are so material or pervasive that an adverse opinion is required, the scope isstill unqualified and the qualifying paragraph can remain the same, but the opinion paragraph mightbe as shown in Figure 3-10.

Figure 3-10 Adverse Opinion Due to Non-GAAP



(Same third paragraph as that used for the thirdparagraph in Figure 3-9)

Third Paragraph—

Added

In our opinion, because of the effects of the mattersdiscussed in the preceding paragraph, the financialstatements referred to above do not present fairly, inconformity with accounting principles generally acceptedin the United States of America, the financial position ofAjax Company as of December 31, 2011, or the results of

Opinion Paragraph—Adverse

its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended.

When the client fails to include information that is necessary for the fair presentation of financialstatements in the body of the statements or in the related footnotes, it is the auditor’s responsibilityto present the information in the audit report and to issue a qualified or an adverse opinion. It iscommon to put this type of qualification in an added paragraph preceding the opinion (the scopeparagraph will remain unqualified) and to refer to the added paragraph in the opinion paragraph.Figure 3-11 (p. 62) shows an example of an audit report in which the auditor considered thefinancial statement disclosure inadequate.

Figure 3-11 Qualified Opinion Due to Inadequate Disclosure



Third Paragraph—Added

On January 15, 2011, the company issued debenturesin the amount of $3,600,000 for the purpose offinancing plant expansion. The debenture agreementrestricts the payment of future cash dividends toearnings after December 31, 2011. In our opinion,disclosure of this information is required to conformwith accounting principles generally accepted in theUnited States of America.

Opinion Paragraph—

Qualified

In our opinion, except for the omission of theinformation discussed in the preceding paragraph, thefinancial statements referred to above present fairly . .. (remainder is the same as the opinion in thestandard report).

Rule 203 Reports Determining whether statements are in accordance with GAAP can be

difficult. Rule 203 in the Code of Professional Conduct permits a departure from generallyaccepted accounting principles when the auditor believes that adherence to these would result inmisleading financial statements.

When the auditor decides that adherence to GAAP would result in misleading statements, thereshould be a complete explanation in a third paragraph. The paragraph should fully explain thedeparture and why GAAP would result in misleading statements. The opinion paragraph shouldthen be unqualified except for the reference to the third paragraph. As discussed earlier in thechapter, this is called an unqualified audit report with an explanatory paragraph.

Lack of Statement of Cash Flows The client’s unwillingness to include a statement of cashflows is specifically addressed in auditing standards. When the statement is omitted, there must bea third paragraph stating the omission and an “except for” opinion qualification.

Auditor is Not Independent

If the auditor is not independent as specified by the Code of Professional Conduct, a disclaimer of

opinion is required even though all the audit procedures considered necessary in thecircumstances were performed. The wording in Figure 3-12 is recommended when the auditor isnot independent.

Figure 3-12 Disclaimer Due to Lack of Independence

We are not independent with respect to Home Decors.com, Inc., and theaccompanying balance sheet as of December 31, 2011, and the relatedstatements of income, retained earnings, and cash flows for the year thenended were not audited by us. Accordingly, we do not express an opinion onthem.

Note: When the auditor lacks independence, no report title is included.

The lack of independence overrides any other scope limitations. Therefore, no other reason fordisclaiming an opinion should be cited. There should be no mention in the report of theperformance of any audit procedures. As a result, it is a one-paragraph audit report.

Auditor’s Decision Process for Audit Reports

Objective 3-8

Determine the appropriate audit report for a given audit situation.

Auditors use a well-defined process for deciding the appropriate audit report in a given set ofcircumstances. The auditor must first assess whether any conditions exist requiring a departurefrom a standard unqualified report. If any conditions exist, the auditor must then assess themateriality of the condition and determine the appropriate type of report.

Determine Whether Any Condition Exists Requiring a Departure from a Standard

Unqualified Report The most important of these conditions are identified in Table 3-2. Auditorsidentify these conditions as they perform the audit and include information about any condition inthe audit files as discussion items for audit reporting. If none of these conditions exist, which is thecase in most audits, the auditor issues a standard unqualified audit report.

Table 3-2 Audit Report for Each Condition Requiring a Departure from a StandardUnqualified Report at Different Levels of Materiality

Condition Requiring anUnqualified Report with ModifiedWording or ExplanatoryParagraph

Level of Materiality

Immaterial Material

Accounting principles notconsistently applied*

Unqualified Unqualified report,explanatoryparagraph

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Substantial doubt about goingconcern†


Justified departure from GAAP orother accounting principle


Emphasis of a matter Unqualified Unqualified report,explanatoryparagraph

Use of another auditor Unqualified Unqualified report,modified wording

Level of Materiality

Condition

Requiring aDeparture fromUnqualified Report Immaterial

Material, But DoesNot Overshadow

FinancialStatements as aWhole

So Material ThatOverall Fairness Isin Question

Scope restricted byclient or otherconditions

Unqualified Qualified scope,additional paragraph,and qualified opinion(except for)

Disclaimer

Financial statementsnot prepared inaccordance withGAAP‡

Unqualified Additional paragraphand qualified opinion(except for)

Adverse

The auditor is notindependent

Disclaimer,regardless ofmateriality

*If the auditor does not concur with the appropriateness of the change, the condition is considered aviolation of GAAP.

†The auditor has the option of issuing a disclaimer of opinion.

‡If the auditor can demonstrate that GAAP would be misleading, an unqualified report with anexplanatory paragraph is appropriate.

Decide the Materiality for Each Condition When a condition requiring a departure from astandard unqualified opinion exists, the auditor evaluates the potential effect on the financialstatements. For departures from GAAP or scope restrictions, the auditor must decide amongimmaterial, material, and highly material. All other conditions, except for lack of auditorindependence, require only a distinction between immaterial and material. The materiality decisionis a difficult one, requiring considerable judgment. For example, assume that there is a scopelimitation in auditing inventory. It is difficult to assess the potential misstatement of an account thatthe auditor does not audit.

Decide the Appropriate Type of Report for the Condition, Given the Materiality Level

After making the first two decisions, it is easy to decide the appropriate type of opinion by using adecision aid. An example of such an aid is Table 3-2. For example, assume that the auditorconcludes that there is a departure from GAAP and it is material, but not highly material. Table 3-2shows that the appropriate audit report is a qualified opinion with an additional paragraphdiscussing the departure. The introductory and scope paragraphs will be included using standardwording.

Write the Audit Report Most CPA firms have computer templates that include precise wording

for different circumstances to help the auditor write the audit report. Also, one or more partners inmost CPA firms have special expertise in writing audit reports. These partners typically write orreview all audit reports before they are issued.

More Than One Condition Requiring a Departure or Modification

Auditors often encounter situations involving more than one of the conditions requiring a departurefrom an unqualified report or modification of the standard unqualified report. In thesecircumstances, the auditor should modify his or her opinion for each condition unless one has theeffect of neutralizing the others. For example, if there is a scope limitation and a situation in whichthe auditor is not independent, the scope limitation should not be revealed. The following situationsare examples when more than one modification should be included in the report:

The auditor is not independent and the auditor knows that the company has not followedgenerally accepted accounting principles.There is a scope limitation and there is substantial doubt about the company’s ability tocontinue as a going concern.There is a substantial doubt about the company’s ability to continue as a going concern andinformation about the causes of the uncertainties is not adequately disclosed in a footnote.There is a deviation in the statements’ preparation in accordance with GAAP and anotheraccounting principle was applied on a basis that was not consistent with that of the precedingyear.

Number of Paragraphs in the Report

Many readers interpret the number of paragraphs in the report as an important “signal” as towhether the financial statements are correct. A three-paragraph report ordinarily indicates thatthere are no exceptions in the audit. However, three-paragraph reports are also issued when adisclaimer of opinion is issued due to a scope limitation or for an unqualified shared reportinvolving other auditors. More than three paragraphs indicates some type of qualification orrequired explanation.

An additional paragraph is added before the opinion for a qualified opinion, an adverse opinion,and a disclaimer of opinion for a scope limitation. This results in a four-paragraph report, except forthe disclaimer of opinion for a scope limitation. A disclaimer due to a scope limitation results in athree-paragraph report because the scope paragraph is omitted. A disclaimer due to a lack ofindependence is a one-paragraph report.

When an unqualified opinion with explanatory paragraph is issued, an explanatory paragraph

usually follows the opinion. No explanatory paragraph is required for an unqualified shared reportinvolving other auditors, but the wording in all three paragraphs is modified.

Table 3-3 summarizes the types of reports issued for the audit of financial statements, thenumber of paragraphs for each type, the standard wording paragraphs modified, and the locationof the additional paragraph. The table excludes a disclaimer for a lack of independence, which is aspecial, one-paragraph report.

Table 3-3 Number of Paragraphs, Standard Wording Paragraphs Modified, and Locationof Additional Paragraph for Audit Reports

Type of ReportNumber of

ParagraphsStandard WordingParagraphs Modified

Location ofAdditionalParagraph

Standard unqualified 3 None None

Unqualified withexplanatory paragraph

4 None After opinion

Unqualified sharedreport with other auditors

3 All three paragraphs None

Qualified—opinion only 4 Opinion only Before opinion

Qualified—scope andopinion

4 Scope and opinion Before opinion

Disclaimer—scopelimitation

3 Introductory and opinionparagraphs modified; scopeparagraph eliminated

Before opinion

Adverse 4 Opinion only Before opinion

Research Underway on Audit Report

The AICPA’s Auditing Standards Board (ASB) and the International Auditing andAssurance Standards Board (IAASB) have partnered to commission academic researchto study the effectiveness of communications provided by auditors in the audit report.Anecdotal evidence suggests that financial statement users may not consistentlyunderstand the information contained in the auditor’s report, including the nature of thefinancial statement audit process and the level of assurance provided. For example,users of the audit report sometimes believe that an auditor’s unqualified opinion providesan indication that a company’s business model is sound or a user may conclude that theopinion provides absolute assurance that the financial statements are accurate. Thisresearch is being conducted with audit report users in the United States andinternationally. Research findings will be used by the ASB and IAASB as they evaluatethe effectiveness of audit reporting guidance in auditing standards.

Source: AICPA and IFAC, “Auditing Standards Board and International Auditing and AssuranceStandards Board Request for Proposals for Research on Unqualified Auditor’s Report

Communications” (www.ifac.org).

International Accounting and Auditing Standards

Objective 3-9

Understand proposed use of international accounting and auditing standards by U.S.companies.

The increasing globalization of the world’s capital markets and the expanding presence ofbusiness operations in multiple countries are leading to calls for the establishment of a single set ofaccounting standards to be used around the world. IFRS is increasingly accepted worldwide as thebasis of accounting used to prepare financial statements in other countries.

Currently, U.S. public companies are required to prepare financial statements that are filed withthe Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in accordance with generally acceptedaccounting principles in the United States. The SEC is developing a work plan to determinewhether to incorporate IFRS into the U.S. financial reporting system. Approval of the work plancould lead to the use of IFRS by U.S. public companies as early as 2015.

An auditor may be engaged to report on financial statements prepared in accordance with IFRS.When the auditor reports on financial statements prepared in conformity with IFRS, the auditorrefers to those standards rather than U.S. generally accepted accounting principles as follows:

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all materialrespects, the financial position of Carlos Incorporated as of December 31, 2011 and 2010,and the results of its operations, comprehensive income, changes in equity, and its cashflows for the years then ended in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standardsas issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.

As discussed in Chapter 2, the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB)issues International Standards on Auditing (ISAs). Auditing standards in the United States nowallow an auditor to perform an audit of financial statements of a U.S. entity in accordance with bothgenerally accepted auditing standards in the U.S. and the ISAs. The auditor’s scope paragraph ismodified to indicate that the audit was conducted in accordance with auditing standards generallyaccepted in the United States of America and in accordance with International Standards onAuditing.

Summary

This chapter described the auditor’s standard unqualified audit report, as well as reports on internalcontrol over financial reporting under Section 404 of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act. The four categoriesof audit reports and the auditor’s decision process in choosing the appropriate audit report toissue were then discussed. In some circumstances, an explanatory paragraph or modification ofthe unqualified report is required. When there is a material departure from GAAP or a material

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limitation on the scope of the audit, an unqualified report cannot be issued. The appropriate reportto issue in these circumstances depends on whether the situation involves a GAAP departure or ascope limitation, as well as the level of materiality.

Essential Terms

Adverse opinion

a report issued when the auditor believes the financial statements are so materiallymisstated or misleading as a whole that they do not present fairly the entity’s financialposition or the results of its operations and cash flows in conformity with GAAP

Combined report on financial statements and internal control over financial reporting

audit report on the financial statements and the effectiveness of internal control overfinancial reporting required for larger public companies under Section 404 of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act

Disclaimer of opinion

a report issued when the auditor is not able to become satisfied that the overall financialstatements are fairly presented or the auditor is not independent

Material misstatement

a misstatement in the financial statements, knowledge of which would affect a decision of areasonable user of the statements

Qualified opinion

a report issued when the auditor believes that the overall financial statements are fairlystated but that either the scope of the audit was limited or the financial data indicated afailure to follow GAAP

Separate report on internal control over financial reporting

audit report on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting required forpublic companies under Section 404 of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act that cross-references theseparate audit report on the financial statements

Standard unqualified audit report

the report a CPA issues when all auditing conditions have been met, no significantmisstatements have been discovered and left uncorrected, and it is the auditor’s opinion thatthe financial statements are fairly stated in accordance with GAAP

Unqualified audit report with explanatory paragraph or modified wording

an unqualified report in which the financial statements are fairly presented, but the auditor

believes it is important, or is required, to provide additional information

Review Questions

3‑1 (Objective 3-1) Explain why auditors’ reports are important to users of financialstatements and why it is desirable to have standard wording.

3‑2 (Objective 3-1) List the seven parts of a standard unqualified audit report andexplain the meaning of each part. How do the parts compare with those found ina qualified report?

3‑3 (Objective 3-1) What are the purposes of the scope paragraph in the auditor’s

report? Identify the most important information included in the scope paragraph.

3‑4 (Objective 3-1) What are the purposes of the opinion paragraph in the auditor’sreport? Identify the most important information included in the opinionparagraph.

3‑5 (Objective 3-1) On February 17, 2012, a CPA completed all the evidencegathering procedures on the audit of the financial statements for the BuckheizerTechnology Corporation for the year ended December 31, 2011. The audit issatisfactory in all respects except for the existence of a change in accountingprinciples from FIFO to LIFO inventory valuation, which results in an explanatoryparagraph on consistency. On February 26, the auditor completed the tax returnand the draft of the financial statements. The final audit report was completed,attached to the financial statements, and delivered to the client on March 7.What is the appropriate date on the auditor’s report?

3‑6 (Objective 3-2) What five circumstances are required for a standard unqualifiedreport to be issued?

3‑7 (Objective 3-3) Describe the information included in the introductory, scope,and opinion paragraphs in a separate audit report on the effectiveness ofinternal control over financial reporting. What is the nature of the additionalparagraphs in the audit report?

3‑8 (Objectives 3-4, 3-7) What type of opinion should an auditor issue when thefinancial statements are not in accordance with GAAP because such adherencewould result in misleading statements?

3‑9 (Objectives 3-4, 3-5) Distinguish between an unqualified report with anexplanatory paragraph or modified wording and a qualified report. Giveexamples when an explanatory paragraph or modified wording should be usedin an unqualified opinion.

3‑10 (Objective 3-4) Describe what is meant by reports involving the use of otherauditors. What are the three options available to the principal auditor and whenshould each be used?

3‑11 (Objective 3-4) The client has restated the prior-year statements because of achange from LIFO to FIFO. How should this be reflected in the auditor’s report?

3‑12 (Objective 3-4) Distinguish between changes that affect consistency andthose that may affect comparability but not consistency. Give an example of

each.

3‑13 (Objective 3-5) List the three conditions that require a departure from anunqualified opinion and give one specific example of each of those conditions.

3‑14 (Objective 3-5) Distinguish between a qualified opinion, an adverse opinion,and a disclaimer of opinion, and explain the circumstances under which eachis appropriate.

3‑15 (Objective 3-6) Define materiality as it is used in audit reporting. What

conditions will affect the auditor’s determination of materiality?

3‑16 (Objective 3-6) Explain how materiality differs for failure to follow GAAP andfor lack of independence.

3‑17 (Objective 3-7) How does the auditor’s opinion differ between scopelimitations caused by client restrictions and limitations resulting from conditionsbeyond the client’s control? Under which of these two will the auditor be mostlikely to issue a disclaimer of opinion? Explain.

3‑18 (Objective 3-5) Distinguish between a report qualified as to opinion only andone with both a scope and opinion qualification.

3‑19 (Objectives 3-6, 3-7) Identify the three alternative opinions that may beappropriate when the client’s financial statements are not in accordance withGAAP. Under what circumstance is each appropriate?

3‑20 (Objective 3-8) When an auditor discovers more than one condition thatrequires departure from or modification of the standard unqualified report, whatshould the auditor’s report include?

3‑21 (Objective 3-9) The ISAs allow an auditor to include either of the following

phrases in the auditor’s opinion paragraph: (1) “The financial statementspresent fairly in all material respects . . .” or (2) “The financial statements give atrue and fair view of . . .”. Discuss whether the ASB should adopt a similaroption for U.S. audit standards.

3‑22 (Objective 3-9) Discuss why the adoption of international accounting andauditing standards might be beneficial to investors and auditors.

Multiple Choice Questions from CPA Examinations

3‑23 (Objectives 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, 3-8) The following questions concernunqualified audit reports. Choose the best response.

a. Which of the following statements about a combined report on the financialstatements and internal control over financial reporting is correct?

a. The auditor’s opinion on internal control is for the same period oftime as the opinion on the financial statements.

b. The report includes additional paragraphs for the definition andlimitations of internal control.

c. The introductory, scope, and opinion paragraphs are unchangedfrom a report for an audit of the financial statements only.

d. GAAP is the framework used to evaluate internal control.

b. The date of the CPA’s opinion on the financial statements of the clientshould be the date of the

a. closing of the client’s books.b. finalization of the terms of the audit engagement.c. completion of all important audit procedures.d. submission of the report to the client.

c. If a principal auditor decides to refer in his or her report to the audit ofanother auditor, he or she is required to disclose the

a. name of the other auditor.b. nature of the inquiry into the other auditor’s professional standing

and extent of the review of the other auditor’s work.c. portion of the financial statements audited by the other auditor.d. reasons for being unwilling to assume responsibility for the other

auditor’s work.

3‑24 (Objectives 3-4, 3-8) The following questions concern unqualified audit reportswith an explanatory paragraph or modified wording. Choose the bestresponse.

a. An entity changed from the straight-line method to the declining-balancemethod of depreciation for all newly acquired assets. This change has nomaterial effect on the current year’s financial statements but is reasonablycertain to have a substantial effect in later years. If the change is disclosedin the notes to the financial statements, the auditor should issue a reportwith a(n)

a. qualified opinion.b. unqualified opinion with explanatory paragraph.c. unqualified opinion.d. qualified opinion with explanatory paragraph regarding consistency.

b. When the financial statements are fairly stated but the auditor concludesthere is substantial doubt whether the client can continue in existence, theauditor should issue a(an)

a. adverse opinion.b. qualified opinion only.c. unqualified opinion.d. unqualified opinion with explanatory paragraph.

c. The introductory paragraph of an auditor’s report contains the following:“We did not audit the financial statements of EZ Inc., a wholly ownedsubsidiary, which statements reflect total assets and revenues constituting27 percent and 29 percent, respectively, of the consolidated totals. Thosestatements were audited by other auditors whose report has beenfurnished to us, and our opinion, insofar as it relates to the amountsincluded for EZ Inc., is based solely on the report of the other auditors.”These sentences

a. indicate a division of responsibility.b. assume responsibility for the other auditor.c. require a departure from an unqualified opinion.d. are an improper form of reporting.

3‑25 (Objectives 3-5, 3-7, 3-8) The following questions concern audit reports other

than unqualified audit reports with standard wording. Choose the bestresponse.

a. The annual audit of Midwestern Manufacturing revealed that sales wereaccidentally being recorded as revenue when the goods were ordered,instead of when they were shipped. Assuming the amount in question ismaterial and the client is unwilling to correct the error, the CPA shouldissue:

a. an unqualified opinion or adverse opinion.b. a qualified “except for” opinion or disclaimer of opinion.c. a qualified “except for” opinion or adverse opinion.d. an unqualified opinion with an explanatory paragraph

b. Under which of the following circumstances would a disclaimer of opinionnot be appropriate?

a. The auditor is unable to determine the amounts associated with anemployee fraud scheme.

b. Management does not provide reasonable justification for a changein accounting principles.

c. The client refuses the auditor permission to confirm certain accountsreceivable or apply alternative procedures to verify their balances.

d. The chief executive officer is unwilling to sign the managementrepresentation letter.

c. The opinion paragraph of a CPA’s report states: “In our opinion, except forthe effects of not capitalizing certain lease obligations, as discussed in thepreceding paragraph, the financial statements present fairly,” in all materialrespects, . . . This paragraph expresses a(an)

a. Unqualified opinion.b. Unqualified opinion with explanatory paragraph.c. Qualified opinion.d. Adverse opinion.

Discussion Questions and Problems

3‑26 (Objective 3-1) A careful reading of an unqualified report indicates several

important phrases. Explain why each of the following phrases or clauses isused rather than the alternative provided:

a. “The financial statements referred to above present fairly in all material

respects the financial position” rather than “The financial statementsmentioned above are correctly stated.”

b. “In conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the UnitedStates of America” rather than “are properly stated to represent the trueeconomic conditions.”

c. “In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly” rather than “Thefinancial statements present fairly.”

d. “Brown & Phillips, CPAs (firm name),” rather than “James E. Brown, CPA(individual partner’s name).”

e. “We conducted our audit in accordance with auditing standards generallyaccepted in the United States of America” rather than “Our audit wasperformed to detect material misstatements in the financial statements.”

3‑27 (Objectives 3-1, 3-2, 3-4, 3-6, 3-7) Patel, CPA, has completed the audit of thefinancial statements of Bellamy Corporation as of and for the year endedDecember 31, 2011. Patel also audited and reported on the Bellamy financialstatements for the prior year. Patel drafted the following report for 2011.

We have audited the balance sheet and statements of

income and retained earnings of Bellamy Corporation as ofDecember 31, 2011. We conducted our audit in accordancewith generally accepted accounting standards. Thosestandards require that we plan and perform the audit toobtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial

statements are free of misstatement.

We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for ouropinion.

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to abovepresent fairly the financial position of Bellamy Corporation

as of December 31, 2011, and the results of its operations forthe year then ended in conformity with generally acceptedauditing standards, applied on a basis consistent with thoseof the preceding year.

Patel, CPA

(Signed)

Other Information

Bellamy is presenting comparative financial statements.Bellamy does not wish to present a statement of cash flows for eitheryear.During 2011, Bellamy changed its method of accounting for long-termconstruction contracts and properly reflected the effect of the change inthe current year’s financial statements and restated the prior year’s

statements. Patel is satisfied with Bellamy’s justification for making thechange. The change is discussed in footnote 12.Patel was unable to perform normal accounts receivable confirmationprocedures, but alternative procedures were used to satisfy Patel as tothe existence of the receivables.Bellamy Corporation is the defendant in a litigation, the outcome of whichis highly uncertain. If the case is settled in favor of the plaintiff, Bellamy willbe required to pay a substantial amount of cash, which might require thesale of certain fixed assets. The litigation and the possible effects havebeen properly disclosed in footnote 11.Bellamy issued debentures on January 31, 2010, in the amount of $10million. The funds obtained from the issuance were used to finance theexpansion of plant facilities. The debenture agreement restricts thepayment of future cash dividends to earnings after December 31, 2015.Bellamy declined to disclose this essential data in the footnotes to thefinancial statements.

Required

a. Identify and explain any items included in “Other Information” that need notbe part of the auditor’s report.

b. Explain the deficiencies in Patel’s report as drafted.*

*AICPA adapted.

3‑28 (Objectives 3-4, 3-5, 3-6, 3-7, 3-8) For the following independent situations,assume that you are the audit partner on the engagement:

1. During your audit of Raceway.com, Inc., you conclude that there is apossibility that inventory is materially overstated. The client refuses to allowyou to expand the scope of your audit sufficiently to verify whether thebalance is actually misstated.

2. You complete the audit of Munich Department Store, and in your opinion,the financial statements are fairly presented. On the last day of the audit,you discover that one of your supervisors assigned to the audit has amaterial investment in Munich.

3. Auto Delivery Company has a fleet of several delivery trucks. In the past,Auto Delivery had followed the policy of purchasing all equipment. In thecurrent year, they decided to lease the trucks. The method of accountingfor the trucks is therefore changed to lease capitalization. This change inpolicy is fully disclosed in footnotes.

4. You are auditing Deep Clean Services for the first time. Deep Clean hasbeen in business for several years but over the last two years hasstruggled to stay afloat given the economic conditions. Based on youraudit work, you have substantial doubt that Deep Clean will be in businessby the end of its next fiscal year.

5. One of your audit clients has a material investment in a privately-held

http://raceway.com/

biosciences company. Your audit firm engaged a business valuationspecialist to assist in evaluating the client’s estimation of the investment’sfair value. You conclude that the valuation specialist’s work providessufficient appropriate audit evidence.

6. Four weeks after the year-end date, a major customer of PrinceConstruction Co. declared bankruptcy. Because the customer hadconfirmed the balance due to Prince at the balance sheet date,management refuses to charge off the account or otherwise disclose theinformation. The receivable represents approximately 10% of accountsreceivable and 20% of net earnings before taxes.

Required

For each situation, do the following:

1. Identify which of the conditions requiring a modification of or a deviationfrom an unqualified standard report is applicable.

2. State the level of materiality as immaterial, material, or highly material. Ifyou cannot decide the level of materiality, state the additional informationneeded to make a decision.

3. Given your answers in parts a and b, state the type of audit report thatshould be issued. If you have not decided on one level of materiality in partb, state the appropriate report for each alternative materiality level.

3‑29 (Objectives 3-4, 3-5, 3-6, 3-7, 3-8) For the following independent situations,

assume that you are the audit partner on the engagement:

1. In the last 3 months of the current year, Oil Refining Company decided tochange direction and go significantly into the oil drilling business.Management recognizes that this business is exceptionally risky and couldjeopardize the success of its existing refining business, but there aresignificant potential rewards. During the short period of operation indrilling, the company has had three dry wells and no successes. The factsare adequately disclosed in footnotes.

2. Your client, Harrison Automotive, has changed from straight-line to sum-of-the-years’ digits depreciation. The effect on this year’s income isimmaterial, but the effect in future years is likely to be material. The factsare adequately disclosed in footnotes.

3. Toronto Technology Corporation has prepared financial statements buthas decided to exclude the statement of cash flows. Management explainsto you that the users of their financial statements find this statementconfusing and prefer not to have it included.

4. Marseilles Fragrance, Inc. is based in New York but has operationsthroughout Europe. Because users of the audited financial statement areinternational, your audit firm was engaged to conduct the audit inaccordance with U.S. auditing standards and International Standards onAuditing (ISAs).

5. The controller of Brentwood Industries, Inc. will not allow you to confirm the

receivable balance from two of its major customers. The amounts of thereceivables are material in relation to Brentwood Industries’ financialstatements. You are unable to satisfy yourself as to the receivablebalances by alternative procedures.

6. Approximately 20% of the audit of Lumberton Farms, Inc. was performedby a different CPA firm, selected by you. You have reviewed their auditfiles and believe they did an excellent job on their portion of the audit.Nevertheless, you are unwilling to take complete responsibility for theirwork.

Required

For each situation, do the following:

1. Identify which of the conditions requiring a modification of or a deviationfrom an unqualified standard report is applicable.

2. State the level of materiality as immaterial, material, or highly material. Ifyou cannot decide the level of materiality, state the additional informationneeded to make a decision.

3. Given your answers in parts a and b, state the appropriate audit reportfrom the following alternatives (if you have not decided on one level ofmateriality in part b, state the appropriate report for each alternativemateriality level):

1. Unqualified—standard wording2. Unqualified—explanatory paragraph3. Unqualified—modified wording4. Qualified opinion only5. Qualified scope and opinion6. Disclaimer

7. Adverse*

4. Based on your answer to part c, indicate which paragraphs, if any, shouldbe modified in the standard audit report. Also indicate whether anadditional paragraph is necessary and its location in the report.

*AICPA adapted.

3‑30 (Objectives 3-4, 3-5, 3-7, 3-8) Several types of opinions are described in a.through i. below. For each opinion, select the appropriate description of thatopinion from the list numbered 1 through 9 below that corresponds with thetype of opinion.

Types of Opinion

a. Unqualified opinion with an explanatory paragraph for change inconsistency

b. Disclaimer of opinion due to scope limitationc. Qualified opinion due to inadequate disclosure; report includes a going

concern explanatory paragraphd. Shared report with other auditorse. Standard unqualified (“clean”) opinionf. Qualified opinion due to a scope limitation

g. Adverse opinion for departure from accounting standardsh. Disclaimer of opinion due to lack of independencei. Unqualified opinion with an explanatory paragraph for a change in

consistency and an explanatory paragraph for an emphasis of a matter

Description of Opinions (each item in list can be used only once)

1. One paragraph report containing the words “we do not express an opinion”2. Three paragraph report with no changes in wording3. Three paragraph report; the wording in all three paragraphs has been

modified4. Three paragraph report in which the opinion includes “we do not express

an opinion”5. Four paragraph report in which the explanatory fourth paragraph precedes

the opinion; opinion includes “except for the effects of such adjustments, ifany, as might have been determined had we been able to examine”

6. Four paragraph report in which the explanatory fourth paragraph precedesthe opinion; opinion includes “financial statements do not present fairly”

7. Four paragraph report in which the explanatory fourth paragraph followsthe opinion

8. Five paragraph report with explanatory paragraphs preceding andfollowing the opinion

9. Five paragraph report with two explanatory paragraphs following theopinion

3‑31 (Objective 3-4) Various types of “accounting changes” can affect the secondreporting standard of the generally accepted auditing standards. This standardreads, “The auditor must identify in the auditor’s report those circumstances inwhich such principles have not been consistently observed in the current periodin relation to the preceding period.” Assume that the following list describeschanges that have a material effect on a client’s financial statements for thecurrent year:

1. Correction of a mathematical error in inventory pricing made in a priorperiod.

2. A change from deferring and amortizing preproduction costs to recordingsuch costs as an expense when incurred because future benefits of thecosts have become doubtful. The new accounting method was adopted inrecognition of the change in estimated future benefits.

3. A change from the completed-contract method to the percentage-of-completion method of accounting for long-term construction contracts.

4. A change in the estimated useful life of previously recorded fixed assetsbased on newly acquired information

5. A change to including the employer share of Social Security (FICA) taxes

as “retirement benefits” on the income statement from including it with“other taxes.”

6. A change from prime costing to full absorption costing for inventoryvaluation.

7. A change from presentation of statements of individual companies topresentation of consolidated statements.

8. A change from the FIFO method of inventory pricing to the LIFO method ofinventory pricing.

Required

Identify the type of change described in each item above, and state whetherany modification is required in the auditor’s report as it relates to the secondstandard of reporting. Organize your answer sheet as shown. For example, achange from the LIFO method of inventory pricing to the FIFO method ofinventory pricing would appear as shown.

Assume that each item is material.*

*AICPA adapted.

Item No. Type of ChangeShould Auditor’s ReportBe Modified?

Example An accounting change from one generallyaccepted accounting principle to anothergenerally accepted accounting principle

Yes

3‑32 (Objectives 3-1, 3-2, 3-4) The following tentative auditor’s report was drafted

by a staff accountant and submitted to a partner in the accounting firm of Better& Best, CPAs:

AUDIT REPORT

To the Audit Committee of American Broadband, Inc.

We have examined the consolidated balance sheets ofAmerican Broadband, Inc. and subsidiaries as of December

31, 2011 and 2010, and the related consolidated statementsof income, retained earnings, and cash flows for the yearsthen ended. These financial statements are the responsibilityof the Company’s management. Our responsibility is toexpress an opinion on these financial statements based on

our audits.

Our audits were made in accordance with auditing standardsgenerally accepted in the United States of America as weconsidered necessary in the circumstances. Other auditors

audited the financial statements of certain subsidiaries andhave furnished us with reports thereon containing noexceptions. Our opinion expressed herein, insofar as itrelates to the amounts included for those subsidiaries, is

based solely upon the reports of the other auditors.

As fully discussed in Note 7 to the financial statements, in2011, the company extended the use of the last-in, first-out(LIFO) method of accounting to include all inventories. Inexamining inventories, we engaged Dr. Irwin Same (Nobel

Prize winner 2009) to test check the technical requirementsand specifications of certain items of equipmentmanufactured by the company.

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to abovepresent fairly the financial position of American Broadband,

Inc. as of December 31, 2011, and the results of operationsfor the years then ended, in conformity with accountingprinciples generally accepted in the United States ofAmerica.

To be signed by

Better & Best, CPAs

March 1, 2012

Required

Identify deficiencies in the staff accountant’s tentative report that constitutedepartures from the generally accepted standards of reporting.

3‑33 (Objectives 3-1, 3-9) The following is an auditor’s report prepared inaccordance with International Standards on Auditing (ISAs) issued by theInternational Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB):


To the Shareholders of Les Meridian, Inc.

We have audited the accompanying financial statements ofLes Meridian, Inc., which comprise the statement of financialposition as of December 31, 2011, and the statement ofcomprehensive income, statement of changes in equity and

statement of cash flows for the year then ended, and asummary of significant accounting policies and otherexplanatory notes.

Management’s Responsibility for the Financial Statements

Management is responsible for the preparation and fair

presentation of these financial statements in accordancewith International Financial Reporting Standards, and forsuch internal control as management determines isnecessary to enable the preparation of financial statements

that are free from material misstatement, whether due tofraud or error.

Auditor’s Responsibility

Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financialstatements based on our audit. We conducted our audit in

accordance with International Standards on Auditing. Thosestandards require that we comply with ethical requirementsand plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonableassurance about whether the financial statements are freefrom material misstatement.

An audit involves performing procedures to obtain auditevidence about the amounts and disclosures in the financialstatements. The procedures selected depend on theauditor’s judgment, including the assessment of the risks ofmaterial misstatement of the financial statements, whether

due to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments, theauditor considers internal control relevant to the entity’spreparation and fair presentation of the financial statementsin order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in

the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing anopinion on the effectiveness of the entity’s internal control.An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness ofaccounting policies used and the reasonableness ofaccounting estimates made by management, as well as

evaluating the overall presentation of the financialstatements.

We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained issufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our auditopinion.

Opinion

In our opinion, the financial statements give a true and fairview of the financial position of Les Meridian, Inc. as ofDecember 31, 2011, and of its financial performance andcash flows for the year then ended in accordance with

International Financial Reporting Standards.

Bergen and Bergen, CPAs

February 20, 2012

19 Rue de Bordeaux

Marseille, France

Required

a. For each of the seven distinct parts of the standard unqualified reportprepared in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards in theUnited States, describe whether key elements of each of those sevenparts are present in the audit report based on International Standards onAuditing for Les Meridian’s financial statements.

b. Describe elements in the audit report based on International Standards onAuditing that are more extensive than an audit report based on U.S.auditing standards.

Internet Problem 3-1: Research Annual Reports

Q: The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is an independent,nonpartisan, quasi-judicial regulatory agency with responsibility for administeringthe federal securities laws. Publicly traded companies must electronically file avariety of forms or reports with the SEC (for example, annual financialstatements). The SEC makes most of these electronic documents available onthe Internet via EDGAR. EDGAR stands for Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis,and Retrieval system. The primary purpose for EDGAR is to increase theefficiency and fairness of the securities market for the benefit of investors,corporations, and the economy by accelerating the receipt, acceptance,dissemination, and analysis of time-sensitive corporate information filed with theagency.

Required

a. Visit the SEC’s website (www.sec.gov) and review the information under thelink to “Descriptions of Forms” to find the definitions for these forms: 8-K, 10-K, 10-Q, and DEF-14a.

b. Visit the link to “Search for Company Filings” and locate the Form 10-K filingfor Google Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2009 to answer thefollowing questions:

a. Who was Google’s auditor?b. Did the audit firm issue a combined or separate report(s) on the

financial statements and on internal controls over financial reporting?c. What type of audit opinion did the auditor provide for the financial

http://www.sec.gov/

statements?d. What was the auditor’s opinion about internal controls over financial

reporting?

c. Search for the Form 10-K filing for Yahoo Inc. for the year ended December31, 2009 to answer the following questions:

a. What type of audit opinion did Yahoo’s auditor provide for the financialstatements and for internal controls over financial reporting?

b. How does the Yahoo auditor’s report on the financial statements differfrom the audit report related to Google’s financial statements?

Auditing and Assurance Services. An Integrated Approach, Fourteenth EditionChapter 3: Audit ReportsISBN: 9780132575959 Authors: Alvin A. Arens, Randal J. Elder, Mark S. BeasleyCopyright © Pearson Education (2012)

Audit Reports Learning Objectives

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