: 1 : ANDHRA UNIVERSITY COMMON ENTRANCE TEST, A U C E T – 2011 SYLLABI FOR ENTRANCE TESTS IN SCIENCES, ARTS, COMMERCE & ENGINEERING 102. BIOTECHNOLOGY Part - A Paper : III - Molecular Biology, Genetic Engineering and Immunology, Unit I : Gene and Genome organization 1.1 Organization of nuclear genome – Genes and gene numbers – essential and non essential genes, 1.2 Denaturation and renaturation of DNA - Tm values and Cot curves, 1.3 Kinetic classes of DNA - Single copy sequences, and repeated sequences. Inverted, tandem and palindromic repeats, 1.4 Satellite DNA, 1.5 Mitochondrial genome organization (eg: Human), 1.6 Chloroplast genome organization in plants, 1.7 Organization of eukaryotic genes - Exons, introns, promoters and terminators, 1.8 Gene families and clusters – eg. Globin gene, histones and ribosomal genes. Unit-II : Gene expression and Gene Regulation : 2.1.Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic transcription , Post-transcriptional modifications (Capping, polyadenylation splicing and alternate splicing), 2.2 Translation, Genetic code and its features, Wobble Hypothesis Synthesis of polypeptides - initiation, elongation and termination in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, 2.3 Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes Operon concept in bacteria – Lac operon, Unit III : Recombinant DNA Technology : 3.1. Enzymes used in gene cloning : Restriction endonucleases, Ligases, Phosphatases, Methylases, Kinases, 3.2. Cloning vehicles – Plasmids, Cosmids, Phage vectors, Shuttle vectors, 3.3. Baculovirus vector system, Expression vectors - expression cassettes, 3.4. Construction of genomic and cDNA libraries, 3.5. Identification of cloned genes, 3.6. Principles involved in Blotting Techniques – Southern, Northern and Western, 3.7. Principles and Applications of PCR Technology, 3.8. DNA Finger printing technique and its applications, Unit IV Basics of Immunology : 2.1 Introduction to immune system – Organs and cells of the immune system, 2.2 Antigens, Haptens – physico-chemical characteristics, 2.3 Structure of different immunoglobulins and their functions – Primary and secondary antibody responses, 2.4 Antigen - Antibody Reactions, 2.5 The Major Histocompatibility gene complex and its role in organ transplantation, Generation of antibody diversity, 2.6 Hypersensitivity – Coombs classification, Types of hypersensitivity, 2.7 Autoimmune diseases – mechanisms of auto immunity, Paper : III (IV) - Applications of Biotechnology : Unit I Animal Biotechnology : 1.1 Introduction to animal biotechnology, 1.2 Principles of animal cell culture – culture vessels, 1.3 Cell culture media preparation, sterilization, types of cultures, 1.4 Establishment and preservation of cell lines, 1.5 Explants and cell disaggregation, 1.6 Culture of cells and tissues (including Stem cells and their application) , 1.7 In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer technology, 1.8 Methods of gene transfer – Microinjection and viral mediated gene transfer techniquesProduction of transgenic animals and molecular pharming, 1.9 Principles of Ex vivo and In vivo gene therapy, Unit II Plant Biotechnology : 2.1. Composition of media (Murashige and Skoog’s and Gamborg’s only) Preparation of media and methods of sterilizations, 2.2. Role of plant growth regulators in differentiation, 2.3. Induction of callus, 2.4. Meristem culture and production of virus free plantsClonal propagation of plants on a commercial scale (Somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis), 2.5. Mass cultivation of cell cultures and process engineering – batch and continuous cultures, Bioreactors, 2.6. Production of commercially useful compounds by plant cell culture, 2.7. Methods of gene transfer techniques (Agrobacterium, Microprojectile bombardment), 2.8. Applications of recombinant DNA technology in agriculture, 2.9. Production of therapeutic proteins from transgenic plants, Unit III Industrial Biotechnology : 3.1 Introduction to industrial biotechnology. 3.2 Primary and secondary metabolic products of microorganisms, 3.3 Screening and isolation and preservation of industrial microorganisms, 3.4 Principles of Fermentation technology, 3.5 Commercial production of fuels and chemicals by microbial fermentations, 3.6 Fermentative production of microbial enzymes (amylases, proteases), and antibiotics, 3.7 Fermentative production of foods and dairy products., 3.8 Animal cells as bioreactors; characteristics of bioreactors, expression and over production of targeted proteins – human growth hormones – production of α and β - interferons, monoclonal antibodies, 3.9 Good manufacturing practices, Biosafety issues, Bioethics, 3.10 Intellectual Property Rights and Patenting issues, Unit IV Environmental Biotechnology : 4.1 Introduction to environmental biotechnology, 4.2 Renewable and non-renewable energy resources, 4.3 Conventional energy 101. BIOCHEMISTRY Part - A Structure and functions of liver, kidney, Composition of blood, blood coagulation, Digestion and absorption of proximate principles, Biological value of proteins, protein malnutrition disorders, Chemistry and physiological role of vitamins, Role of minerals in living systems, Structure and physiological roles of hormones, Basic features of immune response, Lymphoid system, T and B lymphocytes, Cellular and humoral - immunity, Classes and structure of immunoglobulin, RIA, ELISA, Vaccines. Bacteria, Viruses, Organization of genome in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, DNA replication, transcription and translation, Basic concepts of regulation of gene expression, principles and applications of recombinant DNA technology. Part - B Bioenergetics, Biological oxidations. Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, amino acids and nucleic acids. Basic principles of biochemical separation methods – paper, thin layer, ion-exchange, affinity chromatography, gel filtration, Centrifugation, Electrophoresis - paper, polyacrylamide, agarose gels. Basic principles of Colorimetry and spectrophotometry. Radio isotopes and their use in Biochemistry. Part - C Classification chemistry and physico – chemical properties of amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, porphyrins, PH and Buffers, Bio-membranes – composition and organization. Principles of enzymology, classification of enzymes, nomenclature, enzyme assays, enzyme units, enzyme inhibition.
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ANDHRA UNIVERSITYCOMMON ENTRANCE TEST, A U C E T – 2011
SYLLABI FOR ENTRANCE TESTS IN SCIENCES, ARTS, COMMERCE & ENGINEERING
102. BIOTECHNOLOGYPart - A Paper : III - Molecular Biology, Genetic Engineering and Immunology,
Unit I : Gene and Genome organization 1.1 Organization of nuclear genome – Genes and gene numbers –essential and non essential genes, 1.2 Denaturation and renaturation of DNA - Tm values and Cot curves,1.3 Kinetic classes of DNA - Single copy sequences, and repeated sequences. Inverted, tandem andpalindromic repeats, 1.4 Satellite DNA, 1.5 Mitochondrial genome organization (eg: Human), 1.6 Chloroplastgenome organization in plants, 1.7 Organization of eukaryotic genes - Exons, introns, promoters andterminators, 1.8 Gene families and clusters – eg. Globin gene, histones and ribosomal genes. Unit-II : Geneexpression and Gene Regulation : 2.1.Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic transcription , Post-transcriptionalmodifications (Capping, polyadenylation splicing and alternate splicing), 2.2 Translation, Genetic code andits features, Wobble Hypothesis Synthesis of polypeptides - initiation, elongation and termination inprokaryotes and eukaryotes, 2.3 Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes Operonconcept in bacteria – Lac operon, Unit III : Recombinant DNA Technology : 3.1. Enzymes used in genecloning : Restriction endonucleases, Ligases, Phosphatases, Methylases, Kinases, 3.2. Cloning vehicles –Plasmids, Cosmids, Phage vectors, Shuttle vectors, 3.3. Baculovirus vector system, Expression vectors -expression cassettes, 3.4. Construction of genomic and cDNA libraries, 3.5. Identification of cloned genes,3.6. Principles involved in Blotting Techniques – Southern, Northern and Western, 3.7. Principles andApplications of PCR Technology, 3.8. DNA Finger printing technique and its applications, Unit IV Basics ofImmunology : 2.1 Introduction to immune system – Organs and cells of the immune system, 2.2 Antigens,Haptens – physico-chemical characteristics, 2.3 Structure of different immunoglobulins and their functions– Primary and secondary antibody responses, 2.4 Antigen - Antibody Reactions, 2.5 The MajorHistocompatibility gene complex and its role in organ transplantation, Generation of antibody diversity, 2.6Hypersensitivity – Coombs classification, Types of hypersensitivity, 2.7 Autoimmune diseases – mechanismsof auto immunity, Paper : III (IV) - Applications of Biotechnology : Unit I Animal Biotechnology : 1.1Introduction to animal biotechnology, 1.2 Principles of animal cell culture – culture vessels, 1.3 Cell culture mediapreparation, sterilization, types of cultures, 1.4 Establishment and preservation of cell lines, 1.5 Explants andcell disaggregation, 1.6 Culture of cells and tissues (including Stem cells and their application) , 1.7 In vitrofertilization and embryo transfer technology, 1.8 Methods of gene transfer – Microinjection and viral mediatedgene transfer techniquesProduction of transgenic animals and molecular pharming, 1.9 Principles of Exvivo and In vivo gene therapy, Unit II Plant Biotechnology : 2.1. Composition of media (Murashige andSkoog’s and Gamborg’s only) Preparation of media and methods of sterilizations, 2.2. Role of plant growthregulators in differentiation, 2.3. Induction of callus, 2.4. Meristem culture and production of virus freeplantsClonal propagation of plants on a commercial scale (Somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis),2.5. Mass cultivation of cell cultures and process engineering – batch and continuous cultures, Bioreactors,2.6. Production of commercially useful compounds by plant cell culture, 2.7. Methods of gene transfertechniques (Agrobacterium, Microprojectile bombardment), 2.8. Applications of recombinant DNA technologyin agriculture, 2.9. Production of therapeutic proteins from transgenic plants, Unit III Industrial Biotechnology : 3.1 Introduction to industrial biotechnology. 3.2 Primary and secondary metabolic products ofmicroorganisms, 3.3 Screening and isolation and preservation of industrial microorganisms, 3.4 Principlesof Fermentation technology, 3.5 Commercial production of fuels and chemicals by microbial fermentations,3.6 Fermentative production of microbial enzymes (amylases, proteases), and antibiotics, 3.7 Fermentativeproduction of foods and dairy products., 3.8 Animal cells as bioreactors; characteristics of bioreactors,expression and over production of targeted proteins – human growth hormones – production of α and β -interferons, monoclonal antibodies, 3.9 Good manufacturing practices, Biosafety issues, Bioethics, 3.10Intellectual Property Rights and Patenting issues, Unit IV Environmental Biotechnology : 4.1 Introduction toenvironmental biotechnology, 4.2 Renewable and non-renewable energy resources, 4.3 Conventional energy
101. BIOCHEMISTRYPart - A Structure and functions of liver, kidney, Composition of blood, blood coagulation, Digestion and absorption of
proximate principles, Biological value of proteins, protein malnutrition disorders, Chemistry and physiologicalrole of vitamins, Role of minerals in living systems, Structure and physiological roles of hormones, Basicfeatures of immune response, Lymphoid system, T and B lymphocytes, Cellular and humoral - immunity,Classes and structure of immunoglobulin, RIA, ELISA, Vaccines. Bacteria, Viruses, Organization of genomein prokaryotes and eukaryotes, DNA replication, transcription and translation, Basic concepts of regulation ofgene expression, principles and applications of recombinant DNA technology.
Part - B Bioenergetics, Biological oxidations. Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, amino acids and nucleicacids. Basic principles of biochemical separation methods – paper, thin layer, ion-exchange, affinitychromatography, gel filtration, Centrifugation, Electrophoresis - paper, polyacrylamide, agarose gels. Basicprinciples of Colorimetry and spectrophotometry. Radio isotopes and their use in Biochemistry.
Part - C Classification chemistry and physico – chemical properties of amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids,carbohydrates, lipids, porphyrins, PH and Buffers, Bio-membranes – composition and organization. Principlesof enzymology, classification of enzymes, nomenclature, enzyme assays, enzyme units, enzyme inhibition.
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sources and their impact on environment. 4.4 Non-conventional fuels and their impact on environment(biogas, bioethanol, microbial hydrogen production), 4.5 Microbiological analysis of milk, food and water, 4.6Microbiological treatment of municipal and industrial effluents, 4.7 Microbial degradation of pesticides andtoxic chemicals, 4.8 Biopesticides and Biofertilizers (Nitrogen fixing, phosphate solubilizing microorganisms),4.9 Microbial ore leaching Introduction to Bioremediation
Part - B Paper : II - Biological Chemistry and MicrobiologyUNIT- I : Biomolecules : 1.1 Carbohydrates : Importance, classification and properties , 1.2 Structure,configuration and biochemical importance of monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), 1.3 Dissacharides– Structures and biochemical importance of sucrose and trehalose Physiologically important glycosides(streptomycin, cardiac glycosides, ouabain), 1.4 Structure and function of homo polysaccharides – starch,inulin, cellulose and glycogen Structure and function of heteropolysaccharides – Hyaluronic acid, 1.5 Proteins: Classification, structure and properties amino acids, 1.6 Peptide bond – Synthesis and characters, 1.7Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins, 1.8 Lipids : Fatty acids : Saturated andunsaturated, 1.9 Triacylglycerols, Sphingolipids, Sterols Phospholipids (phosphatidic acid,phosphatidylcholine), 1.10 Enzymes : Classification and nomenclature of enzymes Kinetics of enzymecatalyzed reactions, 1.11 Factors influencing enzymatic reactions (a) pH (b) Temperature (c) Substrateconcentration (d) Enzyme concentration 1.12 Enzyme Inhibition – Competitive and non-competitive , Unit II :Intermediary Metabolism : 2.1 Glycolysis, 2.2 Citric acid cycle, 2.3 Gluconeogenesis and its significance,2.4 Mitochondrial electron transport Chemiosmotic theory of ATP synthesis, 2.5 β-Oxidation of fatty acid , 2.6Deamination, decarboxylation and transamination reactions of amino acids, 2.7Catabolism of amino acids – phenyl alanine and tyrosine (Phenylketonuria and albinism), 2.8 Photosynthesis– Light reaction and photophosphorylation, 2.9 Carbon assimilation Unit III : Fundamentals of Microbiology: 3.1 Outlines of classification of microorganisms , 3.2 Structure and general characters of Viruses, Bacteria,Fungi and Micro Algae (one example from each group) 3.3 Disease causing pathogens and their symptoms(examples; Typhoid, HIV only) 3.4 Isolation, identification and preservation of microorganisms (Bacteria), 3.5Identification methods of Fungi and useful Micro Algae, 3.6 Methods of sterilization, 3.7 Bacterial reproductionand growth kinetics (Batch and continuous cultures), 3.8 Pure cultures and cultural characteristics , UNIT –IV : Principles and Applications of Biophysical Techniques : 4.1 Microscopy – Light, Inverted, Fluorescentand Electron microscopy, 4.2 Colorimetry – Beer – Lambert’s Law, 4.3 UV-VIS Spectrophotometry , 4.4Chromatography (a) Paper (b) Thin Layer (c) Ion-exchange (d) Gel-filtration , 4.5 Electrophoresis – Nativegels and SDS-PAGE, Agarose, 4.6 Centrifugation and filtration – Basic Principles, 4.7 Dialysis andlyopholization, 4.8 Radio isotopes and their uses in biology
Part - C Paper : I - Cell Biology and GeneticsUnit I : Cell Structure, Function and Cell Division : 1.1 Cells as basic units of living organisms Viral, bacterial,fungal, plant and animal cells, 1.2 Ultra structure of prokaryotic cell (Cell membrane, plasmids) 1.3 Ultrastructure of eukaryotic cell (Cell wall, cell membrane, mitochondria, chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum,Golgi apparatus, vacuoles). 1.4 Chromosome organization in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, 1.5 Structure ofspecialized chromosomes (Polytene and Lamp Brush), 1.6 Cell Division and Cell Cycle , 1.7 Significance ofmitosis and meiosis, Unit II : Mendel’s Laws and Mechanism of Inheritance, 2.1 Mendel’s experiments –Factors contributing to success of Mendel’s experiments, 2.2 Law of segregation – Monohybrid ratio, 2.3Law of Independent assortment – Dihybrids, Trihybrids , 2.4 Deviation from Mendel’s Laws - partial orincomplete dominance, co-dominance , 2.5 Penetrance and expressivity, pleiotropism , 2.6 Epistatic geneinteraction – Modified dihybrid ratios (12:3:1; 9:7; !5:1; 9:3:4:, 9:6:1; 13:3), 2.7 Genes and environment –phenocopies, 2.8 Linkage and recombination – Discovery of linkage, cytological proof of crossing overRecombination frequency and map distance Interference and coincidence Mitotic crossing over in Drosophila,2.9 Mechanism of sex determination-genic balance theory - Drosophila Homogametic and Heterogametictheory (Human, Mamalian, Birds), 2.10 X – linked inheritance (eg. Haemophilia) Unit III : Structure andFunction of Nucleic Acids : 3.1 DNA as the genetic material – Griffiths experiments on transformation inStreptococcus pneumoniae. Avery, McEleod and Mc Carty’s experiments. Hershey – Chase experimentswith radio-labelled T2 bacteriophage, 3.2 RNA as genetic material – Tobacco Mosaic Virus, 3.3 Structure ofDNA – Watson and Crick Model Forms of DNA – A, B and Z forms of DNA, Super coiled and related DNA – Roleof topoisomerases, 3.4 DNA Replication – Models of DNA replication (Semi-conservative, non-conservativemodels) Mechanisms of DNA replication – Linear and circular – Rolling circle and theta mechanism ofreplication, 3.6. DNA damage and Repair, Unit IV : Concepts of Biostatistics and Bioinnformatics : 4.1Concept of probability, basic laws and its application to Mendelian segregation. Concept of probabilitydistribution. Binomial and Poisson distributions, Normal distribution and their application to biology , 4.2Concept of sampling and sampling distribution. Concept of test of hypothesis. Applications of t-test statisticsto biological problems/data: Chi-square, statistic applications in biology , 4.3 Simple Regression andCorrelation. Concept of analysis of variance (one-way classification). 4.4 Introduction to BioinformaticsBiological Databases – Nucleotide sequence and Protein databases, their utilization in Biotechnology,Storage of biological data in databanks, data retrieval from databases and their utilization.
103. BOTANYPart - A Paper : III - Cell Biology, Genetics, Ecology and Biodiversity
Unit - I : Cell Biology : 1. Plant cell envelops: Ultra structure of cell wall, molecular organisation of cellmembranes. 2. Nucleus: Ultrastructure, Nucleic acids - Structure and replication of DNA; types and functionsof RNA. 3. Chromosomes: Morphology, organisation of DNA in a chromosome, Euchromatin andHeterochromatin. Karyotype. 4. Cell division: Cell cycle and its regulation; mitosis, meiosis and theirsignificance. Unit - II: Genetics, 6. Mendelism: Laws of inheritance. Genetic interactions - Epistasis,
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complementary, supplementary and inhibitory genes. 7. Linkage and crossing over: A brief account,construction of genetic maps - 2 point and 3 point test cross data. 8. Mutations: Chromosomal aberrations- structural and numerical changes; Gene mutations, transposable elements. 9. Gene Expression:Organisation of gene, transcription, translation, mechanism and regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes(Lac.and Trp Operons ). 10. Extra nuclear genome: Mitochondrial and plastid DNA, plasmids. Unit - III:Ecology : 11. Concept and components of Ecosystem. Energy flow, food chains, food webs, ecologicalpyramids, biogeochemical cycles - Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus 12. Plants and environment: Ecologicalfactors - Climatic (light and temperature), edaphic and biotic. Ecological adaptations of plants. 13. Populationecology: Natality, mortality, growth curves, ecotypes, ecads. 14. Community ecology: Frequency, density,cover, l ife forms, biological spectrum, ecological succession (Hydrosere, Xerosere).15. Production ecology: Concepts of productivity, GPP, NPP, CR (Community Respiration) and secondaryproduction, P/R ratio and Ecosystems. Unit - IV: Biodiversity and Conservation 16. Biodiversity: Concepts,Convention on Biodiversity - Earth Summit. Types of biodiversity. 17. Levels, threats and value of Biodiversity.18. Hot spots of India – Endemism, North Eastern Himalayas, Western Ghats. 19. Agro-biodiversity: Vavilovcentres of crop plants. 20. Principles of conservation: IUCN threat-categories, RED data book - threatened& endangered plants of India. Role of organisations in the conservation of Biodiversity – IUCN, UNEP, WWF,NBPGR, NBD. Paper : IV - Physiology, Tissue Culture, Biotechnology, Unit - I: Physiology (Part A) : 1. WaterRelations: Importance of water to plant life, physical properties of water, diffusion, imbibition, osmosis;water, osmotic and pressure potentials; absorption, transport of water, ascent of sap; transpiration; Stomatalstructure and movements. 2. Mineral Nutrition: Essential macro and micro mineral nutrients and their role;symptoms of mineral deficiency; absorption of mineral ions; passive and active processes. 3. Enzymes:Nomenclature, characteristics, mechanism and regulation of enzyme action, enzyme kinetics, factorsregulating enzyme action. 4. Photosynthesis: Photosynthetic pigments, absorption and action spectra; Reddrop and Emerson enhancement effect; concept of two photosystems; mechanism of photosynthetic electrontransport and evolution of oxygen; photophosphorylation; Carbon assimilation pathways: C3, C4 and CAM;photorespiration. 5. Translocation of organic substances: Mechanism of phloem transport; source-sinkrelationships. Unit - II: Physiology (Part B) 6. Respiration: Aerobic and Anaerobic; Glycolysis, Krebs cycle;electron transport system, mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation, pentose phosphate pathway. 7. NitrogenMetabolism: Biological nitrogen fixation, nitrate reduction, ammonia assimilation, amino acid synthesis andprotein synthesis. 8. Lipid Metabolism: Structure and functions of lipids; conversion of lipids to carbohydrates,â-oxidation. 9. Growth and Development: Definition, phases and kinetics of growth. Physiological effects ofphytohormon- auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ABA, ethylene and brassinosteroids; Physiology of floweringand photoperiodism, role of phytochrome in flowering. 10. Stress Physiology: Concept and plant responsesto water, salt and temperature stresses. Unit - III: Tissue Culture and Biotechnology : 11. Tissue culture:Introduction, sterilization procedures, culture media - composition and preparation; explants. 12. Callusculture; cell and protoplast culture, Somatic hybrids and cybrids. 13. Applications of tissue culture: Productionof pathogen free plants and somaclonal variants, production of stress resistance plants, secondarymetabolites and synthetic seeds. 14. Biotechnology: Introduction, history and scope. 15. DNA technology:Vectors and gene cloning and transgenic plants. Unit - IV: Seed Technology and Horticulture : 16. Seed:Structure and types. Seed dormancy; causes and methods of breaking dormancy. 17. Seed storage: Seedbanks, factors affecting seed viability, genetic erosion. Seed production technology; seed testing andcertification. 18. Horticulture techniques: Introduction, Cultivation of ornamental and vegetable crops, Bonsaiand landscaping ,19. Floriculture: Introduction. Importance of green house, polyhouse, mist chamber,shade nets; Micro irrigation systems. Floriculture potential and its trade in India, 20. Vegetative Propagationof plants: Stem, root and leaf cuttings. Layering and bud grafting. Role of plant growth regulators in horticulture.
Part - B Paper : II - Anatomy, Embryology, Taxonomy and Medicinal Botany : Unit - I: Anatomy 1. Meristems:Types, histological organisation of shoot and root apices and theories. 2. Tissues and Tissue Systems:Simple and complex. 3. Leaf: Ontogeny, diversity of internal structure; stomata and epidermal outgrowths.4. Stem and root: Vascular cambium - Formation and function. Anamalous secondary growth-General account.Stem - Achyranthes, Boerhavia, Bignonia, Dracaena; Root – Beta 5. Wood structure: General account. Studyof local timbers – Teak (Tectona grandis), Rosewood, (Albergia latefolia), Red sanders, (Pterocarpus santalinus)Nallamaddi (Terminalia tomentosa (T. alata)), Yegisa (Pterocarpus marsupiun) and Neem (Azadirachtaindica). Unit - II: Embryology : 6. Introduction: History and importance of Embryology. Anther structure,Microsporogenesis and development of male gametophyte . 7. Ovule structure and types; Megasporogenesis;types and development of female gametophyte. 8. Pollination - Types; Pollen - pistil interaction. Fertilization. 9.Endosperm - Development and types. Embryo - development and types; Polyembryony and Apomixis - anoutline. 10. Palynology: Principles and applications.Unit - III: Taxonomy : 11. Introduction: Principles ofplant systematics, Systematics vs Taxonomy, Types of classification: Artificial, Natural and Phylogenetic. 12.Systems of classification: Salient features and comparative account of Bentham & Hooker and Engler &Prantle. An introduction to Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). 13. Current concepts in Angiosperm Taxonomy:Embryology in relation to taxonomy, Cytotaxonomy, Chemotaxonomy and Numerical Taxonomy. 14.Nomenclature and Taxonomic resources: An introduction to ICBN, Vienna code - a brief account. Herbarium:Concept, techniques and applications. 15. Systematic study and economic importance of plants belong tothe following families: Annonaceae, Capparaceae, Rutaceae, Fabaceae (Faboideae/papilionoideae,Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae), Cucurbitaceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Asclepiadaceae, Lamiaceae,Amaranthaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Orchidaceae and Poaceae. Unit - IV: Medicinal Botany : 16. Ethnomedicine:Scope, interdisciplinary nature, distinction of Ethnomedicine from Folklore medicine. Outlines of Ayurveda,Sidda, Unani and Homeopathic systems of traditional medicine. Role of AYUSH, NMPB, CIMAP and CDRI.17. Plants in primary health care: Common medicinal plants – Tippateega (Tinospora cordifolia), tulasi(Oscimum sanctum ), pippallu (Piper longum), Karaka (Terminalia chebula), Kalabanda (Aloe vera), Turmeric
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(Curcuma longa). 18. Traditional medicine vs Modern medicine: Study of select plant examples used intraditional medicine as resource (active principles, structure, usage and pharmacological action) of modernmedicine: Aswagandha (Withania somnifera), Sarpagandha (Rauvolfia serpentina), Nela usiri (Phyllanthusamarus), Amla (Phyllanthus emblica) and Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) Monera . 19. Pharmacognosy:Introduction and scope. Adulteration of plant crude drugs and methods of identification - some examples.Indian Pharmacopoeia. Evaluation of crude drugs.
Part - C Paper : I - Microbial Diversity, Cryptogams and Gymnosperms : Unit - I: Evolution of Life and Diversity ofMicrobes : 1. Origin and evolution of Life - an outline. 2. Viruses: Structure, replication and transmission;plant diseases caused by viruses and their control. 3. Bacteria: Structure, nutrition, reproduction andeconomic importance. An outline of Plant diseases of important crop plants caused by bacteria and theircontrol. 4. Cyanobacteria: General Account of Cell Structure, thallus organisation and their Prospecting(uses), Biofertilizers Unit - II: Algae and Fungi 5. Algae: General account, thallus organisation, structure,reproduction, classification and economic importance. 6. Structure, reproduction, life history and systematicposition of Oedogonium, Coleochaete, Chara, Ectocarpus and Polysiphonia. 7. Fungi: General characters,classification and economic importance. 8. Structure, reproduction and life history of Albugo, Saccharomyces,Penicillium, Puccinia, Alternaria,. General account of plant diseases caused by Fungi and their control. 9.Lichens: Structure and reproduction; ecological and economic importance. Unit - III: Bryophyta andPteridophyta 10. Bryophytes: General characters, classification and alternation of generations. 11. Structure,reproduction, life history and systematic position of Marchantia, Anthoceros and Polytrichum. Evolution ofSporophyte in Bryophytes. 12. Pteridophytes: General characters, classification, alternation of generationsand evolution of sporophtyte. 13. Structure, reproduction, life history and systematic position of Rhynia,Lycopodium, Equisetum and Marsilea. 14. Evolution of stele, heterospory and seed habit in Pteridophytes.Unit - IV: Gymnosperms and Palaeobotany : 15. Gymnosperms: General characters, structure,reproduction and classification. 16. Morphology of vegetative and reproductive parts, systemic position, lifehistory of Pinus and Gnetum , 17. Palaeobotany: Introduction, Fossils and fossilization; Geological timescale; Importance of fossils. 18. Bennettitales: General account
104. CHEMISTRYPart - A Paper : III - Chemistry : (I) Inorganic Chemistry - III : 1. Coordination Chemistry: IUPAC nomenclature, bonding
theories – review of Werner’s theory and Sidgwick’s concept of coordination, Valence bond theory, geometriesof coordination numbers 4-tetrahedral and square planar and 6-octahedral and its limitations, crystal filedtheory, splitting of d-orbitals in octahedral, tetrahedral and square-planar complexes – low spin and high spincomplexes – factors affecting crystal-field splitting energy, merits and demerits of crystal-field theory. Isomer-ism in coordination compounds – structural isomerism and stereo isomerism, stereochemistry of complexeswith 4 and 6 coordination numbers. 2. Spectral and magnetic properties of metal complexes: Electronicabsorption spectrum of [Ti(H2O)6]
3+ ion. Types of magnetic behavior, spin-only formula, calculation of magneticmoments, experimental determination of magnetic susceptibility – Gouy method. 3. Reactivity of metal com-plexes: Labile and inert complexes, ligand substitution reactions – SN1 and SN2, substitution reactions ofsquare planar complexes – Trans effect and applications of trans effect. 4. Stability of metal complexes:Thermodynamic stability and kinetic stability, factors affecting the stability of metal complexes, chelate effect,determination of composition of complex by Job’s method and mole ratio method. 5. Hard and soft acidsbases (HSAB): Classification, Pearson’s concept of hardness and softness, application of HSAB principles –Stability of compounds / complexes, predicting the feasibility of a reaction. 6. Bioinorganic chemistry : Essen-tial elements, biological significance of Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and chloride (Cl-). Metalloporphyrins– hemoglobin, structure and function, Chlorophyll, structure and role in photosynthesis. (II) Organic Chemis-try - III : 1.Nitrogen compounds, 2. Nitro hydrocarbons: Nomenclature and classification – nitro hydrocarbons– structure. Tautomerism of nitroalkanes leading to aci and keto form. Preparation of Nitroalkanes. Reactivity– halogenation, reaction with HONO (Nitrous acid), Nef reaction and Mannich reaction leading to Michaeladdition and reduction. Amines (Aliphatic and Aromatic): Nomenclature, Classification into 10, 20, 30 Aminesand Quarternary ammonium compounds. Preparative methods -1. Ammonolysis of alkyl halides 2. Gabrielsynthesis 3. Hoffman’s bromamide reaction (mechanism). 4. Reduction of Amides and Schmidt reaction.Physical properties and basic character – Comparative basic strength of Ammonia, methyl amine, dimethylamine, trimethyl amine and aniline – comparative basic strength of aniline, N-methylaniline and N,N-dimethylaniline (in aqueous and non-aqueous medium), steric effects and substituent effects. Use of amine salts asphase transfer catalysts. Chemical properties: a) Alkylation b) Acylation c) Carbylamine reaction d) Hinsbergseparation e) Reaction with Nitrous acid of 10, 20, 30 (Aliphatic and aromatic amines). Electrophilic substitu-tions of Aromatic amines – Bromination and Nitration. oxidation of aryl and 30 Amines. Diazotization Cyanidesand isocyanides: Nomenclature (aliphatic and aromatic) structure. Preparation of cyanides from a) Alkyl ha-lides b) from amides c) from aldoximes. Preparation of isocyanides from Alkyl halides and Amines. Propertiesof cyanides and isocyanides, a) hydrolysis b) addition of Grignard reagent iii) reduction iv) oxidation. 3. Hetero-cyclic Compounds, 4. Introduction and definition: Simple 5 membered ring compounds with one hetero atomEx. Furan. Thiophene and pyrrole. Importance of ring system – presence in important natural products likehemoglobin and chlorophyll. Numbering the ring systems as per Greek letter and Numbers. Aromatic charac-ter – 6- electron system (four-electrons from two double bonds and a pair of non-bonded electrons from thehetero atom). Tendency to undergo substitution reactions. Resonance structures: Indicating electron surpluscarbons and electron deficient hetero atom. Explanation of feebly acidic character of pyrrole, electrophillicsubstitution at 2 or 5 position, Halogenation, Nitration and Sulphonation under mild conditions. Reactivity offuran as 1,3-diene, Diels Alder reactions (one example). Sulphonation of thiophene purification of Benzene
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obtained from coal tar). Preparation of furan, Pyrrole and thiophene from 1,4,- dicarbonyl compounds only,Paul-Knorr synthesis, structure of pyridine, Basicity – Aromaticity – Comparison with pyrrole – one method ofpreparation and properties – Reactivity towards Nucleophilic substitution reaction – chichibabin reaction. 5.Carbohydrates Monosaccharides: All discussion to be confined to (+) glucose as an example of aldo hex-oses and (-) fructose as example of ketohexoses. Chemical properties and structureal elucidation: Evidencesfor straight chain pentahydroxy aldehyde structure (Acetylation, reduction to n-hexane, cyanohydrin formation,reduction of Tollen’s and Fehling’s reagents and oxidation to gluconic and saccharic acid). Number of opticallyactive isomers possible for the structure, configuration of glucose based on D-glyceraldehyde as primarystandard (no proof for configuration is required). Evidence for cyclic structure of glucose (some negativealdehydes tests and mutarotation). Cyclic structure of glucose. Decomposition of cyclic structure (Pyranosestructure, anomeric Carbon and anomers). Proof for the ring size (methylation, hydrolysis and oxidation reac-tions). Different ways of writing pyranose structure (Haworth formula and chair conformationa formula). Struc-ture of fructose: Evidence of 2 – ketohexose structure (formation of penta acetate, formation of cyanohydrin itshydrolysis and reduction by HI to give 2-Carboxy-n-hexane). Same osazone formation from glucose andfructose, Hydrogen bonding in osazones, cyclic structure for fructose (Furanose structure and Haworth for-mula). Interconversion of Monosaccharides: Aldopentose to aldo hexose – eg: Arabinose to D-Glucose, D-Mannose (Kiliani - Fischer method). Epimers, Epimerisation – Lobry de bruyn van Ekenstein rearrangement.Aldohexose to Aldopentose eg: D-glucose to D-arabinose by Ruff’f degradation. Aldohexose (+) (glucose) toketohexose (-) (Fructose) and Ketohexose (fructose) to aldohexose (Glucose) 6. Amino acids and proteins :Introduction: Definition of Amino acids, classification of Amino acids into alpha, beta, and gama amino acids.Natural and essential amino acids – definition and examples, classification of alpha amino acids into acidic,basic and neutral amino acids with examples. Methods of synthesis: General methods of synthesis of alphaamino acids (specific examples – Glycine, Alanine, valine and leucene) by following methods: a) from haloge-nated carboxylic acid b) Malonic ester synthesis c) strecker’s synthesis. Physical properties: Optical activity ofnaturally occurring amino acids: L-configuration, irrespective of sign rotation, Zwitterion structure – salt likecharacter - solubility, melting points, amphoteric character , definition of isoelectric point. Chemical properties:General reactions due to amino and carboxyl groups – lactams from gamma and delta amino acids by heatingpeptide bond (amide linkage). Structure and nomenclature of peptides and proteins. 7. Mass Spectrometry:Basic principles – Molecular ion / parent ion, fragment ions / daughter ions. Theory – formation of parent ions.Representation of mass spectrum. Identification of parent ion, (M+1), (M+2), base peaks (relative abundance100%) Determination of molecular formula – Mass spectra of ethylbenzene, acetophenone, n-butyl amine and1- proponal. (III) Physical Chemistry - III : 1. Chemical kinetics : Rate of reaction, factors influencing the rateof a reaction-concentration, temperature, pressure, solvent, light, catalyst. Experimental methods to deter-mine the rate of reaction. Definition of order and molecularity. Derivation of rate constants for first, second, thirdand zero order reactions and examples. Derivation for time half change. Methods to determine the order ofreactions. Kinetics of complex reactions (first order only): opposing reactions, parallel reactions, consecutivereactions and chain reactions. Effect of temperature on rate of reaction, Arrhenius equation, concept of activa-tion energy. Theories of reaction rates- collision theory-derivation of rate constant for bimolecular reaction. Thetransition state theory (elementary treatment). 2. Photochemistry : Difference between thermal and photo-chemical processes. Laws of photochemistry-Grothus-Draper’s law and Stark-Einstein’s law of photochemi-cal equivalence. Quantum yield. Ferrioxalate actinometry. Photochemical hydrogen- chlorine, hydrogen-bro-mine reaction. Jablonski diagram depicting various processes occurring in the excited state, qualitative de-scription of fluorescence, phosphorescence, non-radiative processes (internal conversion, intersystem cross-ing). Photosensitized reactions- energy transfer processes (simple example) , 3. Thermodynamics : The firstlaw of thermodynamics-statement, definition of internal energy and enthalpy. Heat capacities and their rela-tionship. Joule’s law-Joule-Thomson coefficient. Calculation of w, q, dU and dH for the expansion of perfectgas under isothermal and adiabatic conditions for reversible processes. State function. Temperature depen-dence of enthalpy of formation-Kirchoff’s equation. Second law of thermodynamics. Different Statements of thelaw. Carnot cycle and its efficiency. Carnot theorem. Thermodynamic scale of temperature. Concept of entropy,entropy as a state function, entropy changes in cyclic, reversible, and irreversible processes and reversiblephase change. Calculation of entropy changes with changes in V & T and P&T. Entropy of mixing inert perfectgases. Entropy changes in spontaneous and equilibrium processes.The Gibbs (G) and Hlmholtz (A) ener-gies. A & G as criteria for thermodynamic equilibrium and spontaneity-advantage over entropy change. Gibbsequations and the Maxwell relations. Variation of G with P, V and T. Paper : IV - Chemistry and Industry, (I)Physico Chemical methods of analysis : 1. Separation techniques : 1. Solvent extraction: Principle andprocess, Batch extraction, continuous extraction and counter current extraction. Application – Determination ofIron (III) , 2. Chromatography: Classification of chromatography methods, principles of differential migrationadsorption phenomenon, Nature of adsorbents, solvent systems, Rf values, factors effecting Rf values. a.Paper Chromatography: Principles, Rf values, experimental procedures, choice of paper and solvent sys-tems, developments of chromatogram – ascending, descending and radial. Two dimensional chromatogra-phy, applications. b. Thin layer Chromatography (TLC): Advantages. Principles, factors effecting Rf values.Experimental procedures. Adsorbents and solvents. Preparation of plates. Development of the chromato-gram. Detection of the spots. Applications. c. Column Chromatography: Principles, experimental procedures,Stationary and mobile Phases, Separation technique. Applications, d. High Performance Liquid Chromatogra-phy (HPLC): Principles and Applications. e. Gas Liquid Chromatography (GLC): Principles and Applications 2.Spectrophotometry : General features of absorption – spectroscopy, Beer-Lambert’s law and its limitations,transmittance, Absorbance, and molar absorptivity. Single and double beam spectrophotometers. Applicationof Beer-Lambert law for quantitative analysis of : 1. Chromium in K2Cr2O7, 2. Manganese in manganoussulphate, 3. Iron (III) with thiocyanate. 3. Molecular sectorscopy : (i) Electronic spectroscopy: Interaction ofelectromagnetic radiation with molecules and types of molecular spectra. Potential energy curves for bonding
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and antibonding molecular orbitals. Energy levels of molecules (ó,ð, n) . Selection rules for electronic spectra.Types of electronic transitions in molecules effect of conjugation. Concept of chromophore. (ii) Infra redspectroscopy : Energy levels of simple harmonic oscillator, molecular vibration spectrum, selection rules.Determination of force constant. Qualitative relation of force constant to bond energies. Anharmonic motion ofreal molecules and energy levels. Modes of vibrations in polyatomic molecules. Characteristic absorptionbands of various functional groups. Finger print nature of infrared spectrum. (iii) Raman spectroscopy :Concept of polarizavility, selection rules, pure rotational and pure vibrational Raman spectra of diatomicmolecules, selection rules. (iv) Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR)Principles of nuclearmagnetic resonance, equivalent and non-equivalent protons, position of signals. Chemical shift, NMR split-ting of signals – spin-spin coupling, coupling constants. Applications of NMR with suitable examples – ethylbromide, ethanol, acetaldehyde, 1,1,2-tribromo ethane, ethyl acetate, toluene and acetophenone. (v) Spectralinterpretation : Interpretation of IR, UV-Visible, 1H-NMR and mass spectral data of the following compounds 1.Phenyl acetylene 2. Acetophenone 3.Cinnamic Acid 4. para-nitro aniline. (II) Drugs, formulations, pesticidesand green chemistry : 1. Drugs : 1. Introduction: Drug, disease (definition), Historical evolution, Sources –Plant, Animal synthetic, Biotechnology and human gene therapy, 2. Terminology: Pharmacy, Pharmacology,Pharmacophore, Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics (ADME, Receptors –brief teartment) Metabolitesand Anti metabolites. 3. Nomenclature: Chemical name, Generic name and trade names with examples, 4.Classification: Classification based on structures and therapeutic activity with one example each. 5. Synthe-sis: Synthesis and therapeutic activity of the following drugs., L-Dopa, Chloroquin, Omeprazole, Albuterol andciprofloxacin. 6. Drug Development: Pencillin, Separation and isolation, structures of different pencillins , 7.HIV-AIDS: Immunity – CD-4 cells, CD-8 cells Retrovirus, replication in human body. Investigation available,prevention of AIDS. Drugs available – examples with structures: PIS: Indinavir (Crixivan), Nelfinavir (Viracept),NNRTIS: Efavirenz (Susrtiva), Nevirapine (Viramune) NRTIs: Abacavir (Ziagen), Lamivudine (Epivir, 3TC)Zidovudine (Retravir, AZT, ZDV), 8. Monographs of drugs: Eg Paracetamol, Sulpha methoxazole (Tablets) , 2.Formulations : 1. Need of conversion of drugs into medicine. Additives and their role (brief account only), 2.Different types of formulations 3. Pesticides : 1. Introduction to pesticides – types – Insecticides, Fungicides,Herbicides, Weedicides, Rodenticides plant growth regulators, Pheremones and Hormones. Brief discus-sion with examples, Structure and uses. 2. Synthesis and presnt status of the following. DDT, BHC, Malathion,Parathion, Endrin, Baygon, 2,4-D and Endo-sulphon, 4. Green Chemistry Introduction: Definition of greenChemistry, need of green chemistry, basic principles of green chemistry, Green synthesis: Evalution of the typeof the reaction i) Rearrangements (100% atom economic), ii) Addition reaction (100% atom economic), Peri-cyclic reactions (no by-product). Selection of solvent: i) Aqueous phase reactions, ii) Reactions in ionic liquids,iii) Solid supported synthesis , iv) Solvent free reactions (solid phase reactions) ii) Green catalysts: i) Phasetransfer catalysts (PTC) ii) Biocatalysts Microwave and Ultrasound assisted green synthesis: 1. Aldol con-densation , 2. Cannizzaro reaction, 3. Diels-Alder reactions, 4. Strecker synthesis , 5. Willaimson synthesisDieckmann condensation, (III) Macromolecules, materials Science and catalysis : 1. Macromolecules :Classification of polymers, chemistry of polymerization, chain polymerization, step polymerization, coordina-tion polymerization – tacticity. Molecular weight of polymers-number average and weight average molecularweight, degree of polymerization, determination of molecular weight of polymers by viscometry, Osmometryand light scattering methods. Kinetics of free radical polymerization, derivation of rate law. Preparation andindustrial application of polyethylene, PVC, Teflon, polyacrylonitrile, terelene and Nylon66. Introduction to bio-degradability. 2. Materials science : Superconductivity, characteristics of superconductors, Meissner effect,types of superconductors and applications.Nanomaterials- synthetic techniques, bottom-up-sol-gel method,top-down- electro deposition method. Properties and applications of nano-materials. Composites-definition,general characteristics, particle reinforce and fiber reinforce composites and their applications. 3. Catalysis :Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, comparision with examples. Kinetics of specific acid catalyzedreactions, inversion of cane sugar. Kinetics of specific base catalyzed reactions, base catalyzed conversion ofacetone to diacetone alcohol. Acid and base catalyzed reactions- hydrolysis of esters, mutarotation of glucose.Catalytic activity at surfaces. Mechanisms of heterogeneous catalysis. Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism.Enzyme catalysis: Classification, characteristics of enzyme catalysis. Kinetics of enzyme catalyzed reactions-Michaelis Menton law, significance of Michaelis constant (Km) and maximum velocity (Vmax). Factors affectingenzyme catalysis- effect of temperature, pH, concentration and inhibitor. Catalytic efficiency. Mechanism ofoxidation of ethanol by alcohol dehydrogenase.
Part - B Paper : II - Chemistry (I) Inorganic Chemistry - II : I. Chemistry of d-block elements: Characteristics of d-block elements with special reference to electronic configuration, variable valence, magnetic properties,catalytic properties and ability to form complexes. Stability of various oxidation states and e.m.f. Comparativetreatment of second and third transition series with their 3d analogues. Study of Ti, Cr and Cu traids inrespect of electronic configuration and reactivity of different oxidation states. II. Chemistry of f-lock elements:Chemistry of lanthanides – electronic structure, oxidation states, lanthanide contraction, consequences oflanthanide contraction, magnetic properties, spectral properties and separation of lanthanides by ion exchangeand solvent extraction methods. Chemistry of actinides – electronic configuration, oxidation states, actinidecontraction, position of actinides in the periodic table, comparison with lanthanides in terms of magneticproperties, spectral properties and complex formation. III. Theories of bonding in metals: Valence bondtheory, Explanation of metallic properties and its limitations, Free electron theory, thermal and electricalconductivity of metals, limitations, Band theory, formation of bands, explanation of conductors, semiconductorsand insulators. Metal carbonyls and related compounds – EAN rule, classification of metal carbonyls,structures and shapes of metal carbonyls of V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co and Ni. Metal nitrosyls and metallocenes (onlyferrocene). (II) Organic Chemistry - II : 1. Halogen compounds : Nomenclature and classification of alkyl(into primary, secondary, tertiary), aryl, aralkyl, allyl, vinyl, benzyl halides. Chemical Reactivity, formation ofRMgX Nucleophilic aliphatic substitution reaction- classification into SN1 and SN2.Energy profile diagram of
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SN1 and SN2 reactions. Stereochemistry of SN2 (Walden Inversion) SN1 (Racemisation). Explanation of bothby taking the example of optically active alkyl halide – 2bromobutane. Ease of hydrolysis – comparision ofalkyl, benzyl, alkyl, vinyl and aryl halides. 2. Hydroxy compounds : Nomenclature and classification of hydroxycompounds. Alcohols: Preparation with hydroboration reaction, Grignard synthesis of alcohols. Phenols:Preparation i) from diazonium salt, ii) from aryl sulphonates, iii) from cumene. Physical properties- Hydrogenbonding (intermolecular and intramolecular). Effect of hydrogen bonding on boiling point and solubilitiy inwater. Chemical properties: a. acidic nature of phenols. b. formation of alkoxides/phenoxides and theirreaction with RX. c. replacement of OH by X using PCl5, PCl3, PBr3, SOCl2 and wit HX/ZnCl2. d. esterificationby acids ( mechanism). e. dehydration of alcohols. f. oxidation of alcohols by CrO3, KMnO4. g.special reactionof phenols: Bromination, Kolb-Schmidt reaction, Riemer-Tiemann reaction, Fries rearrangement, azocoupling.Identification of alcohols by oxidation with KMnO4, ceric ammonium nitrate, lucas reagent and phenols byreaction with FeCl3. Polyhydroxy compounds: Pinacol-Pinacolone rearrangement. 3. Carbonyl compounds: Nomenclature of aliphatic and aromatic carbonyl compounds, structure of the carbonyl group. Synthesis ofaldehydes from acid chlorides, synthesis of aldehydes and ketones using 1,3-dithianes, synthesis of ketonesfrom nitriles and from carboxylic acids. Physical properties: absence of hydrogen bonding, keto-enoltautomerism, reactivity of carbonyl group in aldehydes and ketones. Nucleophilic addition reaction with a)NaHSO3, b) HCN, c) RMgX, d) NH2OH, e)PhNHNH2, f) 2,4 DNPH, g) Alcohols-formation of hemiacetal andacetal. Halogenation using PCl5 with mechanism. Base catalysed reactions: a) Aldol, b) Cannizzaro reaction,c) Perkin reaction, d) Benzoin condensation, e) Haloform reaction, f) Knoevenagel reaction. Oxidation ofaldehydes- Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of ketones. Reduction: Clemmensen reduction, Wolf-Kishner reduction,MPV reduction, reduction with LiAlH4 and NaBH4. Analysis of aldehydes and ketones with a) 2,4-DNT test, b)Tollen’s test, c) Fehling text, d) Schiff test, e) Haloform test (with equation). 4. Carboxylic acids and derivatives: Nomenclature, classification and structure of carboxylic acids. Methods of preparation by a) hydrolysis ofnitriles, amides and esters. b) carbonation of Grignard reagents. Special methods of preparation of aromaticacids by a) oxidation of side chain. b) hydrolysis by benzotrichlorides. c) Kolbe reaction. Physical properties:Hydrogen bonding, dimeric association, acidity- strength of acids with examples of trimethyl acetic acid andtrichloroacetic acid. Relative differences in the acidities of aromatic and aliphatic acids. Chemical properties:Reactions involving H, OH and COOH groups- salt formation, anhydride formation, acid chloride formation,amide formation and esterification (mechanism). Degradation of carboxylic acids by Huns-Diecker reaction,decarboxylation by Schimdt reaction, Arndt-Eistert synthesis, halogenation by Hell-Volhard- Zelinsky reaction.Derivatives of carboxylic acids: Reaction of acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, acid amides, esters (mechanismof the hydrolysis of esters by acids and bases). 5. Active methylene compounds : Acetoacetic esters:preparation by Claisen condensation, keto-enol tautomerism. Acid hydrolysis and ketonic hydrolysis.Preparation of a) monocarboxylic acids. b) dicarboxylic acids. Reaction with urea Malonic ester: preparationfrom acetic acid. Synthetic applications: Preparation of a) monocarboxylic acids (propionic acid and n-butyric acid). b) dicarboxylic acids (succinic acid and adipic acid). c) á,ß-unsaturated carboxylic acids (crotonicacid). Reaction with urea. 6. Exercises in interconversion, (III) Physical Chemistry - II : 1. Phase rule :Concept of phase, components, degree of freedom. Derivation of Gibbs phase rule. Phase equilibrium ofone component – water system. Phase equilibrium of two-component system, solid-liquid equilibrium.Simple eutectic diagram of Pb-Ag system, desilverisation of lead. Solid solutions- compound with congruentmelting point- (Mg-Zn) system, compound with incongruent melting point – NaCl- water system. Freezingmixtures. 2. Dilute solutions : Colligative properties. Raoult’s law, relative lowering of vapour pressure, itsrelation to molecular weight of non-volatile solute. Elevation of boiling point and depression of freezing point.Derivation of relation between molecular weight and elevation in boiling point and depression in freezingpoint. Experimental methods of determination. Osmosis, osmotic pressure, experimental determination.Theory of dilute solutions. Determination of molecular weight of non-volatile solute from osmotic pressure.Abnormal Colligative properties. Van’t Hoff factor, degree of dissociation and association. 3. Electrochemistry: Specific conductance, equivalent conductance, measurement of equivalent conductance. Variation ofequivalent conductance with dilution. Migration of ions, Kohlrausch’s law. Arrhenius theory of electrolytedissociation and its limitations. Ostwald’s dilution law. Debye-Huckel-Onsagar’s equation for strongelectrolytes (elementary treatment only). Definition of transport number, determination by Hittorf’s method.Application of conductivity measurements-determination of dissociation constant (Ka) of an acid, determinationof solubility product of sparingly soluble salt, conductometric titrations. Types of reversible electrodes- thegas electrode, metal-metal ion, metal-insoluble salt and redox electrodes. Electrode reactions, Nernstequation, single electrode potential, standard Hydrogen electrode, reference electrodes, standard electrodepotential, sign convention, electrochemical series and its significance. Reversible and irreversible cells,conventional representation of electrochemical cells. EMF of a cell and its measurements. Computation ofcell EMF. Applications of EMF measurements, Calculation of thermodynamic quantities of cell reactions(DG, DH and K). Determination of pH using quinhydrone electrode, Solubility product of AgCl. Potentiometrictitrations. (IV) General Chemistry - II : 1. Molecular symmetry : Concept of symmetry in chemistry-symmetryoperations, symmetry elements. Rotational axis of symmetry and types of rotational axes. Planes of symmetryand types of planes. Improper rotational axis of symmetry. Inversion centre. Identity element. The symmetryoperations of a molecule form a group. Flow chart for the identification of molecular point group. 2. Theory ofquantitative analysis : a) Principles of volumetric analysis. Theories of acid-base, redox, complexometric,iodometric and precipitation titrations, choice of indicators for these titrations. b) Principles of gravimetricanalysis: precipitation, coagulation, peptization, coprecipitation, post precipitation, digestion, filtration andwashing of precipitate, drying and ignition, precipitation from homogenous solutions, requirements ofgravimetric analysis. 3. Evaluation of analytical data. Theory of errors, idea of significant figures and itsimportance, accuracy – methods of expressing accuracy, error analysis and minimization of errors, precision– methods of expressing precision, standard deviation and confidence limit. 4. Introductory treatment to: a)
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Pericyclic Reactions Concerted reactions, Molecular orbitals, Symmetry properties HOMO, LUMO, Thermaland photochemical pericyclic reactions. Types of pericyclic reactions – electrocyclic, cycloaddition andsigmatropic reactions – one example each. b) Synthetic strategies . Terminology – Disconnection (dix),Symbol ( ), synthon, synthetic equivalent (SE), Functional group interconversion (FGI), Linear, Convergentand Combinatorial syntheses, Target molecule (TM). Retrosynthesis of the following molecules , 1)acetophenone 2) cyclohexene 3) phenylethylbromide, c) Asymmetric (Chiral) synthesis Definitions-Asymmetricsynthesis, enantiomeric excess, diastereomeric excess. stereospecific reaction, definition, example,dehalogenation of 1,2-dibromides by I-. stereoselective reaction, definition, example, acid catalyseddehydration of 1-phenylproponol.
Part - C Paper : I - Chemistry (I) Inorganic Chemistry - I : 1. s-block elements: General characteristics of groups I &II elements, diagonal relationship between Li & Mg, Be & Al. 2. p-block elements: General characteristics ofelements of groups 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 , Group – 13: Synthesis and structure of diborane and higherboranes (B4H10 and B5H9), boron-nitrogen compounds (B3N3H6 and BN), Group – 14: Preparation andapplications of silanes and silicones, graphitic compounds. Group – 15: Preparation and reactions ofhydrazine, hydroxylamine, phosphazenes. Group – 16: Classifications of oxides based on (i) Chemicalbehaviour and (ii) Oxygen content. Group – 17: Inter halogen compounds and pseudo halogens , 3.Organometallic Chemistry : Definition and classification of organometallic compounds, nomenclature,preparation, properties and applications of alkyls of 1, 2 and 13 group elements. (II) Organic Chemistry- I : 1. Structural theory in Organic Chemistry : Types of bond fission and organic reagents (Electrophilic,Nucleophilic, and free radical reagents including neutral molecules like H2O, NH3 & AlCl3 ).Bond polarization: Factors influencing the polarization of covalent bonds, electro negativity – inductive effect. Application ofinductive effect (a) Basicity of amines (b) Acidity of carboxylic acides (c) Stability of carbonium ions. Resonanceor Mesomeric effect, application to (a) acidity of phenol, and (b) acidity of carboxylic acids. Hyper conjugationand its application to stability of carbonium ions, Free radicals and alkenes, carbanions, carbenes andnitrenes. Types of Organic reactions : Addition – electrophilic, nucleophilic and free radical. Substitution –electrophilic, nucleophilic and free radical. Elimination- Examples (mechanism not required). 2. AcyclicHydrocarbons : Alkanes– IUPAC Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons. Methods of preparation: Hydrogenation ofalkynes and alkenes, Wurtz reaction, Kolbe’s electrolysis, Corey- House reaction. Chemical reactivity – inertnature, free radical substitution mechanism. Halogenation example- reactivity, selectivity and orientation.Alkenes – Preparation of alkenes (a) by dehydration of alcohols (b) by dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides(c) by dehalogenation of 1,2 dihalides (brief mechanism), Saytzev’s rule. Properties: Addition of hydrogen –heat of hydrogenation and stability of alkenes. Addition of halogen and its mechanism. Addition of HX,Markonikov’s rule, addition of H2O, HOX, H2SO4 with mechanism and addition of HBr in the presence ofperoxide (anti – Markonikov’s addition ). Oxidation – hydroxylation by KMnO4 , OsO4, peracids (via epoxidation) hydroboration, Dienes – Types of dienes, reactions of conjugated dines – 1,2 and 1,4 addition of HBr to 1,3– butadiene and Diel’s – Alder reaction. Alkynes – Preparation by dehydrohalogenation of dihalides,dehalogenation of tetrahalides, Properties; Acidity of acetylenic hydrogen (formation of Metal acedtylides).Preperation of higher acetylenes, Metal ammonia reductions Physical properties. Chemical reactivity –electrophilic addition of X2, HX, H2O (Tautomerism), Oxidation with KMnO4, OsO4, reduction and Polymerisationreaction of acetylene. 3. Alicyclic hydrocarbons (Cycloalkanes) : Nomenclature, Preparation by Freundsmethods, heating dicarboxylic metal salts. Properties – reactivity of cyclopropane and cyclobutane bycomparing with alkanes, Stability of cycloalkanes – Baeyer’s strain theory, Sachse and Mohr predictions andPitzer’s strain theory. Conformational structures of cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane. 4. Benzene andits reactivity : Concept of resonance, resonance energy. Heat of hydrogenation, heat of combustion ofBenezene, mention of C-C bond lengths and orbital picture of Benzene.Concept of aromaticity – aromaticity(definition), Huckel’s rule – application to Benzenoid (Benzene, Napthalene) and Non – Benzenoid compounds(cyclopropenyl cation, cyclopentadienyl anion and tropylium cation) Reactions – General mechanism ofelectrophilic substitution, mechanism of nitration. Friedel Craft’s alkylation and acylation. Orientation ofaromatic substitution – Definition of ortho, para and meta directing groups. Ring activating and deactivatinggroups with examples (Electronic interpretation of various groups like NO2 and Phenolic). Orientation of (i).Amino, methoxy and methyl groups (ii). Carboxy, nitro, nitrile, carbonyl and Sulfonic acid groups. (iii).Halogens (Explanation by taking minimum of one example from each type). 5. Polynuclear Hydrocarbons –Structure of naphthalene and anthracene (Molecular Orbital diagram and resonance energy) Any twomethods of preparation of naphthalene and reactivity. Reactivity towards electrophilic substitution. Nitrationand sulfonation as examples. (III) Physical Chemistry : I : Gaseous state : Compression factors, deviationof real gases from ideal behavior. Van der Waal’s equation of state. P-V Isotherms of real gases, Andrew’sisotherms of carbon dioxide, continuity of state. Critical phenomena. The van der Waal’s equation and thecritical state. Relationship between critical constants and van der Waal’s constants. The law of correspondingstates and reduced equation of states. Joule Thomson effect. Liquefaction of gases: i) Linde’s method andii) Claude’s method. II Liquid state : Intermolecular forces, structure of liquids (qualitative description).Structural differences between solids, liquids and gases. Liquid crystals, the mesomorphic state. Classificationof liquid crystals into Smectic and Nematic. Differences between liquid crystal and solid/liquid. Application ofliquid crystals as LCD devices. II Solid state : Symmetry in crystals. Law of constancy of interfacial angles.The law of rationality of indices. The law of symmetry. Definition of lattice point, space lattice, unit cell. Bravislattices and crystal systems. X-ray diffraction and crystal structure. Bragg’s law. Determination of crystalstructure by Bragg’s method and the powder method. Indexing of planes and structure of NaCl and KClcrystals. Defects in crystals. Stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric defects. Band theory of semoconductors.Extrinsic and intrinsic semiconductors, n- and p-type semiconductors and their applications in photoelectrochemical cells. IV Solutions: Liquid-liquid - ideal solutions, Raoult’s law. Ideally dilute solutions,Henry’s law. Non-ideal solutions. Vapour pressure – composition and vapour pressure-temperature curves.
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Azeotropes-HCl-H2O, ethanol-water systems and fractional distillation. Partially miscible liquids-phenol-water, trimethylamine-water, nicotine-water systems. Effect of impurity on consulate temperature. Immiscibleliquids and steam distillation.Nernst distribution law. Calculation of the partition coefficient. Applications ofdistribution law. V Colloids and surface chemistry : Definition of colloids. Solids in liquids(sols), preparation,purification,properties -kinetic,optical,electrical. Stability of colloids, Hardy-Schulze law, protective colloid.Liquids in liquids (emulsions) preparation, properties, uses. Liquids in solids (gels) preparation, uses.Adsorption: Physical adsoption, chemisorption. Freundlich, Langmuir adsorption isotherms. Applications ofadsorption IV) General Chemistry - I : 1. Atomic Structure and elementary quantum mechanics Blackbodyradiation, Planck’s radiation law, photoelectric effect, Compton effect, de Broglie’s hypothesis, Heisenberg’suncertainty principle. Postulates of quantum mechanics. Schrodinger wave equation and a particle in a box,energy levels, wave functions and probability densities. Schrodinger wave equation for H-atom. Separationof variables, Radial and angular functions, hydrogen like wave functions, quantum numbers and theirimportance. 2. Chemical Bonding : Valence bond theory, hybridization, VB theory as applied to ClF3, BrF5,Ni(CO)4, XeF2. Dipole moment – orientation of dipoles in an electric field, dipole moment, induced dipolemoment, dipole moment and structure of molecules. Molecular orbital theory – LCAO method, constructionof M.O. diagrams for homo-nuclear and hetero-nuclear diatomic molecules (N2, O2, HCl, CO and NO).Comparision of VB and MO theories. 3. Stereochemistry of carbon compounds: Molecular representations-Wedge, Fischer, Newman and Saw-Horse formulae. Stereoisomerism, Stereoisomers: enantiomers,diastereomers- definition and examples.Conformational and configurational isomerism- definition.Conformational isomerism of ethane and n-butane. Enantiomers: Optical activity- wave nature of light, planepolarised light, interaction with molecules, optical rotation and specific rotation. Chiral molecules- definitionand criteria- absence of plane, center, and Sn axis of symmetry- asymmetric and disymmetric molecules.Examples of asymmetric molecules (Glyceraldehyde, Lactic acid, Alanine) and disymmetric molecules (trans-1,2-dichloro cyclopropane). Chiral centers: definition- molecules with similar chiral carbon (Tartaric acid),definition of mesomers- molecules with dissimilar chiral carbons (2,3-dibromopentane). Number ofenantiomers and mesomers- calculation. D,L and R,S configuration for asymmetric and disymmetricmolecules. Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules. Racemic mixture- racemisation and resolution techniques.Diastereomers: definition- geometrical isomerism with reference to alkenes- cis, trans and E,Z- configuration.4. General Principles of Inorganic qualitative analysis: Solubility product, common ion effect, characteristicreactions of anions, elimination of interfering anions, separation of cations into groups, group reagents,testing of cations
105. COMPUTER SCIENCE & STATISTICSPart - A Statistics: Measures of central tendency: Mean, Median and Mode. Measures of Dispersion: Range, Quartile
Deviation, Mean Deviation, Standard Deviation and Coefficient of Variation. Random Experiment, RandomEvent, Elementary Events, Exhaustive Events, Mutually Exclusive Events, Independent Events. Classicaldefinition of Probability-Relative Frequency approach to Probability-Sample Space, Sample Events. Additionand Multiplication Theorems. Random variable; Distribution functions, Probability density functions, Meanand Variance of Random Variables. Theoretical discrete distributions like Binomial, Poisson distribution-Mean and Variance of above distributions(without derivations). Reasoning and Mental Ability: According toGMAT syllabus.
Part - B Calculus: Differentiation: Definition, Differentiation of a function at a point and on an interval. Derivative of afunction. Differentiation of Sum, Difference, Product and Quotient of function, Derivatives of Composite,Implicit, Parametric, Inverse circular, Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic functions, Logarithmic differentiation,Derivative of a function with respect to another function. Successive differentiation: Leibnitz theorem;Applications of Leibnitz theorem; Applications of Differentiation: Errors and approximations, geometricalinterpretations of derivative, equations of tangent and normal at a point on the curve ; Lengths of tangent,normal, subtangent, subnormal at a point; derivative as a rate measure; increasing and decreasing functions;criteria for maxima and minima of functions in single variable- Partial differentiation of the first and secondorders only. Integral Calculus : Integration as the inverse process of differentiation-Indefinite and definiteintegral - standard integral covering algebric, trigonometric, exponential and hyperbolic functions -methodsof integration, substitution methods - integration by parts - evaluation of definite integral, properties ofdefinite integral. Reduction Formulae. Definition of ordinary differential equations - degree and order of anordinary differential equations - formation of differential equation - general and particular solution and premitive- solution of first order differential equations.
Part - C Matrix Theory : Types of matrices, addition and multiplication of matrices, inverse of a matrix, determinant ofa matrix, determinant of second and third order - singular and non-singular matrices. Solution ofsimultaneous linear equations in two and three variables by Cramer's rule - matrix inversion method andGauss Jordan method. Trigonometry : Trignometrics ratios in compound angles, trigonometric ratios ofmultiple - sub multiple angles. Inverse circular functions, hyperbolic functions. Properties of triangles.Complex numbers and De Moivre's Theorem.
106. ELECTRONICSPart -A Paper : III - Digital Electronics and Microprocessor: UNIT-I : Introduction to number systems, Logic gates
OR, AND, NOT, X-OR, NAND, NOR gates - Truth tables – Positive and negative logic – Logic families and theircharacteristics – RTL, DTL, ECL, TTL and CMOS.– Universal building blocks NAND and NOR gates. Laws of
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Boolean algebra De Morgan’s Theorems – Boolean identities – Simplification of Boolean expressions–Karnaugh Maps – Sum of products (SOP) and Product of sums (POS). UNIT-II : Combinational and Sequentialcircuits: Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer – Decoder, Half adder, Full adder and Parallel adder circuits. Flipflops – RS, D, JK and JK Master-Slave (working and truth tables) - Semiconductor memories – Organizationand working- Synchronous and asynchronous binary counters, Up/Down counters- Decade counter (7490)- working, truth tables and timing diagrams. UNIT-III : Introduction to Microcomputer and Microprocessor:Intel 8085 Microprocessor – central processing unit CPU – arithmetic and logic unit ALU – timing and controlunit – register organization – address, data and control buses- pin configuration of 8085 and its description.Timing diagrams- Instruction cycle, machine cycle, fetch and execute cycles. Instruction set of 8085, instructionand data formats- classification of instructions –addressing modes. Assembly language programmingexamples of 8 and 16 bit addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Finding the largest and smallestin a data array. Programming examples using stacks and subroutines. UNIT-IV : Interfacing peripheralsand applications: Programmable peripheral interface (8255) - D/A and A/D converters and their interfacing tothe Microprocessor. Stepper motor control- seven segment LED. Paper : IV (A) - Embedded Systems andApplications : Unit– I : The 8051 Microcontroller : Introduction to microcontrollers and embedded systems:Overview and block diagram of 8051. Architecture of 8051. Program counter and memory organisation. Datatypes and directives, Flag bits and PSW Register, Register banks and Stack; Pin diagram, Port organisation,I/O Programming, Bit manipulation. Interrupts and timer. Unit–II : Addressing modes, instruction set andassembly language programming of 8051 : Addressing modes and accessing memory using variousaddressing modes. Instruction set: Arithmetic, Logical, Single Bit, Jump, Loop and Call Instructions and theirusage. Time Delay Generation and Calculation; Timer/Counter Programming. Programming examples:Addition, multiplication, subtraction, division, arranging a given set of numbers in ascending / descendingorder, picking the smallest / largest number among a given set of numbers, Accessing a specified portterminal and generating a rectangular waveform. Unit – III : Interfacing of peripherals to Microcontroller :Interfacing of - PPI 8255, DAC, ADC. Serial communication- modes and protocols Unit – IV : Applications ofEmbedded Systems : Temperature measurement, displaying information on a LCD, Control of a StepperMotor, Interfacing a keyboard and generation different types of waveforms. Paper : IV (B) - Digital DesignUsing VHDL : UNIT – I : Introduction & Behavioural Modeling : Introduction to HDLs: Difference betweenHDL and other software languages – Different HDLs in vogue. Overview of digital system design using HDLBasic VHDL Language Elements: Identifiers, Data objects, scalar and composite data types, OperatorsBehavioural Modeling with examples: Entity declaration, Architecture body, Process statement and sequentialstatements. Inertial and transport delay models, creating signal waveforms, signal drivers, effect of transportand inertial delays on signal drivers. UNIT – II : Data Flow and Structural Modeling : Data Flow Modelingwith examples: Concurrent signal assignment statement, Concurrent versus sequential signal assignment,Delta delays, Multiple drivers, Conditional signal assignment statement, selected signal assignmentstatement, concurrent assertion statement. Structural Modeling with examples: Component declaration,Component instantiation and examples, Direct instantiation of component. UNIT – III : Subprograms andPackages Subprograms and Overloading: Functions and procedures with simple examples - subprogramoverloading, Operator overloading. Packages and Libraries: Package declaration, package body, designfile, design libraries, order of analysis, implicit visibility, explicit visibility, library clause and use clause.Advanced Features: Entity statements, Generate statements, Attributes, Aggregate targets, ports and theirbehaviour. UNIT – IV : Simulation and Hardware modeling : Model Simulation: Simulation – Writing a TestBench for a Half and a Full adder. Hardware Modeling Examples: Modeling entity interfaces, Modelingsimple elements, Different styles of modeling, Modeling regular structures, Modeling delays, Modelingconditional operations, Modeling a clock divider and a pulse counter.
Part - B Paper : II - Analog Circuits and Communications : UNIT- I : Power Supplies: Rectifiers– Halfwave, fullwaveand bridge rectifiers- Efficiency- Ripple factor- Regulation – Harmonic components in rectified output –Types of filters- Choke input (inductor) filter- Shunt capacitor filter- L section and ? section filters – Blockdiagram of regulated power supply - Series and shunt regulated power supplies – Three terminal regulators(78XX and 79XX) – Principle and working of switch mode power supply (SMPS). UNIT-II : RC CoupledAmplifier: Analysis and frequency response of single stage RC coupled CE amplifier. Feedback: Positiveand negative feedback- Effect of feedback on gain, band width, noise, input and output impedances.Operational Amplifiers: Differential amplifier- Block diagram of Op-Amp- Ideal characteristics of Op-Amp-Op-Amp parameters- Input resistance- Output resistance- Common mode rejection ratio (CMMR)- Slewrate- Offset voltages – Input bias current- Basic Op-Amp circuits- Inverting Op-Amp- Virtual ground- Non-inverting Op-Amp- Frequency response of Op-Amp. Interpretation of Op-Amp data sheets. UNIT-III :Applications of Op-Amps: Summing amplifier- subtractor- Voltage follower- Integrator-Differentiator -Comparator- Logarithmic amplifier- Sine wave [Wein Bridge] and square wave [Astable] generators- Triangularwave generator- Monostable multivibrator- Solving simple second order differential equation. Basic Op-Ampseries regulator and shunt regulator. UNIT-IV : Communications: Need for modulation-Types of modulation-Amplitude, Frequency and Phase modulation. Amplitude modulation-side bands- modulation index- squarelaw diode modulator- Demodulation- diode detector. Frequency modulation working of simple frequencymodulator- Ratio detection of FM waves- Advantages of frequency modulation. AM and FM radio receivers[block diagram approach].
Part - C Paper : I - Circuit Analysis and Electronic Devices : UNIT-I : AC Fundamentals: The Sine wave –Average andRMS values–The J operator – Polar and rectangular forms of complex numbers – Phasor diagram – Compleximpedance and admittance. Passive networks: Concept of voltage and current sources – KVL and KCL-Application to simple circuits (AC and DC) consisting of resistors and sources (one or two) - Node voltageanalysis and method of mesh currents. Network theorems (DC and AC): Superposition Theorem–Thevenin’s Theorem– Norton’s Theorem–Maximum power transfer Theorem–Millman Theorem- Reciprocity
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107. FOODS, NUTRITION & DIETETICSPart -A Family and Community Nutrition : Meal planning Principles of meal planning and balanced diets for different
age groups – Infancy (Breast and bottle feeds, weaning and supplementary foods) pre-school children,school going children, adolescent boys and girls, adult, old age, different type of physiological conditionslike pregnancy and lactation, their nutrient requirements. Factors affecting meal plans.Assessment ofnutritional status of the community – Anthropometry, clinical, biochemical and diet survey standards used forevaluation. National programmes for improving nutrition and Health standards – feeling and Nutritioneducation programmes. ICDS, Vita A, Iron & Iodine prophylaxis. International Organisation involved innutritional programme FAO, WHO, UNICEF, CARE. Principles of diet in disease : Therapeutic adaptation ofhormal diets – liquid and soft diet – food exchange lists, their use in diet planning. Diet in nutritionaldeficiency disease with special reference to vulnerable groups, such as PEM – Kwashiorkor, anaemia, B-Complex Vitamin deficiency, Vitamin-A and Vitamin-C, deficiency, rickets, guoitre. Dehydration and its correlationto oral rehydration theraphy. Over nutrition – under nutrition – dietary treatment during obesity and underweight. Diet in allergy malabsorption of nutrient and tropical and non-tropical sprue. Distrubances incarbohydrate metabolism, diet in Diabates mellitus. Home Science extension : What is extension – concept,characteristics, basic philosophy and principles. Role and qualities of extension worket. Motivation – adultpsychology and learning. Communication – concept, scope and principles. Importance of communication inextension work. Teaching aids – cone of experience – audio-visual and audio-visual teaching side. Principlesof preparation, selection and use of teaching aids. Community – its characteristics urban, rural and tribal.Principles of Programme Planning: (a) Methods of teaching appropriate for a specific group; (b) Methods tobe used to find out felt and unfelt needs of the community; (c) Planning lessons for a specific groups; (d)Principles and methods of evaluating individual group performance. Contribution of voluntary organization inextension. Panchayat Raj system in India (in brief). (Papers 3 & 5 of III year).
Part - B Microbiology : Introduction to microbiology – its history and value relation of microbiology to other sciences.The Microscopic World – Protists, Algae, Moulds, Actinomycetales, yeasts, Bacteria, Rickettsiae, and viruses,Classification and general characteristics of micro-organisms morphology, growth, nutrition and reproductionof the above mentioned micro organisms. Bacterial Physiology – Motillity, growth and death of Bacteria,growth requirements – temperature, oxyden, PH – Metabolism – Chemical products of Bacteria – Enzymes,Pigments, toxins and anitibiotics. 9b) Micro-organisms in fermentation and decay; (c) bacterial genetics –variations, mutations and recombination. Microbiology of special environments: (a) study of Microbes insoil,water, air, sewage and in plants and animals; (b) Sanitation of drinking water; (c) role of microbes in thecarbon and nitrogen cycles. Sterilization and disinfection – Physical and chemical methods. Microbialpathogenicity: (a) Important bacterial (Cholera, syphilis, Typhoid, Leprosy, bacillary dysentery. Tuberculosis,Diphtheria) Pickettsial, (Typhusgroup of the spotted fever group), Viral (Measles, Rabies, encephalitis, influenza,pliomyelities) and protozoan diseases (amoebiasis and Malerial disinfections of man), (b) Modes of infection,diagnosis, treatment and control I of infections of the above mentioned diseases, Various types of immunity,preparation of vaccines and immunization; (c) Allergy. Microbiology of foods and Dairy products: Microbialspoilage of food, (Cereals, Vegetables, fruits, milk, meat, fish and eggs) food infection, food poisoning andthe causative organism associated with it. Food preservation – Physical and Chemical methods.Biochemistry : The development of Biochemistry – Some aspects of physical and organic chemistry – Acids,bases and Buffers – Ph, mole concept, Molar system of concentration – chemical reactions – various typesof bonds ring structures. Chemistry of carbohydrates – chemical characteristics classification isomerism,(Stereo, geometrical and optical isomeris) – structure of glucose, properties and tests of mono, di and polysaccharides – colour reactions of carbohydrates. Metabolism of carbohydrates anaerobic and aerobicmetabolism of glucose – Blood sugar level and its control – role of lever, muscles, kidneys and hormones incarbohydrate metabolism. Chemistry of lipids – classification and properties of lipids, fatty acids – bloodlipids – metabolism and oxidation of fatty acids, biosynthesis of cholesterol, trygolycerides and phospholipids.Chemistry of proteins – definitions, classification, properties and structure of proteins and aminioacids,chromatography – reactions of proteins and aninoacids, protein synthesis – deamination, transamination –
Theorem – Application to simple networks. UNIT- II : RC and RL Circuits: Transient response of RL and RCcircuits with step input– time constants. Frequency response of RC and RL circuits – Types of Filters: Lowpass filter – High pass filter – frequency response - Passive differentiating and integrating circuits. Resonance:Series resonance and parallel resonance RLC circuits – Resonant frequency – Q factor – Band width –Selectivity. UNIT-III : PN Junction: Depletion region – Junction capacitance – Diode equation (no derivation)– Effect of temperature on reverse saturation current – construction, working, V-I characteristics and simpleapplications of i) Junction diode ii) Zener diode iii) Tunnel diode and iv) Varactor diode. Bipolar JunctionTransistor (BJT): PNP and NPN transistors–current components in BJT – BJT static characteristics (Inputand Output) – Early effect- CB, CC,CE configurations (cut off, active, and saturation regions) CE configurationas two port network – h-parameters – h-parameter equivalent circuit. Experimental arrangement to studyinput and output characteristics of BJT in CE configuration. Determination of h-parameters from thecharacteristics. Biasing and load line analysis – Fixed bias and self bias arrangement. UNIT-IV : Field EffectTransistor (FET): Structure and working of JFET and MOSFET – output and transfer characteristics –Experimental arrangement for studying the characteristics and to determine FET parameters. Application ofFET as voltage variable resistor and MOSFET as a switch – Advantages of FET over transistor. Uni JunctionTransistor (UJT): Structure and working of UJT- Characteristics. Application of UJT as a relaxation oscillator.Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR): Structure and working of SCR. Two transistor representation,Characteristics of SCR. Experimental set up to study the SCR characteristics. Application of SCR for powercontrol. Photo Electric Devices: Structure and operation of LDR, Photo voltaic cell, Photo diode, Phototransistors and LED.
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Urea cycle. High energy compounds – released energy and stored energy. Nucleic acids and Nucleproteins– their role in protein synthesis. Enzymes – definitions, proportions, classifications nature mode of action,activation, inhibition and functions – coenzymes vitamins and coenzymes in the metabolism of carbohydrates,fats and proteins. Nutrition : Macro Nutrients such as carbohydrates, lipids and protein their occurrence inthe body, composition, classification, functions, dietary sources and daily recommended allowances. MicroNutrients: Vitamins – Water soluble and fact soluble vitamins their chemical nature, functions, sources,requirement and effect of deficiency. Minerals – Macro Minerals like calcium, phosphorus, sodium, chlorine,potassium, their functions, deficiency, sources and requirement. Macro minerals – Iron, lodine, Zic, cobaltetc., their functions, deficiency, source of requirement. Energy requirement – determination of gross energyvalue of foods using Bomb calorimeter. Basal metabolism – factors affecting BMR computing Energyrequirements for different age groups based on basal metabolism, specific dynamic action and physicalactivity determination of energy output using direct and indirect calorimetry. Importance of water and waterbalance Interrelationship between nutrients.
Part - C Food Science : Classification of food – food groups – their structure, composition – nutrients – contributionof each food groups. Selection of Food – Socio-Economic and Socio cultural factors affecting food selection.a) Cereals and Cereal products and millets; b) Legumes (Pluses); C) Nuts and oil seeds; d) Milk and milkproducts; e) Flesh foods – Meat, Fish and poultry; f) Eggs; g) Fruits and Vegetables; h) Beverages; i) Spicesand condiments; j) Ready to eat foods. Foods sanitation and hygiene – food poisoning. Food spoilage –causes, prevention of spoilage and methods of food preservation, canning, Freezing and cold storage, useof chemical, pickling and fermentation, use of high concentration of sugar – food additives, standards forpreserved foods – ISI and FPO. Food Adulteration Adulterants in foods, methods of detecting, harmful Effectsof adulteration; PFA Act. Human Physiology : The circulatory systems – Blood composition – Developments– Volume – Functions – Anaemia – Clotting of blood – Blood groups. Cardiovascular system – Anatomy ofthe heart – Heart rate – Cardiac cycle; Blood prerssure – factors maintaining blood pressure. Respiration –Structure of the respiratory organs – Mechanism and chemistry of respiration – abnormal types of respiration– oxygen want – anoxia or hyposia – asphyxia. Digestion and absorption of food, enzymes and their action ondigestion and absorption of food – metabolism – special reference to salivary glands – liver, gall bladder andpancreas. The excretory system – structure and functions of kidney – blood and nerve supply of the kidney –composition, volume, formation and micturition of Urine – skin and its role in excretion. a) The nervoussystem – Neurons structure – reflex action – spinal cord – brain and their membranes – autonomic nervoussystem; b) Special senses – Vision (eye), hearing (ear), perception of taste, smell, and touch. Physiology ofreproduction – anatomy of male and female reproductive organs, puberty changes, processes involved inreproduction. Endocrine glands and hormones – structure and chemical nature their influence on growth,metabolism and reproduction. (Papers 1, 3 of I year).
108. GEOGRAPHYPart -A Paper : III - Regional Geography of India : UNIT-1:Physical Setting: Locational aspects and advantages –
Major physical divisions – Drainage system - Climate – Mechanism of Indian monsoons – Drought proneand Flood prone regions – Natural vegetation – Soil types, UNIT-2:Cultural Settings : Racial and ethnicdiversities - Major tribes – Language - Religion and Tradition and Cultural regions Population – Growth,distribution, Sex-ratio, Age-structure, problems and policies, Literacy rate – Work-force – Migration SettlementPatterns – Rural and Urban Growth - Urbanisation, UNIT-3:Economic Settings : Resources - Land, Water,Energy (Coal and Petroleum; Hydel, Thermal, Atomic and wind), Minerals (Iron ore, Manganese, Copper,Mica) – utilization and conservation; Agriculture - Types (subsistence and commercial; intensive and extensiveand plantation), Irrigation, Land tenure and Land reforms, Cropping pattern and Green revolution, Livestockand White revolution, Aquaculture, Problems of Indian Agriculture Industry – Study of Iron and Steel, Cottontextiles, and Oil refineries, and Industrial regions Transport – Road ways, Railways, Water ways, Airways –Growth and distribution Regional Development: Regions – Sharing of Resources – Efforts of Five Year Plans, UNIT-4:Andhra Pradesh : Physical aspects – Relief, Drainage, Climate, Vegetation and Soils Resourcebase – Fuel and mineral wealth Population – Growth and distribution, Rural and Urban population,Urbanization Agriculture: Irrigation development, Major irrigation projects, Cropping pattern, Production andPotentials, Paper : IV - Remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) : UNIT – I : RemoteSensing : Basics of Remote Sensing: Definition, History, Advantages Aerial Photography and Satellite RemoteSensing. Components of Remote Sensing System: Energy Source, Energy Atmosphere Interaction, Energy-Matter Interaction, Platforms, Sensors, Data handling system, Data Users Energy Interaction with Atmosphereand Surface Materials: Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation –Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum Interactionof Electromagnetic Radiation with Atmosphere and with Earth Surface Materials – Spectral Signatures. UNIT– II : Remote Sensing: Platforms and Sensors and Products : Remote Sensing Platforms: Aircrafts andSatellites Orbital Characteristics of Sun-synchronous Earth Resource Satellites and GeostationaryCommunication – Special Purpose Satilites Remote Sensing Sensors: Types of Sensors: Active and Passive– Framing Systems (Cameras) – Scanning Systems Sensor Characteristics: Spatial Resolution, SpectralResolution, Radiometric Resolution, Temporal Resolution. Cameras: Single Lens, Multiple Lens, Strip andDigital – Films and Filters Scanners: Cross-track Vs. Along-track – Mono-Spectral Vs. Multi-Spectral ScannersProducts: Visual and Digital Remote Sensing in India: Development and Growth – Satellites UNIT – III:Geographic Information Systems (GIS) : GIS: Definition – Contributing Disciplines – Functions – DataCapture/Input, Data Storage, Data Retrieval, Data Analysis, Data Output Components of GeographicInformation Systems: Hardware Components, Software Components, Brain-ware Components andOrganizational set up Data Input and Editing: Data Types: Spatial and Attribute data – Raster and VectorSources of GIS data Methods of Data input (Keyboard Entry, Digitizing, Scanning) – GPS and Its Application
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UNIT - IV : Geographic Information Systems : Data Base Management System: Definitions and FunctionsData Analysis and Modeling: Data Conversion (Format, Structure, and Medium Conversion) SpatialMeasurements (Counting, Measuring lengths and Areas) Reclassification, Buffering (Point, Line, Area,Doughnut), Overlay Analysis, Modeling Surfaces (DTMs),Modeling Networks,Remote Sensing and GIS:Integration – GIS Application (Urban / Agricultural / Landform Studies)
Part - B Paper : II - Human and Economic Geography : Unit-1:Perspectives : Nature and Objectives of Human andEconomic Geography , Man and Environment: Physical and Cultural environment , Human activities – Primary– Secondary – Tertiary – Quaternary Resources: Classification, Conservation and Management, Sustainbility, Unit-2:Population and Settlement : Human Races: Origin, Classification, Characteristics and Distribution.Cultural Realms of the World, Population: World population – growth and distribution – DemographicTransition Human Migration: Types, Causes and Consequences of Migration, Indian Diaspora HumanSettlements: Forms, Structure, Functions and Patterns – Rural and Urban settlements – Urbanisation –Impacts of Urbanisation, Unit-3:Resources Agriculture: Landuse and Special Economic Zones, Crop Patternand Production, Location Model of Von Thunen Livestock: Development and Distribution – Dairying, Meatand Woolen Fisheries: Major Fishing grounds of the World – Production and Trade Forest: Types, Distributionand Forest Products – Wild Life Minerals: Metallic (Iron Ore, Copper) – Non-metallic (Limestone and Mica)– Fuels (Coal and Petroleum) – Locations and Potentials – Mining and Trade, Unit-4:Industry, Transportand Trade : Industry: Locational Factors, Industrial location theory of Weber – Major industries (Iron andSteel, Cotton and Textile, Ship building) – Industrial Regions of the World Transport: Roadways, Railways,Waterways and Airways Trade: International Trade, Major Exports and Imports, Balance of Trade – WTO andDeveloping Countries
Part - C Paper : I - Fundamentals of Physical Geography : Unit-1:Earth Dynamics : Land and Sea: Formation anddistribution; Theories: Isostasy, Continental Drift, Plate Tectonics, Interior of Earth, Earthquakes, Volcanoes,Rocks, Weathering and Mass-wasting, Unit-2:Geomorphology : Processes and Landform Development,River: Flow and Work – erosion, transportation, deposition – landforms, Wind: Air flow and Work - erosion,transportation, deposition – landforms – desert formations, Marine: Waves and Currents and Work - erosion,transportation, deposition – shoreline and landforms, Karst: Flow of Underground water and Work – solutions– erosion and deposition – landforms, Glacial: Types, Movements and Work – erosion, transportation anddeposition - landforms, Unit-3:Climatology : Weather and Climate, Elements of Weather , Atmosphere:Structure and Composition , Insolation: Factors influencing the incidence and distribution, Temperature:Horizontal and Vertical Distribution Pressure: Influencing factors – High and Low Pressure Areas, GlobalPressure Belts, Winds: Local, Periodic and Planetary , Cyclones – Formation, Distribution and Impacts:Tropical and Temperate , Humidity: Absolute and Relative, Clouds: Types, Formation and Potentials,Precipitation: Types, Formation, Distribution, Unit-4:Oceanography, Submarine Relief: Continental Shelf,Continental Slope, Abyssal Plain, Ocean Deeps and Trenches, Mid-Oceanic ridges, Temperature: Horizontaland Vertical Distribution , Salinity: Factors and Distribution Waves and Tides: Types and Formation OceanCurrents: Types and Factors Responsible - Currents of Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans
109. GEOLOGYPart - A Paper : III -Paleontology, Indian Geology and Economic Geology. : Palaeontology : Definition of palaeontology,
conditions of fossilization, modes of preservation and uses of fossils. Phylum Echinodermata and PhylumBrachiopod, Phylum Mollusca and Phylum Arthropoda, Phylum Hemichordata, Phylum Coelenterata. Studyof the following fossils with respect to their classification, morphology and geological distribution. Cidaris,Micraster, Holaster, Hemiaster, Terebratula, Spinifer, Rhynchonella, Productus, Turritella, Murex, Cypraea,Natica, Voluta, Pecten, Gryphaea, Arca, Cardita, Exogyra, Nautilus, Ammonoids, Belemnites, Calymene,Paradoxide, Corals and Graptolites. Plant fossils : Glossopteris, Gangam Operas, Ptylophyllum. IndianGeology : Definition of stratigraphy, principles of stratigraphy, lithostratigraphy, standard geological timescale.Physiographic divisions of India with their stratigraphic and structural characteristics. Dharwar System,Cuddapah System, Vindhyan System, Kurnool System and Gondwana System. Triassic of Spiti, Jurssic ofKutch, Cretaceous of Tiruchirapalli, Deccan Traps and their Age, Siwaliks with vertebrate fossils. Geology ofAndhra Pradesh. Stratigraphic contacts – boundaries between Archaean and Proterozoic; and Cretaceousand Tertiary. Economic Geology : Definition of Economic Geology, Global tectonics and metallogeny – mineralresources and mineral deposits, Importance of economic minerals and rocks, ore minerals, gangue minerals(gangue). Ore, industrial minerals, tenor and grade; Syngenetic deposits, epigenetic deposits. Classificationof mineral deposits – Bateman’s classification modified by Jenson. Processes of formation of mineraldeposits; endogenetic and exogenetic processes. Study of ore deposits of gold, copper, lead, zinc, aluminium,iron, manganese, chromium, uranium and thorium with respect to their mineralogy, uses, mode of occurrence,origin and distribution in India. Distribution of industrial minerals in India for the following industries :abrasives, cement, ceramics, glass, fertilizers and chemicals, and insulators. Fossils fuels : Coal, it’sorigin and types of coal – Coal deposits of India. Oil and Natural Gas : Origin, migration and entrapment anddistribution in India, Use of micropaleontology in oil exploration, Gemstones and Dimensional Stones.Atomic minerals : Uraninite, pitchblende, coffenite; Beach sands : monazite, ilmenite, rutile, zircon and theiruses. Mineral resources of Andhra Pradesh.
Part - B Paper : II -Petrology and Structural Geology : Nature and scope of Petrology – Definition of rock, classificationof rocks into igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. Distinguishing features of the three types of rocks.Igneous rocks : Classification into plutonic, hypabyssal and volcanic rocks; Forms – Lava flows, intrusions,sills, laccolith, lopolith, dykes, ring dykes, cone sheets, volcanic necks, phacoliths and batholiths. Structures: vescicular, amygdaloidal, block lava, ropy lava, pillow lava, flow, jointing and sheet structures. Platy, columnarand prismatic structures. Textures – Definition of texture, micro-structure, devitrification. Allotriomorphic,
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hypidiomorphic, panidiomorphic, porphyritic, poikilitic, ophitic, intergranular, intersertal, trachytic, graphicand micro-graphic. Reaction structures – Corona, myrmekitic, orbicular, spherulitic, perlitic. Classificationof igneous rocks – CIPW and Tyrrell tabular classification. Descriptive study of the following rocks types :granite, granodiorite, syenite, nepheline syenite, diorite, pegmatite, aplite, gabbro, anorthosite, peridotite,pyroxenite, dunite, dolerite, rhyolite, obsidian, trachyte, andesite and basalt. Composition and constitution ofmagma – Crystallization of magma, unicomponent and binary systems, eutectic and solid solutions. Originof igneous rocks – Bowen’s reaction principle, differentiation and assimilation. Sedimentary rocks: Sourcesof sediments – mechanical and chemical weathering, modes of transportation, stratification. Sedimentarystructures : types of bedding, surface marks, deformed bedding and solution structures. Classification ofsedimentary rocks : Clastic – rudaceous, arenaceous, and argillaceous; Non-Clastic – calcareous,carbonaceous, ferruginous, phosphatic, and evaporates. Descriptive study of the following sedimentaryrocks – conglomerate, breccia, sandstone, grit, arkose, greywacke, shale, limestone, and shelly limestone.Metamorphic rocks: Definition of metamorphism, agencies of metamorphism, types of metamorphism,grades and zones of metamorphism. Metamorphic minerals – stress and antistress minerals – Structuresof metamorohic rocks – Cataclastic, maculose, schistose, granulose and gneissose. Textures ofmetamorphic rocks – crystalloblastic, palimpset, xenoblastic and idioblastic. Classification of metamorphicrocks - concept of metamorphic facies. Cataclastic metamorphism of argillaceous and arenaceous rocks.Thermal metamorphism of argillaceous, arenaceous and calcareous rocks. Dynamothermal metamorphismof argillaceous, arenaceous and basic igneous rocks. Plutonic metamorphism, metasomatism and additiveprocesses. Definition of anatexis and palingenesis. Descriptive study of the following metamorphic rocks: gneiss, schist, slate, phyllite, quartzite, marble, granulite, eclogite, amphibolite, migmatite, charnockite andkhondalite. Structural Geology: Definition of structural geology, aim and objectives of structural geology;Importance of study of structures, primary and secondary structures; Outcrops, attitude of beds; Strike, dipand apparent dip, and Use of clinometer. Primary structures. Folds – description, nomenclature andrecognition in the field. Joints – geometrical and genetic classification. Faults – geometrical and geneticclassification and recognition in the field. Effects of faults on the outcrops. Unconformities – definition,types, and recognition in the field. Distinguishing the faults from unconformities. Definitions of overlap,offlap, outlier, cleavage, schistosity, foliation and lineation.
Part - C Paper : I -Physical Geology, Crystallography and Mineralogy : Physical Geology : General aspects, definitionof geology – Basic assumptions of Geology – Its relationship with other sciences – Branches of geology –Aim and applications of Geology. Earth as a planet – It’s shape, size, density – movements and their effects.Origin and age of the earth. Geological processes – exogenic and endogenic. Definition of weathering –types of weathering of rocks – physical and chemical. Definition of erosion and denudation, cycle of erosion,transportation and deposition, agents of erosion. Rivers : erosion, transportation and deposition of river(fluvial) cycle in different stages – Development of typical landforms by river erosion and deposition. V-shaped valley, waterfall, alluvial fan, meander, ox-bow lake, flood plane, natural plane, peneplain and delta.Types of rivers. Glaciers : Definition of a glacier – types – development of typical landforms by glacial erosionand deposition – cirque, U-shaped valley – changing valley; Rocks – monadrocks, morains, drum-line,kama, eskors and varves, characteristic features of glaciated regions. Groundwater : starage of groundwater – porosity, permeability, acquifer, water table – zone of saturation, artesian well, spring, geysers –development of typical landforms by erosion and deposition by groundwater (Karst topography), sinkhole,cavern, stalactites and stalagmites. Seas : Offshore profile – landforms of sea – marine deposits and coralreefs. Lacustrine deposits, atmospheric circulation, weather and climatic changes, land-air-sea interaction.Earth’s heat budget and global climatic changes. Wind : Development of characteristic features by winds(arid cycle), erosion and deposition – pedestal rock – mushroom topography – Incelberg – Ventifacts – locusand sand dunes. Earth movements : definition of diastrophism, epirogenic and orogenic movements –mountains, geosyncline. Basic concepts of isostasy, continental drift and plate tectonics. Earthquakes :causes, kinds of earthquake waves, mode of propagation, intensity of earthquakes, Richter’s scale,seismograph and seismogram. Effects of earthquakes, earthquake zones, interior of the earth. Volcanoes: origin and products. Crystallography : Definition of crystal – amorphous and crystalline states – morphologyof crystals – face, edge, solid angle and interfacial angle. Forms : simple, combination, closed and openforms. Symmetry : Plane, axis, centre, crystallographic axes, parameters, indices, crystallographic notation –Parameter system of Weiss, Index system of Miller. Classification of Crystals into ‘7’ systems. Morphologicalstudy of the following classes of symmetry : a) Cubic system – Normal (Galena) type, b) Tetragonal system –Zircon type, c) Hexagonal system – Beryl type, d) Trigonal system – Calcite type, e) Orthorhombic system –Barytes type, f) Monoclinic system – Gypsum type, and g) Triclinic system – Axinite type. Twinning in crystals –definition of twin, twin plane, twin axis and composition plane. Mineralogy : Definition of a mineral –Classification of minerals into rock forming and ore forming minerals. Physical properties of minerals –colour, streak, play of colours, opalescence, asterism, transparency, luster, luminescence, fluorescence,form, hardness, tenacity, cleavage, parting, fracture, specific gravity, magnetic properties, electrical properties,pyro- and piezo-electricity. Modes of mineral formation : Occurrence and association of minerals. Chemicalproperties of minerals – isomorphism – solid solution – polymorphism – allotropy, pseudomorphism,radioactivity, silicate structure. Descriptive Mineralogy : Study of physical and chemical properties andmode of occurrence of the following mineral groups : Nesosilicate – Olivine, garnet and aluminium silicates;Sorosilicate – epidote; Cyclosilicate – beryl; Inosilicate – pyroxene and amphibole; Phyllosilicate – mica,hydrous magnesium silicate; Tektosilicate – feldspars, feldspathoids and quartz; Miscellaneous – staurolite,tourmaline, zircon, calcite, corundum and apatite. Optical Mineralogy : Optical properties of minerals –Isotropic and Anisotropic – Polarized light, refractive index – Double refraction, Uniaxial and Biaxial minerals– Nicol Prism and it’s construction, Concept of crossed nicols. Petrological (Polarizing) Microscope – Itsmechanical and optical p[arts – behaviour of isotropic ancd anisotropic mineral between crossed nicols –extinction, pleochroism, interference colour. Optical properties of important minerals.
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110. HUMAN GENETICSPart - A Paper : III -Human Population Genetics : 1. Measures of central tendency – mean, median and mode. 2.
Measures of disperson – range, meandeviation, variance and standard deviation. 3. probability – law ofaddition and Law of multiplication. 4. Fundamental factors of population Genetics – mating patterns, Mendelianpopulation, mutations, selection, migration and genetic drift. 5. Consequences of random mating – Hardy-Weinberg Law, considering 2 alleles at a locus and multiple alleles – Gene, genotype and phenotypefrequencies with examples of Autosomal diallelic and multiple allelic characters. 6. Interoduction to GeneticCounselling – Scope of Genetic Couselling. 7. Indentification of Genetic defects – prenatal methodsamniocentesis, chorionic villai sampling – fetoprotein – postnatal methods, clinical observation, Biochemicalstudies, Cytogenetics studies, Serological studies and Molecular studies. 8. Importance of mutation, geneticheterogeneity, pleiotropism phenocopy, Pehetrance and expressivity. 9. Pedigree analysis and Indentificationof mode of inheritance. 10. The process of counseling – Educating the counselee, presenting the risks andoptions and guidance.
Part - B Paper : II -Basics of Human Biology : 1. Man’s place in Animal Kingdom – Order primates, 2. Theories ofEvolution: Lamarckism, Darwinism, New-Darwinism. 3. Fossil evidence for Human Evolution.Australopithecines, Pithecanthro pithecines; Neanderthals and Cro-Magnon. 4. Theories regarding the originof Man. 5. Human Variation – Physical variation – Somatic characters. 6. Genetic variation – Blood grouppolymorphism – ABO, RH, MN, 7. Genetic demography – mortality rates – crude mortality rate, age and sexspecific mortality rate – Fertility rates, crude fertility rate, Age and sex specific fertility rate and general fertilityrate. 8. Introduction to Anatomy and physiology. 9. Body fluids. 10. Muscular and Circulatory system. 11.Reproductive and Urinary system. 12. Endocrine and Nervous system. 13. Articulations and sketetal system.
Part - C Paper : I -Elements of Human Genetics and Molecular Genetics : 1. Physical Basis of Heredity. 2. Mitosisand Meiosis. 3. D.N.A., R.N.A., Proteins, Genetic code; gene enzyme hypothesis. 4. Mutations. 5. Mendel’slaw of Inheritance. 6. Genic Action: Genes and characters; one character from many genes; many charactersfrom one gene; Inherited syndromes; phenocophy; Genes and alloles; Heterozygotes and henozygotes;Intermediateness; codominanced; Genotype and Phenotype; Inborn errors of metabolism. 7. Simple singlefactor inheritance-dominant and recessive characters. 8. Genetic ratios. 9. Linkage and crossing over. 10.Sex determination. 11. Sex linked, sex influenced and sex limited characters. 12. Multiple alleles and polygenes13. Heredity and Environment – Twin studies. 14. Tools of Human Molecular Genetics; Restriction enzymes;Southern blot; Northern and Western blots; In situ hybridization; Labelling nucleic acid probes; Polymeragechain reaction.
111. MARINE LIVING RESOURCESPart - A Animal Physiology, Behaviour and Ecology
I – Animal Physiology pertaining to: Nutrition: Types of nutrition in animals, autotrophic – Heterotrophic,vitamins and minerals. 2. Digestion in Mammals 3. Respiration: Brief account of types of respiratorymechanism, respiratory pigments, gas transport with reference to mammals. 4. Circulation: Compositionand functions of blood, co-agulation of blood. Blood pressure and its role and exchange of materials incapillaries. 5. Osmo-regulation: Pertaining to aquatic animals only. 6. Excretion: (i) Classification of animalsbased on end products of excretion, (2) Formation of nitrogen waste. (3) Nephron: Structure and Function. 7.Nervous transmission: Structure of neuron, actionpotential, production and propagations of nerve impulseand synaptic transmission. 8. Muscle contraction. 9. Endocrine glands of Mammals: Pineal body, Hypophysis,Hypothalamus, mammals Thyroid, Parathyroid, Thymus, Adrenal, Gut, Pancreas, Testis and ovary. 10. Conceptof Homeostasis. Animal Behaviour : Biological rhythms – circadian, Animal Ecology 1. Physico-chemicalfactors of the animal Environment: Temperature, light, pressure, atmospheric gases i.e., oxygen andcarbon dioxide, biogeochemical cycles; nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus cycles. 2. Animal community andAnimal population: Ecosystems (Ecological succession, Ecological pyramids, energy flow in an eco system)– Animal associations (Parasitism Commensalism, Symbiosis, Environments and adaptive features ofanimals inhabiting, deep sea, cave, and desert. 3. Environmental pollution. 4. Wild life, wild life sanctuariesand national parks of India. II – Principles of Aquatic Biology: Water as medium: Anamolous properties ofwater and their sig-nificance. Factors affecting the availability of light and its effect on biota. Annual temperaturecycle and types of stratification. Dis-solved gases (oxygen and Corbon dioxide) and pH. 2. Soil: Classificationof soils, soil fertility. 3.Productivity: Estimation of primary productivity, classification of aquatic bodies basedon productivity. 4. Fresh water environment: Classification, Lentic and lotic waters and their biota (plankotn,nekton and benthos). Weeds and their control. 5.Estuaries: Types of estuaries, physical and chemicalfeatures, fauna and flora and their adaptations. 6.Marine Environment: Classification of marine environmentand the salient features of different zones. Types of shores; Rocky, muddy and sandy. Faunal compositionand adaptations (Plankotn and Nekton).
Part - B I – Biology of Chordates, Genetics:1. General characters and outline classification upto the level of order. 2.Protochordata: (a) Structure andAffinities of Amphioxus; (b) Structure Life history of an Ascidian. 3. Cyclostomata: General characters ofcyclostomes and differences between Myxin & Petromyzon. 4. Comparative study of the following systemswith reference to Scoliodon (pisces), Rana (Amphibia) calotes (Reptilia), Columba (Aves) and Lagomorpha(Mammalia) – (a) Skletal system: skull and Girdles; (b) Respiratorysystem; (c) Circulatory system: Heart andaortic arches; (d) Nervous system – Brain. 5. General Topics: (i) Parental care in Amphibia; (ii) Dentition inMammals. 6. Developmental Biology: (i) Gastrulation in Amphioxus, Frog and Chick; (ii) Development ofchick upto 24 hrs., (iii) Foetal membranes of chick, (iv) Placmenta in Mammals (Formation and types).Genetics & Evoluation: 1. (i) Gene interaction with 3 examples, (ii) Sex determination, (iii)Sex linked inheritance,
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(iv) Blood group inheritance, (v) Fine structure of gene, Operon, concept, Cloning, Lethal genes,(vi)Chromosomal Abberation and human diseases. 2. Modern synthetic theory of Evolution, Mutations, Geneticbasis of Evolution, Genetic Drift (Hardy Weinberg’s Law), Isolaltion and speciation. 3. Characteristics of thefollowing Zoogeographic regions and their fauna: (i) Oriental regions, (ii) Ethiopian Region, (iii) AustralianRegion. II – Capture Fisheries: 1. Fish production of the world both inland and marine, contribution ofdifferent countries, position of India in the last two decades. General account of the distribution, biology andfishery of important fishes and other aquataic animals of India. 2. Riverine Fishery: Different riverine systemsin India, and their fishery: The Ganga river system, the Brahmaputra river system, the East Coast riversystem, the West Coast river system, River Jhelum of the Indus river system; Fisheries of trout and Mahaseer:Problems and man-agement. 3. Reservoir fishery (Lacustrine fishery): Lakes (origin, classifi-cation) Differentreservoirs of River systems in India with special reference to Govindasagar, Rihand, Nagarjunasagar, Stanley,Transition from riverine to Lacuatrine Ecology - Initial fertility to trophic depression. 4. Estuarine fishery:Definition of an estuary, origin and classi-fication; divergent estuaries in India, their location and speciescomposition - Hoogly - Matla estuary, Mahanadi estuary, Godavary estuary, Krishna estuary, Vellor estuaryand Killai back waters, Chilka lake, Kerala back waters. 5. Marine Fishery: Marine fishery resources in India:Pelagic fishery resources. Taxonomy general description, distribution, food and feeding habits, reproduction,craft and gear, fishery utilization of the following: Sardines, Bombay duck, mackerels, hilsa, mullets, sharksand rays, tuna and seer fish and prawns. Main types of traditional craft and gear employed in marine andfreshwater fisheries of Andhra Pradesh (a) Canoes, catemaran, Masula type boats. (b) Cast nets, gill nets,shore seines, boat seines. 6. Fishery Management: Principles of conservation, and management.
Part - C I - Biology of Invertebrates and Cell Biology1. General characters and classification of Major Invertebrate phyla with examples upto orders. 2. Protozoa:(i) Polystomella – type study, (ii) Trypanosoma life cycle only. 3. Porifera: Canal system, Histology & Spicules.4. Coelentereta: (i) obelia type study, (ii) Polymorphism in Siphonophora, (iii) Corals and Coral reef formation.5. Helminthes – Fasciola – Detailed type Study. 6. Annelida: (i) Metomorphism – Comparative study of thefollowing systems of Leeach and Nereis – External Characters – Digestive system – Reproductive system– Coelom and Ceolomoducts. 7. Arthropoda: Comparative study of External features – Appandages –Respiration – Circulation – Excretion of Palaemon and Scorpion – Peripatus structure and affinities. 8.Mollusca: (i) External Characters of Pila and Fresh Water Mussel (Shell, Mantle complex and Foot –Comparative study), (ii) Pearl formation, (iii) Torsion in gastropoda. 9. Echinodermata: Starfish – detailedstudy 10. Hemichordata: Balanoglossus – External Features, Tornaria larva – Affinities of Hemichoradata.11. Important Invertebrate larval forms: (a) Amphiblastula, (b) Ephyralarva, (c) Trochophore, (d) Nauplius,Zoea, Mysis, (e) Veliger, Glochidium, (f) Echinopluteus, Ophiopluteus, Auricularia and Doliolaria. 12. Ultrastructure of Animal Cell 13. Structure and function of the following cell organelles: (i) Plasma Membrane:Membrane, Transport of small molecules, Cell Junctions, Cell adhesion, (ii) Cytoskeleton, (iii) Golgi Complex,(iv) Lysosomes, (v) Role of mitochondria in cellular energy energy transactions, (vi) Chromosomes – Structureand type, Salivary gland chromosomes. 14. Microscopic techiniques for the study of cells – fixation, sectioning,staining and preparation of micro slide. II – Principles of Biochemistry: Amino acids - classification, propertiesand chemical reactions, peptide bond, proteins - classification, isolation and purification physico-chemicalproperties and denaturation, structure of proteins. 2. Nucleic acids - Structure and properties of purine andpyrimi-dine bases, nucleotides, cellular localization, isolation, estimation, structure and properties of RNAand DNA. 3. Carbohydrates - Classification, chemical reactions and properties of ribose, glucose, fructose,sucrose, maltose, lactose, structure and configuration of glucose, structure and properties of starch, celluloseand glycogen.
112. MATHEMATICSPart - A Paper : III - Linear Algebra and Vector Calculus
I) Linear Algebra : Unit-I: Vector spaces, General properties of vector spaces, Vector subspaces, Algebraof subspaces, linear combination of vectors. Linear span, linear sum of two subspaces, Linear independenceand dependence of vectors, Basis of vector space, Finite dimensional vector spaces, Dimension of a vectorspace, Dimension of a subspace. Linear transformations, linear operators, Range and null space of lineartransformation, Rank and nullity of linear transformations, Linear transformations as vectors, Product oflinear transformations, Invertible linear transformation. Unit-II: The adjoint or transpose of a lineartransformation, Sylvester’s law of nullity, characteristic values and characteristic vectors , Cayley- Hamiltontheorem, Diagonalizable operators. Inner product spaces, Euclidean and unitary spaces, Norm or length ofa vector, Schwartz inequality, Orthogonality, Orthonormal set, complete orthonormal set, Gram - Schmidtorthogonalisation process. (II) Multiple integrals and Vector Calculus : Unit-III: Multiple integrals : Introduction,the concept of a plane, Curve, line integral- Sufficient condition for the existence of the integral. The area ofa subset of 2R , Calculation of double integrals, Jordan curve , Area, Change of the order of integration,Double integral as a limit, Change of variable in a double integration. Unit-IV: Vector differentiation. Ordinaryderivatives of vectors, Space curves, Continuity, Differentiability, Gradient, Divergence, Curl operators, Formulaeinvolving these operators. Vector integration, Theorems of Gauss and Stokes, Green’s theorem in plane andapplications of these theorems.
Part -B Paper : II - Abstract Algebra & Real Analysis : (I) Groups : Binary operations- Definitions and properties,Groups—Definition and elementary properties, Finite groups and group composition tables, Subgroupsand cyclic subgroups. Permutations—Functions and permutations ,groups of permutations, cycles andcyclic notation, even and odd permutations, The alternating groups. Cyclic groups - Elementary properties,The classification of cyclic groups , sub groups of finite cyclic groups. Isomorphism - Definition and elementaryproperties, Cayley’s theorem, Groups of cosets, Applications, Normal subgroups - Factor groups , Criteriafor the existence of a coset group, Inner automorphisms and normal subgroups, factor groups and simple
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groups, Homomorphism- Definition and elementary properties, The fundamental theorem ofhomomorphisms, applications. (II) Rings : (III) Real Numbers : The Completeness Properties of R, Applicationsof the Supremum Property. Sequences and Series - Sequences and their limits, limit theorems, MonotonicSequences, Sub-sequences and the Bolzano-Weirstrass theorem,The Cauchy’s Criterion, Properly divergentsequences, Introduction to series, Absolute convergence, test for absolute convergence, test for non-absoluteconvergence. Continuous Functions—continuous functions, combinations of continuous functions,continuous functions on intervals, Uniform continuity. (IV) Differentiation and Integration : The derivative,The mean value theorems, L’Hospital Rule, Taylor’s Theorem. Riemann integration - Riemann integral ,Riemann integrable functions, Fundamental theorem.
Part - C Paper : I - Differential Equations & Solid Geometry : Differential equations of first order and first degree :Linear differential equations; Differential equations reducible to linear form; Exact differential equations;Integrating factors; Change of variables; Simultaneous differential equations; Orthogonal trajectories. Dif-ferential equations of the first order but not of the first degree: Equations solvable for p; Equationssolvable for y; Equations solvable for x; Equations that do not contain x (or y); Equations of the first degree inx and y - Clairaut’s equation. Higher order linear differential equations Solution of homogeneous lineardifferential equations of order n with constantcoefficients. Solution of the non-homogeneous linear differen-tial equations with constant coefficients by means of polynomial operators. Method of undetermined coeffi-cients; Method of variation of parameters; Linear differential equations with non-constant coefficients; TheCauchy-Euler equation, System of linear differential equations: Solution of a system of linear equationswith constant coefficients; An equivalent triangular system. Degenerate Case: p1(D) p4(D)-p2(D) p3(D) = 0.SOLID GEOMETRY, The Plane Equation of plane in terms of its intercepts on the axis, Equations of the planethrough the given points, Length of the perpendicular from a given point to a given plane, Bisectors of anglesbetween two planes, Combined equation of two planes, Orthogonal projection on a plane. The Line: Equa-tions of a line, Angle between a line and a plane, The condition that a given line may lie in a given plane, Thecondition that two given lines are coplanar, Number of arbitrary constants in the equations of a straight line.Sets of conditions which determine a line, The shortest distance between two lines. The length and equa-tions of the line of shortest distance between two straight lines, Length of the perpendicular from a givenpoint to a given line, Intersection of three planes, Triangular Prism. The Sphere: Definition and equation ofthe sphere, Equation of the sphere through four given points, Plane sections of a sphere. Intersection of twospheres; Equation of a circle. Sphere through a given circle; Intersection of a sphere and a line. Power of apoint; Tangent plane. Plane of contact. Polar plane, Pole of a plane, Conjugate points, Conjugate planes;Angle of intersection of two spheres. Conditions for two spheres to be orthogonal; Radical plane. Coaxialsystem of spheres; Simplified from of the equation of two spheres. Cones, Cylinders and conicoids: Defi-nitions of a cone, vertex, guiding curve, generators. Equation of the cone with a given vertex and guidingcurve. Enveloping cone of a sphere. Equations of cones with vertex at origin are homogenous. Condition thatthe general equation of the second degree should represent a cone. Condition that a cone may have threemutually perpendicular generators Intersection of a line and a quadric cone. Tangent lines and tangentplane at a point. Condition that a plane may touch a cone. Reciprocal cones. Intersection of two cones witha common vertex. Right circular cone. Equation of the right circular cone with a given vertex, axis and semi-vertical angle. Definition of a cylinder. Equation to the cylinder whose generators intersect a given conic andare parallel to a given line, Enveloping cylinder of a sphere. The right circular cylinder. Equation of the rightcircular cylinder with a given axis and radius. The general equation of the second degree and the varioussurfaces represented by it; Shapes of some surfaces. Nature of Ellipsoid. Nature of Hyperboloid of onesheet. I) Differential euations of first order and first degree, (II) Differential equations of first order but not ofthe first degree, (III) Higher order linear differential equations, (IV) Solid Geometry, System of linear differen-tial equations - plane, the line, the sphere (V) Cones, Cylinders and conicoids.
113. MICROBIOLOGYPart - A Paper : III - Immunology and Medical Microbiology ; UNIT – I : History of Immunology and Immune System
Development of immunology. Types of immunity – innate and acquired; active and passive; humoral andcell-mediated immunity. Primary and secondary organs of immune system – thymus, bursa fabricus, bonemarrow, spleen and lymph nodes.Cells of immune system. Identiification and function of B and T lympho-cytes, null cells, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils. UNIT – II : Basics ofImmunology Antigens – types, chemical nature, antigenic determinants, haptens. Factors affecting antige-nicity. Antibodies – basic structure, types, properties and functions of immunoglobulins. Components ofcomplement and activation of complement.Types of antigen-antibody reactions – agglutination, blood groups,precipitation, neutralization, complement fixation. Labeled antibody based techniques – ELISA, RIA andImmunofluroscence. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies – production and applications. Types of hyper-sensitivity – immediate and delayed. Autoimmunity and its significance. UNIT – III : Clinical Microbiology :History of medial microbiology. Normal flora of human body. Definition of infection, non-specific defensemechanisms, mechanical barriers, antagonism of indigenous flora. Anti-bacterial substances – lysozyme,complement, properdin, antiviral substances, phagocytosis. General principles of diagnostic microbiology.Collection, transport and processing of clinical samples. General methods of laboratory diagnosis – cul-tural, biochemical, serological and molecular methods.Tests for antimicrobial susceptibility. Antiviral agents– interferon and base analogues. Host-pathogen interactions. Bacterial toxins, virulence and attenuation.UNIT – IV : Microorganisms and Diseases ; Elements of chemotherapy – therapeutic drugs. Drug resis-tance. Mode of action of penicillin and sulpha drugs, and their clinical use. Preventive control of diseases –active and passive immunization. Vaccines–natural and recombinant. General account of the followingdiseases – causal organisms, pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention and control of: Air-borne
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diseases - Tuberculosis, Influenza, Food and water-borne diseases - Cholera, Typhoid, Hepatitis- Poliomy-elitis, Amoebiasis, Insect-borne diseases - Malaria, Filariasis, Dengue fever, Contact diseases - Syphilis,Gonorrhoea, Zoonotic diseases - Rabies, Anthrax, Blood-borne diseases - Serum hepatitis, AIDS Generalaccount of nosocomial infections. Paper : IV - Applied Microbiology :UNIT - I Agricultural Microbiology :Physical and chemical characteristics of soil. Rhizosphere and phyllosphere. Plant growth-promoting mi-croorganisms -mycorrhizae, rhizobia, Azospirillum, Azotobacter, cyanobacteria, Frankia and phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms. Outlines of biological nitrogen fixation (symbiotic, non-symbiotic). Biofertilizers- Rhizobium. Concept of disease in plants. Symptoms of plant diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, andviruses. Plant diseases caused by fungi (groundnut rust), bacteria (angular leaf spot of cotton) and viruses(tomato leaf curl). Principles of plant disease control. Biological control of plant diseases. Biopesticides –Bacillus thuringiensis, Nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV), Trichoderma. UNIT – II : Environmental Microbiol-ogy : Microorganisms of environment (soil, water and air). Role of microorganisms in nutrient cycling (car-bon, nitrogen, sulphur). Microbial interactions – mutualism, commensalism, antagonism, competition, para-sitism, predation. Microbiology of potable and polluted waters. E. coli and Streptococcus faecalis as indica-tors of water pollution. Sanitation of potable water. Sewage treatment (primary, secondary and tertiary).Outlines of biodegradation of environmental pollutants – pesticides. Solid waste disposal – sanitary landfills, composting. Microbiology of air and air sampling methods. UNIT – III : Food Microbiology : Microorgan-isms of food spoilage and their sources. Spoilage of different food materials - fruits, vegetables, meat, fish.Canned foods. Food intoxication (botulism and staph poisioning), food-borne diseases (salmonellosisand shigellosis) and their detection. General account of food preservation. Microbiological production offermented foods – bread, cheese, yogurt. Biochemical activities of microbes in milk. Microorganisms asfood – SCP, edible mushrooms (white button, oyster and paddy straw) Concept of probiotics. UNIT – IV :Industrial Microbiology : Microorganisms of industrial importance – yeasts, moulds, bacteria, actinomycetes.Screening and isolation of industrially-important microorganisms. Outlines of strain improvement. Types offermentation – aerobic, anaerobic, batch, continuous, submerged, surface, solid state. Design of a stirredtank reactor fermentor. Fermentation media. Industrial production of alcohols (ethyl alcohol), beverages(beer), enzymes (amylases), antibiotics (penicillin), amino acids (glutamic acid), organic acids (citric acid),vitamins (B12), biofuels (biogas - methane)
Part - B Paper : II - Microbial Physiology and Genetics : UNIT – I : Nutrition, Growth and Enzymes : Microbial nutrition- nutritional requirements and uptake of nutrients by cells. Nutritional groups of microorganisms - autotro-phs, heterotrophs, mixotrophs, methylotrophs. Growth media - synthetic, nonsynthetic, selective, enrich-ment and differential media. Microbial growth - different phases of growth in batch cultures. Factorsinfluencing microbial growth. Synchronous, continuous, biphasic growth. Methods for measuring microbialgrowth – Direct microscopy, viable count estimates, turbiodometry, biomass. Enzymes - properties andclassification, enzyme unit. Biocatalysis - induced fit, and lock and key model, coenzymes, cofactors, factorsaffecting catalytic activity of enzymes. Inhibition of enzyme activity - competitive, noncompetitive, uncompetitiveand allosteric. UNIT – II : Intermediary Metabolism : Aerobic respiration - Glycolysis, HMP pathway, EDpathway, TCA cycle, electron transport, oxidative and substrate-level phosphorylation. Anaplerotic reactions.â-Oxidation of fatty acids. Glyoxylate cycle. Anaerobic respiration (nitrate, sulphate respiration). Fermentation- Common microbial fermentations with special reference to alcohol and lactic acid fermentations. Photo-synthetic apparatus in prokaryotes. Outlines of oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis in bacteria. UNIT –III Microbial Genetics : Fundamentals of genetics - Mendelian laws, alleles, crossing over, and linkage. DNAand RNA as genetic materials. Structure of DNA – Watson and Crick model. Extrachromosomal geneticelements – Plasmids and transposons. Replication of DNA – Semiconservative mechanism. Outlines ofDNA damage and repair mechanisms. Mutations – spontaneous and induced, base pair changes, frameshifts, deletions, inversions, tandem duplications, insertions. Various physical and chemical mutagens.Brief account on horizontal gene transfer among bacteria – transformation, transduction and conjugation.UNIT – IV : Gene Expression and Recombinant DNA Technology : Concept of gene – Muton, recon andcistron. One gene-one enzyme, one gene-one polypeptide, one gene-one product hypotheses. Types of RNAand their functions. Outlines of RNA biosynthesis in prokaryotes. Genetic code. Structure of ribosomes anda brief account of protein synthesis. Types of genes – structural, constitutive, regulatory. Operon concept.Regulation of gene expression in bacteria – lac operon. Basic principles of genetic engineering - restrictionendonucleases, DNA polymerases and ligases, vectors. Outlines of gene cloning methods. Genomic andcDNA libraries. General account on application of genetic engineering in industry, agriculture and medicine.
Part - C Paper : I - Introductory Microbiology : UNIT – I : History of Microbiology and Microscopy : Meaning, definitionand history of Microbiology. Contributions of Antony von Leeuwenhoek, Edward Jenner, Louis Pasteur,Robert Koch, Iwanowsky, Beijerinck, Winogradsky and Alexander Fleming. Importance and applications ofMicrobiology. Principles of microscopy – bright field, dark field, phase-contrast, fluorescent and electronmicroscopy (SEM and TEM). Ocular and stage micrometers. Size determination of microorganisms.Principles and types of stains - Simple stain, differential stain, negative stain, structural stains - spore,capsule, flagella. Hanging-drop method. UNIT – II : Microbiological Techniques : Sterilization and disinfectiontechniques. Principles and methods of sterilization. Physical methods - autoclave, hot-air oven, pressurecooker, laminar air flow, filter sterilization. Radiation methods - UV rays, gamma rays, ultrasonic methods.Chemical methods - Use of alcohols, aldehydes, fumigants, phenols, halogens and hypochlorites. Phenolcoefficient. Isolation of pure culture techniques -Enrichment culturing, dilution-plating, streak-plate, spread-plate and micromanipulator. Preservation of microbial cultures - subculturing, overlaying cultures with mineraloils, lyophilization, sand cultures, storage at low temperature. UNIT – III : Biology of Prokaryotic and EukaryoticMicroorganisms : Outline classification of living organisms: Heckel, Whittaker and Carl Woese systems.Place of microorganisms in the living world. Differentiation of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotes -
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General characteristics of bacteria, archaebacteria, rickettsias, mycoplasmas, cyanobacteria andactinomycetes. Outline classification for bacteria as per the second edition of Bergey’s Manual of SystematicBacteriology (up to order level). Ultrastructure of a bacterial cell: Invariant components - cell wall, cellmembrane, ribosomes, nucleoid. Variant components - Capsule, flagella, fimbriae, endospore and storagegranules. General characteristics and classification of viruses. Morphology and structure of TMV and HIV.Structure and multiplication of lambda bacteriophage. Eukaryotes - General characteristics and classification(up to the order level) of eukaryotic microorganisms - Protozoa, microalgae, molds and yeasts. UNIT – IV :Biomolecules : Biomolecules of microorganisms. Outline classification and general characteristics ofcarbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides). General characteristics of aminoacids and proteins. Structure of nitrogenous bases, nucleotides, nucleic acids. Fatty acids (saturated andunsaturated) and lipids (spingolipds, sterols and phospholipids). Hydrogen ion concentration in biologicalfluids, pH measurement. Types of buffers and their use in biological reactions. Principle and application ofcolorimerty and chromatography (paper and thin-layer).
114. PHYSICSPart - A Paper : III - Electricity, Magnetism and Electronics
Unit – I : 1. Electrostatics : Gauss law and its applications-Uniformly charged sphere, charged cylindricalconductor and an infinite conducting sheet of charge. Deduction of Coulmb’s law from Gauss law Mechanicalforce on a charged conductor Electric potential – Potential due to a charged spherical conductor, , electricfield strength from the electric dipole and an infinite line of charge. Potential of a uniformly charged circulardisc. 2. Dielectrics: An atomic view of dielectrics, potential energy of a dipole in an electric field. Polarizationand charge density, Gauss’s law for dielectric medium– Relation between D,E, and P. Dielectric constant,susceptibility and relation between them. Boundary conditions at the dielectric surface. Electric fields incavities of a dielectric-needle shaped cavity and disc shaped cavity. 3. Capacitance : Capacitance of concentricspheres and cylindrical condenser, capacitance of parallel plate condenser with and without dielectric.Electric energy stored in a charged condenser – force between plates of condenser, construction andworking of attracted disc electrometer, measurement of dielectric constant and potential difference. Unit – II: 1. Magnetostatics Magnetic shell – potential due to magnetic shell – field due to magnetic shell – equivalentof electric circuit and magnetic shell – Magnetic induction (B) and field (H) – permeability and susceptibility– Hysteresis loop. 2. Moving charge in electric and magnetic field Hall effect, cyclotron, synchrocyclotronand synchrotron – force on a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field, force and torque on acurrent loop, Biot –Savart’s law and calculation of B due to long straight wire, a circular current loop andsolenoid. 3. Electromagnetic induction Faraday’s law –Lenz’s law – expression for induced emf – timevarying magnetic fields – Betatron –Ballistic galvanometer – theory – damping correction – self and mutualinductance, coefficient of coupling, calculation of self inductance of a long solenoid – toroid – energy storedin magnetic field – transformer – Construction, working, energy losses and efficiency. Unit – III 1. Varying andalternating currents Growth and decay of currents in LR, CR and LCR circuits – Critical damping. Alternatingcurrent relation between current and voltage in pure R,C and L-vector diagrams – Power in ac circuits. LCRseries and parallel resonant circuit – Q-factor. AC & DC motors-single phase, three phase (basics only). 2.Maxwell’s equations and electromagnetic waves A review of basic laws of electricity and magnetism –displacement current – Maxwell’s equations in differential form – Maxwell’s wave equation, planeelectromagnetic waves – Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves, Poynting theorem, production ofelectromagnetic waves (Hertz experiment) Unit – IV : 1. Basic Electronics Formation of electron energybands in solids, classification of solids in terms of forbidden energy gap. Intrinsic and extrinsicsemiconductors, Fermi level, continuity equation – p-n junction diode, Zener diode characteristics and itsapplication as voltage regulator. Half wave and full wave rectifiers and filters, ripple factor (quantitative) – pn p and n p n transistors, current components in transistors, CB,CE and CC configurations – transistorhybrid parameters – determination of hybrid parameters from transistor characteristics – transistor as anamplifier –– concept of negative feed back and positive feed back – Barkhausen criterion, RC coupledamplifier and phase shift oscillator (qualitative). 2. Digital Principles : Binary number system, convertingBinary to Decimal and vice versa. Binary addition and subtraction (1’s and 2’s complement methods).Hexadecimal number system. Conversion from Binary to Hexadecimal – vice versa and Decimal toHexadecimal vice versa. Logic gates: OR,AND,NOT gates, truth tables, realization of these gates usingdiscrete components. NAND, NOR as universal gates, Exclusive – OR gate, De Morgan’s Laws – statementand proof, Half and Full adders. Parallel adder circuits. Paper : IV - Modern Physics : Unit – I : AtomicSpectra: Introduction – Drawbacks of Bohr’s atomic model - Sommerfeld’s elliptical orbits – relativisticcorrection (no derivation). Stern & Gerlach experiment Vector atom model and quantum numbers associatedwith it. L-S and j-j coupling schemes. Spectral terms, selection rules, intensity rules. Spectra of alkali atoms,doublet fine structure. Alkaline earth spectra, singlet and triplet fine structure. Zeeman Effect, Paschen-BackEffect and Stark Effect (basic idea). Molecular Spectroscopy: Types of molecular spectra, pure rotationalenergies and spectrum of diatomic molecule, determination of internuclear distance. Vibrational energiesand spectrum of diatomic molecule. Raman effect, Classical theory of Raman effect. Experimentalarrangement for Raman effect and its applications. Unit – II: Quantum Mechanics: Inadequacy of classicalPhysics: (Discussion only) Spectral radiation – Planck’s law. Photoelectric effect – Einstien’s photoelectricequation. Compton’s effect (quantitative) experimental verification. Stability of an atom – Bohr’s atomictheory. Limitations of old quantum theory. Matter Waves: de Broglie’s hypothesis – wavelength of matterwaves, properties of matter waves. Phase and group velocities. Davisson and Germer experiment. Doubleslit experiment. Standing de Brogile waves of electron in Bohr orbits. Uncertainty Principle: Heisenberg’suncertainty principle for position and momentum (x and px), Energy and time (E and t). Gamma ray microscope.
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Diffraction by a single slit. Position of electron in a Bohr orbit. Particle in a box. Complementary principle ofBohr. Schrodinger Wave Equation: Schrodinger time independent and time dependent wave equations.Wave function properties – Significance. Basic postulates of quantum mechanics. Operators, eigen functionsand eigen values, expectation values. Application of Schrodinger wave equation to particle in one and threedimensional boxes, potential step and potential barrier. Unit – III : Nuclear Physics: Nuclear Structure:Basic properties of nucleus – size, charge, mass, spin, magnetic dipole moment and electric quadrupolemoment. Binding energy of nucleus, deuteron binding energy, p-p and n-p scattering (concepts), nuclearforces. Nuclear models – liquid drop model, shell model. Alpha and Beta Decays: Range of alpha particles,Geiger – Nuttal law. Gammow’s theory of alpha decay. Geiger – Nuttal law from Gammow’s theory. Betaspectrum – neutrino hypothesis, Fermi’s theory of β-decay (qualitative).Nuclear Reactions: Types of nuclearreactions, channels, nuclear reaction kinematics. Compound nucleus, direct reactions (concepts). NuclearDetectors – GM counter, proportional counter, scintillation counter, Wilson cloud chamber and solid statedetector, Unit – IV : Solid State Physics Crystal Structure: Crystalline nature of matter. Cystal lattice, UnitCell, Elements of symmetry. Crystal systems, Bravais lattices. Miller indices. Simple crystal structures(S.C., BCC, CsCl, FCC, NaCl diamond and Zinc Blends) , X-ray Diffraction: Diffraction of X –rays by crystals,Bragg’s law, Experimental techniques - Laue’s method and powder method. Nanomaterials: Introduction,nanoparticles, metal nanoclusters, semiconductor nanoparticles, carbon clusters, carbon nanotubes,quantum nanostructures – nanodot, nanowire and quantum well. Fabrication of quantum nanostructures.Bonding in Crystals: Types of bonding in crystals – characteristics of crystals with different bindings. Latticeenergy of ionic crystals – determination of Medelung constant for NaCl crystal, calculation of Born coefficientand repulsive exponent. Born – Haber cycle. Magnetism: Magnetic properties of dia, para and ferromagneticmaterials. Langevin’s theory of paramagnetism. Weiss’ theory of ferromagnetism –Concepts of magneticdomains, antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism ferrites and their applications.Superconductivity: Basicexperimental facts – zero resistance, effect of magnetic field, Meissner effect, persistent current, Isotopeeffect Thermodynamic properties, specific heat, entropy. Type I and Type II superconductors. Elements ofBCS theory-Cooper pairs. Applications. High temperature superconductors (general information)
Part - B Paper : II - Thermodynamics and Optics : Unit – I : 1. Kinetic theory of gases: Introduction – Deduction ofMaxwell’s law of distribution of molecular speeds, Experimental verification Toothed Wheel Experiment,Trans port Phenomena – Viscosity of gases – thermal conductivity – diffusion of gases. 2. Thermodynamics:Introduction – Reversible and irreversible processes – Carnot’s engine and its efficiency – Carnot’s theorem– Second law of thermodynamics, Kelvin’s and Claussius statements – Thermodynamic scale of temperature– Entropy, physical significance – Change in entropy in reversible and irreversible processes – Entropy anddisorder – Entropy of universe – Temperature- Entropy (T-S) diagram – Change of entropy of a perfect gas-change of entropy when ice changes into steam. 3. Thermodynamic potentials and Maxwell’s equations:Thermodynamic potentials – Derivation of Maxwell’s thermodynamic relations – Clausius-Clayperon’sequation – Derivation for ratio of specific heats – Derivation for difference of two specific heats for perfect gas.Joule Kelvin effect – expression for Joule Kelvin coefficient for perfect and Vanderwaal’s gas. Unit – II : 4. Lowtemperature Physics: Introduction – Joule Kelvin effect – liquefaction of gas using porous plug experiment.Joule expansion – Distinction between adiabatic and Joule Thomson expansion – Expression for JouleThomson cooling – Liquefaction of helium, Kapitza’s method – Adiabatic demagnetization – Production oflow temperatures – Principle of refrigeration, vapour compression type. Working of refrigerator and Airconditioning machines. Effects of Chloro and Fluro Carbons on Ozone layer; applications of substances atlow- temperature. 5. Quantum theory of radiation: : Black body-Ferry’s black body – distribution of energy inthe spectrum of Black body – Wein’s displacement law, Wein’s law, Rayleigh-Jean’s law – Quantum theoryof radiation - Planck’s law – deduction of Wein’s law, Rayleigh-Jeans law, from Planck’s law - Measurementof radiation – Types of pyrometers – Disappearing filament optical pyrometer – experimental determination– Angstrom pyroheliometer - determination of solar constant, effective temperature of sun. 6. StatisticalMechanics: : Introduction to statistical mechanics, concept of ensembles, Phase space, Maxwell-Boltzmann’sdistribution law, Molecular energies in an ideal gas, Bose-Einstein Distribution law, Fermi-Dirac Distributionlaw, comparison of three distribution laws, Black Body Radiation, Rayleigh-Jean’s formula, Planck’s radiationlaw, Weins Displacement, Stefan’s Boltzmann’s law from Plancks formula. Application of Fermi-Diracstatistics to white dwarfs and Neutron stars. Unit III : 7 The Matrix methods in paraxial optics: Introduction,the matrix method, effect of translation, effect of refraction, imaging by a spherical refracting surface. Imagingby a co-axial optical system. Unit planes. Nodal planes. A system of two thin lenses. 8 Aberrations:Introduction – Monochromatic aberrations, spherical aberration, methods of minimizing spherical aberration,coma, astigmatism and curvature of field, distortion. Chromatic aberration – the achromatic doublet – Removalof chromatic aberration of a separated doublet. 9 Interference: : Principle of superposition – coherence –temporal coherence and spatial coherence – conditions for Interference of light Interference by division ofwave front: Fresnel’s biprism – determination of wave length of light. Determination of thickness of atransparent material using Biprism – change of phase on reflection – Lloyd’s mirror experiment. Interferenceby division of amplitude: Oblique incidence of a plane wave on a thin film due to reflected and transmittedlight (Cosine law) – Colours of thin films – Non reflecting films – interference by a plane parallel filmilluminated by a point source – Interference by a film with two non-parallel reflecting surfaces (Wedgeshaped film) – Determination of diameter of wire-Newton’s rings in reflected light with and without contactbetween lens and glass plate, Newton’s rings in transmitted light (Haidinger Fringes) – Determination ofwave length of monochromatic light – Michelson Interferometer – types of fringes – Determination ofwavelength of monochromatic light, Difference in wavelength of sodium D1,D2 lines and thickness of a thintransparent plate. Unit IV: 10 Diffraction: Introduction – Distinction between Fresnel and Fraunhoffer diffractionFraunhoffer diffraction:- Diffraction due to single slit and circular aperture – Limit of resolution – Fraunhofferdiffraction due to double slit – Fraunhoffer diffraction pattern with N slits (diffraction grating) Resolving Power
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of grating – Determination of wave length of light in normal and oblique incidence methods using diffractiongrating. Fresnel diffraction:- Fresnel’s half period zones – area of the half period zones –zone plate –Comparison of zone plate with convex lens – Phase reversal zone plate – diffraction at a straight edge –difference between interference and diffraction. 11 Polarization Polarized light : Methods of Polarization,Polarizatioin by reflection, refraction, Double refraction, selective absorption , scattering of light – Brewsterslaw – Malus law – Nicol prism polarizer and analyzer – Refraction of plane wave incident on negative andpositive crystals (Huygen’s explanation) – Quarter wave plate, Half wave plate – Babinet’s compensator –Optical activity, analysis of light by Laurent’s half shade polarimeter. 12 Laser, Fiber Optics and Holography:: Lasers: Introduction – Spontaneous emission – Stimulated emission – Population inversion . Laser principle– Einstein coefficients – Types of Lasers – He-Ne laser – Ruby laser – Applications of lasers. Fiber Optics :Introduction – Optical fibers – Types of optical fibers – Step and graded index fibers – Rays and modes in anoptical fiber – Fiber material – Principles of fiber communication (qualitative treatment only) and advantagesof fiber communication. Holography: Basic Principle of Holography – Gabor hologram and its limitations,Holography applications.
Part - C Paper : I - Mechanics and Waves and Oscillations : Unit – I : 1. Vector Analysis : Scalar and vector fields,gradient of a scalar field and its physical significance. Divergence and curl of a vector field and relatedproblems. Vector integration, line, surface and volume integrals. Stokes, Gauss and Greens theorems-simple applications. 2. Mechanics of Particles : Laws of motion, motion of variable mass system, motion ofa rocket, multi-stage rocket, conservation of energy and momentum. Collisions in two and three dimensions,concept of impact parameter, scattering cross-section, Rutherford scattering , 3. Mechanics of rigid bodiesDefinition of Rigid body, rotational kinematic relations, equation of motion for a rotating body, angularmomentum and inertial tensor. Eulers equation, precession of a top, Gyroscope, precession of the equinoxes,Unit – II : 4 Mechanics of continuous media Elastic constants of isotropic solids and their relation, Poisson’sratio and expression for Poisson’s ratio in terms of y, n, k. Classification of beams, types of bending, pointload, distributed load, shearing force and bending moment, sign conventions, simple supported beamcarrying a concentrated load at mid span, cantilever with an end load, 5 Central forces : Central forces –definition and examples, conservative nature of central forces, conservative force as a negative gradient ofpotential energy, equation of motion under a central force, gravitational potential and gravitational field,motion under inverse square law, derivation of Kepler’s laws, Coriolis force and its expressions. 6 Specialtheory of relativity : Galilean relativity, absolute frames, Michelson-Morley experiment, Postulates of specialtheory of relativity. Lorentz transformation, time dilation, length contraction, addition of velocities, mass-energy relation. Concept of four vector formalism. Unit – III : 7 Fundamentals of vibrations : Simple harmonicoscillator, and solution of the differential equation– Physical characteristics of SHM, torsion pendulum, -measurements of rigidity modulus , compound pendulum, measurement of ‘g’, combination of two mutuallyperpendicular simple harmonic vibrations of same frequency and different frequencies, Lissajous figures,8 Damped and forced oscillations: Damped harmonic oscillator, solution of the differential equation ofdamped oscillator. Energy considerations, comparison with undamped harmonic oscillator, logarithmicdecrement, relaxation time, quality factor, differential equation of forced oscillator and its solution, amplituderesonance, velocity resonance, 9 Complex vibrations: Fourier theorem and evaluation of the Fouriercoefficients, analysis of periodic wave functions-square wave, triangular wave, saw-tooth wave, Unit – IV: 10Vibrations of bars: Longitudinal vibrations in bars- wave equation and its general solution. Special cases(i) bar fixed at both ends ii) bar fixed at the mid point iii) bar free at both ends iv) bar fixed at one end.Transverse vibrations in a bar- wave equation and its general solution. Boundary conditions, clamped freebar, free-free bar, bar supported at both ends, Tuning fork. 11 Vibrating Strings : Transverse wave propagationalong a stretched string, general solution of wave equation and its significance, modes of vibration ofstretched string clamped at both ends, overtones, energy transport, transverse impedance 12. Ultrasonics: Ultrasonics, properties of ultrasonic waves, production of ultrasonics by piezoelectric and magnetostrictionmethods, detection of ultrasonics, determination of wavelength of ultrasonic waves. Velocity of ultrasonicsin liquids by Sear’s method. Applications of ultrasonic waves. NOTE: Problems should be solved at the endof every chapter of all units.
115. STATISTICSPart - A Paper III - Applied Statistics : Unit – I : Design of Sample Surveys:Concepts of population, sample, sampling
unit, parameter, statistic, sampling errors, sampling distribution, sample frame and standard error. Principalsteps in sample surveys - need for sampling, census versus sample surveys, sampling and non- samplingerrors, sources and treatment of non-sampling errors, advantages and limitations of sampling.Types ofsampling: Subjective, probability and mixed sampling methods. Methods of drawing random samples withand without replacement. Estimates of population mean, total, and proportion, their variances and theestimates of variances in the following methods. (i) SRSWR and SRSWOR , (ii) Stratified random samplingwith proportional and Neyman allocation, and (iii) Systematic sampling when N= nk. Comparison of relativeefficiencies. Advantages and disadvantages of above methods of sampling. Unit – II : Analysis of Varianceand Design of Experiments ANOVA – one-way, two-way classifications with one observation per cell –concept of Gauss-Markoff linear model, statement of Cochran’s theorem, concept of fixed effect model andrandom effect model. Expectation of various sums of squares, Mathematical analysis, importance andapplications of design of experiments. Principles of experimentation, Analysis of Completely randomizedDesign (C.R.D), Randomized Block Design (R.B.D) and Latin Square Design (L.S.D) including one missingobservation, expectation of various sum of squares. Comparison of the efficiencies of above designs. Unit– III : Time series: -Time series and its components with illustrations, additive, multiplicative and mixedmodels. Determination of trend by least squares, moving average methods. Growth curves and their fitting-
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Modified exponential, Gompertz and Logistic curves. Determination of seasonal indices by Ratio to movingaverage, ratio to trend and link relative methods. Index Numbers: -Concept, construction, uses and limitationsof simple and weighted index numbers. Laspeyer’s, Paasche’s and Fisher’s index numbers, criterion of agood index numbers, problems involved in the construction of index numbers. Fisher’s index as ideal indexnumber. Fixed and chain base index numbers. Cost of living index numbers and wholesale price indexnumbers. Base shifting, splicing and deflation of index numbers. Official Statistics: - Functions andorganization of CSO and NSSO. Agricultural Statistics, area and yield statistics. National Income and itscomputation, utility and difficulties in estimation of national income. Unit –IV : Vital statistics: Introduction,definition and uses of vital statistics. Sources of vital statistics, registration method and census method.Rates and ratios, Crude death rates, age specific death rate, standardized death rates, crude birth rate, agespecific fertility rate, general fertility rate, total fertility rate. Measurement of population growth, crude rate ifnatural increase- Pearl’s vital index. Gross reproductive rate sand Net reproductive rate, Life tables,construction and uses of life tables and Abridged life tables. Demand Analysis: Introduction. Demand andsupply, price elastics of supply and demand. Methods of determining demand and supply curves, Leontief’s,Pigous’s methods of determining demand curve from time series data, limitations of these methods Pigou’smethod from time series data. Pareto law of income distribution curves of concentration.
Part - B Paper II - Statistical Methods and Inference : Unit – I : Population correlation coefficient and its properties.Bivariate data, scattered diagram, sample correlation coefficient, computation of correlation coefficient forgrouped data. Correlation ratio, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient and its properties. Principle of leastsquares, simple linear regression, correlation verses regression, properties of regression coefficients.Fitting of quadratic and power curves. Concepts of partial and multiple correlation coefficients (only for threevariables). Analysis of categorical data, independence and association and partial association of attributes,various measures of association (Yule’s) for two way data and coefficient of contingency (Pearson andTcherprow), coefficient of colligation. Unit – II : Concepts of population, parameter, random sample, statistic,sampling distribution and standard error. Standard error of sample mean(s) and sample proportion(s).Exact sampling distributions- Statement and properties of χ2, t and F distributions and their interrelationships.Independence of sample mean and variance in random sampling from normal distributions. Point estimationof a parameter, concept of bias and mean square error of an estimate. Criteria of good estimator- consistency,unbiasedness, efficiency and sufficiency with examples. Statement of Neyman’s Factorization theorem,derivations of sufficient statistics in case of Binomial, Poisson, Normal and Exponential (one parameteronly) distributions. Estimation by method of moments, Maximum likelihood (ML), statements of asymptoticproperties of MLE. Concept of interval estimation. Confidence intervals of the parameters of normal populationby Pivot method. Unit –III : Concepts of statistical hypotheses, null and alternative hypothesis, critical region,two types of errors, level of significance and power of a test. One and two tailed tests, test function (non-randomized and randomized). Neyman-Pearson’s fundamental lemma for Randomized tests. Examples incase of Binomial, Poisson, Exponential and Normal distributions and their powers. Use of central limittheorem in testing. Large sample tests and confidence intervals for mean(s), proportion(s), standarddeviation(s) and correlation coefficient(s). Unit – IV : Tests of significance based on χ2, t and F. χ2-test forgoodness of fit and test for independence of attributes. Definition of order statistics and statement of theirdistributions. Non-parametric tests- their advantages and disadvantages, comparison with parametric tests.Measurement scale- nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio. One sample runs test, sign test and Wilcoxon-signed rank tests (single and paired samples). Two independent sample tests: Median test, Wilcoxon –Mann-Whitney U test, Wald Wolfowitz’s runs test.
Part - C Paper I- Descriptive Statistics and Probability Distributions : Unit –I : Descriptive Statistics: Concept ofprimary and secondary data. Methods of collection and editing of primary data. Designing a questionnaireand a schedule. Sources and editing of secondary data. Classification and tabulation of data. Measures ofcentral tendency (mean, median, mode, geometric mean and harmonic mean) with simple applications.Absolute and relative measures of dispersion (range, quartile deviation, mean deviation and standarddeviation) with simple applications. Importance of moments, central and non-central moments, and theirinterrelationships, Sheppard’s corrections for moments for grouped data. Measures of skewness based on quartilesand moments and kurtosis based on moments with real life examples. Probability: Basic concepts in probability—deterministic and random experiments, trail, outcome, sample space, event, and operations of events, mutuallyexclusive and exhaustive events, and equally likely and favourable outcomes with examples. Mathematical,statistical and axiomatic definitions of probability with merits and demerits. Properties of probability basedon axiomatic definition. Conditional probability and independence of events. Addition and multiplicationtheorems for n events. Boole’s inequality and Bayes’ theorem. Problems on probability using countingmethods and theorems. UNIT-II : Random Variables: Definition of random variable, discrete and continuousrandom variables, functions of random variables, probability mass function and probability density functionwith illustrations. Distribution function and its properties. Transformation of one-dimensional random variable(simple 1-1 functions only). Notion of bivariate random variable, bivariate distribution and statement of itsproperties. Joint, marginal and conditional distributions. Independence of random variables. MathematicalExpectation: Mathematical expectation of a function of a random variable. Raw and central moments andcovariance using mathematical expectation with examples. Addition and multiplication theorems ofexpectation. Definition of moment generating function (m.g.f), cumulant generating function (c.g.f), probabilitygenerating function (p.g.f) and characteristic function (c.f) and statements of their properties with applications.Chebyshev’s , and Cauchy-Schwartz’s inequalities and their applications. Statement and applications ofweak law of large numbers and central limit theorem for identically and independently distributed (i.i.d)random variables with finite variance. UNIT-III : Discrete distributions: Uniform, Bernoulli, Binomial, Poisson,Negative binomial, Geometric and Hyper-geometric(mean and variance only) distributions. Properties of
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these distributions such as m.g.f ,c.g.f., p.g.f., c.f., and moments up to fourth order and their real lifeapplications. Reproductive property wherever exists. Binomial approximation to Hyper-geometric, Poissonapproximation to Binomial and Negative binomial distributions. UNIT – IV : Continuous distributions:Rectangular and Normal distributions. Normal distribution as a limiting case of Binomial and Poissondistributions. Exponential, Gamma, Beta of two kinds (mean and variance only) and Cauchy (definition andc.f. only) distributions. Properties of these distributions such as m.g.f., c.g.f., c.f., and moments up to fourthorder, their real life applications and reproductive productive property wherever exists.
116. ZOOLOGYPart - A Paper : III - Animal Physiology, Genetics & Evolution : UNIT I : 1.0. Physiology of Digestion , 1.1. Definition of
digestion and types of digestion – extra and intracellular. 1.2. Digestion of Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids andcellulose digestion. 1.3. Absorption and assimilation of digested food materials. 1.4. Gastrointestinal hormones-control of digestion. 2.0. Physiology of respiration: 2.1. Types of respiration – external and internal respiration.2.2. Structure of mammalian lungs and gaseous exchange. 2.3. Transport of oxygen – formation of oxyhaemoglobinand affinity of haemoglobin for Oxygen, Oxygen dissociation curves. 2.4. Transport of CO2 – Chloride shift, Bohreffect. 2.5. Cellular respiration – Main steps of glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, electron transport, Oxidative phosporylationand ATP production (Chemosmotic theory). 3.0. Physiology of Circulation : 3.1. Open and closed circulation.3.2.Structure of mammalian heart and its working mechanism- Heartbeat and cardiac cycle. Myogenic and neurogenichearts. 3.3. Regulation of heart rate – Tachycardia and Bradycardia. 4.0. Physiology of Excretion: 4.1. Definitionof excretion. 4.2. Forms of nitrogenous waste material and their formation; classification of animals on the basisof excretory products. 4.3. Gross organization of mammalian excretory system and structure of kidney. 4.4.Structure and function of Nephron – Counter current mechanism. UNIT II : 1.0. Physiology of muscle contraction1.1. General structure and types of muscles.1.2. Ultra structure of skeletal muscle. 1.3. Sliding filament mechanismof muscle contraction. 1.4. Chemical changes during muscle contraction – role of calcium, ATP utilization and itsreplenishment.2.0. Physiology of nerve impulse :2.1. Structure of nerve cell. 2.2. Nature of nerve impulse –resting potential and action potential. Properties of nerve impulse – threshold value, refractory period, all or noneresponse. 2.3. Conduction of nerve impulse along an axon – local circuit theory and saltatory conduction theory.2.4. Structure of synapse, mechanism of synaptic transmission – electrical and chemical transmissions.3.0.Physiology of Endocrine system: 3.1. Relationship between hypothalamus and pituitary gland. 3.2. Hormonesof hypothalamus. 3.3. Hormones of Adenohypophysis and Neurohypophysis. 3.4. Hormones of pineal gland,thyroid gland, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal and pancreas. 3.5. Endocrine control of mammalian reproduction –Male and female hormones – Hormonal control of menstrual cycle in humans. 4.0. Physiology of Homeostasis4.1. Concept of Homeostasis and its basic working mechanism. 4.2. Mechanism of Homeostasis – giving threeillustrations viz., Hormonal control of glucose levels, Water and ionic regulation by freshwater and marine animalsand temperature regulation in man. UNIT III : 1.0. Genetics : 1.1. Mendel’s laws – Law of segregation andindependent assortment; Genetic interactions – Incomplete dominance, codominance and epistasis. 1.2.Identification of DNA as the genetic material –Griffith’s experiment and Hershey – Chase experiment. 1.3. Centraldogma of molecular biology – Brief account of DNA replication (Semi-conservative method), Replication fork(Continous and discontinous synthesis); Transcription– Brief account of initiation, elongation and termination ineukaryotes; Translation; Genetic code; gene regulation asexemplified by lac operon. 1.4. Human karyotyping,barr bodies and Lyon hypothesis and Amniocentesis chromosomal disorders – Autosomal and sex chromosomes2.0. Organic Evolution : 2.1. Genetic basis of Evolution, Gene pool and gene frequencies, Hardy-Weinberg’sLaw, Force of destabilization, natural selection, genetic drift, Mutation, Isolation and Migration. 2.2. Speciation –Allopatry and sympatry. Paper : IV - Applied Zoology :UNIT I : 1.0. Fisheries and Aquaculture 1.1. Capturefisheries – Introduction, 1.2. Types of fisheries, Fishery resources from Freshwater, Brackish water and Marinehabitats. 1.3. Freshwater, Brackish water and Mariculture. 1.4. Site selection criteria. 1.5. Aquaculture systems.1.6. Induced breeding. 1.7. Hatchery design and Management, 1.8. Larval rearing – Nursery ponds, rearing andgrow out ponds , 1.9 Shrimp and prawn culture, 1.10 Preservation and processing – Freezing, solar drying,Canning, salting, smoking. UNIT II: 2.0. Clinical Science: 2.1. Hematology , 2.1.1. Blood composition and functions,2.1.2. Blood groups and transfusion problems, 2.1.3. Blood diseases – Anemia, Leukemia, Leucocytosis,Leucopaenia, 2.1.4. Biopsy and autopsy – clinical importance, 2.2. Immunology , 2.2.1. Types of immunity –Innate and acquired, 2.2.2. Antigens – Haptenes and epitopes and their properties, 2.2.3. Structure and biologicalproperties of human immunoglobulin G (IgG), 2.2.4. Hypersensitivity – immediate and delayed 2.3. ImportantHuman Parasites, 2.3.1. Blood Parasites (Structure and Clinical significance of Plasmodium) 2.3.2. Intestinalparasites – Structure and clinical significance Entamoeba, 2.4 Addition – 2.4.1. Cholesterol and its significancein Cardiovascular problems, 2.4.2. Blood Sugar levels and Diabetes, UNIT III : 3.0. Animal Biotechnology: 3.1.Animal Biotechnology: Scope of Biotechnology, Cloning vectors - Characteristics of vectors, Plasmids. 3.2. GeneCloning –Enzymatic cleavage of DNA, Restriction enzymes (Endonucleases) and Ligation. 3.3.Transgenesis and Production of transgenic animals (Fish and Goat). 3.4. Application of Stem Cell technology incell based therapy (Diabetes and Parkinson’s diseases)
Part - B Paper : II - Biology of Chordates, Embryology, Ecology and Zoogeography. UNIT I : 1.0. Protochordata to Amphibia1.1. Protochordates: Salient features of Urochordata and Cephalochordata Structure and Life - history ofHerdmania, Significance of retrogressive Metamorphosis. 1.2. General organization of Chordates, 1.3. Generalcharacters of Cyclostomes,1.4. General characters of fishes, classification up to sub-class level with examples1.4.1. Type study - Scoliodon : Morphology, respiratory system, circulatory system, excretory system, nervoussystem and sense organs. 1.4.2. Migration in fishes and types of scales, 1.5. General characters and classificationof Amphibia up to order level.1.5.1. Type study - Rana : Morphology, respiratory system, circulatory system andreproductive system. 1.5.2. Parental care in amphibians, UNIT II : 2.0. Reptilia to Mammalia: 2.1. Generalcharacters and classification of Reptilia up to order level. .1.1. Type study – Calotes : Morphology, digestive
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system, respiratory system, circulatory system, urinogenital system and nervous system. 2.2.General charactersand classification of Aves up to order level with examples. 2.2.1. Type study - Pigeon (Columbia livia) :Exoskeleton, respiratory system, circulatory system and excretory system. 2.2.2. Significance of migration inbirds, 2.2.3. Flight adaptation in birds, 2.3. General characters and classification of Mammalia up to orderlevelwith examples. 2.3.1. Dentition in Mammals. UNIT III : 3.0. Embryology: 3.1. Spermatogenesis, Oogenesisand Fertilization. 3.2. Types of eggs , 3.3. Types of cleavages, 3.4. Development of frog up to gastrulation andformation of primary germ layers, 3.5. Foetal membranes and their significance, 3.6. Placenta : types andfunctions 3.7. Regeneration with reference to Turbellarians and Lizards UNIT IV : 4.0. Ecology 4.1.Biogeochemical cycles or nutrient cycles - Gaseous cycles of Nitrogen and Carbon; Sedimentary cycle-phosphorus. 4.2. Definition of Community- Habitat and ecological niche 4.2.1. Community interactions :Brief account on Competition, predation, mutualism,commensalism and parasitism. 4.2.2. Ecologicalsuccession: Primary and secondary, seral stages, climax community with examples, 4.3. Population ecology: Density and dispersions of animal populations 4.3.1. Growth curves and growth of animal populations- r-selected and k-selected species 4.3.2. Population regulation mechanisms – both biotic and abiotic 4.3.3.Growth of human population and its control, 4.3.4. Future of human population, 4.4 Zoogeography (Addition),Fauna of Oriental Realm 2. Fauna of Australian Realm
Part - C Paper : I - Biology of Invertebrates and Cell Biology: 1.0 Protozoa to Annelida : 1.1. Phylum Protozoa:General characters and outline classification up to classes. Type study: Paramecium. 1.2. Phylum Porifera: General characters and outline classification up to classes. Type study: Sycon; Canal system in Sponges.1.3. Phylum Coelenterata: General characters and outline classification up to classes. Type study: Obelia;Polymorphism in Coelenterates; Corals and Coral reef formation. 1.4. Phylum Platyhelminthes: Generalcharacters and outline classification up to classes. Type study: Fasciola hepatica. 1.5. PhylumNemathelminthes: General characters and outline classification up to classes. Type study: Ascarislumbricoides. 1.6. Phylum Annelida: General characters and outline classification up to classes Type study:Leech; Coelom and coelomoducts in Annelids. UNIT II : 2.0. Arthropoda to Hemichordata : 2.1. PhylumArthropoda: General characters and outline classification of up to classes Typestudy: Prawn; Penouy monedon(Type Study) Crustacean larvae; Peripatus- Characters and Significance. 2.2. Phylum Mollusca: Generalcharacters and outline classification of up to classes Type study: Pila; Pearl formation in Molluscs. 2.3.Phylum Echinodermata: General characters and outline classification of up to classes. Type study: Star fish.2.4. General characters of Hemichordata : Structure and affinities of Balanoglossus. UNIT III : 3.0. CellBiology : 3.1. Cell theory : 3.2. Ultra structure of Animal cell : 3.3. Structure of Plasma membrane - Fluid-mosaic model. Transport functions of Plasma membrane- Passive transport, active transport (Antiport,symport and uniport) and bulk transport. 3.4. Structure and functions of Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi body,Ribosomes, lysosomes and Mitochondrion. 3.5.Chromosomes - nomenclature types and structure. Giantchromosomes – Polytene and Lampbrush chromosomes. 3.6. Cell division - Cell-cycle stages (G1, S, G2,and M phases), Cell-cycle check points and regulation. Mitosis; Meiosis - and its significance. UNIT IV : 4.0.Biomolecules of the cell: 4.1. Carbohydrates: 4.1.1. Classification of Carbohydrates, 4.1.2. Structure ofMonosaccharides (Glucose and Fructose) 4.1.3. Structure of Disaccharides (Lactose and Sucrose), 4.1.4.Structure of Polysaccharides (Starch, Glycogen and Chitin) , 4.2. Proteins: 4.2.1. Amino acids: Generalproperties, nomenclature, classification and structure. 4.2.2. Classification of proteins based on functions,chemical nature and nutrition, peptide bond and structure (Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternarystructures) 4.3. Lipids: 4.3.1. Classification. Structure of Fatty acids (Saturated and unsaturated). 4.3.2.Triacylglycerols, Phospolipids (Lecithin and cephalin) and Steroids (Cholesterol). 4.4. Nucleic acids: 4.4.1.Structure of purines, pyrimidines, ribose and deoxyribose sugars. 4.4.2. Watson and Crick model of DNA-Nucleoside, Nucleotide, Chargaff’s rule.Structure of RNA, Types of RNA - rRNA, tRNA and mRNA.
117.GEOINFORMATICSPart - A Geology: Paleontology; Indian Geology; Economic Geology; Petrology; Structural Geology; Physical Geology;
Crystallography and Mineralogy. Geography: Social and Economic Geography; Principles of Physical Geography;Regional Geography of India; Regional Geography of Asia.
Part - B Mathematics: Linear Algebra, Rings & Fields, Analysis and Groups, Differential Equations, Real Numbers,Sequences and series.Computer Science: Programming in C; Data Structures; Systems Software; OS,Loaders, Linkers, Macros & compilers; Windows and Unix; Programming in C++; DBMS; NumericalMethods; Internet Technologies and Webb Commerce; Computer Graphics; Software Engineering Datacommunications & computer Net Works; Visual Basic, programming in Java and HTML. Statistics:Applied Statistics; Statistical methods & Inferences; Probability and Distribution.
Part - C Physics: Electromagnetic & Electronics; Modern Physics, Thermodynamics and Optics; Mechanics, Wavesand Oscillations. Chemistry: Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry. AgricultureForestry
118. COMPUTER SCIENCEPart - A Paper : III - Database Management Systems Unit-1 : Database Systems Introduction and Fundamentals :
Database Systems: Introducing the database and DBMS, Why the database is important, Historical Roots: Filesand File Systems, Problems with File System Data Management, Database Systems.Data Models: The impor-tance of Data models, Data Model Basic Building Blocks, Business Rules, The evaluation of Data Models,Degree of Data Abstraction. The Relational Database Model: A logical view of Data, Keys, Integrity Rules, Rela-tional Set Operators, The Data Dictionary and the system catalog, Relationships with in the Relational Database,Data Redundancy revisited, Indexes, Codd’s relational database rules.(Chapters:1: 1.2 to 1.6,2,3) Unit-2 : DataModeling and Normalization : Entity Relationship Model: The ER Model, Developing ER Diagram, Database
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Design Challenges: Conflicting Goals.Advanced Data Modeling: The Extended Entity Relationship Model,Entity clustering, Entity integrity: Selecting Primary keys, Design Cases: Learning Flexible DatabaseDesign.Normalization of database tables: Database Tables and Normalization, The need for Normalization,The Normalization Process, Improving the design, Surrogate Key Considerations, High level Normal Forms,Normalization and database design, denormalization.(Chapters: 4,6,5) Unit-3 : Interaction with Databasesand Construction of Information System : Introduction to SQL: Data Definition Commands, Data Manipula-tion Commands, Select queries, Advanced Data Definition Commands, Advanced Select queries, VirtualTables, Joining Database Tables. Advanced SQL: Relational Set Operators, SQL Join Operators, Subqueriesand correlated queries, SQL Functions, Oracle Sequences, Updatable Views, and Procedural SQL. Data-base Design: The Information System, The Systems Development Life Cycle, The Database Life Cycle,Database Design Strategies, Centralized Vs Decentralized design. (Chapters: 7,8(8.1 to 8.7),9) Unit-4 :Transaction Management in DBMS Environment. Transaction Management and Concurrency Control: Whatis transaction, Concurrency control, Concurrency control with locking Methods, Concurrency control withtime stamping methods, concurrency control with optimistic methods, database recovery management.Distributed Database Management Systems: The evolution of Distributed Database Management Systems,DDBMS advantages and Disadvantages, Distribution Processing and Distribution Databases, Characteris-tics of Distributed database management systems, DDBMS Components, Levels of Data and Processdistribution, Distributed database Transparency Features, Distributed Transparency, Transaction Transpar-ency, Performance Transparency and Query Optimization, Distributed Database Design, Client Server VSDDBMS. (Chapters: 10, 12) Unit-5 : Data Warehouse Concepts and Database Administration. The DataWarehouse: The need for data analysis, Decision support systems, The data warehouse, Online analyticalprocessing, Star schemas, Data mining, SQL extension for OLAP. Database Administration: Data as aCorporate asset, The need for and role of databases in an organization, The evolution of the databaseadministration function, The database environment’s Human Component, Database administration Tools,The DBA at work: Using Oracle for Database Administration. (Chapter: 13:13.1 to3.5,13.7,13.8,15:15.1,15.2,15.4,15.5,15.6,15.8)
Part - B Paper : II - Object Oriented Programming with Java and Data Structures : Unit – 1: Java Fundamentals :Fundamentals of Object Oriented programming : Object Oriented paradigm – Basic concepts of ObjectOriented Programming – Benefits of OOP – Applications of OOP. Java Evolution : Java Features – How Javadiffers from C and C++ - Java and Internet – Java and World Wide Web – Web Browsers – Hardware andSoftware Requirements – Java Environment. Overview of Java Language: Simple Java Program – JavaProgram Structure – Java Tokens- Java Statements – Implementing a Java Program – Java Virtual Machine– Command Line Arguments. Constants, Variables and Data types: Constants – Variables – Data types –Declaration of Variables-Giving Values to variables- Scope of Variables-Symbolic Constants-Type Casting.(Chapters : 1,2,3,4 ) Unit – 2: Oops Concepts in Java: Operators and Expressions: Arithmetic Operators –Relational Operators- Logical Operators – Assignment Operators – Increment and Decrement Operators –Conditional Operators – Bitwise Operators – Special Operators – Arithmetic Expressions – Evaluation ofExpressions – Precedence of Arithmetic Operators – Operator Precedence and Associativity. Decision Mak-ing and Branching: Decision Making with If statement – Simple If Statement-If else Statement-Nesting If ElseStatement- the ElseIf Ladder-The switch Statement – The ?: operator. Decision Making and Looping: Thewhile statement – The do statement – The for statement – Jumps in Loops. Class , Objects and Methods:Defining a Class – Fields Declaration – Methods Declaration – Creating Objects – Accessing class mem-bers – Constructors – Methods Overloading – Static Members – Nesting of Methods – Inheritance – Overrid-ing Methods – Final Variables and Methods – Final Classes – Abstract Methods and Classes – VisibilityControl. (Chapters : 5,6,7,8 ): Unit – 3: Packages and Interfaces in Java: Arrays, Strings and Vectors: One-dimensional Arrays-creating an Array – Two dimensional Arrays – Strings – Vectors – Wrapper Classes –Enumerated Types. Interfaces: Multiple Inheritance : Defining Interfaces – Extending Interfaces – Implement-ing Interfaces – Accessing Interface Variables. Packages: Java API Packages – Using system Packages –Naming Conventions – Creating Packages – Accessing a Package – Using a Package – Adding a Class toa Package – Hiding Classes – Static Import. (CHAPTERS : 9,10,11 ) UNIT – 4: Multithreaded programming andApplets. Multithreaded Programming: Creating Threads – Extending the Thread Class – Stopping andBlocking a Thread – Life Cycle of a Thread – Using Thread Methods – Thread Exceptions – Thread Priority –Synchronization. Managing Errors and Exceptions: Types of Errors – Exceptions – Syntax of Exception Han-dling Code – Multiple Catch Statements – Using Finally Statement – Throwing our own Exceptions – UsingExceptions for debugging. Applet Programming: How Applets differ from Applications – Preparing to writeApplets – Building Applet Code – Applet Life Cycle – Creating an executable Applet – Designing a WebPage– Applet Tag – Adding Applet to HTML file – Running the Applet – More about Applet Tag – Passing parametersto Applets – Aligning the display – More about HTML tags – Displaying Numerical Values – Getting Input fromthe user. (Chapters : 12, 13, 14 ) Unit – 5: Data Structures: Sorting: Bubble Sort – Selection Sort – InsertionSort – Quick Sort-Stacks and Queues: Stacks – Queues – Circular Queue – Deques - Priority Queue –Parsing Arithmetic Expressions – Linked List: Simple Linked List – Finding and Deleting Specified Links –Double Ended Lists – Abstract Data types – Sorted Lists – Doubly Linked Lists – Advanced Sorting : QuickSort - Binary Trees : Tree Terminology – Finding a Node – Inserting a Node – Traversing the Tree – FindingMaximum and Minimum values – Deleting a Node – Efficiency of Binary Trees – Trees Represented asArrays – Graphs: Introduction to Graphs – Searches – Minimum Spanning Tree – Topological Sorting withDirected Graphs – Connectivity in Directed Graphs. (Chapters : 3,4,5,7 (Only Quick Sort), 8,13)
Part - C Paper : I - PC Software & Programming in ‘C’ : Unit – 1 : Fundamentals of Computers: 1. Computerdefinition – Types of Computer – Logical Organization of a Digital Computer – Memory: Main Memory : RAM,ROM and Cache – Secondary Memory : Magnetic type, Floppy disk, Hard disk, Compact disk – Input devices
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– Output devices – Operating system : Definition, functions of an operating system, Types of Operatingsystems : Brief details of batch processing, Multi Programming, multi tasking, time sharing, real time oper-ating systems - Introduction to DOS, DOS internal commands, DOS External Commands – Introduction toWindows, Desktop, File, Folder, My Computer, My documents, Recycle bin, Internet Explorer, Windows Ex-plorer – Types of Programming Languages. Unit - 2: MS Word and MS Power Point: 2. Word Basics : Startingword, Creating a new document, Opening preexisting document, The parts of a word window, Typing text,Selecting text, Deleting text, Undo, Redo, Repeat, Inserting text, Replacing text, Formatting text, Cut, Copy,Paste – Printing, 3. Formatting Your Text and Documents : Auto format, Line spacing, Margins, Borders andShading. 4. Working with Headers and Footers: Definition of headers and footers, creating basic headersand footers, creating different headers and footers for odd and even pages. 5. Tables : Creating a simpletable, Creating a table using the table menu, Entering and editing text in a table, selecting in table, addingrows, changing row heights, Deleting rows, Inserting columns, Deleting columns, changing column width.6. Graphics : Importing graphics, Clipart, Insert picture, Clip Art Gallery, using word’s drawing features,drawing objects, text in drawing. 7. Templates : Template types, using templates, exploring templates,modifying templates. 8. Macros : Macro, Recording macros, editing macros, running a macro. 9. Mail Merge: Mail Merge concept, Main document, data sources, merging data source and main document. Overview ofword menu options word basic tool bar. 10. Power Point : Basics, Terminology, Getting started, Views 11.Creating Presentations : Using auto content wizard, Using blank presentation option, Using design tem-plate option, Adding slides, Deleting a slide, Importing Images from the outside world, Drawing in powerpoint, Transition and build effects, Deleting a slide, Numbering a slide, Saving presentation, Closing pre-sentation, Printing presentation elements. Unit - 3 : MS Excel and MS Access: MS Access : 12. Creating aSimple Database and Tables: Creating a contacts Databases with the wiz, The Access Table Wizard, Creat-ing Database Tables without the wizard, Field Names, Data Types and Properties, Adding, deleting fields,renaming the fields in a table. 13. Forms: The Form Wizard, Saving Forms, Modifying Form, 14. Entering andEditing Data: Adding Records, Duplicating previous entries without Retyping, Undo, Correcting Entries,Global Replacements, Moving from Record to Record in a table. 15. inding, Sorting and Displaying Data:Queries and Dynasets, Creating and using select queries, Returning to the Query Design, Multilevel Sorts,Finding incomplete matches, Showing All Records after a Query, Saving Queries, Crosstab Queries.16.Printing Reports : Simple table, Form and Database printing, Defining advanced Reports, Manual Reporting,properties in Reports, Saving Reports. 17. Relational Databases: Flat Versus Relational, Types of Relation-ships, Viewing Relationships, Defining and Redefining Relationships, Creating and Deleting Relation-ships. MS Excel 18. Excel Basics: Overview of Excel features, Getting started, Creating a new worksheet,Selecting cells, Entering and editing text, Entering and editing Numbers, entering and editing Formulas,Referencing cells, moving cells, copying cells, sorting cell data, inserting rows, inserting columns, Insertingcells, Deleting parts of a worksheet, clearing parts of a worksheet. 19. Formatting : Page setup, changingcolumn widths and Row heights, auto format, changing font sizes and Attributes, centering text acrosscolumns, using border buttons and Commands, changing colors and shading, hiding rows and columns.20. Introduction to functions: Parts of a functions, Functions Requiring Add-ins, The Function Wizard. Ex-amples functions by category: Data and time functions, Engineering functions, Math and Trig functions,Statistical functions, Text functions. 21. Excel Charts: Chart parts and terminology, Instant charts with thechard wizard, creation of different types of charts, printing charts, deleting charts – Linking in Excel 22. ExcelGraphics: Creating and placing graphic objects, Resizing Graphics, Drawing Lines and Shapes. Unit - 4 :C Language fundamentals : 23. Introduction – ‘C’ Fundamentals : Programming – High Level Languages –compiling programs – Integrated Development Environments – Language Interpreters – Compiling yourfirst program – Running your program – understanding your first program – comments – variables, Datatypes, and Arithmetic Expressions : working with variables – Understanding Data types and constants –working with Arithmetic Expressions – The Assignment operators – The printf function – The scanf function- Decision making : The if statement – the if else construct – Nested if statements – The else if construct –The switch statement – Boolean variables – The conditional operator – program looping : The for statement– Relational operators – Nested for loops – The while statement – The do statement – The break statement– The continue statement – working with Arrays : Defining an array – Initializing Arrays – character Arrays –The const Qualifier – Multidimensional arrays- variable length Arrays. 24. Working with Functions : Defininga Function-Arguments and Local variables – Returning Function Results – Function calling – DeclaringReturn Types and Argument types – Top Down programming – Functions and Arrays – global variables –Automatic and static variables – Recursive Functions. Unit - 5 : Programming in C: 25. Working withstructures : Defining structure – Functions and structures – Initializing structures – Array of structures-structures containing structures – structures containing Arrays – Structure variants – Character strings : Arrayof characters – variable length character strings – Escape characters – character strings, structures andarrays - character operations.: 26. Pointers : Defining a pointer variable – using pointers in Expressions –pointers and structures (Exclude Linked List) – Pointers and Functions – pointers and Arrays – operations onpointers – pointers and Memory address.27. Operations on Bits : Bit operators – Bit fields , 28. The prepro-cessor : The # define statement – The # # operator – The #include statement – conditional compilation. 29.More on Data Types : Enumerated Data Types – The typedef statement – Data Type conversions , 30. Inputand Output Operations in “C” : Character I/O – formatted I/O – Input and Output Operations with Files –Special functions for working with Files.Miscellaneous and Advanced features: The Goto Statement, the nullstatement, working with unions- the comma operator-type qualifiers.
201. COMMERCEPart - A FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING : Need and scope of accounting - Book keeping and Accounting - Branches of
Accounting. Accounting cycle-Accounting equation-classification of accounts-rules of double entry book
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keeping. Subsidiary Books Bank Reconciliation Statement. Trial Balance Profit & Loss Accounting andBalance Sheet. Errors - Rectification - Suspense Account. Effect of Errors on Profit. Rectification of errorsusing computers. Depreciation - Provisions and Reserves. Consignment and joint Ventures. COST &MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING : Cost Accounting: definitions, features, objectives, functions, scope, advantagesand limitations. Management Accounting: definitions, features, objectives, functions, scope, advantagesand limitations. Relationship between cost, management and financial accounting. Cost concepts-Costclassification -preparation of cost sheet. Relationship of costing department with other departments. MaterialCost: direct and indirect material cost, Inventory control techniques-stock levels, EOQ,ABC analysis. Issue ofmaterials to production- pricing methods-FIFO, LIFO with base stock, average methods. Labor cost: directand indirect labor cost- methods of payment of wages including incentive plans –Halsey and Rowan plans,Tailors Piece Rate method. Overheads: features, classification, methods of allocation and apportionment ofoverheads. Methods of Costing - Single or Output Costing, job and contract costing : Features, costingprocess- computation of cost. Process Costing: features, treatment of normal and abnormal losses,preparation of process cost accounts Marginal Costing-Break Even Analysis-Cost Analysis for short termand long term decisions. Budget Standard Costing-Material and labour Variances Financial statements-features, limitations. Need for, Meaning, objectives, and process of financial statement analysis-Methodsand techniques of analysis (Theory Only) Fundsflow Analysis and Cashflow Analysis (as per AS-3 ) RatioAnalysis. Calculation of liquidity, solvency, profitability and turnover ratios- Interpretation of ratios , AUDITING:Introduction to Auditing - Auditing: Meaning-Definition-Evolution-Objectives-Importance. Types of audit: Basedon ownership (Proprietorship, Partnership, Companies, Trusts, Cooperative Societies, GovernmentDepartments) -Based on time (Interim, Final, Continuous, Balance Sheet)- Based on objectives (Independent,Financial, Internal, Cost, Tax, Government, Secretarial). Planning of Audit and Control - Auditor: Qualificationsand disqualifications – Qualities - Appointment and Reappointment – Remuneration – Removal – Rights –Duties – Liabilities. Audit planning: - Engagement letter - Audit programme -Audit note book -Audit papers -Audit work book - Audit contents - Audit markings - Internal check- Internal control –(Sales-Purchases-Fixedassets-Cash-Bank-Pay Roll) - Accounting controls and Sampling in audit. Vouching and Audit of FinancialStatements - Vouching: Meaning- Vouching of cash and trading transactions –Investigation, Verification andValuation of assets and liabilities- Differences between vouching, investigation, verification and valuation.Audit of Financial Statements: Receipts – Payments – Sales – Purchases -Fixed assets – Investments -Personal ledger – Inventories - Capital and Reserves - Other assets - Other liabilities. Audit of institutions -Partnership - Manufacturing and Other Companies -Non-trading concerns. Audit Report: Contents - Preparationof audit report – Fair report - Qualified report. Report Writing - Business Correspondence and Report writing:Basic principles – Business letters. Business reports: Structure – Preparation of Routine reports andspecial reports.
Part - B (i) Business Organization and Management: Concepts of business, trade, industry and commerce-Business – features of business, Trade – Classification- Aids to Trade – Industry- Classification – Commerce-Relationship between trade, industry and commerce- Business Organization-Concept- – Functions ofBusiness. Entrepreneur – Meaning-Characteristics of Entrepreneurs – Types of Entrepreneurs – Functionsof an entrepreneur - Steps to start Enterprise– Sources of finance –Long Term-Short Term Forms ofOrganization, Sole Proprietorship, Partnership and Joint Hindu Family: Business Organization – Forms ofBusiness Organization – Classification – Factors influencing the choice of suitable form of organization.Sole Proprietorship -Meaning –Characteristics – Advantages and disadvantages – suitability. Partnership –Meaning –Characteristics –Kinds of partners- Registration of partnership – Partnership deed – Rights andobligations of partners - Joint Hindu Family Business – Characteristics – Advantages and limitations. Labwork: The students are expected to go through partnership deed and prepare a simple partnership deed.Joint Stock Company – Meaning – Characteristics –Advantages - Kinds of Companies – Difference betweenprivate and public companies –Promotion of A Company: Promotion –Stages-Promoters –Characteristics –Registration –Capital subscription – Commencement of Business – Preparation of Important documents –Memorandum of Association – Significance – Clauses – – Articles of Association – Contents –– Prospectus– Contents – Statement in lieu of Prospectus. Management, Planning and Decision Making Management-Meaning – Significance- Management Vs Administration – Functions of management – Levels of Management– Skills of management –Leadership-Leader Vs Manager-Traits of successful Leaders- ScientificManagement – features- Fayol’s Principles of Management . Planning – Meaning – Significance –Types ofPlans – Decision making – Steps in Process Decision making process Organizing – meaning - Organization– Features – the process of organization – principles of organization- Elements of organizations –organizationchart Delegation of authority – meaning - Elements – Principles – Types – Difficulties in delegation –Guidelines for making delegation effective Centralization – Decentralization –Meaning – Differences betweendelegating and decentralization, (ii) Financial Services - Banking & Insurance : Meaning of Financial Services,Structure of Indian Financial System Importance of Financial system for the economic development. Functionsof Commercial Banks and Reserve Bank of India. Meaning of Insurance and reinsurance, Principles ofInsurance, kinds of Insurance, advantages of insurance, globalization of insurance and insurance sectorreforms in India. Banking Systems – Branch banking, Unit Banking, Correspondent banking, Group banking,Deposit banking, Mixed banking and Investment banking. An overview of banking; Banking Sector Reformswith special reference to Prudential Norms: capital adequacy norms, income recognition norms, classificationof assets and NPAs; Innovations in Banking-ATMs, E-Banking, Credit cards, Online & Offshore Banking, etc.Regional Rural banks, Cooperative banks, Micro Finance, Priority Sector Lending, Indigenous banking, Roleof NABARD, Development Financial institutions – SFC,SIDBI. Banker and customer definition and theirrelationship, types of customers and modes of operations, procedure and precaution for opening an account,pass book & its features, Rights, duties and obligations of the banker. Promissory Note and Bills of Exchangeand Cheque, differences between them, types of crossing the cheque, payment of cheque and consequences
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of wrongful dishonor, collection of local and upcountry cheques, responsibilities and liabilities of collectingbanker and statutory protection to the collecting banker. Types of loans and advances, principles of soundlending policies, credit appraisals of various forms of loans and advances- modes of creating charges- lien,pledge ,mortgage and hypothecation. Indian Money Market- Characteristics, Structure, composition (call andnotice money, market, treasury bills market, CDs, CPs, short term bill market, MMMFs and DFHI) problemsand reforms in Indian money markets Indian capital market-composition and growth of primary and secondarymarkets, differences between primary and secondary markets, capital market reforms and NBFCs incapital markets; Stock Exchanges, NSE, OTCEI, Online Trading and role of SEBI. Financial intermediariesand services : Merchant bankers, Mutual funds, Leasing companies, Venture Capital Funds, Forfaiting, LoanSyndication, Factoring, Custodial Services, Depository Services, and Depository Participants. Life Insurance– Practical aspects of Life Insurance, procedure for issuing a life insurance policy, issue of duplicate policies,nomination, surrender value, policy loans, assignment, revivals and claim settlement. Non Life Insurance-Types of products and scope of Fire Insurance, Marine Insurance, Health Insurance, Social Insurance andRural Insurance. Regulation of Insurance in India- Insurance Act,1938 and IRDA 1999. (iii) Business Law:Contract Act : Agreement and Contract: Definition and meaning - Essentials of a valid contract – types ofcontracts. Offer and Acceptance: Definition – Essentials of a valid offer and acceptance – communicationand revocation of offer and acceptance. Consideration: Definition and importance – Essentials of validconsideration – the Doctrines of ‘Stranger to Contract’ and ‘No Consideration – No Contract’ – Capacity tocontract – special rules regarding minor’s agreements. Consent: Free Consent – Flaw in Consent: Coercion– Undue influence – Fraud – Misrepresentation and Mistake. Discharge of a Contract: Legality of object andconsideration:– illegal and immoral agreements – agreements opposed to public policy. Agreementsexpressly declared to be void – wagering agreements and contingent contracts. Discharge of a contract –various modes of discharge of a contract – performance of contracts. Breach of a contract – types – remediesfor breach of a contract Sale of Goods Act: Contract of sale: Definition - features – definition of the term goods– types of goods – rules of transfer of property in goods – differences between sale and agreement to sell.Rights of an unpaid seller. Conditions and warranties – meaning and distinction – express and impliedconditions and warranties – sale by non-owners – auction sale. Consumer Protection Act and IntellectualProperty Rights Definitions of the terms consumer, unfair trade practices, restrictive trade practices andcomplainant – rights of consumers – consumer protection councils – consumer redressal agencies –penalties for violation. Intellectual Property Rights: Meaning - Need and objectives-Meaning of the termsindustrial property, literary property, copy right, patents, trade marks, trade names, trade secrets, industrialdesigns, geographical indications. Information Technology Act, 2000: aims and objectives – a brief overviewof the Act. Company Law : Doctrine of ultra vires and its effects – doctrine of constructive notice – doctrine ofindoor management – exceptions. Management of companies – directors – qualifications – disqualifications– appointment – removal – rights and duties – company meetings and resolutions - appointment of acompany secretary. Winding up of companies – various modes – compulsory winding up- powers andduties of official liquidator – members and creditors voluntary winding up – winding up subject to thesupervision of the court –dissolution.
Part - C English vocabulary, English reading comprehension, numerical ability & data analysis.
202. ECONOMICSPart - A Paper : III : INDIAN ECONOMY : Module 1: CONCEPTS OF DEVELOPMENT: Meaning of Economic growth and
development – Measures of Economic Development – GNP, PCL, PQLI and HDI, Factors influencing Economicdevelopment-Sustainable development-Balanced and Unbalanced growth – Choice of Techniques, Labourintensive and capital intensive methods. Module 2: STRUCTURE OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY : Basic features- Natural Resources –Land, Water and Forest resources, Basic demographic features – Size and growth ofthe population – Age and Sex composition, Rural and Urban population – Occupational distribution –Population policy, National income in India – Trends and Composition – Poverty, Inequalities andunemployment Causes and consequences – Current Five Year Plan – Objectives, Mobilization and Allocationof Resources – New Economic Reforms – Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization in India – InclusiveGrowth.Module 3: INDIAN AGRICULTURE: Nature and importance, Trends in agricultural Production andProductivity: factors determining productivity. Rural Credit – Micro Finance and Self Help Groups (SHGs)Agricultural price policy, Crop insurance, Agricultural Infrastructure and food security. Agricultural Marketingin India, Land reforms in India, Provision of Agricultural credit to the tenants. : Module 4: INIDAN INDUSTRYAND SERVICES: Structure and Growth of Indian Industry-Industrial policies of 1956 and 1991, Growth andproblems of Small Scale industry. Foreign Exchanges Management Act (FRMA) : Disinvestment policy inIndia – Foreign Direct Investment – Growing importance of Service Sector in India – Banking, Insurance,information Technology, Education and Health. Module 5 : ANDHRA PRADESH STATE ECONOMY: GSDP-Sectoral Contribution and Trends ; Human Resources – Population Trends, Regional Differentials –Demographic Dividend, Agricultural Sector – Land use and Cropping pattern – Impact of land reforms in A.P. Income and employment in Agricultural Sector. Industrial sector, SEZs; Service Sector- Growth of incomeand employment in the service, Information Technology (IT).
Part - B Paper : II : MACRO ECONOMICS : Module 1: NATIONAL INCOME : Meaning, Definition and importance ofMacro Economics – National Income: Meaning, Definitions: National Income, GNP & NDP, Personal Income(PI), Disposable Income (Di), Per Capita Income (PCI), Real National Income (RNI) - Methods of Estimationof National Income (NI) - Measurement of National Income in India. Module 2: THEORIES OF EMPLOYMENT: Classical theory of employment – Say’s law of markers – Keynesian theory of employment – Consumptionfunction – APC, MPC, factors influencing consumption function-Investment function- MEC and Rate of Interestand the concept of Multiplier-Accelerator –Applicability of the Keynesian theory to the developing countries.Module 3: MONEY AND THEORIES OF MONEY: Meaning, functions and classification of Money-Gresham’s
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Law – R.B.I Classification of Money, - M1, M2, M3, M4 Theories of Money – Fisher’s quantity theory of Money,Cambridge approach (Marshall, Pigou, Robertson and Keynes). Module 4: TRADE CYCLES AND INFLATION:Trade cycles- Meaning and definition – Phases of a trade cycle- Inflation-Definition – Types of Inflation –Causes and effects of inflation- Measures to control inflation. Module 5: BANKING, STOCK MARKET ANDINSURANCE: Functions of commercial banks – The process of credit creation – Concept of Non BankingFinancial Companies (NBFCs) – Concept of SEBI, Stock Market- Meaning , functions and importance ofStock Market – Primary and Secondary Markets, Concepts of Debentures, Insurance – Types of Insurance– Life Insurance and General Insurance – Functions of the Reserve bank of India- Methods of credit control– Quantities and Qualitative Methods.
Part - C Paper : I : MICRO ECONOMICS : Module 1: INTRODUCTION : Nature, Definition and scope of Economics,-Methodology in Economics – Micro and Macro, Static and Dynamic, Normative and Positive- Indicative andDeductive Analysis – Partial and General Equilibrium – Choice as an economic problem. Module 2:CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR: Utility Analysis – Cardinal and ordinal approaches – Law of Diminishing marginalutility, Law of Equi-marginal utility, Indifference curves – Properties of indifference curves – Price (Budget)line- Equilibrium of the consumer with the help of indifference curves. Demand Analysis – Law of demand– Elasticity of Demand – Price, Income and cross elasticity’s, Demand forecasting – Meaning and factorsinfluencing demand forecasting – Consumer Surplus – Engel curve. Module 3: THEORY OF PRODUCTIONAND COSTS: Objectives of a firm – Production function – Concept of Cobb – Douglas production function –Isoquant- Factor substitution – Law of variable proportions, law of Returns of Scale – Expansion path-Different Concepts – Of Revenue and Costs and their interrelation – Equilibrium of the firm – Break – Evenanalysis. Module 4: MARKET STRUCTURE: Market forms – Perfect and Imperfect markets. Price Determinationand Equilibrium of a firm and industry under perfect competition – Monopoly – Price determination undermonopoly – Price discrimination – Monopolistic competition – Price determination. Oligopoly (Kinky demandcurve). Module 5: FACTOR PRICING: Marginal productivity theory of distribution – Theories of wagedetermination-Wages and collective bargaining: Minimum Wage _ Rent- Scarcity rent, Differential rent –Quasi rent. Interest – Classical, Neo-classical and Keynesian theories – Profit – Dynamic, Innovations, Riskand Uncertainty theories.
203. ADULT & CONTINUING EDUCATIONPart - A Paper II - Indian History and Culture (of B.A.History) from 1526 to 1964 AD; Paper III - Regional Geography
of India (of B.A. Geography)Part - B Paper III - Political thought (of B.A. Politics) Paper I - Economic Theory (of B.A. Economics)Part - C Educational Philosophy: Meaning of Education - Aims of Education - Types of Education - Great Educators:
Plato, Gandhiji, Tagore, Vivekananda, Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Froebel, Montessorri, John Dewey,Constitutional Provisions. Educational Psychology: Nature and Functions of Educational Psychology -Individual and Needs - Learning process - Laws and theories of learning - mental hygiene - Intelligencetests - Personality test. Educational Trends: Democracy and Education-socialism and Education -Universalisation of elementary Education (UEE)-Operation Black Board (OBB) - Andhra Pradesh PrimaryEducation Project (APPEP) - District Primary Education Project (DPEP) - (EGS) - Barefoot Teachers -Sarvasiksha Abiyan - Child Centred Approach - Activity based teaching - Joyful learing - CommunityParticipation - Community Mobilization.
204. ENGLISHPart - A Literary terms, genres , Literary Movements and Trends, Critical concepts.Part - B Verb, Verb patterns and structures, phrasal verbs, Concord, Active and Passive Voice, Prepositions, question
tags, Articles, Synonyms and antonyms, one word substitutes, Note taking, confusables.Part - C Comprehension - unknown poem and passage, Letter Writing, Idioms and phrases.
205. FINE ARTS1. Theory : General Knowledge in History of Arts (30 minutes - 50 marks)2. Practical : (a) Painting (90 minutes - 50 marks); (b) Drawing(90 minutes - 50 marks); (c) Sculpture (90 minutes - 50 marks)Note : The Department of Fine Arts will provide only Paper for drawing & painting and clay for sculpturetests. Candidates are instructed to bring their own pencils, erasers, water colours, brushes, tumbler,drawing board/pad and some instruments to work with clay. Practical Tests will be conducted on the sameday after the theory examination.
206. HINDIPart - A History of Hindi Literature-General trends of Old, Medieval and Modern periodsPart - B 1. Hindi Gadya Sanchayan:- (i)Atma Nirbharata (ii) Mitrata (iii) Padosi (iv) Bharat Ekhai (v) Samay per
Milnevale. 2.Hindi Katha Setu:-(i) Dipti Collecteri (ii) Sakh (iii) Chief Ki dawat (iv) Kafan (v) Rasapriya. 3. HindiKavya Kusum:- (i) Kabir Sakhis - (from 1-10) (ii) Surdas (Bala Leela only) (iii) Rahim (1-10 dohas) (iv)Mithilishanan Gupta - Mathru Bhoomi (v) Sumitra-nandam Pant - Sukh-Dukh (vi) Harivamsh Rai Bachhan -Madhushala (vii) Girijakumar Mathur - Itihas, Vikrut Satya (viii) Dharma Veer Bharati - Thake Huae Kalakar Se.
Part - C Translation of sentences - Change of Number - Tense - gender - Correction of Sentences - usage of 'Nae','Mat', 'Chahiye', Ka, Ke,Ki, Construction of Sentences, in Hindi. Phrases - their meanings.
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207. HISTORYPart - A Paper : III : History of Modern Europe (1789-1960 AD) : 1. Introduction: Brief outlines of Renaissance,
Reformation, Geographical Discoveries, Rise of Nation States. 2. French Revolution: Causes-course-Constitutional Assembly-National Convention – Directory – Effects of the revolution. 3. Emergence of NapoleonBonaparte – Expansion – consolidation and downfall. 4. Vienna Congress – Concert of Europe – Matternich– Revolutions of 1830-1849. 5. The Industrial Revolution – its effects. 6. Second Republic in France-NapoleonIII – Paris commune – The rise of III French Republic. 7. National Movements: Unification of Italy – Unificationof Germany. 8. Liberalism and Democracy in Britain. 9. The Eastern Question – Crimean War – BerlinCongress. 10 Revolution in Turkey – Balkan Wars. 11. Scramble for African and Asian colonies – Theoriesand mechanisms of imperialism. 12. Power blocks in Europe – Imperial Rivalry – causes and system. 13.First world war – causes and effects – Treaty of Versailles. 14. Russian Revolution 1917 – Causes andSignificance. 15. World under economic crisis – Great Depression and recovery. 16. Rise of Fascism andNazism. 17. League of Nations – Achievements and failures. 18. Second World War – causes, course andeffects. 19. Post Second War developments – U.N.O. – Cold war – Rise of Third Block.
Part - B Paper : II : History of India (1526 – 1964 AD) : Later Medieval India: 1. A Survey of sources – Moghul andModern periods. 2. Advent of Moghuls – Second Afghan empire. 3. Administration – Economic andTechnological Developments. 4. Consolidation, Expansion and Diplomacy under Moghul empire upto 1707.5. Moghul Administration and institutions: Administrative structure – Land revenue – Munsabdari and Jagirdarisystems. 6. General conditions under Moghul rule. (a) Social conditions: Ulemas- Nobility-Zamindars-Peasantry-Artisans-Slaves and Status of women. (b) Economic Conditions: Agriculture, Trade andCommerce. 7. Religious policies of Akbar and Aurangazeb – Revivalist movements and composite culture(with special reference to Marathas and Sikhs). 8. Decline and disintegration of Moghul empire. 9. Study ofArt, Architecture, Literature, Education and Fine Arts (1526 – 1761 AD). 10. Rise, growth and decline ofMarathas – Administration of Sivaji. 11. Advent of European Powers, Portugese, French and English. 12.Expansion and consolidation of British empire. (1) Ideologies of expansion: Mercantilism, Orientalism;Utilitarianism and Evanogelicalism. (2) Tools of expansion; war and Diplomacy – Carnatic, Bengal, Mysore,Marathas Rohillas, Awadh, Central India and Punjab – Subsidiary Alliance and Doctrine of Lapse. (3) Growthof Colonial administrative apparatus, ideological influences; Central, Provincial, District and Judicialadministration. 13. Economic changes: (a) Land revenue settlements; Permanent settlement, ryotwari andmahalwari: condition of peasants; rural indebtedness and recurrent famines. (b) Nature of colonial Economy;Commercialization of Agriculture and its effects. Decline of cottage industries – Causes for poverty in India.14. Social changes. (a) Spread of Western Education. (b) Rise of professional classes and the emergingintelligentsia. (c) Growth of the Press; English and in Indian Languages. (d) Indian renaissance. (e) Socio-Religious movements. (f) Status of Women. 15. Popular resistance to Company rule. (a) Peasant and Tribalmovements (a brief survey) (b) Revolt of 1857. Causes, nature and results. 16. National Movement. (a)Emergence of Indian national movement – Indian National Congress – Moderates, Extremists andRevolutionaries. (b) Constitutional Development upto 1919. (c) Impact of First World War. (d) Rise of Gandhi– Nature of Gandhian Movements. (e) Revolutionary left – wing Movements – Peasants and workers’movements – Depressed class movements. (f) Govt. of India Act of 1935. (g) Indian polity (1939-1945) – QuitIndia Movement. (h) Subhas Chandra Bose and Indian National Army (i) Emergence of communal trends –communal politics and partition. 17. India 1947-1964 (a) Integration of the Indian States. (b) Making of theconstitution. (c) Foreign policy.
Part - C Paper : I: Paper-I: History of India upto 1200 AD : 1. Survey of the sources, influence of Geography on IndianHistory. 2. Pre historic, Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic culture. 3. Harappan civilization – Origin, extent,urban planning – Nature of Polity and economic organization. 4. Vedic civilization – Early Vedic and LaterVedic civilizations. 5. Post Vedic Period – Social development – Varna, Jati, Property relations 16 Sanskarasand 4 Purusharthas. 6. Rise of new Religious Movements – Jainism and Buddhism in 6th century B.C. 7. 16Mahajanapadas – Rise and expansion of Magadha. Rise of Republic - Monarchies. 8. Alexander’s invasionand its effects. 9. The Mauryan empire – Ashoka’s dharma its nature and propagation, Mauryan administrationState, Economy, Art and Architecture. 10. Post – Mauryan period, Socio –Cultural developments specialreference to Satavahanas and Kushans. 11. Sangam Age, Literature, Society and Culture. 12. Developmentsin Gupta period Administrative system – Society – Economy. Art, Architecture, Literature, Philosophy, Scienceand Technology. 13. Post Gupta Period in North India upto 647 AD. 14. Chalukyan period – Vatapi Chalukyas– Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi – Rastrakutas – Development of Society, Economy and Culture – ReligiousMovements. 15. Pallavas and their contribution to Society and Culture – Art and Architecture. 16. Cholas,Administration, Art and Culture – India’s Cultural contacts with South, East Asia and Srilanka.
208. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENTPart - A Paper : III : Industrial Relations and Industrial Law : 1. Concept of industrial relations, Dunlop’s model of
industrial relations. – Evolution of industrial relations in India. 2. a. Legislation on working conditions andEmployment: Relevant areas of the Indian legislation on: Factories Act 1948, Contract Labour Act, IndustrialEmployment Standing Orders Act. b. Grievance Management: Grievance handling, model grievance procedure,section 9C, of chapter II B of ID Act 1947 – Employee counseling. 1. Industrial conflicts causes, manifestationsand effects. 2. Employers and Employees associations and Industrial Relations: a) Trade Unionism –Concept, profile, functioning, problems and measures to improve functioning of trade unions. – the TradeUnions Act 1926 (Sections on objectives, registration and functioning of unions) – recognition of bargainingagent. b) Managerial and Employers Associations in India – Role in Industrial relations. c) Workers participationin management, Works Committee (ID Act), other schemes for participation. 3. a) Prevention and settlementof disputes – Study of relevant sections of Industrial Disputes Act 1947 b) Collective bargaining – Conciliation
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process, role an obligations of unions, management and government,. Levels of CB Settlements, Nationaljoint consultation models in steel, banking, ports and docks. c) Arbitration and adjudication. 4. Employeediscipline – Causes and consequences of indiscipline-Disciplinary procedure-Industrial Employment sandingOrders Act 1946 and supreme Court directions. 5. Industrial disputes Act 1947:Objectives of the Act, Scopeand applications, Definitions, sections on: Authorities under the Act, Notice of change, Strikes, lockouts,layoff, retrenchment, closure. 6. State of unionism, Industrial Relations and Collective bargaining. Paper : IV(I) Employee Welfare, Social Security and Legislation, (II) Information Technology & Human ResourceManagement, (III) Labour Legislation & Rules in Andhra Pradesh.
Part - B Paper : II : 1. Human Resource Management: Meaning of HRM – Evolution of HRM-Role of HRM in theOrganization – Personnel Management and HRM Functions of HRM (Managerial & Substantive) – HR scenarioin India – Role of HR Practitioner – Contemporary challenge in HRM. 2. Human Resource Planning –meaning: Evolution – Need and objective of HRP – Process of HRP – Human Resource Planning in India. 3.Recruitment an Selection: Need – Objectives – Sources of Recruitment – (Internal and External)-e-Recruitment– Outsourcing – Selection Methods – Tests, Group Discussions, Interviews – Legal and constitutionalframework relating to recruitment. 4. Induction, Training and Development: Definitions – Introduction to theCompany and Workplace – Methods of training – On the Job Training an Off –Job Training – Human ResourceDevelopment. 5. Employee Compensation: Influencing factors –Fixation of Wages and Salary – FringeBenefits – Employee Welfare – Wage Legislation and Pay Commissions. 6. Employee Separation:Redundancy – Outplacement – Downsizing – Voluntary Leavers – Retirement. 7. Performance Management:Definition – Importance – Methods of performance Appraisal – use of 360 degree feedback. 8. InternationalHRM – Definition – International HRM Models – Issues. 9. Strategic HRM – Meaning – Aims – Approaches.10. Talent Management: Definition – Elements of talent management – creating a great place to work –Attraction Strategies – Retention Strategies – Talent management in practice. 11. Knowledge Management– Definition – Purpose and Significance – Role of HR in knowledge Management. Business Ethics andCorporate Social responsibility.
Part - C Paper : I : GENERAL MANAGEMENT & ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR : Business- Management – Introductionto management: definition – Description of management functions- Nature, Role and principles ofmanagement approaches, application and limitations – Scientific Management, Behavioral approach, Humanrelations movement, Management science approach, systems approach to management process. Functionsof Managers Management and Society, Challenges of management, Social responsibilities and ethics –International Management and Multinational Corporations. The process of management: Planning –Management by Objectives (MBO), Decision Making – steps in decision making. Strategic planning.Organizing, nature, Enterpreneuring and Reengineering – Organization structure – Empowerment andDecentralization. Direction: Motivation, Communication and leadership, Control mechanism Organizationalclimate, Culture and Managing Change through Manger and Organization Development. OrganizationBehavior- Models of Organization behavior, Individual and Interpersonal behavior Informal and formal Groups– Teams and Team Building- Organizational Conflict – Management of conflict and Organizationalperformance. Change and its effect, managing Change, Stress and Counseling – Organizational Behavioracross Cultures.
209. HUMAN RIGHTS & DUTIESPart - A Social and Philosophical conceptions of individual property, freedom, justice and rights; Slavery, feudalism,
capitalism, socialism and globalisation; Law, society, custom, social justice; Indian constitution and HumanRights. Indian society : Ethnic and social diversity; Religion, caste and tribe; Villages : Social and Economiccivilisation; Cities, migration, urbanization and slums.
Part - B Problems of poverty and unemployment; Social inequalities in India: Role of class, caste, race, culture,gender and age; concept of weaker sections : SC's, Backward classes, ST's and minorities; protectivediscrimination and state intervention through law and administration.
Part - C Problem of women, aged, children, tenants, agri-cultural workers and industrial workers; Problems ofEcological imbalance and environment; Deforestation, tribal and alienation, Development & Environment,Social Action and Social movements.
210. JOURNALISM & MASS COMMUNICATIONPart - A General Knowledge : Mass Media related events-Origin and growth of different media i.e., Press-Radio-
Television-Cinema-Advertising-Popular authors and Books.Part - B Current Affairs : Regional - National -International significant events and issues.Part - C Language efficiency and skills
211. M.L.I.Sc.Part - A Different types of libraries and their uses, Newspapers & Periodicals, Books - Their subjects and authors;
Popular technical terms in various fields, abbreviations etc., Basics of Computer components - History -Basics of internet.
Part - B National and International awards; famous persons and their fields of activities; Sports and Games; Inventions,discoveries and explorations.
Part - C International and National events; Geographical names Cities, Countries, Rivers, Mountains, Parks etc.;Current Social, Political & Economic affairs.
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212. M.Ed.Part - A Teacher and Education in Emerging Indian Society; School ManagementPart - B Educational Psychology and StatisticsPart - C Education Technology & Computer Education.
213. PHILOSOPHYPart - A Paper III -LOGIC, SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONS : (i) Traditional Logic : 1. The definition,
nature, scope and uses of Logic – The distinction between truth and validity.’ 2. The Laws of Thought. 3.Propositions: Nature and definition of propositions – Traditional Classification of propositions. 4. Syllogism: Categorical, Hypothetical and Disjunctive – Rules and Fallacies – Figures and Moods. (ii) Modern Logic 1.Modern Classification of propositions – Simple, Compound and general 2. The distinction between traditionallogic and symbolic logic – The advantages of Symbolic logic over that of traditional logic. 3. Basic Truth –Tables (Negation, Conjunction, Implication and Disjunction): their construction and use – Tautology,Contradiction and Contingent. (iii) Scientific Method 1. The definition of Science – Its reliance on inductivemethod – Observation, Hypothesis, Verification and Proof – The place of analogy in scientific investigation. 2.The Methodology in Experimental Sciences – Mill’s Experimental Methods. 3. Methodology in Social Sciences: Method of Correlation, Method of Case history, Method of Questionnaire, Method of Field Investigation.ETHICS : 1. Definition, Nature and Scope of Ethics. 2. Basic Moral Concepts : Good, Right, Ought, Duty,Obligation, Justice and Freedom. 3. Ethical Theories. I : Western (a) Hedonism : J.S. Mill and J. Bentham.(b) Intuitionism : G.E. Moore (c) Formalism : Immanuel Kant (d) Emotivism : R.L. Stevenson and A.J. Ayer. II –Indian : (e) Bhagavad Gita : Niskamakarma (f) Buddhism : The Eight Fold path (g) Jainism : Mahavratas andAnurvatas. 4. Theories of Punishment: (a) Retributive, Deterrent and Reformative. (b) Views of Manu onpunishment. 5. Medical Ethics : Views of Caraka, Susruta and Hippocrates – Moral Responsibility of MedicalPractioners.
Part - B Paper II - WESTERN PHILOSOPHY : (ii) CLASSICAL : 1. The problems of substance and change in pre-Socratic Philosophy- The Age of Sophists - Socrates : his problem and method. 2. Plato : Doctrine of Ideas– Concept of Soul – Concept of State. 3. Aristotle : Criticism of Plato’s doctrine of Ideas – His theory ofCausation. (ii) MODERN 4. Rationalism: (a) Descartes : His method (cogito ergo sum) – “Body – Mindproblem” – Proofs for the existence of God. (b) Spinoza : Concept of substance – “Body - Mind Relation”. (c)Leibnitz: Pre-established harmony – doctrine of Monodology. 5. Empiricism : (a) John Locke : Refutation ofthe doctrine of Innate Ideas – Origin, validity and limits of knowledge. (b) Berkeley : Subjective idealism. (c)David Hume : His conception of substance and theory of Causation. German Idealism and Marxian Materialism:Kant’s transcendental idealism – Hegel’s Dialectical idealism- Karl Marx’s dialectical materialism.
Part - C Paper I - INDIAN PHILOSOPHY : 1. Introduction : Definition of Philosophy – Branches of Philosophy – TheNature and Characteristics of Indian Philosophy, 2. Philosophical Speculations of Vedas and Upanishads –Polytheism, Henotheism, Monotheism, and Monism – The Concepts of Rta, Brahman and Atman. 3. TheCentral doctrines of Heterodox Systems: (a) Carvaka School : Epistemology and Metaphysics (b) Jainism :Nature and destiny of jiva, Syadvada (c) Buddhism : Four Noble Truths, Nairatma–Vada, PratityaSamutpadavada 4. Central doctrines of Orthodox Systems: (a) Nyaya – Vaisesika : Pramanas – Categories– Theory of Causation – Atomism – God, soul and its destiny. (b) Sankhya-Yoga : Prakrti and Purusa –Satkaryavada – Theory of Evolution – Eight Limbs of Yoga – Idea of God. (c) Mimamsa : Karma, Dharma andApurva. (d) Vedanta (i) Advaita : Nirguna Brahman – Relation between Brahman and Atman – Mayavada -Moksa. (ii) Visistadvaita : Saguna Brahman – Relation between Brahman, Atman and World – Bhakti andPrapatti as means to moksa. (iii) Dwaita : Nature of Reality – Panchabheda – Nature and Classification ofJivas – Bhakti as a means to Moksa. ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY : 1. Growth and Development of IslamicThought. 2. Life and Ministry of Prophet Mohammed. 3. Two Schools of Kalam, Mutazilism and Asharism. (e)Divine Unity and Attributes. (f) Determinism and Indeterminism. (g) Reason and Revelation. 4. Al-Kindi, Al-Farabi, Ibn-Sina and Ibn Rushd. (a) Theories of Creation. (b) The Doctrine of Intellect. (c) Problem ofreconciliation between Religion and Philosophy. 5. Al-Ghazzali. (a) Reaction against Philosophers. (b)Importance of Personal Experience. (c) Al-Ghazzali as a mystic.
214. POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONPart - A INDIAN GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS : 1. Salient Features of Indian Constitution a Comparative Perspective
with the Constitutions of UK, USA and Switzerland. 2. Evolution of Indian Constitution - Nationalist Movementand Philosophical Foundations. 3. Indian Federation - Centre-State Relations - Recent Trends. 4. FundamentalRights and Duties, Constitutional Remedies with special reference to Writes - Directive Principals of statepolicy. 5. President - Election, Powers and Functions - Prime Minister and Council of Ministers. 6. Parliament- Composition, Powers and Functions. 7. Judiciary - Supreme Court, Composition, Powers, Functions andJudicial Review - Judicial Activism. 8. Party System : National and regional Parties; Coalitional Politics. 9.Election Commission - Electoral Reforms and voting Behavior. 10. State Government - Governor, ChiefMinister and Council of Ministers - Powers and Functions. 11. Social and Economics Factors - Language,Religion, Caste and Regional identities. 12. Social movements : Agrarian, Working class, Women, Tdribal,Dalit and Environmental. 13. Challenges to National Integration - Communalism and Terrorism. 14. LocalGovernment Institutions - 73rd & 74th Constitutional Amendments.
Part - B Public Administration : Block I : Historical Background : 1. Evolution of Indian Administration - Ancient,Medieval and British Periods - Continuity and Change in Indian Administration after Independence. 2. Context
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of Indian Administration - Social, Economic and Political. Block II : Central Administration : 3. Union Governmentand Administration - President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, Central Secretariat, Cabinet Secretariat,Cabinet Committees and Prime Minister Office. 4. Union and State Relations and Agencies - AdministrativeRelations - Inter State Council, Finance Commission, All Inida Services, Planning Commission, NationalDevelopment Council. 5. Public Enterprises in India : a) Forms of Public Enterprises : (b) Privatization andDisinvestment. Block III : 6. State Government and Administration : Governor, Chief Minister, Council ofMinisters, Secretariat & Directorates, General Administration Department and Chief Secretary. 7. DistrictAdministration : Changing Role of District Collector, Mandal and Village Administration in Andhra Pradesh. 8.Local Governments - Rural and Urban - Structure and functions - 73rd and 74th Constitutional amendments.Block IV : 9. Control over Administration : (a) Legislative and Judicial Control, (b) Lok Pal, Lokayukta andCentdral Vigilance Commission, (c) Consumer Protection Forums, (d) Right to Information Act (RTI), (e)National and State Human Rights Commissions. 10. Administration of Welfare Programmes for WeakerSections - SCs, STs, BCs Women and Minorities. Block V : Emerging Issues : 11. Administrative Reforms,Recommendations of important Commissions and Second ARC. 12. Mechanims for Disaster Management.13. Governance and e-Governance Applications in Indian Administration. 14. Public Private Partnershipsand Voluntary Sector.
215. PSYCHOLOGYPart - A Paper III - (IV) : Child and Adolescent Psychology : Chapter - I: Meaning, Nature and importance of
Developmental psychology : A. Concept of growth and development – Principles of development. Stages ofhuman life span. Methods of studying human development. Importance of developmental Psychology. B.Factors influencing growth and development: Heredity and environment. Chapter - II: Early Stages ofdevelopment : A. Prenatal Period: Characteristics. importance of conception. prenatal stages, factorsinfluencing prenatal development –Hazards. B. Infancy: Characteristics - adjustments in infancy – conditionsinfluencing postnatal life (Pre maturity, multiple births, post maturity) – physical development- activities –sensitivities- and capacity for learning - emotions of the infants – Hazards. C. Babyhood: Characteristics –developmental tasks – physical development – physiological functioning- muscle control – speechdevelopment – emotional behavior – social responses – play interests – development of understanding andmorality – sex role typing and family relations - personality development- Hazards. Chapter - III: Earlychildhood : General characteristics – developmental tasks- physical development – skills of early childhood-speech development – emotional patterns – patterns of early socialization and sex- role typing – playinterests – development of understanding and morality – family relationships- personality development.-Hazards. Chapter - IV: Late childhood : General characteristics– developmental tasks- skills of late childhood-speech development – emotional expression – social behavior and sex role typing in late childhood - playinterests – development of understanding and moral attitudes- family relationships – personality changes-Hazards, Chapter - V: Puberty : General characteristics– developmental tasks- criteria causes and age ofpuberty- puberty growth spurt - body changes in puberty – effects of pubertal changes – common concernsduring puberty – Hazards. Chapter - VI: Adolescence : General characteristics – developmental tasks-physical changes – emotionality during adolescence – social changes- interests in adolescence – changesin morality – sex interest and sex behavior during adolescence –family relationships – personality development- Hazards. Chapter - VII: Introduction to Theories of Development : Freud’s Psychosexual stages, Erikson’spsychosocial stages of development, Piaget’s Cognitive development (ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY (Theory)Chapter I: Introduction to Abnormal Psychology : Defining abnormality. Abnormal psychology – past andpresent – views and treatments. Approaches to psychopathology – psychodynamic, behavioural, cognitive-behavioural, existential and biological. Chapter II: Classification and Causes of Abnormality Classificationof disorders Etiological factors in abnormality Stress, coping and the ego-defense mechanisms. Chapter III:Anxiety Disorder – Nature and Symptom Generalized anxiety disorder Phobias Panic and panic disordersObsessive-compulsive disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder. Chapter IV: Somatoform Disorders – Natureand Symptoms Conversion disorders- with motor/sensory symptoms or deficits, with seizures. Pain disorders– headache, migraine, low back pain, etc. Acute versus chronic pain, cognitive perception of pain, individualdifferences in reaction to pain. Hypochondriasis. Chapter V: Dissociative Disorders – Nature and SymptomsAmnesia and fugue Dissociative identity disorder. Chapter VI: Psychotic Disorders: Nature and SymptomsSchizophrenia and its subtypes – paranoid type, catatonic type, hebephrenic type Mood disorders – unipolarand bipolar disorders Chapter VII: Developmental Disorders: Nature and Symptoms. Disruptive behaviour– Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Conduct disorder. Habit disorders – Eating disorders Emotionaldisorders - anxiety disorder (separation anxiety, avoidant disorder, and overanxious disorder). Childhooddepression. Specific developmental disorder – learning disabilities. Pervasive developmental disorder –autism. Mental Retardation. Chapter VIII: Personality Disorders – Nature and Symptoms Antisocial personalitydisorder. Paranoid personality disorder. Dependent personality disorder. Histrionic personality disorder.Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Chapter IX: Addictive Disorders -Nature and SymptomsAlcoholism Nicotine dependence Psychoactive drugs Chapter X: Treatment of Disorders Psychodynamicapproach Behavioural approach Humanistic-existential approach Cognitive approach COUNSELLING PSYCHOLOGY (Theory) Chapter I: Introduction to Counselling Definition, nature and scopeof counseling, need for and Goals of counseling. Counselling and Psychotherapy, Counselling and ClinicalPsychology Chapter II: Counselling process Preparation for counseling, Pre-counselling interview, processof counseling – Physical setting, establishing the relationship, conducting counseling interview, problemsinvolved in counseling interview, Termination of the counseling. Chapter III: Counselling skills Pre-helpingskills – Attending and listening skills; Stage-I Skills – Primary level empathy, genuineness, respect andconcreteness; Stage – II skills – Advanced level accurate empathy, Self-disclosure, Immediacy andconfrontation Stage-III Skills – Action Programmes. Chapter IV: Counselling children and adolescentsCounselling children with behavioral and emotional problem, Counselling children with special needs,Chapter V: Counselling adolescents Counselling adolescents with behavioral and emotional problems
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Educational and Career Counselling Chapter VI: Counseling for Special groups Counselling clients withchronic illnesses, Family and marital counseling, Employee Counselling. Geriatric Counselling. ChapterVII: Ethical issues in Counselling Confidentiality, Counselling relationship, Transference and the Counsellingrelationship, Competence, Client autonomy and client protection. Educational Psychology (Theory) ChapterI: Educational Psychology : Nature , Scope and importance Definition & Scope, importance and methods ofeducational psychology. Chapter II: Growth and development during childhood and adolescence –educational Implications General nature and principles of growth and development – physical growth andmotor development and mental development – emotional development – social development - developmentof attitudes, interests, values and personality. Chapter III: The nature of learning process Nature oflearning – learning and maturation – the process of learning - learning curves - plateaus in learningTheories and laws of learning and their educational implications: trial and error learning - learning byconditioning – learning by insight Learning of skills Role of motivation , attention and interest in learning –kinds of motivation : extrinsic and intrinsic, achievement motivation -methods of motivating pupils to learn.Chapter IV: Transfer of Learning Forms of transfer – theories of transfer of learning – factors influencingtransfer of learning. Chapter VI: Memory and forgetting Types and methods of memorization – factorsinfluencing retention. What is forgetting? – Curves of forgetting – kinds of forgetting – theories of forgetting.Chapter VII: Thinking , problem solving and creativity Nature, tools and kinds of thinking – training inthinking. Definition of problem solving – steps in problem solving. Nature and characteristic of creativity –steps in the process of creative thinking - development of creativity in children. Chapter VIII: EducationalMeasurement Definitions of achievement, intelligence, and aptitude. Characteristics and uses of teacher-made tests and standardized tests of achievement – Types of intelligence and aptitude tests. Chapter IX:Needs of differently challenged (exceptional) children The gifted: definition – characteristics – teachingstrategies. Mentally challenged – definition - characteristics – types – preventive and remedial measures.Physically and sensorially challenged – definition – characteristics - types – remedial measures. Learningdisabled – definition – characteristics and types – remedial measures. Socially disadvantaged –definition – characteristics - types – remedial measures. Chapter X: Guidance and counseling in EducationalInstitutions Definition – need of guidance – types of guidance. Guidance needs of primary and secondaryschool pupils- (in relation to the individual, family, the institution and the society) Guidance needs of adolescentpupils- ((in relation to the individual, family, the institution and the society) Need and status of guidanceservices in Indian schools and colleges, Industrial-Organizational Psychology Chapter I: Introduction toIndustrial-Organizational Psychology Definition, scope and historical development of I-O psychology.Pioneers on personnel selection. World War I and the testing movement. Hawthorne studies and motivationalissues. World War II and Engineering Psychology. Chapter II: Challenges for I-O Psychology Virtualworkplace, Virtual employees, Worker Involvement. Changing Technology and skills Chapter III:EmployeeSelection The Recruitment process. Sources of Recruiting. Recruiter characteristics. Campus recruitment.Selection process: Job and worker analysis. Definition and purpose. Techniques of analysis. Interviews,Questionnaires, Observation. Activity logs, critical incidents Use of biographical data – application blanks –Reference letters – Interviews Types of interviews – structured, situational and online Chapter IV: PsychologicalTests in Personnel selection Administration of tests – individual, group, speed, power – Type of tests -abilities, interests, aptitudes, motor, personality Chapter V: Personnel Training Principles of learning andtraining – Methods of training – Evaluation of training Chapter VI:Work motivation Theories of work motivation– Need Hierarchy theory, Equity theory, Two Factor theory, Expectancy theory. Motivational theories in practice–Goal setting – Participation in decision making – Incentive system Chapter VII: Job Satisfaction and WorkAttitudes Importance of work attitudes and opinions in industry – Job satisfaction and its influence on workbehaviour – Measurement of job satisfaction and work attitudes Chapter VIII: Leadership Types of leaders– Theories of leadership – (specify theory from each Trait theories, behaviour theories and contingencytheories) Theory X and Theory Y (Mc Gregor), Contingency Theory (Fiedler), Path Goal Theory (House).Chapter IX: Work environment Physical working conditions – illumination, noise, color, music, temperatureand humidity. Work schedules – working hours, shift work, Rest pauses Accidents and Safety: causes ofaccidents – Individual factors – Adjustment factors – Situational factors – Prevention of accidents
Part - B Paper II - SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY : Chapter – I: Nature and scope of Social Psychology : Definition, Natureand Scope. Methods of Social Psychology – Observation method, Survey method, Correlational method,Field study and Experimental method Chapter – II: Social Perception – Understanding Others Attribution –Theories of Attribution – Theory of Correspondent Influence, Errors in Attribution – Fundamental AttributionError, Actor – Observer effect, Self Serving Bias Impression formation and Impression Management -Techniques of Impression Management Chapter – III: Communication Definition, nature and types ofcommunication. Barriers to effective communication. Rumors and propaganda. Chapter – IV: AttitudesDefinition - Distinctive features of Attitudes, Formation of Attitudes, Measurement of Attitudes - Likert methodof Summated ratings, Bogardus method of Social Distance, Thurstone’s Equal appearing intervals method.Cognitive Dissonance, Reducing Dissonance Chapter – V: Prejudice Prejudice and Discrimination – Natureand Origin of Prejudice, Techniques of reducing Prejudice Definition, Determinants of Human Aggression –Social, Personal, and Situational factors – Theoretical Perspectives on Aggression – Biological Perspective– Drive Theories, General Affective Aggression model, Prevention and Control of Aggression. Chapter – VI:Groups and Individuals Definition and Types of Groups, Group functions – Roles, Status, Norms, Cohesivenessand Conformity. Groups and Individual performance,- Social facilitation, Social loafing. Decision making byGroups Chapter – VII: Leadership Definition – Traits of a Leader, Types of Leaders – Autocratic, Democraticand Charismatic Leaders. Classic studies on leadership, leader behavior – initiating structure andconsideration.
Part - C Paper I - GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY : Chapter – I: Introduction : A] Historical Foundations of Psychology –Definition and Scope of Psychology, Fields of Psychology, Schools of Psychology, B] Methods of Psychology– Introspection, Observation, Case Study, Interview, Survey and Experimental method, Chapter – II: BiologicalBasis of Behaviour A] Hormonal basis of behavior - the major endocrine glands and their functions B]Mechanisms of heredity – Chromosomes and genes. Influence of heredity and environment on behavior ,
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217. SANSKRITPart - A Alankaras from the Chandraloka: 1. Upama, 2. Ananvaya, 3.Utpreksa, 4.Dipaka, 5.Aprastutaprasamsa, 6.
Drustanta, 7. Arthantaranyasa, 8. Virodhabhasa, 9. Ullekha, 10.Svabhavokti. Sarvanamasabdas: Asmad,Yusmad, Idam, Tad, Yad, Etad and Kim. Dhatus: In Lat, Lan, Lrt, Lot and Vidhilin only Bhu, Gaml, Stha, Drusir,Tru, Labh, Mud, Bhash, Ramu, Vadi, As, Divu Yudh, Santush, Pravis, Mucl, Ish, Lish, Dukruy, Kriy, Cur andKath. Krt pratyayas: Ktva, Lyap, Tumum, Kta, Ktavatu, Satru, Sanac and Tavya.
Part - B 1.Saranagathi, 2. Raghoh Audaran, 3. Cikroda Katha, 4. Computeryantram. Topics from the History ofSanskrit Literature: Bharata Muni, Bharavi, Panini, Kantilya, Magha, Sriharsa, Sankaracharya.Ajantasabdas: Deva, Bhanu, Pitru,Ramaa, Mati, Nadi, Tanu, Vadhu, Matru, Phala, Vari, Madhu. Sandhis:Sandhibhedah, Savarnadeergha, Ayavayava, Guna, Vruddhi, Yanadesa, Scutva, Stutva, Gamudagama,Anunasika, Latva, Jastva sandhis and types of the Visargasandhi.
Part - C 1. Pratimagrham, 2. Bharatasamskrtemulam, 3. Sukanasopadesa, 4. Bhojasya Kavya Sushama.Halatansabdas: Jalamuc, Vac, Marut, Bhagavt, Bhavat, Pacat, Rajan, Naaman, Gunin, Vidvas and Manas.Samasas: Avyayibhava, Tatpurusha, Karmadhraya, Dvigu, Dvandva and Bahuvrihi.
218. SOCIAL WORKPart - A Paper III - Social Work Intervention-Auxiliary Methods : Social Action: Meaning, scope, principles, various
techniques and stages of social action. Social work research: Meaning, scope, difference between socialwork research and social research. Stages of social work research. Sampling – meaning; probability andnon-probability sampling, types of sampling limitations. Tools of data collection - Questionnaire, InterviewSchedule and observation. Development Administration: Meaning and nature. Principles – planning,organization, staffing, recording and budgeting. Basic requisites of forming a NGO: Constitution, By-laws,Memorandum of association; Registration of organization. (IV)(a) Management of Non GovernmentalOrganisations : Non-Governmental Organizations: Concept, Meaning and Types Promotion and formationof NGOs - steps involved; A.P.Societies Registration Act – 2001. Management of the NGOs - General Body,Executive Committee; Roles and functions. Financial Management: Sources of Finance – Governmentaland Non-Governmental; Methods of resource mobilization. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). ProjectManagement: Formulating a project, Preparing an organizational Budget, Significance. Communication inan organization – essential components, types, barriers, Decision making levels and methods. (IV)(b)Social work with HIV/AIDS : HIV/AIDS – Definition; prevalence in the world, India and AP; symptoms of HIV/AIDS, Causes. HIV/AIDS - Public health implications - Role of prevention – importance of communication;treatment approaches; services - VCTC, PPTCT and related services. Psycho-social implications of HIV oninfected and affected persons with special reference to women and children; stigma and its implications formarginalisation of PLWHA; Community based care and support programmes. Role of Social Worker: inworking with persons infected/affected with HIV/AIDS; Social worker as a counselor; ethical issues incounseling. Government and Non-Governmental Organisations: Role of UNAID, NACO, APSACS, NGOsand media in the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS. Examination of 3 research studies covering awareness,stigma, psycho-social implications. (IV)(c) Social work with Elderly and Challenged : Elderly - Concept anddefinition. Problems of elderly - socio-economic and health problems; elder abuse and neglect Provisionsand Services: Constitutional and legislative provisions for elderly; Institutional and Non-Institutional servicesfor elderly. Challenged: Concept and classification - Blind, deaf-dumb, and orthopaedically handicapped,mentally challenged, mentally ill - causes and consequences. Governmental and Non – GovernmentalEfforts: Governmental and Non-governmental programmes and services for different types of challenged.Social work Practice with Elderly and Challenged: use of social work methods while working with elderlyand challenged. (IV)(a) Social work with Women and Children : Role and Status of Women in India:Changing perspectives of the role and status of women in India – Their status in the context of family,marriage, religion and economy; concept of gender. Constitutional Provisions: Constitutional provisionspertaining to women and children Violence against women: Domestic violence, female foeticide andinfanticide, dowry related violence: Relevant legislations such as (a) Dowry Prohibition Act: 1961 (Amended– 1984) (b) Prevention of domestic violence Act – 2005, (c) Pre-natal diagnostic techniques (regulation andprevention of misuse) Act. 1994. Child - concept, definition; influence of heredity and environment – family,peer group, neighbourhood and school. Children in Difficult Circumstances – Street children, child labour,neglected and abused children; Institutional and non-institutional services for children. Role of professionalsocial worker and Programmes for Women and Children: ICDS, CHILDLINE, SHGs, Role of Social Workerin Family counseling centers, marital counseling centers and child guidance clinics.
Chapter – III: Attention and Perception Attention - Span, division and distraction. Perception – Perecptualconstancy – Illusions Internal and External factors influencing Perceptual. Chapter – IV: Motivation andEmotion Definition and functions of Motives. Types of Motives – Physiological and Psycho-Social motives.Unconscious motivation. Maslow’s theory of Motivation. Emotion – Definition and nature of emotions.Theories of emotion – James-Lange, Cannon-Bard and Schachter-Singer, Chapter – V: Learning A]Definition – Maturation and Learning. Classical and Instrumental Conditioning. Learning by Insight andObservation, Latent learning B] Role of Motivation. Reward and Punishment in Learning, Learning curves,Efficient methods of learning, Transfer of Learning Chapter – VI: Memory and Forgetting Meaning of memory,Types of memory, Methods of measuring memory, Information Processing model of memory, curve of forgettingand causes of forgetting, Methods of Improving Memory, Chapter - VII: Personality – Nature and DefinitionApproaches to Personality – Type, Behaviouristic, Humanistic and Psychosexual approaches. Chapter -VIII: Intelligence Intelligence – Concept of IQ, Types of Intelligence tests, Variations in Intellectual ability –Intellectually gifted and retarded, Factors influencing individual differences in intelligence – Heredity andEnvironment
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Part - B Paper II - Social Work Intervention - Basic Methods : Working with individuals – case work as a method ofsocial work, definition, relevance; historical Development; Principles of case work; components of socialcase work – Person, Place, Problem, Professional and Process – study, diagnosis and treatment. Practicein different settings such as hospitals, schools, industry, correctional institutions and family. Techniques,Skills and recording : Techniques of case work – communication, listening, use of self with awareness, andprofessional relationships. Qualities of a helping relationship and a helping professional; skills in workingwith individuals –rapport establishment, interviewing, enabling, facilitation, resource mobilization, training,reflective thinking and analysis. Recording - principles, types. Discussion of a case record. Groups:Significance of group, group dynamics - Leadership, isolation, decision making, contagion, conflict,communication and relationships. Working with the groups – Group work as a method; historicaldevelopment, values & Principles, skills in group work. Group work process, techniques of group work, useof group work in different fields of social work – hospitals, correctional settings, schools and communities,recording in group work. Discussion of a group record. Community – Problems of Communities, Communityorganization – Definition and scope as a method in relation to other methods of social work. Principles,Skills and use of Community Organization: Principles of community organization; Skills of communityorganization practitioner - problem analysis, resource mobilization, conflict resolution, organizing meetings,writing and documentation and networking. Use of community organization in different settings - rural,urban, tribal and coastal.
Part - C Paper I - Social Work Profession, Philosophy and Basic Social Science Concepts : Social Work Profession,Philosophy and Basic Social Science Concepts Social Work: Definition, Nature & Scope, Origin of socialwork Profession in US and India. Religious roots of humanity, charity and philonthropy. Goals of social work– Developmental and radical; Generic Principles of Social Work, social work values and ethics; concepts ofsocial work - social welfare, social service, social services, social development and social change;Fundamental Rights and directive principles of state policy in Indian Constitution. Social Reform Movementsand Social Work Profession with special reference to Brahma Samaj, Arya Samaj and, Movements forwidow-remarriage in A.P. Groups and Communities: Definition of group, characteristics, types of groups andcommunities; social stratification; social inequality and social exclusion. Understanding Human Behaviour:Stages of human development Heredity, Environment; Motivation and Perception. Personality -Definition;factors influencing personality. New economic order in contemporary India - Liberalization, privatizationand globalization. Changing role of the state and NGOs.
219. SOCIOLOGYPart - A Paper - III : MODERN INDIA: SOCIAL CHANGE; DEVELOPMENT AND ISSUES : 1. Social Change : Meaning,
definition and nature of social change-Factors affecting social change- Overview of theories of social change:evolutionary, structural and modernization 2. Development and Underdevelopment : Concepts of Developmentand Underdevelopment- Indicators of development and Human Development Indices - Concepts of EconomicDevelopment, Social Development and Sustainable Development - Globalization and consequences3. British Rule and Social Change Changes in administrative, Judiciary, agrarian (land revenue/ownership),educational institutional structure and their social impact (modernization) 4. Social Movements : a. Socialreform movements: Abolition of Sathi and child marriage; Widow remarriages- Arya Samaj, Bramho Samaj.b. Protest & Self respect movements: Non-Brahmin Movement, Backward Class and Dalit movements c.Agrarian Movements and Peasant movements 5. Independent India and Trends of Social Change : Salientfeature of constitution of India - Community development and Democratic decentralization- Land reforms-Constitutional Safeguards for weaker sections (SC, ST, BC, Women, Differentially abled and children) 6.Planned development : Meaning of planned development- Overview of objectives and achievement of FiveYear Plans -Green revolution , 7. Intervention Programmes: Poverty reduction programmes – Education,Health and Skills promotion- Social Exclusion & Inclusive Policies 8. Social Issues and Challenges : Populationexplosion -Migration & urbanization -Gender Issues: Domestic Violence, Trafficking; Empowerment -Development induced displacement -Problem of the elderly; Violation of Human Rights. APPLICATIONS OFSOCIOLOGY : Objectives: To understand the community and to make situational analysis. To enable thestudents to equip themselves for a career in Social Welfare agencies. Applications of Sociology : Introductionto applied sociology – sociology and social problems – sociology and social change – sociology and socialpolicy and action – sociology and development – sociology and professions. 1. Participatory Development: Promoting Participatory Development: Need for Social Participation, Community Development and theCommunity Oor sing Strategies. Action - Capacity rganization – Principles and Steps – Group Formation andSocial Action – Capacity Building Strategies. 2. Participatory Development Techniques : Participatorydevelopment – Meaning, Techniques of Participatory Development, PRA techniques. 3. Counseling : Meaning;need; Types of counseling, Methods of counseling. 4. Field Survey & Report Writing : Need, Meaning ofsurvey, types of survey Steps in conducting survey; Data collection methods ;Salient features of report writing
Part - B Paper - II: SOCIETY IN INDIA : 1. Structure of Indian Society : Diversity and Unity; Religious, Linguistic,Cultural and Regional diversities of Indian society – Basic tenets of Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism,Jainism, and Zoroastrianism- Hindu Social Organization: Purusharthas, Varnashrama dharma. 2. SocialInstitutions : Forms of Marriage, Family and Kinship among Hindus, Muslims and Christians and theirchanging trends. Decline of Joint family: causes and consequences , 3. Economy : Land ownership andland distribution- Agrarian structure and relations and decline of Jajmani system - Present occupationalstructure- Features of Tribal economy; Urban Economy; Industrial, Service and Informal Sectors. 4.Stratification : Varna and Jati - Definition, features and functions of Caste system; Caste and Class; Classin India: Agrarian and Non Agrarian classes, Emergence of middle class- Dominant Caste; changing trendsin caste system. 5. Polity : System of governance – Nation, State and Local Governance: Access to politics:Caste, Religion, Language and Region – Differential access to political power. 6. Education: TraditionalEducational System – Emergence of modern formal education system in India- Differential access to educationin India- Education and Social Mobility. 7. Communities : Tribal Community, Rural community and UrbanCommunity: Distribution of population - Difference between rural and urban communities- Village settlement
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220. TELUGUPart - A ‘Ó\T>∑T uÛ≤cÕ #·]Á‘· ` yê´ø£s¡D+ : 1. Á<ë$&É uÛ≤wü\T ` e´eVü≤s¡Ô\T ` ÁbÕ+‘ê\T. 2. Ä+Á<Ûä+ ` ‘ÓqT>∑T ` ‘Ó\T>∑T ` |ü⁄≥Tº |ü⁄s√«‘·Ôsê\T ` yêì yê´|æÔ,
3. ÁbÕvïqïj·T j·TT>∑ uÛ≤cÕ dü«s¡÷|ü+. 4. <Ûä«qT\ e÷s¡TŒ\T : es¡í düMTø£s¡D+, es¡í $uÛÒ<ä+, es¡í e´‘·´j·T+, es¡í kÕeT´+, ‘ê\M´ø£s¡D+, XÊ«dü‘· `
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kÕe÷q´ Hê≥ø£ \ø£åD≤\T, 4. Ä<ÛäTìø£ Á|üÁøÏj·T\T : (m) ø£<∏ëìø£, (_) qe\, (dæ) yê´dü+, 5. kÕVæ≤‘·´ $eTs¡Ù ` Á|üjÓ÷»q+ : (m) ñ‘·ÔeT $eTs¡Ù
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Part - B >∑<ä´uÛ≤>∑+ : 1. >±*yêq ` bÕ\>∑T$Tà |ü<äàsêE, 2. Äø£* ` Ä#ês¡´ ø=\ø£\÷] ÇHêø˘, 3. qeTT≈£îqï H˚\ ` Ä#ês¡´ πø‘·T $X¯«Hê<∏ä¬s&ç¶, 4. C…’\T `
bı≥¢|ü*¢ sêe÷sêe⁄, 5. ‘Ó\T>∑T uÛ≤cÕ ` Ä#ês¡´ >∑T»®s¡¢eT÷&ç ø£èbÕ#ê], 6. e´øÏÔ‘·« $ø±dü+ ` Ä#ês¡´ sê#·bÕfiË+ #·+Á<äX‚Ks¡ ¬s&ç¶, 7.e÷<Ûä´e÷\≈£î
sêj·T&É+ ` Ä#ês¡´ mdt.C….&ç. #·+Á<äX‚KsY, 8. n_Ûe´øÏÔ HÓ’|ü⁄D≤´\T ` &܈ˆ |æ.$. düTu≤“sêe⁄ yê´ø£s¡D+ : dü+<ÛäT\T : dües¡í Bs¡È, >∑TD, j·TD≤<˚X¯, eè~∆,
Á‹ø£, >∑dü&É<äyê<˚X¯, s¡T>±>∑eT, ≥T>±>∑eT, ÄÁy˚T&ç‘·, n‘·« dü+<ÛäT\T. düe÷kÕ\T : ‘·‘·TŒs¡Twü, ø£s¡à<Ûës¡j·T, <ä«+<ä«, ~«>∑T, ãVüQÁMVæ≤ düe÷kÕ\T.
n\+ø±sê\T : ñ|üeT, s¡÷|üø£, ñÁ‘˚Œø£å, dü«uÛ≤y√øÏÔ, nsêú+‘·s¡Hê´dü, <äècÕº+‘· n‹X¯jÓ÷øÏÔ n\+ø±sê\T. #·+<ädüT‡ : ñ‘·Œ\e÷\, #·+|üø£e÷\, XÊs¡÷›\+,
eT‘˚ÔuÛÑ+, Ä≥yÓ\~, ‘˚≥^‹, ø£+<ä+, d”dü+
Part - C ÁbÕNq |ü<ä´ uÛ≤>∑+ : 1. >∑+>± X¯+‘·qT\ ø£<∏ä ` qqïj·T, 2. eT÷wæø£ e÷sê®\ eè‘êÔ+‘·+ ` ‹ø£ÿq, 3. Vü≤+d” #·Áø£yêø£ dü+yê<ä+ ` n\¢kÕì ô|<ä›q, 4.
miTø£‘· ` ‘·]>=+&É yÓ+>∑e÷+ã, 5. yêeTHêe‘ês¡eTT ` b˛‘·q, 6. XÊ*yêVü≤q $»j·TeTT ` ø=i$ >√|üsêE, 7. Á^wüàs¡TÔe⁄ ` s¡|òüTHê<∏äHêj·T≈£î&ÉT,
Ä<ÛäTìø£ ø£$‘·«+ : 1. e÷ ø=B› ‘Ó\¢ <=s¡‘·qeTT ` >∑]yÓTfi¯fl dü‘·´Hêsêj·TD, 2. eTVü‰Á|ükÕúq+ ` l.l., 3. eTTkÕ|òüs¡T\T ` >∑TÁs¡+ C≤wüße, 4.
y˚T|òüT<ä÷‘·eTT ` |ü⁄≥º|ü]Ô Hêsêj·TD≤#ês¡T´\T, 5. Vü≤]»q X¯‘·ø£eTT ` ≈£îdüTeT <Ûäs¡àqqï, 6. <Ûäs¡à dü+yê<äeTT ` |æ+>∑[, ø±≥÷], 7. ã‘·ø£e÷à ! Áã‘·T≈£î
` ø±fiÀõ Hêsêj·TDsêe⁄, 8. eTìwæ ` n+<Ól, 9. sêj·T\d”eT ` >∑+õπø+Á<äeTT ` u…fi¯Sfl] lìyêdüeT÷]Ô, 10. e+{Ï\T¢ ` $eT\.
patterns - Growth of urban centres, types of urban communities. 8. Problems of Indian Society : a. TribalSociety: Exploitation of Tribes, Land alienation and displacement and Problems of Health and Nutrition, b.Rural Society: Poverty and Unemployment, Indebtedness and farmers’ suicides and Illiteracy, c. UrbanSociety: Housing and civic services, Pollution, Crime and Juvenile Delinquency and HIV/AIDS.
Part - C Paper - I : SOCIOLOGY: BASIC CONCEPTS AND PERSPECTIVES : 1. Introduction to Sociology : Definition ofSociology – Nature and Scope of Sociology –Origins and development of Sociology – Founding fathers andtheir contributions: Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber –Sociologyand other social sciences – Sociology in India – Importance of Sociology. 2. Human Society and Culture :Human society, Definition, characteristics and functions – Individual and society- Culture and Personality-Heredity and Environment. 3. Structure of Human Society : Social groups and its major types – Community– Association – Institution – Status and Role – Norms, Values and Customs – Power and Authority-Concepts of State, Nation and Society and their differences. 4. Basic Social Institutions : Marriage, Familyand Kinship, Religion, Economy, Education, Polity and Law 5. Socialization and Social Control : Concept ofSocialization – Theories of development of ‘Self’ of G.H. Mead, C.H. Cooley and Sigmund Freud – Agenciesof Socialization: Family, School, Religion, Peer group, Community and Government- Social Control: Conceptsof Anomie, Deviance and Social Control – Means of Social Control: Formal and Informal means.6. SocialStratification : Social Differentiation – Social Stratification: Theories of social stratification; Functional andConflict theories – Dimensions of Social Stratification; Class, Caste, Power and Gender. 7. Social Interactionand Processes : Social Interaction – Social Processes: Cooperation, Competition, Conflict, Accommodationand Assimilation – Social Disorganization 8. Sociological Perspectives : Functional perspective b. Conflictperspective C.Symbolic Interacti perspective and nd informal meansl: Concepts of anomie and devianceand social control - Means onist Perspective
221. M.P.Ed.1) Anatomy, Physiology and Physiology of Exercise; 2) Principles, Psychology and Methods of PhysicalEducation; 3) Organization and Administration of Physical Education and Health Education; 4) Kinesiology;5) Officiating and Coaching of Physical Education; 6) Test and Measurements; 7) Rules and Regulations ofvarious Games and Sports, current sports events and some general questions related to Physical Educationand Sports.
223. M.A. RURAL DEVELOPMENT - B.R.A.U.Part - A : Economics of Development: Meaning and definition of economic development, Measures of economic
development – GNP, PQLI and HDI – Factors affecting development; Capital formation and Labour; growth ofpopulation, poverty and income inequalities in developing economies, Technology and Environment, resourcedepletion and pollution, concept of sustainable development, Balanced and unbalanced models of growth,the role of choice of goods and techniques in economic development. Current Structure of the IndianEconomy and Economic Planning: Basic features, natural resources-Land, Water and Forest resources;Broad demographic features-Population size and growth rates, sex composition, rural urban migration,Occupational distribution; Population policy, infrastructure development, National Income – Trends,composition and structure in India. Poverty Inequalities and unemployment – Causes and consequences,
: 38 :
224. B.ED. SPECIAL EDUCATION (MENTAL RETARDATION) - B.R.A.U.Part - A : (a) Special Education – concept, meaning and scope. (b). Disability – concept, types, social benefits and
legislative measures. (c) Mental Retardation – types, characteritiscs, causes and prevention.Part - B : (a) Quantitative Aptitude: The objective of this part is to measure candidate’s quantitative ability. It includes
calculation of simple arithmetic, numerical calculations and interpretation and data analysis type of ques-tions. (b) Reasoning and Problem solving: The objective of this part is to examine the candidate’s ability inreasoning. It includes testing of candidate’s logical and deductive approaches for simple to complex situa-tions Covering Sequences and series; Coding and decoding Problems; Date, Time and arrangement Prob-lems. (c) General Awareness: The objective of this part is to examine the candidate’s knowledge in the areaof general awareness. It includes current affairs, general knowledge in economic, political, social andgeography.
Part - C : (a) Correct use of noun, verb , adjective, preposition and articles. (b) Vocabulary. (c) Correction of sentences(d) Comprehension.
225. MASTER OF FINANCE & CONTROLPart - A : Communication Ability & Numerical Ability : Communication Ability : Part 1. Vocabulary : English vocabulary
of critical words, Synoyms and Antonyms. Part 2. Reading Comprehension : A Passage in English is to begiven with Ten questions. Numerical Ability : Part 1. Arithmetical Ability : Simple sums of indices, ratios,proportions, Percentages, time, distance & work and Mensuration Frequency distributions, Mean, Median,Mode, Standard Deviations Correlation, Simple Problems on Probability. Part 2. Data Analysis : The datagiven in a Table, Graph Bar diagram, Pie Chart, or a Passage Is to be analyzed and the questions pertainingto the Data are to be answered.
Part - B : Fundamentals of Financial Accounting, Cost & Management Accounting & Taxation : Part 1. : FinancialAccounting : Concept of Capital and Revenue distinction - Concepts of Income, expenditure, profit and Loss- Concepts of Assets & Liabilities. Types of Accounts - Rules of Double Entry - Journal - Subsidiary books -Cash Book Ledger & Trial Balance Bank Reconciliation Statement - Rectification of Errors - Preparation ofTrading, Profit & Loss Account - Preparation of Balance Sheet - Adjustments for Depreciation - Bad andDoubtful Debts - Distintion between Cash Profit and Net Profit. Part 2. : Cost & Management Accounting.Cost Elements - Meterial cost - Labour Cost - Overheads - Direct and Indirect costs - Different types ofOverheads - Preparation of Cost sheet - Methods of Costing - Job Costing Vs Process Costing. Costconcepts for Decision Making - Opportunity Cost Vs out of Pocket cost - Controllable Vs Uncontrollable CostFixed Vs Variable Costs - Semi Variable Costs - Historical Vs Estimated costs - Incremental Cost. Cost -Volume - Profit Analysis - Break - Even Point. Calculation - Break - even Chart - Margin of Safety - Funds flowAnalysis - Ration Analysis. Part 3. : Basic Concepts of Income Tax - Previous Year - Assessment Year -Types of Assesses : Individual - Hindu Undivided Family - partnership firm - Company - Residential Status- Gross Total Income - Exemptions - Deductions - Different heads of Income - Computation of Income fromSalaries - Income from House Property - Income from profit & Gains of Business or Profession - Incomefrom other sources - Set off and carry forward of Losses - Computation of income tax - preparation of Incometax return for individuals - Self Assessment.
Part - C : Fundamentals of Banking & Finance : Part 1. Currency & Banking : Currencies of Different Countries -Indian Money Market - Call Money Market - Treasury Bill Market - Repo Market - Commercial Paper Market -Money Market Mutual Funds - Nationalization of Commercial Banks - Regional Rural Banks - InvestmentBanking - Non - Performing Assets - Role of Reserve Bank of India. Negotiable instruments - Payments andCollection of Cheques - concepts of endorsement and crossing - e-banking - New Technologies in Banking- Electronic Money Transfer devices - Automated Teller Machines - Debit Cards - Credit Cards - Smart Cards.
Current Five Year Plan-Objective; allocations and targets; New economic reforms – Liberalization, Privatizationand globalization in India. Indian Agriculture: Nature and Importance; Trends in agriculture production andproductivity; Factors determining productivity, New Agricultural strategy and green revolution, Rural Credit,Agricultural Marketing, Agricultural price policy, Agricultural infrastructure and Food security. Indian Industryand Services: Present structure and growth of Indian Industry since Independence; Industrial Policy of 1956and 1991, FEMA, Growth and Problems of small scale industries. Role of Public, private and Foreign sectorenterprises in India’s industrialization, Disinvestment policy in India. Growing importance of Social Sector inIndia. Environment and Ecology: Environment economy linkage, Environment as a necessity and luxurypopulation – environment linkage; Environmental use and environmental disruption as an allocation problem;Market failure for environmental goods; Environment as a public good; The commons problem; propertyright approach to environmental problem; Valuation of environmental damages; Land, water, air and forest,prevention, control and abatement of pollution.
Part - B : Community Development:- Meaning, Concept, Philosophy, Objectives; Rural Development:- Meaning,Concept, Scope, Features; Rural Issues: Rural poverty, Profile, Causes , Indicators, Dimensions; RuralSocial Structure:- Family, Marriage, Caste System; Rural Economy:- Evolution, Effects, Changing trends,Rural indebtedness; Rural Education:- Literacy rates, Educational institutions, Formal & Non formal Education,Rural Migration; Rural Health:- Problems, Provisions, Maternal And Child health;
Part - C : Rural Development in Indian Context:- Before British Period, During British Period, After independence;Rural local self Government:- Origin and development; Panchayat Raj System:- 73rd Constitutionalamendment, Panchayat Raj Act; Rural Development Programs- Central & State Governments. RuralAgriculture:- Changes, Dimensions; Rural Industry:- Cottage and Village Industries; Rural Empowerment:-Self Help groups; Origin, growth SHG Models; Rural Credit System:- NABARD, Cooperative Societies,Commercial Banks, Rural Banks, Lead Banks; New Economic Policy; New Agricultural Policy; VoluntaryAction:- Concept, Need, Role.
: 39 :
5 YEAR INTEGRATED PG PROGRAMES IN SCIENCESTest No. 501.
i. M.S. Applied Chemistry ii. M.S. Geology iii. M.S. Mathematics & Computing.iv. M.S. Petroleum Exploration. v. M.S. Biotechnology. vi. M.S. Microbiology.
Part - A : Mathematics syllabus prescribed for Intermediate course by Board of Intermediate Education, Andhra Pradesh.(30 Q).
Part - B : Physics syllabus prescribed for Intermediate course by Board of Intermediate Education, Andhra Pradesh.(30 Q)
Part - C : Chemistry syllabus prescribed for Intermediate course by Board of Intermediate Education, Andhra Pradesh.(30 Q)
Part - D : Biology syllabus prescribed for Intermediate course by Board of Intermediate Education, Andhra Pradesh.(30 Q)
502 - M.S. ECONOMICSPart - A : EconomicsPart - B : CivicsPart - C : CommercePart - D : HistoryPart - E : Mathematics
The candidate may choose to answer any threeparts. Syllabus prescribed for Intermediatecourse by Board of Intermediate Education,Andhra Pradesh will be followed for these sub-jects. (Each part consists of 30 questions)
i) B.Tech. + M.Tech. Software Engineering (ii) B.Tech. + M.Tech. Computer Science & Information Technology (iii) B.E.+ M.E. Electrical & Electronics Engineering. (iv) B.E + M.E. Civil Engg (V) B.E. + M.E. Mechanical Engg, (VI) B.E+M.E.Electronics & Communications Engineering.
Part - A : Mathematics syllabus prescribed for Intemediate course by Board of Intermediate Education, Andhra Pradesh.(30 Q)
Part - B : Physics syllabus prescribed for Intermediate course by Board of Intefrmediate Education, Andhra Pradesh. (30 Q)
Part -C : Chemistry syllabus prescribed for Intermediate course by Board of Intefrmediate Education, Andhra Pradesh. (30 Q)
511 - 5 - YEAR INTEGRATED DUAL (B.E.+M.E / B.TECH+M.TECH)DEGREE PROGRAMMES IN ENGINEERING
Part 2. Finance & Capital Markets : Profit Maximization Vs Wealth Maximization - Concepts of Present Value& Future Value of Money - Net Present Value Payback period - Concept of Dividend - stock Dividend Vs. CashDividend - Concepts of Risk and Return - Spectulation Vs. Investment - BSF Sensex - Sensex as a barometerof Capital Market - Concepts of Share Value - Book Value Vs Intrinsic Value Vs Market Value FundamentalAnalysis - Technical Analysis. Concept of Portfolio - Concept of Mutual Fund - Types of Mutual Funds - GrowthFunds - Balanced Funds - Debt Funds - Money Market Funds - Sect oral Funds - Index Funds.
512. TWINNING PROGRAMME i) B.Engg. Air Craft Engineering (ii) B.E. Electro Mechanical Engineering.
Part - A : Articles / Prepositions, verb forms, words often confused, structures, correction of sentences, phrasal verbs. (15
Q)
Part - B : Mathematics syllabus prescribed for Intermediate course by Board of Intermediate Education, Andhra Pradesh.
(25 Q)
Part - C : Physics syllabus prescribed for Intermediate course by Board of Intermediate Education, Andhra Pradesh.
(25 Q)
Part - D : Chemistry syllabus prescribed for Intermediate course by Board of Intermediate Education, Andhra Pradesh.
(25 Q)
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