Atoms, Molecules Atoms are made of 3 parts, ELECTRONS, PROTONS and NEUTRONS – Electrons are negatively charged – Protons are positively charged – Neutrons.

Atoms, Molecules

Atoms are made of 3 parts, ELECTRONS, PROTONS and NEUTRONS– Electrons are negatively charged– Protons are positively charged– Neutrons are neutral (no charge

Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus of an atom

Electrons are located in the electron could of an atom

Elements are the simplest substance containing the same kind of atoms

Elements are different by the number of protons they have

The six most common elements include:

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Nitrogen and Sulfur

Bonding Basics

Ionic Bonds– Formed when one or more electrons are

transferred from one atom to another

Covalent Bond: Formed when one or more electrons are

shared between atoms

Ion:– These positively and negatively charged

atoms are known as ions

Compounds:– A substance formed by the chemical

combination of two or more elements

Molecules:– The smallest unit of most compounds

How many electrons can he held in the 1st shell? 2 How many electrons can be held in the 2nd shell? 8 How many electrons can be held in the 3rd shell? 8

When an electron is lost, an elements charge becomes more ____________________________

When an electron is gained, an elements charge becomes more __________________________

When an electron is lost, an elements charge becomes more positively

When an electron is gained, an elements charge becomes more negatively

Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell used in bonding of atoms

Water Water Everywhere

Water is the only natural substance found in all three states, SOLID, LIQUID and GAS

Water is also a UNIVERSAL SOLVENT: Meaning it dissolves more substances than any other liquid

Water has a unique structure, which is why water molecules are attracted to other water molecule-adhesion. This explains why water drops are in fact, drops

Water becomes less dense when it freezes, which is unusual for liquids

Water has the highest surface tension among common liquids. Surface tension is the ability of a substance to stick to itself

Neutral water has a pH of 7

Structure

The structure of a water molecule:– It has 1 Oxygen atom– It has 2 Hydrogen atoms– They are covalently bonded to each to each other

to create a molecule– Which means they share electrons

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen atoms (with slightly positive charge) in the water molecules form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules (negatively charged oxygen atoms)

They can also happen between hydrogen and other atoms

Lets draw a water molecule

The Importance of Carbon

Most molecules that make up living things are based on carbon atoms

Carbon can form up 4 covalent bonds Carbon based molecules are molecules

which have one or more carbon to carbon bonds in them

Carbon-based molecules have three basic structures, Chain, Branched and ringed

Structure of Carbon

Many carbon-based molecules have parts that make up bigger molecules.

Each part is called a MonomerMono means one

When monomers are linked together, they form molecules called polymers

Poly means many A polymer can also be a macromolecule

which is a LARGE molecule The monomers that make up a polymer can

all be the same or they can be different

When monomers are linked together, they form molecules called polymers

Poly means many A polymer can also be a macromolecule

which is a LARGE molecule The monomers that make up a polymer can

all be the same or they can be different

Carbohydrates

Fruits and grains both contain large amounts of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are molecules made up of CARBON, HYDROGEN and OXYGEN

Sugars and starches are both types of carbohydrates. These carbohydrates can be broken down to produce energy in cells

The most basic carbohydrates are simple sugars. Many simple sugars have five or six carbon atoms.

The most familiar type of simple sugar is Glucose

Glucose is a monosaccharide, which means that it contains ONE sugar unit

Fructose and glucose are both sugars that have six carbon atoms. T

The sugar that you might use in the kitchen is made of two sugar molecules bonded together

Many glucose molecules bonded together form polymers such as STARCH

These polymers are called polysaccharides