Atoms and Elements Chapter 5 Properties and Changes.

Atoms and ElementsAtoms and Elements

Chapter 5Chapter 5

Properties and ChangesProperties and Changes

Hazardous Materials in the HomeHazardous Materials in the Home

The eight-sided outline The eight-sided outline

(octagonal) signifies that (octagonal) signifies that

the the contentscontents of the container of the container

is dangerous.is dangerous.The triangular outline The triangular outline

signifies that the signifies that the containercontainer

is dangerous, usually because is dangerous, usually because

the contents are under high pressure.the contents are under high pressure.

Hazardous Materials in the HomeHazardous Materials in the Home

PoisonPoisonpoisons can enter the body in one of three poisons can enter the body in one of three

ways:ways:

a) ingestion (eating)a) ingestion (eating)

b) inhalation (breathing)b) inhalation (breathing)

c) absorption through the skinc) absorption through the skin

d) injectiond) injection

CorrosiveCorrosive are chemicals which can act on clothing, are chemicals which can act on clothing,

skin, eyes or internally by drinking or eatingskin, eyes or internally by drinking or eating can cause symptoms ranging from mild can cause symptoms ranging from mild

rash to serious skin damagerash to serious skin damage can damage clothingcan damage clothing can cause blindnesscan cause blindness can cause death if ingestedcan cause death if ingested

FlammableFlammable are substances which can burn easily or are substances which can burn easily or

cause other materials to burncause other materials to burn

RadiationRadiation radioactive materials emit high energy radioactive materials emit high energy

atomic particles or high energy radiation atomic particles or high energy radiation (x-rays, gamma rays), or both(x-rays, gamma rays), or both

found in smoke detectors and involve no found in smoke detectors and involve no danger if kept at a safe distancedanger if kept at a safe distance

ExplosiveExplosive

can cause injury or death can cause injury or death

as a result a blast or because as a result a blast or because

of the materials expelled by the blast of the materials expelled by the blast (metal shards)(metal shards)

usually are pressurized aerosol containers usually are pressurized aerosol containers which may explode when heatedwhich may explode when heated

WHMISWHMIS

WWorkplace orkplace

HHazardous azardous MMaterials aterials

IInformation nformation

SSystemystem

Class A - Compressed GasClass A - Compressed Gas

danger lies in the pressure, not in the contentsdanger lies in the pressure, not in the contents..

Class B -Class B - Combustible and Combustible and

Flammable MaterialFlammable Material

may burn at relatively low temperatures, burn may burn at relatively low temperatures, burn

spontaneously or as a result of heat, sparks or frictionspontaneously or as a result of heat, sparks or friction hydrocarbons and several chemicals like phosphorus, hydrocarbons and several chemicals like phosphorus,

sodium and calcium carbide would be included in the listsodium and calcium carbide would be included in the list. .

Class C - Oxidizing MaterialClass C - Oxidizing Material

may cause a fire, react violently or explode when it may cause a fire, react violently or explode when it comes into contact with combustible materials such as comes into contact with combustible materials such as wood. wood.

an oxidizer supplies the oxygen for a chemical reactionan oxidizer supplies the oxygen for a chemical reaction. .

Class D, Division 1 – Class D, Division 1 –

Poisonous and Infectious Poisonous and Infectious Material; Material; Immediate and Serious Immediate and Serious Toxic Toxic EffectsEffects

these substances have these substances have acute toxicityacute toxicity - refers to a - refers to a

substance which has immediate effects, usually within 24 substance which has immediate effects, usually within 24

hourshours

Class D, Division 2 – Class D, Division 2 – Poisonous and Poisonous and Infectious Infectious

Material; Other Toxic EffectsMaterial; Other Toxic Effects

these substances have these substances have chronic toxicitychronic toxicity - refers to the effects of - refers to the effects of

a substance through repeated exposure at low levels over a long a substance through repeated exposure at low levels over a long period (weeks, months or years). period (weeks, months or years).

effects may be similar to those of acuteeffects may be similar to those of acute toxicity; organ damage, illness or death toxicity; organ damage, illness or death

the effects can also include cancer, the effects can also include cancer, allergies or chronic diseases (bronchitis, emphysema, cirrhosis allergies or chronic diseases (bronchitis, emphysema, cirrhosis of the liver, etc.) of the liver, etc.)

long term alcohol or cigarette use would fall under this category long term alcohol or cigarette use would fall under this category

Class D, Division 3 – Class D, Division 3 – Poisonous and Infectious Material; Poisonous and Infectious Material;

Biohazardous Infectious MaterialBiohazardous Infectious Material refers to an refers to an infectious agentinfectious agent

(bacteria, virus or some other (bacteria, virus or some other organism) which may spread disease if improperly organism) which may spread disease if improperly handled, also called a handled, also called a biohazardbiohazard

this symbol is common in hospital emergency rooms on this symbol is common in hospital emergency rooms on containers where used needles and dressings are containers where used needles and dressings are depositeddeposited

Class E - Corrosive MaterialClass E - Corrosive Material

causes severe eye and skin irritation upon contact causes severe eye and skin irritation upon contact causes severe tissue damage with prolonged exposure causes severe tissue damage with prolonged exposure may be harmful if inhaled may be harmful if inhaled the effects are the same as under the household the effects are the same as under the household

hazards hazards

Class F - Dangerously Reactive MaterialClass F - Dangerously Reactive Material is very unstable is very unstable may react with water to release may react with water to release

a toxic or flammable gas a toxic or flammable gas may explode as a result of shock, may explode as a result of shock,

friction or increase in temperature friction or increase in temperature undergoes vigorous polymerization undergoes vigorous polymerization all of these reactions happen very quickly; you have to all of these reactions happen very quickly; you have to

be extremely careful around these substances be extremely careful around these substances

Assignment Assignment

go home and find 10 items that have warning go home and find 10 items that have warning symbols on the label.symbols on the label.

Make a table including the name of the product, Make a table including the name of the product, drawings of the warning symbols and what the drawings of the warning symbols and what the symbols mean:symbols mean:

ProductProduct Warning symbolWarning symbol MeaningMeaning

Fantastic sprayFantastic spray

cleanercleaner

contents of contents of container are container are corrosivecorrosive

Lab Procedures and RulesLab Procedures and Rules

1.1. No eating or drinking in the lab.No eating or drinking in the lab.2.2. Treat all chemicals as if they were hazardous:Treat all chemicals as if they were hazardous:3.3. Never perform unauthorized experiments.Never perform unauthorized experiments.4.4. Report all accidents immediately. Report all accidents immediately. 5.5. If you get a chemical solution in your eye go to the eyewash station If you get a chemical solution in your eye go to the eyewash station

immediately and wash the eye for at least 5 minutes.immediately and wash the eye for at least 5 minutes.6.6. If you get chemicals on your clothes, wash the clothes thoroughly.If you get chemicals on your clothes, wash the clothes thoroughly.7.7. Do not wear loose clothing during a lab. Tie long hair back.Do not wear loose clothing during a lab. Tie long hair back.8.8. Do not sit on the lab bench; you do not know how clean it is.Do not sit on the lab bench; you do not know how clean it is.9.9. Clean all equipment thoroughly and put it back where it belongs.Clean all equipment thoroughly and put it back where it belongs.10.10. Follow directions concerning the safe disposal of chemicals and Follow directions concerning the safe disposal of chemicals and

solutions.solutions.11.11. Clean your lab station thoroughly after a lab.Clean your lab station thoroughly after a lab.

In Case of An Accident:In Case of An Accident:

Inhaled PoisonInhaled Poison - Remove the patient to fresh - Remove the patient to fresh air and apply artificial respiration if necessary. air and apply artificial respiration if necessary. Keep the victim warm with blankets.Keep the victim warm with blankets.

Contact of Poison with Skin or Eyes -Contact of Poison with Skin or Eyes -Flood Flood affected area with water, for at least 5 minutes. affected area with water, for at least 5 minutes. Remove contaminated clothing. DO NOT Remove contaminated clothing. DO NOT attempt to use chemical antidote.attempt to use chemical antidote.

In Case of An Accident:In Case of An Accident:

Swallowed PoisonSwallowed Poison - If the person is conscious and - If the person is conscious and able to swallow, immediately dilute the poison by giving able to swallow, immediately dilute the poison by giving the victim 2 to 4 cups of milk or water.the victim 2 to 4 cups of milk or water.

Swallowed Corrosives - Swallowed Corrosives - DO NOT INDUCE DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Give milk and water. If vomiting occurs VOMITING. Give milk and water. If vomiting occurs naturally, hold head below hips to avoid choking. (Note: naturally, hold head below hips to avoid choking. (Note: Corrosives include drain cleaners, toilet bowl cleaners, Corrosives include drain cleaners, toilet bowl cleaners, ammonia, oven cleaners, turpentine, kerosene, furniture ammonia, oven cleaners, turpentine, kerosene, furniture polish, gasoline, pine oil and bleaches.polish, gasoline, pine oil and bleaches.

Lab EquipmentLab Equipment

number a blank sheet of note paper from 1 number a blank sheet of note paper from 1 to 32to 32

using the yellow sheet of lab equipment using the yellow sheet of lab equipment identify the various items placed around identify the various items placed around the room.the room.

write the correct name by the appropriate write the correct name by the appropriate numbrer on your page.numbrer on your page.

Lab Equipment (cont.)Lab Equipment (cont.)

make the following changes to your sheet make the following changes to your sheet of lab equipment:of lab equipment: the flask is an the flask is an Erlenmeyer flaskErlenmeyer flaskadd add volumetric flaskvolumetric flask to your to your

sheet:sheet:

What is Science?What is Science?

Science can be defined in several ways:Science can be defined in several ways:

An activity; the scientific method.An activity; the scientific method. A body of knowledge; all the ideas of all A body of knowledge; all the ideas of all

scientists who have worked before.scientists who have worked before. A human endeavour; done by people like you A human endeavour; done by people like you

and me.and me. Puzzle-solving; the most creative people are Puzzle-solving; the most creative people are

the most successful.the most successful. Amoral; does not look at things as good or evil.Amoral; does not look at things as good or evil. Sceptical; never takes things at face value, Sceptical; never takes things at face value,

always looks below the surface.always looks below the surface.

Six Guiding PrinciplesSix Guiding PrinciplesThere are (assumptions) which all scientists believe:There are (assumptions) which all scientists believe:

1.1. There is an external view separate from our perception There is an external view separate from our perception (e.g. the moon is the same size regardless how it (e.g. the moon is the same size regardless how it appears in the sky).appears in the sky).

2.2. The world is rational.The world is rational.3.3. One can study a small part of the world without having One can study a small part of the world without having

to take into account all the events occurring elsewhere.to take into account all the events occurring elsewhere.4.4. There are regularities in nature.There are regularities in nature.5.5. The world can be described by mathematics.The world can be described by mathematics.6.6. These assumptions apply to the entire universe. These assumptions apply to the entire universe.

The Types of ScienceThe Types of Science

Science can be roughly divided into 2 categories:Science can be roughly divided into 2 categories:

BiologicalBiological - studies living individuals and systems. - studies living individuals and systems. - includes biology, ecology, physiology, - includes biology, ecology, physiology, anatomy, genetics. anatomy, genetics.

PhysicalPhysical - studies non-living systems.- studies non-living systems.- includes chemistry, physics, geology, - includes chemistry, physics, geology, astronomy. astronomy.

There is alot of crossover in sciences, resulting in There is alot of crossover in sciences, resulting in disciplines like biochemistry, biophysics, molecular disciplines like biochemistry, biophysics, molecular biology and others.biology and others.

Applied SciencesApplied Sciences include engineering, agriculture and include engineering, agriculture and medicine.medicine.

Scientific ModelsScientific Models

a a black boxblack box is a phenomenon that cannot is a phenomenon that cannot be observed directly.be observed directly.

indirect observationsindirect observations are used to are used to determine the nature of a black box.determine the nature of a black box.

a a modelmodel is a description of a black box is a description of a black box based on indirect observations.based on indirect observations.

all our descriptions of the nature of matter all our descriptions of the nature of matter are models. are models.

Particle Theory of MatterParticle Theory of Matter

1.1. All matter is made up of extremely small All matter is made up of extremely small particles.particles.

2.2. Each pure substance has its own kind of Each pure substance has its own kind of particle, different from the particles of other particle, different from the particles of other pure substances.pure substances.

3.3. Particles attract each other.Particles attract each other.

4.4. Particles are always moving.Particles are always moving.

5.5. Particles at higher temperature move faster on Particles at higher temperature move faster on average than particles at a lower temperature.average than particles at a lower temperature.

SolutionsSolutions

the substance that is the bulk of the the substance that is the bulk of the mixture is called the mixture is called the solventsolvent

the substance that dissolves is the the substance that dissolves is the solutesolute the solute is mixed as individual particles the solute is mixed as individual particles

among the particles of the solventamong the particles of the solvent liquid or gaseous solutions are often liquid or gaseous solutions are often

transparenttransparentalloysalloys are solid solutions of metals are solid solutions of metals

Mechanical MixturesMechanical Mixtures

SuspensionsSuspensions have large, visible solid particles have large, visible solid particles distributed in the mixturedistributed in the mixture

the particles settle over timethe particles settle over time ColloidsColloids are particles smaller than suspensions are particles smaller than suspensions

but larger than individual particlesbut larger than individual particles the particles remain suspended through the particles remain suspended through

Brownian motion.Brownian motion. a colloidal mixture can be identified by the a colloidal mixture can be identified by the

Tyndall Effect.Tyndall Effect.

Brownian MotionBrownian Motion

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Mechanical MixturesMechanical Mixtures

EmulsionsEmulsions are mixtures of two liquids that are mixtures of two liquids that do not normally mix (oil and water)do not normally mix (oil and water)

the liquids separate into layersthe liquids separate into layershomogenizationhomogenization produces a colloidal produces a colloidal

mixture and can prevent separationmixture and can prevent separation

Mixtures and CompoundsMixtures and Compounds

Properties and Changes Properties and Changes of Matterof Matter

Properties of MatterProperties of Matter

Physical Properties:Physical Properties:□ Can be observed without changing a Can be observed without changing a

substance into another substance.substance into another substance.Boiling point, density, mass, volume, etc.Boiling point, density, mass, volume, etc.

Chemical Properties:Chemical Properties:□ Can Can onlyonly be observed when a substance is be observed when a substance is

changed into another substance.changed into another substance.Flammability, corrosiveness, reactivity with Flammability, corrosiveness, reactivity with

acid, etc.acid, etc.

Properties of MatterProperties of Matter

Intensive Properties:Intensive Properties:□ Independent of the amount of the substance Independent of the amount of the substance

that is present.that is present.Density, boiling point, color, etc.Density, boiling point, color, etc.

Extensive Properties:Extensive Properties:□ Dependent upon the amount of the substance Dependent upon the amount of the substance

present.present.Mass, volume, energy, etc.Mass, volume, energy, etc.

Changes of MatterChanges of Matter

Physical Changes:Physical Changes:□ Changes in matter that do not change the Changes in matter that do not change the

composition of a substance.composition of a substance.Changes of state, temperature, volume, etc.Changes of state, temperature, volume, etc.

Chemical Changes:Chemical Changes:□ Changes that result in new substances.Changes that result in new substances.

Combustion, oxidation, decomposition, etc.Combustion, oxidation, decomposition, etc.

Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

In the course of a chemical reaction, the In the course of a chemical reaction, the reacting substances are converted to new reacting substances are converted to new substances.substances.

Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

CompoundsCompounds

Compounds can be Compounds can be broken down into broken down into more elemental more elemental particles.particles.

Electrolysis of WaterElectrolysis of Water

Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties

Qualitative Qualitative physical properties are physical properties are characteristics that can be described but characteristics that can be described but not measured.not measured.

QuantitativeQuantitative physical properties can be physical properties can be measured numerically.measured numerically.

Characteristic physical propertiesCharacteristic physical properties can can be used to identify a substance. (melting be used to identify a substance. (melting point, boiling point, density)point, boiling point, density)

Examples of Chemical and Examples of Chemical and Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties

PhysicalPhysical

ChemicalChemical QuantitativeQuantitative QualitiativeQualitiativereacts with waterreacts with water colourcolour melting temperaturemelting temperature

reacts with airreacts with air texturetexture boiling temperatureboiling temperature

reacts with pure oxygenreacts with pure oxygen tastetaste densitydensity

reacts with acidreacts with acid smellsmell viscosityviscosity

reacts with other pure reacts with other pure substancessubstances

statestate solubilitysolubility

toxicitytoxicity crystal shapecrystal shape electrical conductivityelectrical conductivity

stabilitystability malleabilitymalleability heat conductivityheat conductivity

combustibilitycombustibility ductilityductility

Chemical or Physical Change ?Chemical or Physical Change ?

If two or more of the following If two or more of the following observations have been made, a chemical observations have been made, a chemical change has change has probablyprobably occured: occured:heat is produced or absorbedheat is produced or absorbeda colour change occursa colour change occursgas is producedgas is produceda solid precipitates out of a solutiona solid precipitates out of a solution reactant disappearsreactant disappearsnew substances are formednew substances are formed

DensityDensity

is a measure of the mass of a substance is a measure of the mass of a substance relative to its volume;relative to its volume;

something with a high density feels heavy something with a high density feels heavy (lead, gold)(lead, gold)

something with a low density feels light something with a low density feels light (wood)(wood)

DensityDensity

is determined mathematically:is determined mathematically:

Density = Density = Mass Mass

VolumeVolume

D = D = mm

VV

Compounds and ElementsCompounds and Elements

an ancient theory saw the universe made an ancient theory saw the universe made of 4 elements:of 4 elements:

alchemistsalchemists used this theory to attempt used this theory to attempt transmutuationtransmutuation, the conversion of base , the conversion of base matter into more valuable substances matter into more valuable substances (usually gold)(usually gold)

they failed, but discovered that matter they failed, but discovered that matter seemed to be made of several seemed to be made of several elementselements, , substances that could not be broken down substances that could not be broken down into simpler thingsinto simpler things

Dalton’s Chemical Atomic TheoryDalton’s Chemical Atomic Theory

1.1. elements of matter consist of characteristic types of elements of matter consist of characteristic types of particles.particles.

2.2. particles or atoms of an element are identical to one particles or atoms of an element are identical to one another.another.

3.3. atoms are indivisible. atoms are indivisible. 4.4. there are as many kinds of atoms as there are elements.there are as many kinds of atoms as there are elements.5.5. atoms of one element cannot be changed into atoms of atoms of one element cannot be changed into atoms of

another element.another element.6.6. atoms in chemical reactions are neither created nor atoms in chemical reactions are neither created nor

destroyed, just rearranged. destroyed, just rearranged. 7.7. atoms combine in small, whole-number ratios to form atoms combine in small, whole-number ratios to form

compounds. compounds.

HomeworkHomework

read chapter 6, from pages 190 to 204read chapter 6, from pages 190 to 204Complete Investigation 6-A, Interpreting Complete Investigation 6-A, Interpreting

Chemical formulas, on page 195-96. Chemical formulas, on page 195-96. Hand in parts 1, 2 and 3Hand in parts 1, 2 and 3

Complete Check Your Understanding:Complete Check Your Understanding:page 197, all questionspage 197, all questionspage 204, questions 1 & 3page 204, questions 1 & 3