Chemistry SOL Reviewby Anne Mooring (Jamestown High School,
Williamsburg VA, 2006)
Part 2: Atomic Structure and Periodic Relationships 1. Parts of
the Periodic Table 2. Introduction to the SOL Periodic Table 3.
Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table 4. Periodic Trends in
Atomic Radius, Ionization Energy, and Electronegativity. 5.
Isotopes and Average Atomic Mass 6. Historical and Quantum Models
of the Atom A calculator will be helpful, but not necessary for
this powerpoint.
This section represents 8/50 of the SOL questions
The columns are called groups or families. Groups have similar
physical and chemical properties and the same number of valence
electrons
Name the groups boxed in yellow, orange, green and blue.
Name the groups boxed in yellow, orange, green and blue. Alkali
metals, Alkaline Earth metals, Halogens, and Noble or Inert
Gases.
The rows are called periods. The period number matches the
principle energy level of the element. This will be the principle
energy level of the valence electrons.
What is the principle energy level of Nickel, Ni?
What is the principle energy level of Nickel, Ni? 4it is in the
row numbered 4
Chemistry SOL ReviewAtomic Structure Using the SOL Periodic
Table Click on the link to get the SOL periodic table Keep this
Adobe file open as you work on the review Lets use the periodic
table to answer some questions about Silicon
Chemistry SOL ReviewAtomic Structure Using the SOL Periodic
Table Lets use the periodic table to answer some questions about
Silicon. How many protons does Silicon have?
Chemistry SOL ReviewAtomic Structure Using the SOL Periodic
Table Lets use the periodic table to answer some questions about
Silicon. How many protons does Silicon have? 14 protons = atomic
number. How many electrons does neutral Silicon have?
Chemistry SOL ReviewAtomic Structure Using the SOL Periodic
Table Lets use the periodic table to answer some questions about
Silicon. How many protons does Silicon have? 14 protons = atomic
number. How many electrons does neutral Silicon have? 14 electrons
(# electrons = # protons in neutral atoms) How many neutrons does
Silicon-30 have?
Chemistry SOL ReviewAtomic Structure Using the SOL Periodic
Table Lets use the periodic table to answer some questions about
Silicon. How many protons does Silicon have? 14 protons = atomic
number. How many electrons does neutral Silicon have? 14 electrons
(# electrons = # protons in neutral atoms) How many neutrons does
Silicon-30 have? 16 neutrons. Silicon-30 is an isotope of Silicon.
It has a mass number of 30. The mass number is protons +
neutrons.
Chemistry SOL ReviewAtomic Structure Using the SOL Periodic
Table Lets use the periodic table to answer some questions about
Silicon. How many protons does Silicon have? 14 protons = atomic
number. How many electrons does neutral Silicon have? 14 electrons
(# electrons = # protons in neutral atoms) How many neutrons does
Silicon-30 have? 16 neutrons. Silicon-30 is an isotope of Silicon.
It has a mass number of 30. The mass number is protons + neutrons.
What is the molar mass of Silicon?
Chemistry SOL ReviewAtomic Structure Using the SOL Periodic
Table Lets use the periodic table to answer some questions about
Silicon. How many protons does Silicon have? 14 protons = atomic
number. How many electrons does neutral Silicon have? 14 electrons
(# electrons = # protons in neutral atoms) How many neutrons does
Silicon-30 have? 30 neutrons. Silicon-30 is an isotope of Silicon.
It has a mass number of 30. The mass number is protons + neutrons.
What is the molar mass of Silicon? 28.0855 grams/mole (this is the
same as the atomic mass on the periodic table)
Chemistry SOL ReviewAtomic Structure Using the SOL Periodic
Table Lets use the periodic table to answer some questions about
Silicon. How many protons does Silicon have? 14 protons = atomic
number. How many electrons does neutral Silicon have? 14 electrons
(# electrons = # protons in neutral atoms) How many neutrons does
Silicon-30 have? 30 neutrons. Silicon-30 is an isotope of Silicon.
It has a mass number of 30. The mass number is protons + neutrons.
What is the molar mass of Silicon? 28.0855 grams/mole (this is the
same as the atomic mass on the periodic table) How many valence
electrons does Silicon have?
Chemistry SOL ReviewAtomic Structure Using the SOL Periodic
Table Lets use the periodic table to answer some questions about
Silicon. How many protons does Silicon have? 14 protons = atomic
number. How many electrons does neutral Silicon have? 14 electrons
(# electrons = # protons in neutral atoms) How many neutrons does
Silicon-30 have? 30 neutrons. Silicon-30 is an isotope of Silicon.
It has a mass number of 30. The mass number is protons + neutrons.
What is the molar mass of Silicon? 28.0855 grams/mole (this is the
same as the atomic mass on the periodic table) How many valence
electrons does Silicon have? 4 valence electrons. Look for
electrons in the highest principle energy level.
Chemistry SOL ReviewAtomic Structure
An s orbital holds 2 electrons w/ opposite spins
Chemistry SOL ReviewAtomic Structure
Each p orbital holds 2ewith opposite spins
Chemistry SOL ReviewAtomic Structure
Each d orbital holds 2ewith opposite spins
Chemistry SOL ReviewAtomic Structure The orbitals and the
periodic table
The s suborbital fills
Chemistry SOL ReviewAtomic Structure The orbitals and the
periodic table
The p suborbitals fill
Chemistry SOL ReviewAtomic Structure The orbitals and the
periodic table
The d suborbitals fill
Chemistry SOL ReviewAtomic Structure Valence electron
configuration and the periodic table
All group 13 elements have the valance electron configuration
ns2np1.and 3 valence electrons
Chemistry SOL ReviewAtomic Structure Valence electron
configuration and the periodic table
All group 15 elements have the valance electron configuration
ns2np3.and 5 valance electrons.
Chemistry SOL ReviewAtomic Structure Valence electron
configuration and the periodic table
What is the valence configuration of the halogens?
Chemistry SOL ReviewAtomic Structure Valence electron
configuration and the periodic table
What is the valence configuration of the halogens? ns2np5.
Chemistry SOL ReviewAtomic Structure Periodic Trends in Atomic
Radius, Ionization Energy, and Electronegativity. Atomic Radius:
the radius of an atom in picometers First Ionization Energy: The
energy needed to remove the first valence electron from a gaseous
atom. Electronegativity: The tendency of an atom to attract
electrons to itself when chemically combined with another
element.
Chemistry SOL ReviewAtomic Structure Periodic Trends in Atomic
Radius, Ionization Energy, and Electronegativity. Atomic Radius:
the radius of an atom in picometers
1
2
13
14
15
16
17
18
Chemistry SOL ReviewAtomic Structure Periodic Trends in Atomic
Radius, Ionization Energy, and Electronegativity. First Ionization
Energy: The energy needed to remove the first valence electron from
a gaseous atom. Ionization energy increases as you move to higher
number groups. Group 18 has the highest 1st ionization energy.
Ionization energy decreases as you move down the periodic
table.
Chemistry SOL ReviewAtomic Structure Periodic Trends in Atomic
Radius, Ionization Energy, and Electronegativity. First Ionization
Energy: The energy needed to remove the first valence electron from
a gaseous atom.
Chemistry SOL ReviewAtomic Structure Periodic Trends in Atomic
Radius, Ionization Energy, and Electronegativity.
Electronegativity: The tendency of an atom to attract electrons to
itself when chemically combined with another element.
The halogen group has the highest electronegativity of the
families. The first period has the highest electronegativity. Noble
gases do not have electronegativity as the valence shell is already
full.
Chemistry SOL ReviewAtomic Structure Anions, Cations, and
Electron Configuration Cations form by losing valance electrons to
take on a noble gas configuration (ns2np6)
Chemistry SOL ReviewAtomic Structure Anions, Cations, and
Electron Configuration Cations form by losing valance electrons to
take on a noble gas configuration (ns2np6)
So Li loses the 2s1 electron to form Li+1 . Mg loses both 3s2
electrons to form Mg+2 Al loses three electrons from 3s23p1 to form
Al+3
Chemistry SOL ReviewAtomic Structure Anions, Cations, and
Electron Configuration Anions form by gaining valance electrons to
take on a noble gas configuration (ns2np6)
So F becomes F1- by gaining a 2p electron to have the new
valance configuration 2s22p6. S becomes S2- by gaining two 2p
electrons to have the new valance configuration 3s23p6. N becomes
N3- by gaining three 2p electrons to have the new valance
configuration 2s22p6.
Chemistry SOL ReviewAtomic Structure
Isotopes: elements with the same number of protons, but a
different number of neutrons.
12 C 6
13 C 6
14 C 6
Carbon-14 has ___ protons and ___ neutrons
Chemistry SOL ReviewAtomic Structure
Isotopes: elements with the same number of protons, but a
different number of neutrons.
12 C 6
13 C 6
14 C 6
Carbon-14 has 6 protons and 8 neutrons
Chemistry SOL ReviewAtomic Structure
Isotopes: elements with the same number of protons, but a
different number of neutrons.
12 C 6
13 C 6
14 C 6
You figure out the average atomic mass of a compound by using a
weighted average of the mass number for each isotope. Example: a
sample contains 10% C-13, 60% C-12 and 40% C-14. The average atomic
mass is
(0.10 x 13) + (0.60 x 12) + (0.30 x 14) = 12.7
Chemistry SOL ReviewAtomic Structure
Development of the Atomic Model
Thompson Model Rutherford Gold Foil Experiment and Mode Bohr
Model Quantum-Mechanical Model
From Mark Rosengartens New York Regents Powerpoint
Chemistry SOL ReviewAtomic Structure
Thompson Model The atom is a positively charged diffuse mass
with negatively charged electrons stuck in it.
From Mark Rosengartens New York Regents Powerpoint
Chemistry SOL ReviewAtomic Structure
Rutherford Model The atom is made of a small, dense, positively
charged nucleus with electrons at a distance, the vast majority of
the volume of the atom is empty space. Alpha particles shot at a
thin sheet of gold foil: most go through (empty space). Some
deflect or bounce off (small + charged nucleus).
From Mark Rosengartens New York Regents Powerpoint
Chemistry SOL ReviewAtomic Structure
Bohr Model Electrons orbit around the nucleus in energy levels
(shells). Atomic bright-line spectra was the clue.
From Mark Rosengartens New York Regents Powerpoint
Chemistry SOL ReviewAtomic Structure
Quantum-Mechanical Model Electron energy levels are wave
functions. Electrons are found in orbitals, regions of space where
an electron is most likely to be found. You cant know both where
the electron is and where it is going at the same time. Electrons
buzz around the nucleus like gnats buzzing around your head.
From Mark Rosengartens New York Regents Powerpoint