ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 534 DINOFLAGELLATE DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE IN TWO BELIZEAN CORAL-REEF MANGROVE LAGOONS: A TEST OF MARGALEF’S MANDALA BY MARIA A. FAUST, R. WAYNE LITAKER, MARK W. VANDERSEA, STEVEN R. KIBLER, AND PATRICIA A. TESTER ISSUED BY NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION WASHINGTON, D.C., U.S.A. NOVEMBER 2005
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ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN
NO. 534
DINOFLAGELLATE DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE IN TWO BELIZEAN CORAL-REEF MANGROVE LAGOONS: A TEST OF
MARGALEF’S MANDALA
BY
MARIA A. FAUST, R. WAYNE LITAKER, MARK W. VANDERSEA, STEVEN R. KIBLER, AND PATRICIA A. TESTER
ISSUED BYNATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONWASHINGTON, D.C., U.S.A.
NOVEMBER 2005
N mag.
2 km
Tobacco Range
Pelican Cays
Patch Reefs& Sand Bores
TobaccoReef
16˚45'N
88˚15'W 88˚05'W
Twin Cays
Carrie Bow Cay
Manatee Cay Cat Cay
Tobacco Cay
Douglas Cay
Research Area of Twin Cays and Douglas Cay
Island
Reef
Tidal flat
100 m
Lair Channel
100 m
Hidden Creek
GrouperGardens
The Lair
Turtle Pond
Batfish Point
Cuda Cut
Sponge Haven
Twin Bays
Figure 1. Map showing The Lair at Twin Cays, and Douglas Cay sample sites and surrounding cays.
DINOFLAGELLATE DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE IN TWO BELIZEAN CORAL-REEF MANGROVE LAGOONS: A TEST OF MARGALEF’S
MANDALA
BY
MARIA A. FAUST1, R. WAYNE LITAKER2, MARK W. VANDERSEA2, STEVEN R. KIBLER2, AND PATRICIA A. TESTER2
1 DepartmentofBotany,NationalMuseumofNaturalHistory,SmithsonianInstitution, Washington D.C., 20560.2NOS/NOAA,CenterforCoastalFisheriesHabitatResearch,101PiversIslandRoad,Beaufort,NorthCarolina,28516.Manuscript received 29 July 2005; revised 22 August 2005.
ml90%acetoneandweremaceratedwithatissuegrinderbeforebeinganalyzedusingtheacidificationmethodforchladescribedbyParsonsetal.(1984).ThewatercolumnconditionsatDouglasCayandTheLairweresimilarin2002,2003and2004.In2004,weformallyquantifiedstratificationateachstationusingtheBrunt-Väisäläfrequency(N),whichdescribestheoscillationthatresultswhenthepycnoclineisdisplaced(MannandLazier,1996).Thismetricwascalculatedatmid-depthinthewatercolumnusingtheexpressionN(rads-1)=(g/ÿ/ÿz)½,wheregisthegravitationalconstant(ms-2) and isdensity (Kg m-3).Tosimplifycomparisons,Nwasconvertedtounitsofcyclesh-1 usingN/2ÿ.Strongstratificationisindicatedbyfrequenciesinexcessof20cycles.h-1(Macintyre et al., 2002).
ForSEM,glutaraldehyde(1%concentration)-preserveddinoflagellateswereisolated using a capillary pipette under a compound microscope. Cells were concentrated ontoapolycarbonatefilteratroomtemperature,rinsedsixtoeighttimeswithdeionizedwater,dehydratedinagradedseriesofethanolconcentrationsandcriticalpointdried.Thepreparationwascoatedwithcarbonandbyalayerofgold-palladium(Faust,1990).CelldimensionsweredeterminedfromSEMphotographsofatleast10cells;valuesgivenrepresentthemean.Kofoidiannomenclaturewasusedforidentifyingdinoflagellatespecies(Kofoid,1909).SamplesofthisinvestigationaredepositedinTheDinoflagellateCollectionoftheU.S.A.NationalHerbarium,SmithsonianInstitution,WashingtonD.C.
Morphology:Epithecaisconicalandhypothecatrapezoidal;epithecaandhypothecaalmostequal(Fig.11).Cellsare35µmLto30µmWandcellsurfacevermiculate.Hypothecaisindented(Fig.12a).Apicalintercalaryplates1aand,2aadjacentand3aseparated(Fig.12b).Apicalporecomplexischamber-likeFig.12b).Sulcusiswidefoursulcal platelets present (Fig. 12c). Red stigma is present.
2010 cells L-1inManateeCay(Morton,2000);dinoflagellatesalsopresentinCatCayandFishermanCay(Faust,2000).The‘bloom’populationinDouglasCaymaysuggestthathighorganicnutrientsenhancedgrowthof D. caudatatoaredtidelevelinDouglasCaythatisanunusualoccurrence(Maestrini,1998).Distributions:Neriticandestuarineinwarmtemperatetotropicalwatersworldwideexceptincoldwater,cosmopolitan.
Morphology: Cellelongatewithtaperedepitheca;epithecaangularwithashorthorn(Fig.15).Cellsize(42-65µmLand26-56µmW).Hypothecaroundedortruncate(Fig.16) with three short antapical spines. Theca is ornate with reticulae, longitudinal ridges andstriae(Fig.17).Linedrawingsofplatesarecharacterizedbylongitudinalraisedandserratedreticulaeextendingfromapextoantapex(Fig.18).
Morphology:Epithecaelongate,conicalwithashortapicalhorn(Fig.19),cells(35-40µmLand21-33µmW).Cellandhypothecarounded;twoshortantapicalspinespresent(Fig.20).Apicalporecomplexisoblong,Poelliptical.Apicalplate1´bearsaventralpore(Vp)(fig.22a).Cingulumisexcavated,descendingwithanoverhang(Fig.21).Cellsurfaceisornate,characterizedbyreticulae,extendingfromtheapextoantapex.Striae associated with round trichocyst pores. Thecal plate morphology illustrated in line drawing(Fig.22).TheshapeofG. spinifera isvariableanddifficulttoidentify.Formscysts.Ecology: Gonyaulax spinifera formedredtide1.5x103 cells L-1 in Douglas Cay, was also
Ecology: Speciesisanewred-tide-formingdinoflagellatefromBelize.L polyedrum formedredtides1.8x103cells L-1outside Douglas Cay, and species present in Cat Cay, FishermanCayandManateeCay(Faust,2000).Cellsduringthenightdisplaybrilliantphosphorescence. Distribution:neriticoceaniccoastalwarmtemperatetotropicalwaters.
Ecology: Speciesformedredtide2.5x103 cell L-1outside the Douglas Cay and species presentoutsideCatCay,FishermanCayandManateeCay.Thisspeciesmayconfinetomangrove-fringedcoastalwatersoftheAtlanticandIndo-WestPacificandcausesred-brownwaterdiscolorationunderbloomcondition(Hallegraeff,1993).Distribution:SpeciespresentworldwideinCaribbean,AtlanticandPacificOceansinsubtropicaltotropicalwaters.
Toxicity: P. bahamensevar.bahamense producerofDSPandparalyticshellfishpoison(Table6).
Akashivo sanguinea Ichthyotoxins Carlson, R.D. & D.R. Tindall, 1985Bysmatrum caponii Non toxic Faust, M.A. & K.A. Steidinger, 1998Bysmatrum subsalsum Non toxic Faust, M.A. & K.A. Steidinger, 1998Ceratium furca Non toxic Steidinger, K.A. & T. Tangen, 1996Cochlodinium polykrikoides Ichthyotoxins Yuki, K. & S. Yoshimatsu, 1989Coolia monotis Cooliatoxin Holmes M.J. et al., 1995Dinophysis caudata Ichthyotoxin, DSP Okaichi, T., 1967Gonyaulax grindleyi Paralytic toxin Reinecke, P., 1967Gonyaulax polygramma Fish kills due to anoxia Koizumi, Y. et al., 1996Gonyaulax spinifera Non toxic Steidinger, K.A. & K. Tangen, 1996Lingulodinium polyedrum PSP toxins; STX Bruno, M.P. et al., 1990Peridinium quinquecorne Fish kills due to anoxia Fukuyo, Y. et al., 1990Plagodinium belizeanum Non toxic Faust, M.A. & E. Balech, 1993Prorocentrum belizeanum DSP toxins: DTXI, OA Morton, S.L. et al., 1998Prorocentrum caribbeanum Non toxic Faust, M.A., 1993Prorocentrum elegans Non toxic Faust, M.A. & E. Balech, 1993Prorocentrum mexicanum FAT Tindall D.R. et al., 1984Pyrodinium bahamense DSP, Ichthyotoxin Hallegraeff, G.M. 1993
Inadditiontohighdiversity,weobservedanumberofdinoflagellatebloomsinbothlagoonalsystems.InDouglasCay,14bloom-formingspecieswereobservedin2002and15in2003.TheLairexperiencedaslightlysmallernumberofbloomsinvolving9speciesin2003and13in2004(Table5).Themostintensebloom-formingspecieswerePeridiniumquinquecorneinDouglasCayandProrocentrumelegansinTheLair.BloomsofGonyaulaxgrindleyiinDouglasCaywerealsosufficientlyhightodiscolorthewater.SimilarG.polygramma,bloomshavebeenreportedinManateeCay(MortonandVillareal,1998;Morton,2000).PreviousstudiesinDouglasCayconductedinMay1997,1999and2000alsofoundoneormore>20µmdinoflagellatesbloomedineachofthesestudiesreachingcellconcentrationsinexcessof1x10-3 cells L-1.Frequentbloomsthereforecanbeconsideredapersistentfeatureofthesesystemsfromyear-to-yearduringthe May study period.
Margalef’sMadala,andtheresultsforDouglasCayandTheLair,alsohaveprofoundimplicationsforecosystemhealth.Boththetheoryandthespeciesfoundinthesenaturallyeutrophiedsystems(Tables3-5)wouldpredictthatasanthropogenicinputsintotheoligotrophicwatersoftheCaribbeanincrease,sowilltheproportionofdinoflagellatesintheassemblage.Thisspeciesshiftwouldlikelybemostpronouncedinshelteredbaysorotherregionswhereturbulenceandhydrodynamicdilutionareminimizedandintheveryregionsmostlikelytobereceivingincreasednutrientinputs.(Smayda,1997).Ifthetoxicdinoflagellatespeciesarefavoredduetoselectivegrazingpressuresorotherfactors,theirtoxinswilllikelyaccumulateinthefoodweb.Itisnowknownthatalltrophiccompartmentsofmarinefoodwebarevulnerabletothechronic,sublethalimpactsoftheseHABtoxins(Hallegraeff,1993).Incaseswheretoxinaccumulationissignificant,acuteimpactsincludingalterationoffood-webdynamicssufficienttoresultintrophicdysfunction,aswellasadverseeffectsonfisheriesandhuman health, can result.
Figures 11-12.MorphologyofBysmatrum caponii sanddwellingdinoflagellatespeciesidentifiedfromDouglas Cay and The Lair at Twin Cays sampling areas illustrated in scanning electron micrographs anddissectedplatetabulationsinlinedrawings.
Figures 13-14.MorphologyofDinophysis caudata planktonicdinoflagellatespeciesidentifiedfromDouglas Cay and The Lair at Twin Cays sampling areas illustrated in scanning electron micrographs, anddissectedplatetabulationsinlinedrawings.
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