Atmospheric Atmospheric Chemistry Chemistry Atmospheric aerosol, Atmospheric aerosol, air quality and air quality and climate: from the climate: from the local to the global local to the global scale scale Sandro Fuzzi Sandro Fuzzi Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate Climate National Research Council National Research Council Bologna Bologna
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Atmospheric Chemistry Atmospheric aerosol, air quality and climate: from the local to the global scale Sandro Fuzzi Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and.
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Atmospheric ChemistryAtmospheric Chemistry
Atmospheric aerosol, air quality Atmospheric aerosol, air quality and climate: from the local to the and climate: from the local to the
global scale global scale
Sandro FuzziSandro Fuzzi
Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and ClimateInstitute of Atmospheric Sciences and ClimateNational Research CouncilNational Research Council
BolognaBologna
Atmospheric ChemistryAtmospheric Chemistry
The atmosphere: a multiphase systemThe atmosphere: a multiphase system
The atmosphere is a multiphase system, The atmosphere is a multiphase system, insofar as all three phases are insofar as all three phases are simultaneously present: gas, solid, liquidsimultaneously present: gas, solid, liquid
Dry aerosol constitutes the solid phaseDry aerosol constitutes the solid phase Wet aerosol and cloud/fog droplets Wet aerosol and cloud/fog droplets
constitute the liquid phaseconstitute the liquid phase
Atmospheric ChemistryAtmospheric Chemistry
Aerosol: definitionAerosol: definition
““a stable suspension of solid and/or a stable suspension of solid and/or liquid in air”liquid in air”
Size interval Size interval
0.003 - 100 0.003 - 100 mm
Atmospheric ChemistryAtmospheric Chemistry
Aerosol mass distributionAerosol mass distribution
Atmospheric ChemistryAtmospheric Chemistry
Aerosol mass and number Aerosol mass and number concentrationsconcentrations
Aerosol type
Aerosol number
(N/cm3)
Aerosol mass
(g/m3)
Plume
107
102-105
Urban area 105-106 100-1000 Rural area 103-105 10-100 Remote area 100-500 10 Artic 10-1000 0.1-10 Anctartica 10-100 0.1
Atmospheric ChemistryAtmospheric Chemistry
emission deposition
transport - transformation
surface
atmosphere
Cycle of atmospheric aerosolCycle of atmospheric aerosol
Atmospheric ChemistryAtmospheric Chemistry
Emission of aerosol in the atmosphereEmission of aerosol in the atmosphere
Two or more gaseous species react Two or more gaseous species react producing a low vapor pressure producing a low vapor pressure compoundcompound
The new compound can:The new compound can:condense onto a pre-existing particlecondense onto a pre-existing particlenucleate forming a new ultra-fine particlenucleate forming a new ultra-fine particle
Atmospheric ChemistryAtmospheric Chemistry
NucleationNucleation
Evidence of formation of “new” particles of a few Evidence of formation of “new” particles of a few nm size reported by Aitken already in 1897nm size reported by Aitken already in 1897
Measurements possible only in the last few years Measurements possible only in the last few years (DMPS)(DMPS)
wet removal wet removal (incorporation in clouds and (incorporation in clouds and deposition through precipitation)deposition through precipitation)
Atmospheric ChemistryAtmospheric Chemistry
diameter (micrometers)
day
s
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 1000.1
1
10
100
1000
hou
rs
Brownian diffusioncoagulation sedimentation
accumulation mode
Aerosol residence timeAerosol residence time
Atmospheric ChemistryAtmospheric Chemistry
Aerosol chemical compositionAerosol chemical composition
Unlike atmospheric gases, aerosols cannot be characterised by a single parameter such as concentration. Instead atmospheric aerosols are characterised by their physical, chemical and optical properties, as well as their state of mixture (internal or external) and phase (solid, liquid or ice).
Atmospheric ChemistryAtmospheric Chemistry
Aerosol complexityAerosol complexity Various chemical species (elemental, organic
and inorganic) are present Solid, liquid and ice particles from a few
nanometers to a few hundred micrometers are present
Internally/externally mixed system exists Temporal (diurnal, seasonal and annual), and
spatial (long/lat and altitude) variability and systematic relationships need to be considered
Atmospheric ChemistryAtmospheric Chemistry
Aerosol state of mixingAerosol state of mixing
Atmospheric ChemistryAtmospheric Chemistry
Carbonaceous aerosolCarbonaceous aerosol
Until recently, only the inorganic Until recently, only the inorganic fraction of the aerosol was knownfraction of the aerosol was known
Now we know that carbonaceous Now we know that carbonaceous aerosols are ubiquitous and can aerosols are ubiquitous and can contribute from 20% to > 80% of the contribute from 20% to > 80% of the mass of fine aerosolmass of fine aerosol
Atmospheric ChemistryAtmospheric Chemistry
Forms of carbon in the aerosolForms of carbon in the aerosol
black carbon (BC)black carbon (BC) organic carbon (OC)organic carbon (OC)
total carbon (TC) = BC + OCtotal carbon (TC) = BC + OC
Atmospheric ChemistryAtmospheric Chemistry
Composition of fine aerosolComposition of fine aerosol
human healthhuman health vegetation and materialsvegetation and materials visibilityvisibility climateclimate hydrological cyclehydrological cycle
Atmospheric ChemistryAtmospheric Chemistry
Effects on human healthEffects on human health
Mechanisms by which ihalable atmospheric Mechanisms by which ihalable atmospheric particles affect human health are still poorly particles affect human health are still poorly known. Two types of interactions can however be known. Two types of interactions can however be identified:identified: mechanicalmechanical: : inflammation ofinflammation of tissues or receptors tissues or receptors
chemicalchemical: : inflammation ofinflammation of tissues or receptors, tissues or receptors, damages of cellular tissues, mutagenesis of cellsdamages of cellular tissues, mutagenesis of cells
COST action 633: Particulate matter: Properties relatedCOST action 633: Particulate matter: Properties relatedto health effectsto health effects http://cost.cordis.lu/src/action_detail.cfm?action=633http://cost.cordis.lu/src/action_detail.cfm?action=633
Atmospheric ChemistryAtmospheric Chemistry
Effects on vegetationEffects on vegetationand materialsand materials
Are mainly due to chemical reactions of Are mainly due to chemical reactions of particulate matter deposited on the surfaces particulate matter deposited on the surfaces activated by water (dew, fog, precipitation)activated by water (dew, fog, precipitation)
The reaction products in solution can then The reaction products in solution can then produce damages to materials and produce damages to materials and vegetation tissues vegetation tissues
Atmospheric ChemistryAtmospheric Chemistry
Damage to leavesDamage to leaves
Atmospheric ChemistryAtmospheric Chemistry
Damage to materialsDamage to materialsPortal figure of Herten Castle, Germany (1702)Portal figure of Herten Castle, Germany (1702)
1908 1968
Atmospheric ChemistryAtmospheric Chemistry
1
10
100
1000
1 10 100 1000
Concentration (µg/m3)
Vis
ibil
ity
(km
)
range of actualconcentrations
of aerosol inthe atmosphere
Effect on visibilityEffect on visibility
Atmospheric ChemistryAtmospheric Chemistry
Visibility on a Visibility on a clear and a hazy clear and a hazy
dayday
Denver, Colorado
Atmospheric ChemistryAtmospheric Chemistry
Ji Parana, Ji Parana, BrasilBrasil
Atmospheric ChemistryAtmospheric Chemistry
Aerosol-climateAerosol-climate The atmospheric aerosol The atmospheric aerosol
influences the Earth’s influences the Earth’s climate in two ways:climate in two ways:
direct effectdirect effect: reflecting : reflecting the incoming solar the incoming solar radiation back to space;radiation back to space;
indirect effectindirect effect: acts as : acts as CCN favoring formation CCN favoring formation of clouds which can also of clouds which can also reflect solar radiation back reflect solar radiation back to space . to space .
Both these mechanisms Both these mechanisms exert a cooling effect on exert a cooling effect on climateclimateaerosol sources
Atmospheric ChemistryAtmospheric Chemistry
Climate forcingsClimate forcings
Atmospheric ChemistryAtmospheric Chemistry
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
reff
T [
oC
]
m]
Thai pre-mons
Israel dust
Australia urbanINDOEX polluted
Amazon smoke
Suppression of precipitationSuppression of precipitation
highconcentration
of aerosol
low concentrationof aerosol
thresholdfor productionof precipitation
Ramanathan et al.,Science, 2001
Visible and InfraRed Sensor (VIRS)Satellite NASA-Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)
Review on aerosols in EuropeReview on aerosols in EuropeA European Aerosol Phenomenology. 1: physical characteristics of particulate A European Aerosol Phenomenology. 1: physical characteristics of particulate
matter at kerbside, urban, rural and background sites in Europematter at kerbside, urban, rural and background sites in EuropeVan Dingenen, R., F. Raes, J.-P. Putaud, U. Baltensperger, E. Brüggemann, A. Charron, Van Dingenen, R., F. Raes, J.-P. Putaud, U. Baltensperger, E. Brüggemann, A. Charron, M.C. Facchini, S. Decesari, S. Fuzzi, R. Gehrig, H.-C. Hansson, R.M. Harrison, C. M.C. Facchini, S. Decesari, S. Fuzzi, R. Gehrig, H.-C. Hansson, R.M. Harrison, C. Hüglin, A.M. Jones, P. Laj, G. Lorbeer, W. Maenhaut, F. Palmgren, X. Querol, S. Hüglin, A.M. Jones, P. Laj, G. Lorbeer, W. Maenhaut, F. Palmgren, X. Querol, S. Rodriguez, J. Schneider, H.Rodriguez, J. Schneider, H.ten Brink, P. Tunved, K. Tørseth, B. Wehner, E. ten Brink, P. Tunved, K. Tørseth, B. Wehner, E. Weingartner, A. Wiedensohler and P. WåhlinWeingartner, A. Wiedensohler and P. Wåhlin
A European Aerosol Phenomenology. 2: chemical characteristics of particulate A European Aerosol Phenomenology. 2: chemical characteristics of particulate matter at kerbside, urban, rural and background sites in Europematter at kerbside, urban, rural and background sites in EuropePutaud, J.-P., F. Raes, R. Van Dingenen J.-P. U. Baltensperger, E. Brüggemann, M.C. Putaud, J.-P., F. Raes, R. Van Dingenen J.-P. U. Baltensperger, E. Brüggemann, M.C. Facchini, S. Decesari, S. Fuzzi, R. Gehrig, H.-C. Hansson, C. Hüglin, P. Laj, G. Lorbeer, Facchini, S. Decesari, S. Fuzzi, R. Gehrig, H.-C. Hansson, C. Hüglin, P. Laj, G. Lorbeer, W. Maenhaut, N. Mihalopoulos, K. Müller, X. Querol, S. Rodriguez, J. Schneider, G. W. Maenhaut, N. Mihalopoulos, K. Müller, X. Querol, S. Rodriguez, J. Schneider, G. Spindler, H.Spindler, H.ten Brink, K. Tørseth, B. Wehner and A. Wiedensohlerten Brink, K. Tørseth, B. Wehner and A. Wiedensohler
Reviews on organic aerosolReviews on organic aerosol
Organic aerosol and global climate modelling: A reviewOrganic aerosol and global climate modelling: A review
Kanakidou, M., J. H. Seinfeld, S. N. Pandis, I. Barnes, F. J. Dentener, M. Kanakidou, M., J. H. Seinfeld, S. N. Pandis, I. Barnes, F. J. Dentener, M. C. Facchini, R. van Dingenen, B. Ervens, A. Nenes, C. J. Nielsen, E. C. Facchini, R. van Dingenen, B. Ervens, A. Nenes, C. J. Nielsen, E. Swietlicki, J.P. Putaud, Y. Balkanski, S. Fuzzi, J. Hjorth, G. K. Moortgat, Swietlicki, J.P. Putaud, Y. Balkanski, S. Fuzzi, J. Hjorth, G. K. Moortgat, R. Winterhalter, C. E. L. Myhre, K. Tsigaridis, E. Vignati, E. G. R. Winterhalter, C. E. L. Myhre, K. Tsigaridis, E. Vignati, E. G. Stephanou, J. WilsonStephanou, J. Wilson
A critical assessment of the current state of knowledge and research A critical assessment of the current state of knowledge and research needs on the role of organic aerosols in the atmosphere, climate, needs on the role of organic aerosols in the atmosphere, climate, and global changeand global changeFuzzi, S., M.O. Andreae, B. Huebert, M. Kulmala, Fuzzi, S., M.O. Andreae, B. Huebert, M. Kulmala, T. Bond, M. Boy, S.J. T. Bond, M. Boy, S.J. Doherty, A. Guenther, M. Kanakidou, K. Kawamura, V.-M. Kerminen, U. Doherty, A. Guenther, M. Kanakidou, K. Kawamura, V.-M. Kerminen, U. Lohmann, U. Pöschl, L.M. RussellLohmann, U. Pöschl, L.M. RussellAtmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2017-2038 (2006)Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2017-2038 (2006)
Atmospheric ChemistryAtmospheric Chemistry
The EndThe End
...thank you for ...thank you for your attention!!!your attention!!!