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Life science 5.4.8.E.1 5.4.8.F.1
5.4.8.F.2 & F.3
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arth
Science
Atmosphere
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The Air Around You Earth's atmosphereis the envelope of gases that surrounds
the planet. made up of mostly of nitrogen, oxygen, with a
small amount of carbon dioxide, water vapor, andmany other gases, as well as particles of liquidsand solids
Weatheris the condition of Earth's atmosphere
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Air Pressure
Air pressure is the result ofthe weight of a column of airpushing down on an area. Airpressure is measured in Mb ormillibars
101!"# millibars
1 in x 1 in
square
column of
air weighs
14.7 lbs at
sea level
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Measuring Air Pressure
barometeris an instrument that is used tomeasure air pressure. mercury barometer consists of a glass tube
open at the bottom end and partially filled
with mercury
aneroid barometer has an airtight metalchamber
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Air Pressure $ Altitude
Elevation the distance above sea level. As altitude increasesAir pressure decreases
As air pressure decreases, so does density.
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"o #ow$ #ame the 4 a!ers of theatmosphere an% te me which one isso %ense that it can burn up
meteoroids thus sa'in( us fromcertain %eath )we ma!be not*
+,-T/ E0pain how ener(! fromthe sun aects our atmosphere
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'nergy in 'arth(sAtmosphere Energy travels to Earth as electromagnetic radiation from
the Sun
EMR travels through the atmosphere heats the surface
of the Earth
!hen Earth"s surface is heated, it radiates most of the
energy bac# into the atmosphere as infrared radiation.
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8eat Transfer in theAtmosphere Thermal energy - total energy of motion in the particles of
a substance Temperature the average thermal energy of the
substance particles Heat - transfer of thermal energy from a hotter obect to a
cooler one !ransferred in " of # ways$
%adiation &onduction &onvection
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9inds !ind is the movement of air from
an area of high pressure to an
area of lower pressure. Winds are caused by
dierences in air pressurecaused by unequal heating of theatmosphere
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Wind Direction / WindSpeed Wind speed is measured with ananemometer! The name of a wind tells
you the direction the
wind is coming from.
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"o #ow$ f !ou were %own at the#ew erse! shore for the wee an%obser'e% the chan(e in
temperatures %urin( the %a! an% atni(ht when in the 24 hours of a %a!wou% the air o'er the 6cean be
warmer then the an%7 n% wh!7 +,-T/ +tate how scientist %escribe
an% e0pain win%s . n% wi be abe
to %entif! where the maor (oba
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Sea bree$es %and bree$es are Local Winds
caused by the une&ual heating of Earth"s surface
within a small area
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:oriolis ';ect Because Earth is rotating, global winds do not follow a straight path.
The way Earth's rotation makes winds curve is called the&orioliseect. In the Northern Hemisphere, global winds curve to the right.In the Southern Hemisphere, global winds curve to the left.
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>et &tream
?i(h spee% win%currents about15: mph that are1:/15 m abo'ethe surface
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The Water CycleEvaporationCondensationPrecipitationRunoff
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Humidity vs. Relative
Humidity Humidityis the amount of water
vapor in the air. Relative Humidity- The amount
of water vapor the air can hold ata certain temperature
Saturation The maximumwater vapor air can hold at acertain temperature. Warmair holds more water thancold air, beyond this point itrains!
Psychrometer: device w/two thermometers, one w/ awet bulb the other w/ a drybulb.
Warm air
holds morewater vaporthan coldair!
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"o #ow$ f !ou i'e% in the #orth;oe what t!pe of win%s wou% beoccurrin( in the oceans that
surroun% !ou7 ;oar Easteries
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Relative Humidity Dry Bulb Temperature
The dry bulb temperature is the air temperaturemeasured using a standard thermometer. t is the
temperature reported in daily weather forecasts and
is sometimes referred to as the ambient air
temperature.
Wet Bulb Temperature
The wet bulb temperature also uses a standard thermometerhowever, a wet piece of cloth covers the bulb of the thermometer."s air passes over the wet cloth, the water in the clothevaporates, drawing heat out of the thermometer. #cools it$
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How Clouds Form Dew Point The dew point temperature is the
temperature at which the air can no longer hold all of
its water vapor, and some of the water vapor must
condense into liquid water.
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3 Main Cloud Types
>umuus
>irrus
+tratus
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Cloud Types - Photos
atocumuus stratocumuus nimbostratus
cumuus stratus cirrus
cumuonimbusstratonimbus
cirrocumuus
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"o #ow$ f !ou saw a cou% (oin(strai(ht up )'ertica* that oos iean'i in the s! what t!pe ofweather wou% !ou e0cept to seesoon7
Thun%erstorm +,-T/ %entif! the common t!pes
of precipitation an% %escribe how
the! are measure%
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Precipitation Rain most common type of precipitation, smaller droplets are drizzle or
mist. Hail forms only in cumulonimbus clouds during thunderstorms.
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Precipitation Snow water vapor converted directly into ice crystals, all are six sided and unique in shape.
Sleet- as rain falls to the ground it sometimes hits layers of cold air below freezing. Freezing rain rain (water) that hits very cold ground structures on the surface freezes.
see
t
FreeAin(Bain
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4 Main ir Masses !uge "od# of air t!at !as similar temperature$ !umidit# and air
pressure Tropical warm air masses lower pressure
Polar cold air masses higher pressure
ontinental form over land therefore are low
in humidity, dry air
"aritime forms over the water therefore is high
in humidity
1orth "merican "ir 2asses
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How ir Masses Move !revailing "esterlies and the Trade winds
#et $tream high speed winds blowing from "est to the %ast about &' m high
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"o #ow / ?ow %o air masses of%ierent %ensities beha'e7 Tae aoo at this openin(
%emonstrationC.-ase% on what !ouwatch/ write a h!pothesis statin(what wou% happen if a mass of co%
air ran into a mass of warm air
+,-T/ "e'eop a h!pothesis on
what occurs when a co% front an%
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Front- the boundary where two air masses meet. They do not mix easily.
ess dense air masses push over top of heavier more dense fronts. $torms and weather changes occur at fronts
Types of *ronts
+old *ront,
"arm *ront $tationary *ront
ccluded *ronts
,arm Front
>o% Front 6ccu%e% Front
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Warm Fronts
a% &arm Front warm front moving faster than a cold front, over taes it
and pushes up over the cold front. ("arm air less dense than cold air and-floats on the cold air mass).
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Cold Fronts old #ront When 3apidly moving old 2ass collides
w/ slow moving warm air mass, the more dense cold airslides under the warmer air mass.
"s warm air is pushed up higher, the air begins tocool holds less water vapor precipitation occurs.
>o%Front
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Cyclones
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Cyclones C#clone associated w/ ow pressure systems. "arm winds at the center rise
spin upward in a counterclocwise direction (if you were looing from above)
associated w/ decreasing air pressure, clouds, wind precipitation
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Types of Fronts
Front How Forms Type of Weather
>o% Front
,arm Front
6ccu%e% Front
+tationar! Front
Storm ( a violent distur"ance in t!e
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Storm a violent distur"ance in t!e
atmosp!ere% )!understorm a small storm w/ heavy precipitation Thunder and lightning.
a. *orm in +umulonimbus clouds called thunderheads.
"% *ig!tning $tatic electricity build up w/ electrical discharge 0umping betweenclouds or the clouds the ground.
c% )!under caused from the rapid expansion of air after lightning bolt ( 1','''
degrees +) cuts thru the atmosphere rapidly heating the air
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Tornadoes )ornadoes rapidly swirling funnel shaped cloud reaching
down from a cumulonimbus cloud to the ground. 2sually
occur in the 3reat !lains Tornado 4lley. ccur as a result of
+old dry !olar +ontinental 4ir 5ass collides w/ "arm
6umid Tropical 5aritime air mass off the +aribbean.
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Hurricanes Hurricanes a huge tropical c#clonethat has winds
in excess of 78 mph or higher. They are found in the 4tlantic, !acific and 9ndian
ceans. (in the western !acific they are called
typhoons) They begin over warm water areas as a low pressure
system or depression.
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Hurricanes
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Predicting t!e &eat!er Meteorologist a scientist who studies the causes of weather.
&eat!er Maps show: fronts, type of precipitation, hi low pressure areas, wind
speed and direction, cloud cover and temperature.
+so"arsThey are lines 0oining places on maps that have the same air pressure.
;arometric pressure is measured in -inches of 5ercury or -millibars.
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"hat type of precipitation will most liely follow if a humid
warm front over taes a cold front= $o what type of weather
will ensue a humid warm front=
9f warm air is humid, light rain or snow fall.
+,-T/ n'esti(ate an% earnin(
how to rea% weather maps
W th M
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Weather Maps Weather 2ap 6ymbols show types of precipitation, Wind speed,
wind direction, air pressure, fronts etc.
7ennants are 89 5nots.Therefore, the last wind example
in the chart below has a windspeed of :8 5nots. #89 5nots ;(9 5nots ; 8 5nots$.
3emember& Winds arenamed by stating thedirection from which thewind is coming. Thisdiagram indicates a (8
5not $ortheasternwind
Wind 6peed are given in 1autical2iles per hour
The white part of thecircle indicates whatfraction of the s5y iscloudy. e *8?
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'inal assessment for weather and the atmosphere(
)ro*ect+ Students will investigate their local weather for a
wee#. hey will record the high-low temperature, the
precipitation, the weather for the day, what the air pressure
was high or low(/0/1 mb is average anything above is
high pressure and anything below is low pressure2 .he
students will also record the humidity and conclude if high
or low humidity affect the precipitation for the day. %astly on
the final day they will ma#e a hypothesis based on the pastweather what the ne3t days weather will be li#e based on
what the 4th or 5th depending if they do 6 or 7 days of
recording.