atm-signaling 1 ATM Signaling • ATM signaling is mainly used for setup/release of virtual connections. • A phased approach was taken for the introduction of ATM networks supporting switched services. • This concept comprises three steps which are called capability sets (CS1, CS2, CS3). • In CS1, simple switched services with constant bit rates are provided and basic interworking with existing 64 Kb/s ISDN is foreseen. • More sophisticated services with variable bit rates, point-to-multipoint connections and multi-connections will be supported by CS2. • With CS2, call and connection control will be separated. • Finally, CS3 provides full range of services, including multimedia and distributive services.
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Atm-signaling1 ATM Signaling ATM signaling is mainly used for setup/release of virtual connections. A phased approach was taken for the introduction of.
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atm-signaling 1
ATM Signaling
• ATM signaling is mainly used for setup/release of virtual connections.
• A phased approach was taken for the introduction of ATM networks supporting switched services.
• This concept comprises three steps which are called capability sets (CS1, CS2, CS3).
• In CS1, simple switched services with constant bit rates are provided and basic interworking with existing 64 Kb/s ISDN is foreseen.
• More sophisticated services with variable bit rates, point-to-multipoint connections and multi-connections will be supported by CS2.
• With CS2, call and connection control will be separated.
• Finally, CS3 provides full range of services, including multimedia and distributive services.
atm-signaling 2
Capability Sets for B-ISDN SignalingCS1 CS2 CS3Constant bit rate Variable bit rateConnection-oriented servicewith end-to-end timing
Connection-oriented service Multimedia anddistributive service
QoS indication by the user QoS negotiationPoint-to-point connections Point-to-multipoint
Multi-connection, delayedestablishedUse of cell loss priority
Third party controlSwitched VPs
Indication of peak bandwidth Negotiation and renegotiationof bandwidth
Peak rate allocation Bandwidth alocation based ontraffic characteristics
Basic interworking with64kbps ISDN
Incorporation of INprinciple into B-ISDN
Point-to-point or point-to-multipoint signaling accessMeta-signalingLimited set of supplementaryservices
Supplementary services Access to the Internet
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ATM Forum UNI Signaling• ATM Forum UNI signaling specifications are based on the
specifications of ITU-T.
• ATM Forum UNI 3.0
• ATM Forum UNI 3.1
• ATM Forum UNI 4.0
• UNI 4.0 provides features such as
- anycast: A user of a specific service need not know which entity in the network actually performs the service, and instead can use a published group address assigned to this service. The network can automatically distribute service requests to the service-providing group members.
- leaf-initiated join: join an already established VCC.
- proxy-signaling: a user performs signaling for one or more other users.
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Protocol Architecture for CS1
• Two signaling access configurations at the UNI:- Point-to-point:
Only one signaling endpoint on the user side.
A single permanently established point-to-point SVC is required.
- Point-to-Multipoint:
Several signaling endpoints are located at the user side.
Meta-signaling is necessary to manage other signaling relations.
S-AAL
Q.2931
ATM
PHY
S-AAL
Q.2931
ATM
PHY
MS
Point-to-point signaling access
Point-to-multipoint signaling access
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Protocol Architecture for CS1
• At the NNI, either the existing STM-based common channel signaling system no. 7 (SS7) or an ATM based network can be used to transport the signaling messages.
MTP-3
B-ISUP
MTP-2
MTP-1
S-AAL
MTP-3
ATM
PHY
STM based signaling network
ATM-based signaling network
B-ISUP
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ATM Adaptation Layer for Signaling• A suitable signaling AAL (S-AAL) is required in order to adapt the signaling
application protocols to the services provided by the underlying ATM layer.
• ITU-T uses AAL5 for Common part.
SAR
SSCF
SSCOP
CP convergence sublayerCommon Part
Service-Specific Part
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S-AAL Service Specific Part• The service-specific connection-oriented protocol (SSCOP) provides mechanisms for the establishment and release of connections
and the reliable exchange of signaling information between signaling entities.• The service-specific coordination functions (SSCFs) map the requirements of the layer above to the requirements of the next lower
layer.• ITU-T uses a common SSCOP for UNI and NNI.• SSCOP could have been designed by using an existing data link layer protocol, with some modifications.• ITU-T decided to specify a new protocol for SSCOP.
• ITU-T uses AAL5 for Common part.
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SSCOP Functions• Sequence Integrity: preserve SDU order
• Error correction by retransmission: error detected by sequencing mechanism; corrected by selective retransmission.
• Flow control: receiver controlled; by dynamic window mechanism.
• Error reporting to layer management:
• Keep alive:• Local data retrieval: SDUs can be retrieved which have not yet been delivered
• Link management: establish/release SSCOP connections
• Transfer of Data: assured or unassured
• PCI error detection: errors within PCI are detected
• Status reporting
• ITU-T uses AAL5 for Common part.
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atm-signaling 10
Signaling Protocols for CS1• Reuse of existing protocols with some modifications.
• Q.2931 is the layer 3 signaling protocol for B-ISDN.
- UNI: Q.931, layer 3 protocol for 64 Kb/s ISDN- NNI: ISDN User Part (ISUP)
- Q.2931 includes the specification of the signaling messages, information elements and communication procedures between signaling endpoints for the B-ISDN UNI.
- Main modifications from Q.931:- a new information element (IE) for users to select between different AAL classes and the associated protocols.
- a new connection identifier IE consisting of VPCI and VCI. (The Virtual Path Connection Identifier identifies a VPC while a VPI identifies a VP link. VPCI is necessary because a VP cross-connect may exist between the local exchange and the TE.)
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Signaling Messages• Call establishment messages
• Call clear messages
• Status Messages
• Global Call Reference Related Messages
• Point-to-Multipoint Connection Control- Add Party- Add Party Acknowledge- Add Party Reject- Drop Party- Drop Party Acknowledge
+ area or city code + subscriber number.• ATM Forum chose 20-octet NSAP address format and
encoding for addressing of ATM systems connected to a private network; systems connected to an public network can use either NSAP or E.164 addresses.
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ATM Addressing
• Current version of the NSAP addressing planes• Three addressing formats
– DCC (Data Country Code): the country with an address is registered
– ICD (International Code Designator): an international organization– E.164: ISDN & telephone numbers
• Each address is composed of IDP (Initial Domain Part) & DSP (Domain Specific Part).
• AFI (Authority and Format Identifier): Which of the formats• IDI (Initial Domain Identifier): specifies the Authority that allocates the
DSP that follows.
atm-signaling 18
1 3 13 19 20
AFI ICD HO-DSP ESI SEL
IDI
IDP DSP
1 3 13 19 20
AFI DCC HO-DSP ESI SEL
IDI
IDP DSP
(a) DCC ATM format
(b) ICD ATM format
1 9 13 19 20
AFI E.164 HO-DSP ESI SEL
IDI
IDP DSP
(c) E.164 ATM format
atm-signaling 19
• The number is coded in Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)• PAD: with zeroes on the left side 15 digits constant length
atm-signaling 20
PNNI• The private network-network interface (PNNI) is a
trunking, routing and signaling protocol specified by the ATM Forum. It is an inter-switch protocol which supports SVC between switches of multiple vendors.
PNNI
Network A Network B
PNNI
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PNNI Signaling Example
Source Switch
Transit Switch
Destination Switch
Source A Destination BSETUP
SETUPSETUP
SETUP
CONNECTCONNECT
CONNECTCONNECT
CONNECT ACK CONNECT ACKCONNECT ACK
CONNECT ACK
CALL PROCEEDINGCALL PROCEEDING
CALL PROCEEDING CALL PROCEEDING
RELEASE
RELEASERELEASE
RELEASE
RELEASE COMPLETERELEASE COMPLETE
RELEASE COMPLETERELEASE COMPLETE
atm-signaling 22
Example of PNNI Hierarchy
A B
PG(A)
PG(B)
A.1A.2
PG(A.1) PG(A.2)
A.1.1
A.1.2
A.1.3A.2.1
A.2.2
A.2.3A.2.4
B.1
B.2
B.3
B.4
Peer Group Leader
Logical Link
Physical Link
Logical Group Node
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Topology seen by Switch A.1.1
BA.2
A.1.1
A.1.2
A.1.3
DTL: Designated Transit List
DTL: [A.1.1, A.1.2]DTL: [A.1, A.2]DTL: [A, B]
atm-signaling 24
Switch A.1.2
BA.2
A.1.1
A.1.2
A.1.3
When A.1.2 receives the call setup message, it finds that itis at the end of top DTL, so it removes the top DTL and sends The message to A.2 (via A.2.1).
DTL: [A.1.1, A.1.2]
DTL: [A.1, A.2]DTL: [A, B]
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Switch A.2.1
BA.1
A.2.1
A.2.2
A.2.4
When A.2.1 receives the call setup message, it finds that A.2 has been reached. So it builds a route to B (say via A.2.3 and A.2.4) and pushes a new DTL onto the stack.
When A.2.4 receives the call setup message, it finds that the targets at the top two DTLs have been reached. So it removes the top two DTLs and forwards the message with the following DTL to its neighbor: