PERPUSTAKAAN UMP 1 fill III Ill III Ill I II fill fill II 0000073710 EFFECT OF WIND L - AT NORTH-SOUTH EXPRESSWAY (KUALA LUMPUR TO TANGKAK) SITI NATRAH BINTI MUSA A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Civil Engineering Faculty of Civil Engineering & Earth Resources University Malaysia Pahang JUNE 2012
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PERPUSTAKAAN UMP
1 fill III Ill III Ill I II fill fill II 0000073710
EFFECT OF WIND L - AT NORTH-SOUTH
EXPRESSWAY (KUALA LUMPUR TO TANGKAK)
SITI NATRAH BINTI MUSA
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Civil Engineering & Earth Resources
University Malaysia Pahang
JUNE 2012
ABSTRACT
In becoming a develop country, Malaysia government had built infrastructure
including highway for easy commute. Hence of that, North-South Expressway was
built from Kuala Lumpur to Tangkak. This expressway was built through variation of
roughness of Land Use Land Cover (LULC), terrain and topography. From this
situation will make cross wind phenomena occurred along the road. Consequently,
road accident could be happen due to the phenomena of cross wind. Therefore, in
this study terrain database along North-South Expressway was established and
relationship between slope topographic factor and wind speed was derived.
Furthermore, access possibilities of the accident prone-location due to wind speed
induced were identified. The GIS technique was used to establish database of study
area and analysis information of topographic effect. The database demonstrate the
system analyze in spatial analysis to obtain spatial variation of slope along that area.
Indirectly, this technique has enabled GIS database showing the system analysis for
the effect of topographic variation in slope was established. In conclusion, the
objectives prove successful in the relation between data information and slope
topographic effect of that area. Therefore, the result for this study can be made as a
guideline for road construction and improvement in safety of the road users.
ABSTRAK
Dalam usaha menjadi sebuah Negara yang membangun, kerajaanMalaysia
telah memperluaskan penggunaan infrastruktur termasuklah lebuhraya untuk
kemudahan rakyat Malaysia. Oleh itu, Lebuhraya Utara Selatan telah dibina dan
Kuala Lumpur ke Tangkak, Johor bagi memudahkan dan memendekkan masa
perjalanan. Lebuhraya mi dibina melalui kawasan yang mempunyai topografi yang
berbeza. Keadaan mi menyebabkan kejadian angin lintang di sepanjang lebuhraya.
Kejadian angin lintang boleh mengakibatkan kemalangan jalan raya. Oleh itu,
pangkalan data bagi bentuk muka bumi sepanjang lebuhraya dan hubungan antara
factor kecerunan dan kelajuan angin telah dapat dihasilkan dalam kajian mi.
Disamping itu, lokasi yang mempunyai kecenderungan tinggi berlakunya
kemalangan disebabkan angin lintang telah dikenalpasti. Teknik GIS telah
diaplikasikan untuk menghasilkan pangkalan data bentuk muka bumi dan makiumat
analisis dari kajian kesan bentuk muka bumi di kawasan- kawasan yang terlibat.
Sistem analisis yang ada pada pangkalan data membolehkan 'Spatial Analysis' untuk
menghasilkan kecerunan sepanjang lebuhraya. Secara tidak langsung, analisis kesan
bentuk muka bumi telah dihasilkan dengan aplikasi GIS. Kesimpulannya, objektif
kajian telah tercapai dengan terhasilnya hubungan antara bentuk muka bumi dan
kelajuan angin dan kesan perubahan bentuk muka bumi di kawasan yang terlibat.
OIeh itu, hasil kajian mi boleh dijadikan sebagai garis panduan bagi pembinaan jalan
raya dan meninglcatkan taraf keselamatan pengguna jalan raya pada masa hadapan.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION H
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAIC vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF FIGURE xii
LIST OF SYMBOLS xiii
I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 1-2
1.2 Problem Statement and Justification 3
1.3 Objectives of the Study 3
1.4 Scope and Limitation of Study 3
1.6 Study Area 4
1.7 Significance of Study 4
1.8 Thesis Layout 5
viii
II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction 6
2.2 Road in Malaysia 6-8
2.3 North-South Expressway (Kuala Lumpur to Tangkak) 9-10
2.3.1 Road Accident 10-12
2.4 Wind 13-14
2.4.1 Wind Speed 14-15
2.4.2 Wind Effect 16-17
2.5 Terrain Effect 17-18
2.5.1 Terrain Roughness 18-19
2.5.2 Calculation Method of Wind 19-20
2.5.3 General Effect of Topography 20-23
2.5.4 Topographic Effect Model 23-25
2.5.5 Change of Terrain 25-27
2.6 Principal Function of GIS 28-29
2.6.1 Data Input 29
2.6.2 Data Output 30
2.6.3 Data Storage and Management 30-31
2.6.4 Data Manipulating and Analysis 31
2.7 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) 31-32
2.7.1 Data Sources for Generating DEM 32
2.7.1.1 Ground Surveys 32
2.7.1.2 Photogrammetric Data Capture 32-33
2.7.1.3 Digitizing Existing Map 33-34
2.8 Conclusion of Literature Review 34
III METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 35-36
3.2 Data Collecting 37
3.3 Pre-processing 38
IA
3.3.1 Image Capture
3.3.2 Insert Image into ArcMap
3.3.3 Edit Image using ArcCatalog
3.13.1 Create a Line and Point
3.3.3.2 Slope
3.4 Attribute Table
3.5 Analyze Data
3.6 Conclusion
38
39-40
40-41
41
42-43
43-44
44
44
RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Establishment of Slope
4.3 Slope Analysis
4.4 Prone Location
4.5 Conclusion
45
45-48
49-51
52-53
54
Iv
V CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Evaluation for Objectives
5.2.1 Objective 1
5.2.2 Objective 2
5.2.3 Objective 3
5.3 Conclusion
5.4 Recommendations
55
56
56
56
57
57-58
59
REFERENCES 60-62
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 Statistics of Road Accidents for 5 years 10 2.2 Road Fatality Statistic 11 2.3 Design Speed Base on Nature of Terrain 18 2.4 Topographic Factor for Slopes 23 2.5 Terrain Category Description 26 2.6 The Variation of the Exponent According To Type of Terrain 27 4.1 New Wind Speed 50
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
1.1 Location of Study Image 4
2.1 Major Road Network in Malaysia 8
2.2 North-South Expressway 10
2.3 Wind Speed 15
2.4 Wind Velocity Profile in Variation of Roughness 19
2.5 The Impact of Geography can have on Wind Direction 21
2.6 Wind Flow over Shallow Escarpment and Shallow Hill 22
2.7 Wind Flow over Steep Escarpment and Ridge 23
2.8 Speed-up Description on Escarpment 24
2.9 Speed-up Description on Hill and Ridge 25
3.1 Methodology of Reseacrh Flowchart 36
3.2 Map Location of Expressway from Google Earth 37
3.3 Satellite Image Data from Google Earth 38
3.4 The List of Image Data 40
3.5 Satellite Image Basemap for Study Area 40
3.6 Line Feature for PLUS Road 40
3.7 The Point that have been Created 41
3.8 Variation of DEM over Study Area 42
3.9 Variation of Slope Area
3.10 Attribute Table 43
4.1 First layer —The created Line and Point 46
4.2 The created point along the Road 47
xl'
LIST OF SYMBOLS / SHORT FORMS
GIS = Geographical Information System
KM = Kilometer
PWD = Public Work of Department
PLUS = Projek Lebuhraya Utara Selatan
NSE North-South Expressway
RJvIP = Royal Malaysia Police
COG Centre of Gravity
JICA = Japan International Cooperation Agency
TEM = Topographic Effect Model
DEM Digital Elevation Model
GPS = Global Positioning System
MS = Malaysia Standard
TM = Thematic Mapper
LULC = Land Use Land Cover
JUPEM = Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan Malaysia
Vref = Basic wind speed at 1 Om height
b = Constant Value Depending in Terrain Category
a Constant Value Depending on Terrain Category
Z = Height Above the Ground Surface
Zref Reference Height Taken as lOm Above The Ground
Surface
= Slope
H Height of Hill or Escarpment Relative to The
Upwind Terrain
Lh Distance upwind of crest to where the difference.
xlii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction
Transport and communication is catalyst or rapid economic growth.
Infrastructures facilitate adequate and efficient movement of resources between the
central production and consumption. It also has played an important role in
promoting the development of rural areas population to participate in this growth
process. This rapid growth in various economic sectors has also established greater
demand on distribution, capacity and efficiency transport and communication
network in the country. For that purpose, Malaysia introduced North-South
Expressway project (PLUS), cross the country from North to South.
North-South Expressway was officially established on 1994. The overall
length of the expressway is over 823 km from Thai border to Singapore and starts
from Bukit Kayu Hitam and ends in Johor Bahru. It connects all the major cities on
the West Coast, the peninsular Malaysia. The purpose of this project is to improve
the country's economic future, which create new cities as urban growth and
development. Unfortunately, these infrastructures give a higher rate in road accident.
I
2
From road accident statistic year 2000 until year 2006, showed that the
increase number of road accidents and death. In year's 2000, the total of number of
road accident is 250,429 cases and in year 2006 it is increase to 341,252 cases. The
cases are increase about 26% in 6 years. For road death cases in year 2000 is 6035
cases and in year 2006 is 6287 cases. From the statistic, it showed that the number of
accident increase year by year. (Royal Malaysia Police, 2011)
The increase of road accident is in link with the rapid growth in population,
economic in development, industrialization and motorization encountered by the
country. Beyond all of that reason, environment or weather factors such as wind can
lead to increasing the road accidents. Moreover, a considerable portion of road
accidents has adverse weather for example strong winds as a primary or a
contributing cause of accidents. Vehicles in coastal regions or in a valley area
sometimes deviate from their desired path because of the strong crosswind
accelerated by the concentration of flow over the bridges or valleys. Continual
compensation of the steering wheel against the crosswind causes stress for the driver,
leading to an increase of accident risk. The incident was occur because of the cross
wind along the expressway.
In understanding the source of road accidents, data needs to be studied and
analyzed in a proper manner. In turn, data accuracy plays a vital role in making road
accident data analysis. The aim of this study is to analysis cross-wind effect spatially
over PLUS highway. GIS technique have used in this study.
3
1.2 Problem Statement
Road accident cases are increasingly time by time. Almost accident cases
occur due to weather condition such as strong wind. It is because the expressway in
Malaysia is along coastal region, cross over variation of roughness or terrain and
valley that exposed to strong cross wind. The accident can be controlled with the
vehicle speed limit, to negotiate with cross wind condition.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The objectives of this study are:-
I. To establish terrain database along North-South Expressway Southern Route
(NSE)
II. To identify relationship between slope factor and wind speed analysis.
III. To identify and access possibility of the accident prone location due to wind
speed induced.
1.4 Scope and Limitation of Study
This study is limited to the following:
a. Study area was along southern route North-South Expressway (PLUS),
Kuala Lumpur to Tangkak stretch.
b. Slope analysis over the study area was conducted using GIS technique.
4
1.5 Study Area
The research area or location is at southern route of expressway from Kuala
Lumpur to Tangkak, Johor. This road through several states which are Selangor,
Negeri Sembilan, Malacca and Johor. The length of this expressway is about 313