Annual Review of Virology Astrovirus Biology and Pathogenesis Valerie Cortez, 1 Victoria A. Meliopoulos, 1 Erik A. Karlsson, 1 Virginia Hargest, 1,2 Cydney Johnson, 1 and Stacey Schultz-Cherry 1 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105; email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2 Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163 Annu. Rev. Virol. 2017. 4:327–48 First published as a Review in Advance on July 17, 2017 The Annual Review of Virology is online at virology.annualreviews.org https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology- 101416-041742 Copyright c 2017 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved Keywords enteric virus, diarrhea, extragastrointestinal disease, gut epithelia, barrier permeability, animal model Abstract Astroviruses are nonenveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that cause gastrointestinal illness. Although a leading cause of pediatric di- arrhea, human astroviruses are among the least characterized enteric RNA viruses. However, by using in vitro methods and animal models to charac- terize virus-host interactions, researchers have discovered several important properties of astroviruses, including the ability of the astrovirus capsid to act as an enterotoxin, disrupting the gut epithelial barrier. Improved animal models are needed to study this phenomenon, along with the pathogene- sis of astroviruses, particularly in those strains that can cause extraintestinal disease. Much like for other enteric viruses, the current dogma states that astroviruses infect in a species-specific manner; however, this assumption is being challenged by growing evidence that these viruses have potential to cross species barriers. This review summarizes these remarkable facets of astrovirus biology, highlighting critical steps toward increasing our under- standing of this unique enteric pathogen. 327 Click here to view this article's online features: • Download figures as PPT slides • Navigate linked references • Download citations • Explore related articles • Search keywords ANNUAL REVIEWS Further Annu. Rev. Virol. 2017.4:327-348. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org Access provided by 171.243.67.90 on 05/24/23. For personal use only.
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