Astroparticle Physics for Europe C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 1. Christian Spiering, DESY XIII Workshop Neutrino Telescopes Venice, March 11, 2009
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 1.
Christian Spiering, DESY
XIII Workshop Neutrino Telescopes Venice, March 11, 2009
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 2.
Steering Committee and Physics Review Committee Promote cooperation within European APP community Develop long term strategies for European APP, offering advice to national funding
agencies and EU Improve links and coordination between European APP and the scientific programmes of
organisations like CERN, ESA, and ESO Express views on APP in international forums, such as OECD, UNESCO etc.
The ERA-Net of Astroparticle Physics Funded by EU FP6 (2.5 M€/3yr from July 2006) Phase 2 recently approved (July 2009 – 2012) Coordination with ASTRONET (the ERA-Net of astronomers) and also
CERN strategy bodies Roadmap for APP in Europe
•
Founded 2001
14 countries
+CERN
Launched 2006
14 countries
+CERN
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 3.
• science case• status: overview • recommendations
for convergence
• Critical assessment of plans
• Calendar for milestones and decisions
• Input for ESFRI Roadmap
• Coordinated with ASTRONET (Long write-up with detailed data and arguments in work)
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 4.
ASPERA RoadmapASPERA RoadmapLong Write-UpLong Write-Up
ASPERA Common Call 2009: CTA & Dark Matter Experiments
to be completed
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 5.
KM3NeT
Einstein Telescope(LISA)
Auger-Nord
CTA
Ton-scaleDouble Beta
Ton-scale Dark Matter
Megaton
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 6.
Dark Matter and Dark Energy
Searches
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 7.
10-4
10-10
10-8
10-6
Cro
ss s
ectio
n (p
b)
- Background- Background- Funding / Infrastructure- Funding / Infrastructure
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 8.1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
10-4
10-10
10-8
10-6
Cro
ss s
ectio
n (p
b)
- Background- Background- Funding Funding - InfrastructureInfrastructure
We are now here
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 9.
CRESST
Edelweiss
EURECA-100
EURECA @ ton scale
LXe
LAr
LAr
LXe
Ar-100
Xe-100Noble liquid@ ton scale
…
Now: 10 kg scale 2009/11: 100 kg scale 2011-17: constr. ton scale
a possible convergence scenario,slide CS from 1½ year ago.
Towards 2 ton-scale zero-background detectors
ELIXIR, ..XENON/LUX, WARP
modular expansion
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 10.
2012201020082006 2007 20172015201320112009 20162014
now
construction
operation
operation
ZEPLIN-II
CUORE
ZEPLIN-IIIconstruction operation LUX/
ZEPLINoperation XENON
construction operation XENON-100 CUOREconstruction operation XENON-
1Tonoperation WARP
construction operation WARP-140
Tests ArDM
liquid xenon
liquid argon
100 kg scale ton scale
Noble liquid detectors withEuropean participation
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 11.
• Support current round of experiments at high priority, also technology development towards their next-generation versions
• A recommendation on which of the technologies should first move to a next stage can only be made after first results from present experiments with 10-100 kg target mass become available and after noise rejection and sensitivity/cost ratio for ton-scale detectors can be judged on a more realistic basis.
• This milestone can be reached by 2010 or 2011.
• As soon as one of the technologies turns out to be clearly superior in sensitivity, cost, and timing Promote it with priority! At the same time, a second technology must be systematically prepared since a possible positive observation by the first method would call for a prompt, independent confirmation.
• In an ideal scenario, LHC observations of new particles at the weak scale could place these observations in a well-confined particle physics context. Also, direct detection would be supported by indirect signatures. In case of a discovery, “smoking-gun signatures” of direct detection such as directionality and annual variations would be measured in detail.
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 12.
• Particle physicists engaged since the beginning.• Construction of future instruments depends on choices
beyond the single authority of the agencies charting this roadmap. ASTRONET Roadmap.
• Examples (> 2013):
• Implications for fundamental physics are profound. Therefore, strongest support for DE missions from APP community.
EUCLID LSST
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 13.
Properties of Neutrinos
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 14.
• Direct Mass Measurements – KATRIN, start 2012, down to 0.2 eV
– Troitzk (Russia) start 2009, down to 0.8 eV
• Double Beta Decay Experiments– Cuoricino, Nemo-3– Gerda, Cuore, Super-Nemo– EXO, SNO+– Cobra, NEXT, ….
• Mixing Parameters– Double CHOOZ– T2K– experiments with CERN beam (Opera,
ICARUS, .MODULAR, .. )
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 15.
GERDA, EXO200, SNO+CUORE, SuperNEMO
Ton-scale
KKGH claim
Price tag for ton-scale 50-200 M€.
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 16.
2012201020082006 2007 20172015201320112009 20162014
now
design study
construction
operation
operation
construction
operation
operation
NEMO-3
Super-NEMO
CUORICINO
CUORE
bolometric 41 kg 130Te
construction operation GERDA
bolometric 740 kg 130Te
tracking 8 kg 130Mo/82Se
tracking 100 kg 150Nd/82Se
18 40 kg 76Ge
construction operation EXO (USA) 200 kg 130Xedesign study
(Projects running, under construction or with substantial R&D funding)
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 17.
2012201020082006 2007 20172015201320112009 20162014
now
design study
construction
operation
operation
construction
operation
oper
NEMO-3
Super-NEMO
CUORICINO
CUORE
bolometric 41 kg 130Te
construction operation GERDA
bolometric 740 kg 130Te
tracking 8 kg 130Mo/82Se
tracking 100 kg 150Nd/82Se
18 40 kg 76Ge
Construct. operation EXO (USA) 200 kg 130Xedesign study
(Projects running, under construction or with substantial R&D funding)
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 18.
2012201020082006 2007 20172015201320112009 20162014
now
design study
construction
operation
operation
construction
operation
oper
NEMO-3
Super-NEMO
CUORICINO
CUORE
construction operation GERDA
Construct. operation EXO (USA) design study
operation SNO+ (Canada)
+ R&D Cobra, NEXT,,…
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 19.
• Priority to experiments starting operation within 5 years– GERDA (phase I and II) – CUORE – Super-NEMO
• Complementary nuclei/methods essential to judge any positive claim or upper limit.
• Will scrutinize the claimed evidence in 76Ge, will touch the “inverted hierarchy” mass range and keep European leadership.
• Other methods may become competitive in the future.• At the same time, envisage an experiment on the 1-ton-isotope
scale, which will peer deep into the inverted hierarchy range. Two options discussed, both with worldwide cost sharing:– GERDA III as merger of GERDA with Majorana (USA)– CUORE with enriched tellurium, USA participation.
• Milestone: Decision on the isotopes/ techniques 2012/13.
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 20.
Low Energy Neutrino
Astronomy and Proton
Decay
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 21.
• Super-Kamiokande KAMLand
• Borexino, LVD
• SAGE, Baksan
• ICARUS,SNO+, ….
• 10-kt scale (non-H2O)
– Modular + other osc.- motivated detectors
– Baksan scintill.
• Megaton scale– Europe
– USA
– East Asia
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 22.
MEMPHYS 700 kton water
GLACIER100 kton liquid argon
LENA50 kt scintillator
50 m
FP7 design study
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 23.
• Proton decay: improve sensitivity by > factor 10 and test a new class of Supersymmetry models
• Galactic Supernova: 104- 105 events Incredibly detailed information on the early SN phase
• Diffuse flux from past SN: probe cosmological star formation rate
• Solar neutrinos: details of the Standard Solar Model determined with percent accuracy
• Atmospheric neutrinos: high statistics would improve knowledge neutrino mixing and provide unique information on the neutrino mass hierarchy
• Geo-neutrinos: improve understanding of the Earth interior• Indirect WIMP search • Neutrinos accelerators over a long baseline (also with dedicated
smaller detectors): neutrino properties
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 24.
• LAGUNA: assess discovery potential of different options and sites and then converge to a common proposal in ~ 2010.
• Neccessity of a coherent approach with efforts in the USA and Japan is obvious. Worldwide coordination and cost sharing (in total 250-800 M€ per detector)
• Recommendation: We recommend supporting the work towards a large infrastructure for proton decay and low energy neutrino astronomy, possibly also accelerator neutrinos in long baseline experiments, in a worldwide context. Results of the LAGUNA FP7 design study are expected around 2010 and should be followed by work towards a technical design report. Depending on technology, site and worldwide cost sharing, construction could start between 2012 and 2015.
• Input from BOREXINO (liquid scintillator) and ICARUS-T600 (liquid argon), DoubleChooz and T2K. Proposals for dedicated liquid argon detectors, e.g. MODULAR at Gran Sasso.
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 25.
The High Energy Universe
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 27.
primary mass composition
galactic sourcesmass composition
CR astronomy,GZK physics,HE neutrinos, …
galactic extragalactic
antimatter, dark matter, mass composition
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 28.
106
103
104
105
102
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Fly‘s eye
AGASa
HiRes
Auger-S
Auger-NJEM-EUSO(space)
Telescope Array
107Exposure(km² sr year)
year
similar: TUS
AGASA
AugerSouth
TA
AugerNorth
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 29.
• The case for “Auger-North” is strong: high statistics astronomy with reasonably fast data collection calls for a substantially larger array than Auger South, full sky coverage calls for a Northern site. A larger array would also allow a more detailed inspection of the high energy cut-off of the particle spectrum, which recently has been firmly established by Auger-South.
• Recommendation: The priority project for high energy cosmic ray physics is Auger. We encourage the agencies in different continents to work towards a common path for Auger-North. We recommend the construction of such a large array as soon as worldwide agreements allow.
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 30.
• Enormous progress over last 15 years
• Mostly by Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACT)– Whipple– HEGRA, CAT, Cangaroo– HESS, MAGIC, VERITAS
• Wide Angle Devices– MILAGRO HAWC– Argo/YBJ– GAW (R&D)
• Future– Fermi + IACTs + WADs
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 31.
construction
operation
operation
construction
operation
operation
MAGIC-I
MAGIC- II
H.E.S.S.
H.E.S.S.- II
four 11-m telescopes
+ one 25-m telescope
one 17-m telescope
2nd 17-m telescope
Existing Air Cherenkov Telescopes
2012201020082006 2007 20172015201320112009 20162014
now
operation
operation
constr operation Veritas
Cangaroo
Whipple1 telescope, monitoring regime
four 12 m telescopes
4 telescopes, Australia
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 32.
design, prototypes
construction
construction + operation
operation
Oper.
MACE-2
CTA
Future Air Cherenkov Telescopes
201220102008 2018 201920172015201320112009 20162014
now
construction operation MACE-1
AGIS
R&D, prototype, constr. operation GAW „Gamma Air Watch“Wide angle, Fresnel lense (IT, PT, ES)
21 m telescope(10 M$, funded)
2nd 21 m
India
4200 m altitude > 20 GeV
Plus possible small „monitoring“telescopes wordwide.
Europe, Japan, … 2 arrays, 1 South 1 North
USAJoining !?
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 33.
• HESS/VERITAS, MAGIC, Whipple, CTA sensitivity in 50 hours, (~0.2 sr/year)
• GLAST sensitivity in 1 year (4 sr)
• HAWC sensitivity in 1(5) years shown as solid (dashed) line (2 sr)
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 34.
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Design and Prototype Phase
Array layout
Components
Telescopes
Array construction
VERITAS
MAGIC II
H.E.S.S. IIFermi
Science operation
Startup meeting
FP7 proposal
Consortium
Japan will join CTAClose collaboration with AGIS (USA)
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 35.
• From “experiment” to “observatory”
• 10-fold improvement of sensitivity, extension of energy range, significant improvement in resolution
• Expect ~ 1000 sources, explore spatial structure and energy spectra.
• Ultimately, a Northern and a Southern CTA instrument, operated under a common framework, should provide full-sky coverage.
• Overlap with Fermi provides seamless coverage of 20 octaves
• Coordination with AGIS (USA) underway. CTA on the ESFRI list . Also listed as a priority entry in the ASTRONET infrastructure roadmap.
• Recommendation: The priority project of VHE gamma astrophysics is CTA. We recommend design and prototyping of CTA and selection of site(s), and proceeding decidedly towards start of deployment in 2012.
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 36.
A fantastic year 2008
1450m
2450m
7 year skymap AMANDA
IceCube 3/4 complete
ANTARES fullyoperational
High statistics of neutrinos in ANTARES
High-statistics sky-map IceCube
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 37.
FP6 Design Study/Fp7 Prep. Phase
oonstruction + operation
construction + operation
operation
operation
constrn.
operation
operation
operat
NT200, NT200+
ANTARES
AMANDA
IceCube
KM3NeT
GVD
c + o
R&D KM3 NESTOR, NEMO
design study construction + operation
operat
2012201020082006 2007 20172015201320112009 20162014
now
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 38.
- ESFRI list- ASTRONET list
FP6 FP7
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 39.
• Commissioning of ANTARES defines a milestone towards KM3NeT.
• Fully exploit potential of IceCube ! Important input for KM3NeT.
• Recommendation: The priority project for high energy neutrino astronomy is KM3NeT. Encouraged by the significant technical progress of recent years, the support for working towards KM3NeT is confirmed. Resources for a Mediterranean detector should be pooled into a single optimised design for a large research infrastructure, with installation starting in 2012. The sensitivity of KM3NeT must substantially exceed that of all existing neutrino detectors including IceCube.
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 40.
factor
1000in 15 years !
KM3NeT target 3 years
Point sources: Tremendous progress in sensitivity over last decade
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 41.
Gravitational Waves
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 42.
/ VIRGO
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 43.
Virgo/LIGO
Adv Virgo/ Adv LIGO
Several to several hundred sources per year
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 44.
103 to 105 sources per year
FP7 design study
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 45.
´06 ´07 ´08 ´09 ´10 ´11 ´12 ´13 ´14 ´15 ´16 ´17 ´18 ´19 ´20 ´21 ´22
Virgo
GEO
LIGO
LISA
E.T.
Virgo+
LIGO+
Advanced Virgo
GEO HF
Advanced LIGO
DS PCP Construct. Commiss.
HanfordHanford
LivingstonLivingston
Launch Transfer data
Data
Now
1st Generation 2nd Generation 3rd Gen.
Time Chart
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 46.
• E.T. is the long-term future project of ground-based gravitational wave astronomy in Europe.
• European GW community has world-leading role in planning.• Similar studies in Japan. • First technical design and associated costing expected in 2011,
followed by a ‘Preparatory Phase’.
• A decision on funding for the construction of E.T. will earliest after first detections with enhanced LIGO/Virgo but is most likely after collecting about a year of data with advanced LIGO/Virgo in approximately 2014/15. Targeted start of E.T. construction ~ 2017.
• At low frequencies: LISA (LISA-Pathfinder 2010)
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 47.
• Infrastructures
• R&D
• Theory
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 48.
• Underground Laboratories
• Observatories, Satellites
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 49.
Summary
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 50.
ApP Budget / GBAORD
0.01.02.03.04.05.06.0
Belgiu
m (B
E)
Switzer
land
(CH)
Czech
Rep.
(CZ)
Ger
man
y (D
E)
Spain
(ES)
Franc
e (FR)
Italy
(IT)
Nether
land
s (N
L)
Portu
gal (
PT)
Sweden
(SE)
United
K.
(UK)
‰
Increase inpersonnelcost will be smaller !
Investment and maintenance (no personnel)
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 51.
KM3NeT
Einstein Telescope(LISA)
Auger-Nord
CTA
Ton-scaleDouble Beta
Ton-scale Dark Matter
Megaton
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 52.
KM3NeT
Einstein Telescope(LISA)
Auger-Nord
CTA
Ton-scaleDouble Beta
Ton-scale Dark Matter
Megaton
• Moving into regions with high discovery potential.
• Accelerated increase of sensitivity in nearly all fields.
• Physics harvest has started () or is in reach.
• Need a factor-2 funding increase over next decade.
• Roadmapping is a dynamical process.
• Initiated process of convergence. (Everywhere?)
• Defined milestones for decisions on best technologies
• Now: closer coordination with CERN (representative of ApPEC SC in Council strategy sessions, C.S. in SPC) and other regions (OECD, Panagic)
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 53.
KM3NeT
Einstein Telescope(LISA)
Auger-Nord
CTA
Ton-scaleDouble Beta
Ton-scale Dark Matter
Megaton
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 58.
• Theoretical research is an invaluable source of inspiration for experimenters and a necessary tool to interpret experimental results, and must be supported with the same recognition like experiments.
• Discussed proposals for improved support and coordination of astroparticle theory include– a Europe-wide common call for theoretical proposals – a future European Centre for Astroparticle Theory, with the involvement of an
international panel of expert referees.
• A European Centre for Astroparticle Theory could be established either in one of the European countries or at CERN. Given the synergy between LHC physics and astroparticle physics, CERN would be a natural host, particularly in view of several astroparticle experiments being CERN recognized experiments.
Astroparticle Physics for Europe
C. Spiering: The ASPERA Roadmap, Venice, March 11, 2009 59.
We recommend the construction and operation of one – possibly two complementary – detectors on the ton scale or beyond with low background, capable of reaching a 10-10 pb sensitivity, with a European lead role or shared equally with non-European partners. We recommend a stepwise approach via 100 kg detectors, as present underway, and a prioritisation between different technologies around 2010. We urge convergence of parallel worldwide efforts.
Short version of recommendations: