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Associate Professor Dr Ibrahim Ngah
Head of Department
Department of Urban & Regional Planning
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
E-mail [email protected]
14 October 2010
Rural Development
in Malaysian
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Contents
• Introduction
• Rural Development Strategy &
Programmes
• Development Outcomes
• New Challenges
• Future Direction
• Conclusion
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Malaysia
Land area: 330,252 Sq Km
14 states
Population 2005: 26 millions
Rural population: 37 %
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Total Population (Thousand) Growth rate (%)
States 1970 1980 1991 2000 2005 1970-
1980
1980-
1991
1991-
2000
Johor 1,277.2 1,580.4 2,069.7 2,565.7 3,101.2 2.15 2.48 2.41
Kedah 954.9 1,077.8 1,302.2 1,572.1 1,848.1 1.22 1.73 2.11
Kelantan 684.7 859.3 1,181.3 1,289.2 1,505.5 2.30 2.94 0.97
Melaka 404.1 446.8 506.3 602.9 713.0 1.01 1.14 1.96
Negeri Sembilan 481.6 551.4 692.9 830.1 946.3 1.36 2.10 2.03
Pahang 504.9 768.8 1,045.0 1,231.2 1,427.0 4.29 2.83 1.84
Perak 1,569.1 1,743.7 1,877.5 2,030.4 2,256.4 1.06 0.67 0.87
Perlis 121.1 144.8 183.8 198.3 224.5 1.81 2.19 0.85
Pulau Pinang 776.1 900.8 1,064.2 1,225.5 1,468.8 1.50 1.53 1.58
Sabah 636.4 955.7 1,734.7 2,449.4 2,931.7 4.15 5.57 3.90
Sarawak 976.3 1,235.6 1,642.8 2,012.6 2,312.6 2.38 2.62 2.28
Selangor 982.1 1,426.3 2,297.2 3,947.5 4,736.1 3.80 4.43 6.19
Terengganu 405.4 525.3 766.2 879.7 1,016.5 2.62 3.49 1.54
W.P Kuala
Lumpur 648.3 919.6 1,145.3 1,297.5 1,556.2 3.56 2.02 1.39
W.P Labuan 17.2 26.4 54.2 70.5 83.5 4.40 6.76 2.96
Malaysia 10,439.4 13,136.1 17,563.4 22,202.6 26,127.7 2.32 2.68 2.64
Malaysia: Population distribution and growth, 1970-2005
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Population Area Density % Rural
(Thousand) sq km person/sq km Population
States 2005 2005 2005
Sarawak 2,312.6 124,450 19 50.5
Sabah 2,931.7 73,997 40 50.2
Pahang 1,427.0 35,965 40 56.5
Terengganu 1,016.5 12,955 78 50.2
Kelantan 1,505.5 15,020 100 66.6
Perak 2,256.4 21,005 107 42.7
Negeri Sembilan 946.3 6,657 142 43.7
Johor 3,101.2 18,987 163 33.6
Kedah 1,848.1 9,425 196 60.2
Perlis 224.5 795 282 64.9
Melaka 713.0 1,652 432 29.4
Selangor 4,736.1 7,930 597 11.6
W.P Labuan 83.5 92 908 22.4
Pulau Pinang 1,468.8 1,030 1426 20.2
W.P Kuala Lumpur 1,556.2 243 6404 0.0
Malaysia 26,127.7 330,252 79 37.0
Malaysia: Population Distribution, Density and Percentage of Rural
Population by State in 2005
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Density Category Area Area (%) Pop (%)
Av Population
Growth
(person/ sq
km) (sq km) 2000 1991-2000
Below 40
Very
Rural 215,291 66.4 11.7 1.90
41-99 Rural 65,757 20.3 17.9 1.74
100-199
Semi
urban 23,679 7.3 15.6 2.01
200-499 urban 12,290 3.8 16.9 2.24
Above 500
High
Urban 7,191 2.2 37.9 3.82
Total 324,208 100.0 100.0 2.64
Population distribution and Growth according to density/rurality
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RURAL DEVELOPMENT
STRATEGY & PROGRAMMES
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Frontier Rural urban Metropolitan
Logging
Rubber Resource based Industry
Modern/estate
Traditional/ Peasants
Corporate/ Formal
Petty traders/ informal
Corporate/ formal
Orang Asli
Paddy farmers Small holders Fishermen Carpenter
Chinese petty traders/ workers
Manufacturing Retail Services Mining
Finance Manufacturing Administration Services
economic dualisme, underdeveloped traditional sector, low productuvity, poverty, lack of basic infrastructure and facilities, low standard of living
Forest Indians
Malays
Chinese
Chinese Chinese
Petty traders/ informal
Shifting cultivators
Initial condition after independence (1957)
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Frontier Rural Urban Metropolitan
Tradisional/ Pekebun kecil
Corporate/ Formal
Korporat/ formal
Peniaga kecil/ informal
New land development
In-situ
Development
Focus of Rural Development Strategy and Programme
Export
oriented industrialisation
Modern/estate
Paddy farmers Small holders Fishermen Carpenter
Petty traders/ informal
Chinese petty traders/ workers
New Land Development
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Development of New land
Objectives
• Rectify social and economic inequality
• Create employment opportunities
• Develop human resource
• Increase land productivity
• Increase national income
• Redistribute population to certain area
• Redistribute land to landless
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Types of Public Land Schemes
Primary (involve full-time settlers)
• FELDA land scheme
• State youth land scheme
• Felcra youth land scheme
Additional schemes
• Fringe area land scheme; Felcra
• Cluster land scheme LKTN; Risda
• Rehabilitation scheme Felcra
• Estete plantation of the state government
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FELDA (1956)
• FELDA was established on 1st July 1956 under Land Development Act 1956
• Leading agency in land development in rural areas.
• Purpose of FELDA:-
Assist government in implementing land
development in remote areas and improve economic and
living standard of rural society.
FELDA LAND DEVELOPMENT SCHEMES
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LAYOUT OF FELDA SETTLEMENT
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Distribution of Felda Schemes in 2006
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Houses
Shops houses
Bus and Taxi stand
School
Mosque
Tadika / IT centre
Community Hall
Market
Agriculture area
ELEMENTS OF A FELDA
SETTLEMENT
Pelan Susun Atur Feldajaya Selatan Raja Alias 17
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Untuk mencapai Dasar Ekonomi Baru melalui 7
Badan Berkanun. Bagi tahun 70-an, 5 Badan
Berkanun yang diperkenalkan adalah seperti
berikut:
Lembaga Kemajuan Wilayah Jengka
(JENGKA)-1971 (197,000 ha)
Lembaga Kemajuan Pahang Tenggara
(DARA)-1972 (1,012,000 ha)
Lembaga Kemajuan Johor Tenggara
[KEJORA] – 1972 (300,000 ha)
Lembaga Kemajuan Terengganu Tengah
(KETENGAH) – 1973 (444,000 ha)
Lembaga Kemajuan
Kelantan Selatan
(KESEDAR) -1978 (1,233,000 ha)
REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITIES
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Lembaga Kemajuan Pahang Tenggara (DARA)
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INTEGRATED AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
The IADP is an integrated package
programme providing capital intensive
measures such as providing irrigation,
farm machinery and high yielding
crop varieties and the provision of
infrastructure and services. The
objectives were to increase
agricultural productivity and farmers’
income, modernising agriculture,
improving extension services, uplifting
the standard of living of the rural
population and encouraging farmers
to work in groups or organisations.
MADA
IADA’s main objectives
• Increase productivity and maximize income for the targeted group
and concurrently reduce the income gap with other sectors.
• Modernize the agriculture sector and improves the system in order
to achieve efficient production, human capital optimization and the
competitive advantage to compete in both the local and international
market.
• Develop the target group en-route to become a more discipline,
independent, progressive and enterprise oriented society.
• Increase the average yield of paddy up to 6.5 metric ton per hectare
per harvest by year 2010.
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Project Project Period Area
No of farm
Families
MADA 1965-1970 95,985 60,000
KADA 1967-1973 57,522 45,000
Besut 1971-1978 14,175 4,000
Kelantan Utara 1976-1983 307,600 108,000
Johor Barat 1974-1975 133,948 30,000
Barat Laut Selangor 1978-1985 100,073 100,073
MADAII 1979-1987 25,496 33,000
Kriang/Sg Manik 1979-1987 30,613 20,400
Negeri Sembilan Timur 1981-1987 513,000 34,000
Rompin-Endau 1981-1987 47,374 34,000
Kemasin Semerak 1981-1989 68,350 12,376
Melaka 1982-1988 93,150 8,300
Lembah Kedah 1982-1988 851,000 20,500
Perlis 1982-1990 49,000 10,100
Balik Pulau/S. Prai 1983-1990 95,532 4,000
Pahang Barat 1983-1990 2,270,000 8,000
List Of IADP Projects 1965-1990 (Source: Arkef, 1987)
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High variety yield and
input
(cross-breed variety;
Chemical fertilizer)
IADP
Paddy
Irrigation (MADA, KADA, Besut,
Seberang Perak)
Marketing
(Bernas)
Subsidy (Paddy price subsidy)
Production credit
(Bank Pertanian)
IADP Program Paddy Sector
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In-situ development rubber sector
Replanting Marketing
• Individual replanting scheme
• Group Replanting scheme
• Mini estete Program
• Rubber processing centre
based on cluster
• Rubber processing factory
MARDEC
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Development of Orang Asli
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Total population :-
1998 - 116,119 2000 - 132,000 2003 - 147,412 2004 - 149,723
0.58% of Total Malaysia Population
No. Of households = 23,155 (1998) 26,000 (2000) 29,873 (2003) 30,806 (2004)
Population growth (1998-2004) = 4.3%
Household size = 4.9
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Melayu Asli (42.67%) 63,900
Senoi (54.0850 %)
80,972
Negrito (3.26%) 4,851
Ethnic Groups of Orang Asli
Total : 149,723 ORANG
Source : JHEOA 2004
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NEGERI SENOI MELAYU ASLI NEGRITO JUMLAH
Johor 3 11,393 0 11,396
Kedah 0 0 232 232
Kelantan 8,820 0 1,098 9,918
Melaka 23 1,385 0 1,408
Negeri Sembilan 37 8,211 0 8,248
Pahang 22,586 31,788 1,360 55,734
Pulau Pinang 0 0 0 0
Perak 45,092 720 2,133 47,945
Perlis 0 0 0 0
Selangor 3,758 10,403 0 14,161
Terengganu 653 0 28 681
W .P. Kuala Lumpur 0 0 0 0
JUMLAH 80,972 63,900 4,851 149,723
PERATUS (%) 54.08% 42.68% 3.24% 100.0%
DISTRIBUTION OF ORANG ASLI ACCORDING TO
STATE AND ETHNIC GROUPS
Source : JHEOA 2004
30 30
Regrouping of the Orang Asli into a
centralised village within or close to
their traditional homeland. The
schemes include provision of basic
facilities such as a primary school,
health clinic, housing and some form
of income generating activities such
as rubber and palm oil cultivation
ORANG ASLI REGROUPING
SCHEMES
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ORANG ASLI REGROUPING
SCHEMES
Two main objectives;
– Security
– Development
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18 Schemes has been developed involving
10,000 Orang Asli
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OTHER PROGRAMMES
• Economic Development (entrepreneurship, stalls, land/agriculture development)
• Social development (housing, social facilities, human development, health care)
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1960 1970 1980 2000 1990 2010 2020
Malaysia Independence
Infrastructure
for resource
exploitation
Vision 2020: Fully Developed
Country Status
New
Development
Policy
(OPP2) New Economic Policy
(OPP1)
National
Vision
Policy
(OPP3) Economic
Growth
(Laissez-
faire
approach)
Colonial
policy of
resource
exploitation
Eradication of poverty &
restructuring of society
Growth
with equity
Building a
resilient
and
competitive
nation
OPP4 ?
Policy
Context
Rural
Development
Strategies &
Programs
New
Village
Schemes
Basic
infrastructure &
social facilities
Modernisation &
Diversification of
Crops
New land
schemes
Community
Development
Red Book
New land development
schemes
Regional development
Integrated in-situ
development
Orang Asli Regrouping
Schemes
New
Approach to
Village &
Rural
Development
Rural Growth
Centre
New
Philosophy &
Strategy of
Rural
Development
(A developed,
attractive and
profitable
rural)
Gerakan
Desa
Wawasan
Eradicate
hardcore
poverty
Gerakan
Daya
Wawasan
Improve
quality of life
Expand
infrastructur
e &
amenities to
remote
areas
Zero
hardcore
poverty
Agropolitan
Approach for
Hardcore
Poor
1st MP 1st 5YP 2nd 5YP 2nd MP 3rd MP 4th MP 6th MP 5th MP 7th MP 8th MP 9th MP
COMPONENT OF AGROPOLITAN PROJECT
INFRASTRUCTURE JALAN LUAR BANDAR
PROJEK JALAN
KAMPUNG
UTILITY AIR
ELEKTRIK
TELEFON
SOCIAL FACILITY RUMAH TASKA/TABIKA
MEDAN INFODESA
LADANG SEJAHTERA
COMMERCIAL FARM
COMMERCIAL ANIMAL FARMING
TOURISM
FISHERY
MARKETING
SMI
BUSINESS CENTRE
PROCESSING FACTORY
KITCHEN ORCHARD
CAPITAL
EKONOMY PHYSICAL
MIND DEVELOPMENT
EDUCATION EXCELLENCE
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
HUMAN CAPITAL
BIL NEGERI PROJEK LUAS
(Hektar)
PESERTA
(Orang)
KOS
(RM Juta)
1. Sabah Agropolitan Pulau Banggi 4,000 1,000 167.36
2. Kelantan Agropolitan RKT KESEDAR 2,542 381 57.17
3. Perak Agropolitan Wilayah Ganda 1,231 400 50.63
4.
Pahang
(i) Agropolitan Tg. Gahai 223 80 13.62
5. (ii) Agropolitan Pekan 1,000 200 30.00
6. (iii) Agropolitan Chemomoi 1,310 425 54.17
7. Terengganu Agropolitan Setiu 2,467 800 98.00
8. Sarawak
Lingga/Stumbin/Sembau/Sri
Aman
4,130
6,714 494.81 9. Kedah Lokasi sedang dikenalpasti -
JUMLAH 16,903 10,000 965.76
PROFIL PROJEK AGROPOLITAN MENGIKUT NEGERI
Kg.
Loh
Tohok
Kg.Kubong
Kg. LumaisKg.Batu Layar
Kg.Kuda-Kuda
Kg.Wak-Wak
Kg.Singgahmata
Kg.Batu Putih
Kg.Andalupih
Kg.Timbang Dayang
Kg.Contoh
Kg.Dogoton
Kg.Pengkalan Darat
Kg.Gagaud
Kg.Padang
Kg.Maliyu
Kg.Keligau
Kg.GaribKg.Laksian
Kg.KerosongKg.Modom
Kg.MamangKg.Laksian
Kg.Palak
Kg.Lumais Laut
Kg.Limbuak LautKg.Lampak
Kg.Balak-Balak
Kg.Palak Baru Kg.Lima
Pilak
Kg.MeligaiKg.Tembising
Kg.Baru
Kg.Limbuak
Kg.Damaran
Kg.Sabur Kg.SalanganKg.
Sobogoh
Kg.Balak Sibongor
Kg.Pondah Laut
Kg.Sigpitang KechillKg.Sigpitang Tengah
Kg.Sigpitang Besar
Kg.Sibongor Laut
Kg.Talutuh
Kg.Kalang Kaman
Kg.Kapitangan
Kg.Menyangit
Kg.Pasir Modom
Kg.Kapitangan
Kg.Nusa-Nusa
Kg.Kinabaan
Kg.Taguyuan
Kg.Saldang
Kg.Lok Agong
Kg.Sibumbung Kg.RahmatKg.Lakkoan
Kg.Darul IslamKg.Semayan LADANG - FASA I
U
PETUNJUK
Sungai
Jalan Tidak Berturap
Runut Kenderaan Bermotor
Laluan Pejalan Kaki
Pulau Maliangin Besar
Pulau Patanunan
Pulau Balak
Pulau
Panukaran
Pulau Pangasaan
Kg.Perpaduan
Kg.Damaran
Kg.Limbuak
Kg.Padang
Nusa
Tg. Semarang Kg. Dogoton
Kg.Kapitangan
PENEMPATAN
LADANG KOMERSIL
TERNAKAN IKAN SANGKAR Kg Timbang Dayang
SOLAR STAND ALONE
Kg. Damaran
Kg. Maliyu
Kg. Pengkalan Darat
Kg. Padang
Kg. Limbuak
Kg. Limbuak Laut
Kg. Batu Layar
Kg. Loh Tohok
Kg. Laksian
Kg. Garib
Kg. Palak
Kg. Palak Baru
BEKALAN AIR LUAR BANDAR
Kg. Kapitangan ke Karakit
Kg.Kapitangan
JALAN KAMPUNG Kg.Limbuak - Kg.Damaran
Kg. Kapitangan - Dogoton
Sempadan Tapak Projek
JALAN LUAR BANDAR Karakit Ke Kg. Limbuak
LADANG – FASA II
LADANG - FASA III
SOLAR HIBRID
Kg.Singgahmata
Kg.Perpaduan
Kg. Batu Layar
Kg. Lok Tohog
Pekan Karakit
PROJEK AGROPOLITAN
PULAU BANGGI
2. FIZIKAL 3. MODAL INSAN
BIL KOMPONEN
1. TASKA
2. Medan Info Desa
3. Program Pembangunan
Minda
4. Program Kecemerlangan
Pendidikan
5. Program Latihan Kemahiran & Keusahawanan
6. Latihan Usahawan Desa
7. Cawangan Kolej Komuniti
BIL KOMPONEN PENJELASAN
1. Jalan Kampung
Kg. Limbuak - Kg. Padang (1.4 km)
Kg Padang - Kg. Damaran (1.6 km)
2. Jalan Luar Bandar
Pekan Karakit ke Kg. Limbuak (15 km)
3. Bekalan Elektrik Luar Bandar
Sistem Solar Hibrid :
Kg. Karakit
Kg. Singgah Mata
Kg. Lok Tohok
Kg. Perpaduan
Kawasan Penempatan
4. Bekalan Air Luar Bandar
Paip Retikulasi (36 km)
Pekan Karakit ke Kg. Kapitangan
5. Jeti Kg. Timbang Dayang
6. Penempatan Bil Rumah 200 unit
7. Ameniti Sosial
Surau, Dewan, Taman Permainan, Padang, Stesyen TNB, Menara Tangki Air
KOMPONEN PROJEK AGROPOLITAN PULAU BANGGI
1. EKONOMI
BIL KOMPONEN PERINCIAN KOMPONEN
1. Ladang Sejahtera Keluasan : 4,000 hektar
Tanaman Getah
Bil peserta : 1,000 KIR MT
Hak agihan dividen bersamaan 4 hektar ladang bagi setiap peserta
2. Ladang Komersil Keluasan : 8,000 hektar
Kerjasama FELCRA Berhad dengan Lembaga Industri Getah Sabah (LIGS)
3. Projek Ternakan Ikan Dalam Sangkar
Lokasi di Kg. Timbang Dayang – kawasan seluas 499 ekar
400 unit sangkar dengan saiz (6m x 6m x 4m)
200 KIR MT menerima agihan dividen bersamaan 2 sangkar ikan setiap peserta dan 20 KIR MT ditawarkan pekerjaan tetap
4. Pertanian Berkelompok Keluasan : 50 hektar
Tanaman Campuran
Diuruskan oleh FELCRA Berhad
5. Pelancongan Pekan Karakit dan pantai
6. Industri Kecil Sederhana Pusat Agropolitan Karakit
7. Pusat Perniagaan Kawasan Penempatan – Kg. Batu Layar
8. Kilang Proses Getah Di Kawasan Ladang
9. Kebun Dapur Di Kawasan Perumahan
KOMPONEN PROJEK AGROPOLITAN PULAU BANGGI
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Table 10.2 Average Gross Monthly Household Income by Urban and
Rural Areas (RM) 1970-2002
1970 1979 1990 1999 2002
Urban 428 587 1,606 3,103 3,652
Rural 200 331 957 1,718 1,729
Malaysia 264 417 1,169 2,472 3,011
Ratio urban/rural 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.8 2.1
Source: Min. of Rural and Regional
Development
40
Year Total Urban Rural
1976 37.1 15.4 45.7
1990 17.1 7.5 21.8
1999 8.5 3.3 14.8
2004 5.7 2.5 11.9
Malaysia Incidence of Rural Poverty 1976-2004
41
Urban (%) Rural (%)
States 1992 2000 1992 2000
Johor 98.9 100.0 96.4 98.2
Kedah 99.3 100.0 93.0 98.6
Kelantan 98.1 71.0 93.6 97.5
Melaka 99.7 100.0 98.1 99.3
Negeri Sembilan 98.9 100.0 95.2 98.6
Pahang 98.9 98.0 91.0 94.0
Perak 97.4 100.0 92.2 96.1
Perlis 97.9 100.0 95.0 99.2
Pulau Pinang 99.4 100.0 96.0 99.2
Sabah 99.4 88.0 65.3 67.1
Sarawak 89.3 100.0 76.5 66.9
Selangor 96.8 100.0 96.6 97.9
Terengganu 99.0 97.0 94.4 98.2
W.P Kuala Lumpur 98.9 99.8
Table 10.5: Malaysia: Percentage of Households with Electricity Supply by
Urban and Rural Areas According to States 1992 & 2000 Source: Economic Planning Unit (2005)
42
Percentage Rural Growth rate (%)
States 1970 1980 1991 2000 1970-80 1980-91 1991-2000
Johor 73.7 64.8 52.2 36.1 0.84 0.49 -1.70
Kedah 87.4 85.6 67.5 61.3 1.00 -0.44 1.02
Kelantan 84.9 71.9 66.5 66.5 0.61 2.18 0.97
Melaka 74.9 76.6 61.3 32.7 1.23 -0.89 -5.05
Negeri Sembilan 78.4 67.4 58.0 45.0 -0.15 0.71 -0.82
Pahang 81.0 73.9 69.6 57.9 3.28 2.25 -0.23
Perak 72.5 67.8 46.4 40.5 0.38 -2.78 -0.63
Perlis 100.0 91.1 73.4 66.2 0.85 0.21 -0.31
Pulau Pinang 49.0 52.5 25.0 20.5 -5.21 -0.65 -0.65
Sabah 83.1 79.4 66.8 51.7 3.42 4.02 0.99
Sarawak 84.5 82.0 62.5 52.1 0.12 0.25 0.25
Selangor 73.8 65.8 24.8 11.7 -4.53 -2.30 -2.30
Terengganu 73.0 57.1 55.5 50.6 0.14 3.18 0.51
W.P Kuala
Lumpur - - 0.0 0.0 1.39 1.39 0.00
W.P Labuan 100.0 53.7 51.6 23.2 -1.91 6.17 -5.96
Malaysia 71.6 65.8 49.3 38.2 1.45 0.02 -0.24
Table 10.6: Malaysia: Percentage of Rural Population and
Average Annual Growth Rate by State 1970-2000
43
Frontier Village Urban Metropolitan
Moden/estet
Tradisional/ Pekebun kecil
Kopporat/ Formal
Peniaga kecil/ informal
Korporat/ formal
Peniaga kecil/ informal
Destruction of bio-diversity Higher cost of living Out-migration Idle land Labour shortage
Perkhidmatan kurang cekap
New land development
In-situ
development
Outcomes of Strategy under DEB (1970-1990)
Export oriented industrialisation
Congestion population squatters High cost of living Social problems More balanced racial composition
High Population growth
Declining population
Pertumbuhan rendah
High population growth
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Frontier Village Urban Metropolitan
Moden/estet
Tradisional/ Pekebun kecil
Kopporat/ Formal
Peniaga kecil/ informal
Korporat/ formal
Peniaga kecil/ informal
New land development
In-situ
development
Outcome of post DEB Strategy
Export oriented industrialisation
45
New Challenges
• Globalization
• Uneven development
• Rural Variation
46
Rural Variation
• Socio-cultural, economy, physical, values
and believe systemS
• Spatial/locational variationS
47
Future Direction
• Rural vision
• Rural resource management
• Local development and participation
• Bumiputera Agenda
48
Conclusion
• Rural development has been used as a
means to correct the failure of the market
mechanisms to trickle down the benefits of
development.
• Some success of new land development
schemes and in-situ rural development
• New challenges need for integration of
multi and inter disciplinary