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• Founder of Facebook 

Mark Elliot Zuckerberg (born May 14, 1984) he is CEO and president. It was co-founded as a private company in 2004by Zuckerberg and classmates Dustin Moskovitz, Eduardo

Saverin, and Chris Hughes while they were students at HarvardUniversity

• Founder of Google

Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry

Page and Sergey Brin when they were both PhD students at Stanford

University in California.[1]

• Founder of wikileaks

 Julian Assange, an Australian Internet activist, is generally described asits director.

• Founder of Microsoft

William Henry "Bill" Gates III, (born October 28, 1955) the software

company he founded with Paul Allen

• Founder of Yahoo

 Yahoo! was founded by Jerry Yang and David Filo in January 1994

and was incorporated on March 1, 1995

• Founder of MSN

Bill Gates

• Founder of Twitter

its creation in March 2006 and its launch in July 2006 by Jack Dorsey,

• Founder of myspace

Thomas "Tom" Anderson (born November 8, 1970 ) is an American entrepreneur. He co

founded the social networking website MySpace in 2003 with ChrisDeWolfe.

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Nobel Prize Winners List 2010

Nobel prizewinners list

2010 

Area Nobel Prize 2010awarded to

The work that got Nobel Prize

Physiology or medicine Robert G Edwards For the development of in vitro fertilization

(IVF)

Physics Jointly to Andre Geim andKonstantin Novoselov

For groundbreaking experiments regarding thetwo-dimensional material graphene

Chemistry Jjointly to Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi and Akira Suzuki

For palladium-catalyzed cross couplings inorganic synthesis

Literature Mario Vargas LlosaFor his cartography of structures of power andhis trenchant images of the individual'sresistance, revolt, and defeat

Peace Liu Xiaobo For his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China

EconomicsJointly to Peter A. Diamond,Dale T. Mortensen andChristopher A. Pissarides

For their analysis of markets with searchfrictions

Top ten controversial nobel prize winners

10. Jimmy Carter of USA

 Jimmy Carter’s 2002 Nobel Peace Prize—awarded for the “decades of untiring effortto find peaceful solutions to international conflicts

9. Wangari Maathai

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Wangari Maathai, 2004 winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, created controversy byappearing to lend credibility to the theory that HIV was invented by white scientiststo destroy black people

8. Al Gore of USA

Al Gore won the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize for his work on raising public awareness of Global Warming

7. Rigoberta Menchú

Rigoberta Menchú won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1992.

6. Henry Kissinger of USA

received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1973 for his work on the Vietnam Peace

5. Yitzhak Rabin of Israel

Rabin won the prize jointly with Shimon Peres and Yasser Araft in 1994.

4. Shimon Peres

Awarded the prize jointly with Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat, Peres wasresponsible for developing Israel’s nuclear weapons arsenal

3. Yasser Arafat of Palestine

Kåre Kristiansen, a Norwegian member of the Nobel Committee, resigned in 1994 in

protest at the awarding of a Nobel Peace Prize to Yasser Arafat, whom he labeled a“terrorist”

2. Cordell Hull

Cordell Hull was awarded the Nobel Prize in Peace in 1945 in recognition of hisefforts for peace and understanding in the Western Hemisphere

1. Menachem BeginMenachem Begin (6th Prime Minister of Israel) was awarded the Nobel PeacePrize in 1978 for his contributions to the successful closure to the Camp

David Accords in the same year (the award was jointly given to Begin andAnwar Sadat).

Barrak obama American president was awarded for Nobel prize of peace in 2009 ,his nomination was criticized and declare it a controversy

Liu Xiaobo of China was awarded nobel prize for peace 2010 ,Chinesegovernment disagreed for his nomination and protested against his nomination .

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Heads of Important InternationalOrganizations

27Share 

Here is a list of the heads of important international organizations along withtheir names and designation in the form of a quiz. The names of these importantinternational officials are asked in the form of 'who is' questions and their names arelisted below each question in the form of answer.

Heads of Important International OrganizationsWho is the Secretary-General of United Nations Organization?

Answer: Ban Ki-Moon

Who is the Vice-President of World Bank (IBRD)?

Answer: Anil Sood

Who is the Chairman of UN General Assembly?

Answer: Ali Triki

Who is the Director-General of United Nations Educational Scientific and CulturalOrganization (UNESCO)?

Answer: Koïchiro Matsuura

Who is the Director-General of Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO)?

Answer: Jacques Diouf 

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Who is the Director-General of International Labour Organisation (ILO)?

Answer: Juan Somavia

Who is the Executive Director of United Nations Intenational Children's EmergencyFund (UNICEF)?

Answer: Anthony Lake

Who is the Director-General of World Health Organisation (WHO)?

Answer: Margaret Chan

Who is the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)?

Answer: Antonio Gutrres

Who is the Administrator of United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)?

Answer: Helen Clerk 

Who is the President of International Court of Justice (ICJ)?

Answer: Hishashi OwadaWho is the President of Asian Development Bank (ADB)?

Answer: Haruhiko Kuroda

Who is the President of International Olympic Committee (IOC)?

Answer: Jacques Rogge

Who is the Secretary-General of Commonwealth?

Answer: Kamlesh Sharma

Who is the Chairman of UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC)?

Answer: Martin I. UhomoibhiWho is the High Commissioner of UNHRC?

Answer: Navnetham Pillai

Who is the President of International Cricket Council (ICC)?

Answer Sharad Pawar of india 

Who is the Secretary-General of African Union (AU)?

Answer: Bingu wa Mutharika

Who is the Chairman of Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)?

Answer: Hosni Mubarak 

Who is the Secretary-General of UNCTAD?

Answer: Supachai Panitchpakdi

Who is the Chairman of Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and President of Palestinian National Authority?

Answer: Mahmoud Abbas

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Who is the Secretary General of OPEC?

Answer: Abdullah Salem ul Badri

Who is the Director-General of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)?

Answer: Yukiya Amano

Who is the Secretary-General of NATO?

Answer: Anders Fogh Rasmussen

Who is the Director-General of World Trade Organization (WTO)?

Answer: Pascal Lamy

Who is the Secretary-General of INTERPO L?

Answer: Ronald Nobel

Who is the Secretary-General of ASEAN?

Answer: Dr. Surin PitsuwanWho is the Secretary-General of SAARC?

Answer: Dr. Sheelkant Sharma

Who is the President of International Amateur Athletics Federation (IAAF)?

Answer: Lamine Diack 

Who is the Secretary-General of Amnesty International?

Answer: Irene Zubaida Khan

Who is the President of World Bank (WB)?

Answer: Robert Zoellick 

Who is the Managing Director of International Monetary Fund (IMF)?

Answer: Dominique Strauss-Kahn

A total of 255 users are reading this article.

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1.

© 2005-2010 PHPKB Knowledge ManagementSoftware

English

Powered by PHPKB Knowledge Base Software

The Treaty of Westphalia, 1648

Peace Treaty between the Holy Roman Emperor and the King of France and

their respective Allies.

In the name of the most holy and individual Trinity: Be it known to all, and every one whom itmay concern, or to whom in any manner it may belong, That for many Years past, Discords andCivil Divisions being stir’d up in the Roman Empire, which increas’d to such a degree, that notonly all Germany, but also the neighbouring Kingdoms, and France particularly, have beeninvolv’d in the Disorders of a long and cruel War:

War of the Spanish Succession

 The War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) was fought amongseveral European powers, principally the Spanish loyal to Archduke Charles, theHoly Roman Empire, Great Britain, the Dutch Republic, Portugal and the Duchy of Savoy against the Spanish loyal to Philip V, France and the Electorate of Bavariaover a possible unification of the Kingdoms of Spain and France under one Bourbon monarch. Such a unification would have drastically changed the European balanceof power.

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War of the Polish Succession

 The War of the Polish Succession (1733–1738) was a major European warfor princes' possessions sparked by a Polish civil war over the succession toAugustus II, King of Poland that other European powers widened in pusuit of their

own national interests. France and Spain, the two Bourbon powers, attempted tocheck the power of the Austrian Habsburgs in western Europe, as did the Kingdomof Prussia; whilst in the East, Saxony and Russia mobilized to support the eventualPolish victor. The slight amount of fighting in Poland resulted in the accession of Augustus III, who in addition to Russia and Saxony, was politically supported by theHabsburgs.

Hundred Years' War

The Hundred Years' War (French: Guerre de Cent Ans) was a series of wars waged from 1337to 1453 by the House of Valois(France) and the House of Plantagenet(England), also known asthe House of Anjou, for the French throne, which had become vacant upon the extinction of thesenior  Capetian line of French kings. The House of Valois claimed the title of King of France,while the Plantagenets from England claimed to be Kings of France and England. PlantagenetKings were the 12th century rulers of the Kingdom of England, and had their roots in the Frenchregions of Anjou and Normandy.

 Treaty of Utrecht

The Treaty of Utrecht, which established the Peace of Utrecht, comprises a series of individual peace treaties, rather than a single document, signed by the belligerents in the War of SpanishSuccession, in the Dutch city of Utrecht in March and April 1713. The treaties between severalEuropean states, including Spain, Great Britain, France, Savoy, and the Dutch Republic, helpedend the War of the Spanish Succession. The treaties were concluded between the representatives

of Louis XIV of France and Philip V of Spain on the one hand, and representatives of QueenAnne of Great Britain, the Duke of Savoy, the King of Portugal and the United Provinces on theother.

 Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of  World War I. It ended thestate of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactlyfive years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The other Central Powers on theGerman side of World War I were dealt with in separate treaties.[1] Although the armistice signedon 11 November 1918 ended the actual fighting, it took six months of negotiations at the ParisPeace Conference to conclude the peace treaty. The treaty was registered by the Secretariat of the

League of Nations on October 21, 1919, and was printed in The League of Nations Treaty Series.Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties

The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (or VCLT) is a treaty concerning theinternational law on treaties between states. It was adopted on 22 May 1969[1] and opened for signature on 23 May 1969.[2] The Convention entered into force on 27 January 1980.[2] TheVCLT has been ratified by 111 states as of November 2010;[3] those that have not ratified it yetmay still recognize it as binding upon them in as much as it is a restatement of customary law.

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The Convention codifies several bedrocks of contemporary international law. It defines a treatyas "an international agreement concluded between states in written form and governed byinternational law," as well as affirming that "every state possesses the capacity to concludetreaties." Most nations, whether they are party to it or not, recognize it as the preeminent "Treatyof Treaties"; it is widely recognized as the authoritative guide vis-à-vis the formation and effectsof treaties.

Hague Convention

The Hague Convention(s) may refer to:

• Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907), among the first formal statements of the laws of war and war crimes in international law

• International Opium Convention, the first international drug control treaty,sometimes referred to as the Hague Convention of 1912

• Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (signed 14 May 1954)

• Hague Conference on Private International Law, the preeminent organisationin the area of private international law from the early 1900s through thepresent day

○ Hague Convention Abolishing the Requirement of Legalisation forForeign Public Documents, signed on October 5, 1961

○ Hague Convention on Foreign Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters, signed in 1971

○ Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation inRespect of Intercountry Adoption, signed in 1993

 Yalta Conference

The Yalta Conference, sometimes called the Crimea Conference and codenamed theArgonaut Conference, was the February 4–11, 1945 wartime meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union — President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister  Winston Churchill, and General Secretary Joseph Stalin, respectively—for the purpose of discussing Europe's postwar reorganization. Mainly, it wasintended to discuss the re-establishment of the nations of war-torn Europe. The conferenceconvened in the Livadia Palace near  Yalta, the Crimea. It was the second of three wartimeconferences among the Big Three (Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin). It had been preceded by theTehran Conference in 1943, and it was followed by the Potsdam Conference in July 1945, whichwas attended by Harry S. Truman in place of the late Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill — himself replaced mid-point by the newly elected Prime Minister Clement Attlee.

Oslo Accords

The Oslo Accords, officially called the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements[1] or Declaration of Principles (DOP), was a milestone in theongoing Palestinian-Israeli conflict, one of the major continuing issues within the wider Arab-Israeli conflict. It was the first direct, face-to-face agreement between the government of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). It was intended to be the one framework for 

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future negotiations and relations between the Israeli government and Palestinians, within whichall outstanding "final status issues" between the two sides would be addressed and resolved.

French Revolution

The French Revolution (French: Révolution française; 1789–99) was a period of radical social

and political upheaval in French and European history. The absolute monarchy that had ruledFrance for centuries collapsed in three years. French society underwent an epic transformation asfeudal, aristocratic and religious privileges evaporated under a sustained assault from liberal  political groups and the masses on the streets. Old ideas about hierarchy and tradition succumbedto new Enlightenment principles of citizenship and inalienable rights.

American Revolution

 The American Revolution was the political upheaval during the last half of the 18th century in which thirteen colonies in North America joined together tobreak free from the British Empire, combining to become the United States of America. They first rejected the authority of the Parliament of Great Britain to

govern them from overseas without representation, and then expelled all royalofficials. By 1774 each colony had established a Provincial Congress, or anequivalent governmental institution, to form individual self-governing states. TheBritish responded by sending combat troops to re-impose direct rule. Throughrepresentatives sent in 1775 to the Second Continental Congress, the new states

 joined together at first to defend their respective self-governance and manage thearmed conflict against the British known as the American Revolutionary War (1775–83, also American War of Independence). Ultimately, the states collectivelydetermined that the British monarchy, by acts of tyranny, could no longerlegitimately claim their allegiance. They then severed ties with the British Empire in

 July 1776, when the Congress issued the United States Declaration of Independence, rejecting the monarchy on behalf of the new sovereign nation.

Russian Revolution (1917)

The Russian Revolution is the collective term for a series of revolutions in Russia in 1917,which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union. The Tsar wasdeposed and replaced by a  provisional government in the first revolution of February 1917(March in the Gregorian calendar ; the older Julian calendar was in use in Russia at the time). Inthe second revolution, during October, the Provisional Government was removed and replacedwith a Bolshevik  (Communist) government.

Nazism

Nazism ( Nationalsozialismus, National Socialism; alternatively spelled Naziism[1]) was theideology and practice of the Nazi Party and of  Nazi Germany.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] It was a uniquevariety of fascism that involved biological racism and antisemitism.[10]  Nazism presented itself as politically syncretic, incorporating policies, tactics and philosophies from right- and left-wing ideologies; in practice, Nazism was a far right form of politics.[11]

The Nazis believed in the supremacy of an Aryan master race and claimed that Germans represent the most pure Aryan nation.[12] They argued that Germany's survival as a modern great

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nation required it to create a New Order — an empire in Europe that would give the Germannation the necessary land mass, resources, and expansion of population needed to be able toeconomically and militarily compete with other powers.

Communism

Communism is a sociopolitical movement that aims for a classless and stateless societystructured upon common ownership of the means of production, free access to articles of consumption, and the end of wage labour  and private property in the means of production andreal estate.[1]

In Marxist theory, communism is a specific stage of historical development that inevitablyemerges from the development of the  productive forces that leads to a superabundance of material wealth, allowing for distribution based on need and social relations based on freely-associated individuals.

Socialism

Socialism is an economic and political theory advocating public or common ownership and

cooperative management of the means of production and allocation of resources.[1][2][3]

A socialistsociety is a social structure organized on the basis of relatively equal power-relations, self-management, dispersed decision-making (adhocracy) and a reduction or elimination of hierarchical and bureaucratic forms of administration and governance; the extent of which variesin different types of socialism.[4][5] This ranges from the establishment of cooperative management structures in the economy to the abolition of all hierarchical structures in favor of free association.

Fascism

Fascism (pronounced /ˈfæʃɪzəm/) is a radical and authoritarian nationalist political ideology.[1][2][3][4] Fascists seek to organize a nation according to corporatist 

perspectives, values, and systems, including the political system and the economy.[5][6] Fascism was originally founded by Italian national syndicalists in World War I who combined extreme right-wing political views along with collectivism.[7] Scholarsgenerally consider fascism to be on the far right.[

Military values

Fascists favoured military values such as courage, unquestioning obedience to authority,discipline, and physical strength. They also adapted the outward trappings of militaryorganizations, such as paramilitary uniforms and Roman salutes. Hitler imagined a God who presided over military conflicts and ensured the survival of the fittest. Mussolini was famous for slogans such as “A minute on the battlefield is worth a lifetime of peace,” “Better to live an hour 

like a lion than a hundred years like a sheep,” and “Nothing has ever been won in history without bloodshed.

 Tashkent Declaration

The Tashkent Declaration of 10 January 1966 was a peace agreement between India andPakistan. In September 1965 before the two had engaged in the short run Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. Peace had been achieved on 23 September by the intervention of the great powers who

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 pushed the two nations to a cease fire for fears the conflict could escalate and draw in other  powers.

A meeting was held in Tashkent in the Uzbek SSR , USSR (now in Uzbekistan) beginning on 4January 1966 to try to create a more permanent settlement. The Soviets, represented by Premier Alexei Kosygin moderated between Indian Prime Minister  Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistani

President Muhammad Ayub Khan.Indus Waters Treaty

 The Indus Waters Treaty is a water-sharing treaty between the Republic of India and Islamic Republic Of Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank (then theInternational Bank for Reconstruction and Development). The treaty was signed inKarachi on September 19, 1960 by Indian Prime Minister  Jawaharlal Nehru andPresident of Pakistan Mohammad Ayub Khan. The treaty was a result of Pakistanifear that since the source rivers of the Indus basin were in India, it could potentiallycreate droughts and famines in Pakistan, especially at times of war. However, Indiadid not revoke the treaty during any of three later Indo-Pakistani Wars.

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, also Nuclear Non-ProliferationTreaty (NPT or NNPT) is a treaty to limit the spread ( proliferation) of nuclear weapons. Thetreaty came into force on 5 March 1970, and currently there are 189 states  party to the treaty, fiveof which are recognized as nuclear weapon states: the United States, Russia, the UnitedKingdom, France, and China (also the five permanent members of the United Nations SecurityCouncil).

Four non-parties to the treaty are known or believed to possess nuclear weapons: India, Pakistanand  North Korea have openly tested and declared that they possess nuclear weapons, while Israel 

has had a policy of opacity regarding its own nuclear weapons program. North Korea acceded tothe treaty, violated it, and in 2003 withdrew from it.

The treaty was proposed by Ireland and Finland, and they were the first to sign.[

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks refers to two rounds of  bilateral talks and correspondinginternational treaties involving the United States and the Soviet Union - the Cold War  superpowers - on the issue of armament control. There were two rounds of talks and agreements:SALT I and SALT II.

 Negotiations commenced in Helsinki, Finland, in 1969. SALT I led to the Anti-Ballistic MissileTreaty and an interim agreement between the two powers. Although SALT II resulted in anagreement in 1979, the United States chose not to ratify the treaty in response to the Sovietinvasion of Afghanistan, which took place later that year. The US eventually withdrew fromSALT II in 1986.

SALT I is the common name for the Strategic Arms Limitation TalksAgreement, also known as Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty. SALT I froze thenumber of strategic ballistic missile launchers at existing levels, and provided forthe addition of new submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) launchers only after

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the same number of older intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) and SLBMlaunchers had been dismantled.

SALT II was a controversial experiment of negotiations between Jimmy Carterand Leonid Brezhnev from 1977 to 1979 between the U.S. and the Soviet Union,

which sought to curtail the manufacture of strategic nuclear weapons. It was acontinuation of the progress made during the SALT I talks. SALT II was the firstnuclear arms treaty which assumed real reductions in strategic forces to 2,250 of allcategories of delivery vehicles on both sides. SALT II helped the U.S. to discouragethe Soviets from arming their third generation ICBMs of SS-17, SS-19 and SS-18 types with many more Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs).

Technical barriers to trade

Technical regulations and product standards may vary from country to country.Having many different regulations and standards makes life difficult for producers and

exporters. If regulations are set arbitrarily, they could be used as an excuse forprotectionism.

The Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade tries to ensure that regulations,standards, testing and certification procedures do not create unnecessary obstacles.

However, the agreement also recognizes countries’ rights to adopt the standards they

consider appropriate — for example, for human, animal or plant life or health, for the

protection of the environment or to meet other consumer interests. Moreover, members are

not prevented from taking measures necessary to ensure their standards are met.

Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty

 The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) bans all nuclear explosions in all environments, for military or civilian purposes. It was adopted bythe United Nations General Assembly on 10 September 1996 but it has not yetentered into force. The Treaty was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 September 1996.[2] It opened for signature in New York on 24 September1996,[2] when it was signed by 71 States, including five of the eight then nuclear-capable states. As of May 2010, 153 states have ratified the CTBT and another 29states have signed but not yet ratified it.

2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference

The 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference, commonly known as the CopenhagenSummit, was held at the Bella Center in Copenhagen, Denmark , between 7 December and 18December. The conference included the 15th Conference of the Parties (COP 15) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the 5th Meeting of the Parties (MOP 5)to the Kyoto Protocol. According to the Bali Road Map, a framework for  climate changemitigation beyond 2012 was to be agreed there.[2]

The conference was preceded by the Climate Change: Global Risks, Challenges and Decisions scientific conference, which took place in March 2009 and was also held at the Bella Center. The

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negotiations began to take a new format when in May 2009 UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon attended the World Business Summit on Climate Change in Copenhagen, organised by theCopenhagen Climate Council (COC), where he requested that COC councillors attend NewYork's Climate Week at the Summit on Climate Change on 22 September and engage with headsof government on the topic of the climate problem.

In 2012 the Kyoto Protocol to prevent climate changes and global warming runs out. To keep the processon the line there is an urgent need for a new climate protocol. At the conference in Copenhagen 2009 theparties of the UNFCCC meet for the last time on government level before the climate agreement need tobe renewed.

Cancun Climate Conference: what it all means

More than 190 countries gathered for two weeks of talks under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The aim of the talks is to curb global warming bycutting carbon emissions.

How was it different from Copenhagen? 

The last meeting of the UNFCCC in Copenhagen ended in chaos after countries failed to agree a

way forward.

Campaigners claim it it has placed UN talks back on track after the disaster at Copenhagen.Countries agreed a ‘balanced package’ that will keep temperature rise below 2C (3.6F).

It stops short of a legal treaty, but commits all countries to cutting emissions for the first timeunder the UN.

How did they do it? 

Haunted by the Copenhagen summit, the host country Mexico tried to focus on areas of agreement instead of seeking an ambitious full treaty.

It also insisted on transparency rather than closed-door talks among major powers. This and anunrelenting positive mood made it difficult for trouble makers to complain.

How will countries cut emissions? 

More than 80 countries, including the US, EU and China, put forward voluntary emissions cutsin Copenhagen. These have now been made a formal agreement under the UN process.

 The Jasmine Revolution

Like the eastern European revolutions of 1989, the collapse of Tunisia’s autocracy serves as a reminder that nonation will forever endure political repression, denial of civil liberties and rampant corruption among its rulers.Tunisians deserve warm praise for their courage in effecting what promises to be the most positive change in their country’s system of government since it won independence from France in 1956. Deplorable violence accompaniedthe downfall of Zein al-Abidine Ben Ali, the president who seized power in 1987 and fled last week into exile in Saudi

Arabia. But the worst excesses were committed by his security forces, not by the people or by Tunisia’s army, whichhas shown commendable restraint since the turmoil began in mid-December. To avoid more bloodshed, it is essentialthat Tunisia’s interim authorities deliver on their promise to form a government of national unity, including the much-abused opposition, and hold free elections as soon as possible.

Colour revolution

Colour revolutions are a term used by the media to describe related movements that developedin several societies in the CIS (former USSR) and Balkan states during the early 2000s. Someobservers[who?] have called the events a revolutionary wave.

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Participants in the colour  revolutions have mostly used nonviolent resistance to protest againstgovernments seen as corrupt and/or authoritarian, and to advocate democracy. These movementsall adopted a specific colour or flower as their symbol. The colour revolutions are notable for theimportant role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and particularly student activists inorganizing creative non-violent resistance.

These movements have been successful in Serbia (especially the Bulldozer Revolution of 2000),in Georgia's Rose Revolution (2003), in Ukraine's Orange Revolution (2004), in Lebanon'sCedar Revolution and (though more violent than the previous ones) in Kyrgyzstan's TulipRevolution (2005). Each time massive street protests followed disputed elections or request of fair elections and led to the resignation or overthrow of leaders considered by their opponents to be authoritarian.

Colonialism

Colonialism is the establishment, maintenance, acquisition and expansion of colonies in oneterritory by people from another territory. Colonialism is a process whereby sovereignty over thecolony is claimed by the metropole and the social structure, government, and economics of thecolony are changed by colonists - people from the metropole. Colonialism is a set of unequal

relationships: between the metropole and the colony, and between the colonists and theindigenous population.

The term colonialism normally refers to a period of history from the late 15th to the 20th centurywhen European nation states established colonies on other continents. In this period, the justifications for colonialism included various factors such as the profits to be made, theexpansion of the power  of the metropole and various religious and political beliefs.

Colonialism and imperialism were ideologically linked with mercantilism.

Cold War 

The Cold War (Russian: Холо́дная война́, Kholodnaya voyna, 1947–1991) was the continuingstate of political conflict, military tension,  proxy wars, and economic competition existing after 

World War II (1939–1945) between the Communist World – primarily the Soviet Union and itssatellite states and allies – and the powers of the Western world, primarily the United States andits allies. Although the primary participants' military force never officially clashed directly, theyexpressed the conflict through military coalitions, strategic conventional force deployments,extensive aid to states deemed vulnerable, proxy wars, espionage, propaganda, conventional andnuclear  arms races, appeals to neutral nations, rivalry at sports events, and technologicalcompetitions such as the Space Race.

Cold Start (military doctrine)

Cold Start was a military doctrine developed by the Indian Armed Forces in 2004. It involves joint operations between India's three main services (Army, Navy, and Air Force) and integrated battle groups for offensive operations. A key component is the preparation of India's forces to beable to quickly mobilise and take offensive actions9/11 by the NumbersDeath, destruction, charity, salvation, war, money, real estate, spouses, babies, and otherSeptember 11 statistics.

The initial numbers are indelible: 8:46 a.m. and 9:02 a.m. Time the burning towers stood: 56minutes and 102 minutes. Time they took to fall: 12 seconds. From there, they ripple out.

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• Total number killed in attacks (official figure as of 9/5/02): 2,819

•  Number of firefighters and paramedics killed: 343 

•  Number of NYPD officers: 23 

•  Number of Port Authority police officers: 37 

•  Number of WTC companies that lost people: 60

•  Number of employees who died in Tower One: 1,402 

•  Number of employees who died in Tower Two: 614 

•  Number of employees lost at Cantor Fitzgerald: 658 

•  Number of U.S. troops killed in Operation Enduring Freedom: 22 

•  Number of nations whose citizens were killed in attacks: 115 

• Ratio of men to women who died: 3:1 

• Age of the greatest number who died: between 35 and 39

•

Bodies found "intact": 289• Body parts found: 19,858 

•  Number of families who got no remains: 1,717 

• Estimated units of blood donated to the New York Blood Center: 36,000 

• Total units of donated blood actually used: 258 

•  Number of people who lost a spouse or partner in the attacks: 1,609 

• Estimated number of children who lost a parent: 3,051 

• Percentage of Americans who knew someone hurt or killed in the attacks: 20

• FDNY retirements, January–July 2001: 274 

• FDNY retirements, January–July 2002: 661 

•  Number of firefighters on leave for respiratory problems by January 2002: 300 

•  Number of funerals attended by Rudy Giuliani in 2001: 200 

•  Number of FDNY vehicles destroyed: 98

• Tons of debris removed from site: 1,506,124

• Days fires continued to burn after the attack: 99 

• Jobs lost in New York owing to the attacks: 146,100 

• Days the New York Stock Exchange was closed: 6

• Point drop in the Dow Jones industrial average when the NYSE reopened: 684.81 • Days after 9/11 that the U.S. began bombing Afghanistan: 26 

• Total number of hate crimes reported to the Council on American-Islamic Relationsnationwide since 9/11: 1,714 

• Economic loss to New York in month following the attacks: $105 billion 

• Estimated cost of cleanup: $600 million 

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• Total FEMA money spent on the emergency: $970 million 

• Estimated amount donated to 9/11 charities: $1.4 billion

• Estimated amount of insurance paid worldwide related to 9/11: $40.2 billion 

• Estimated amount of money needed to overhaul lower-Manhattan subways: $7.5 billion 

• Amount of money recently granted by U.S. government to overhaul lower-Manhattansubways: $4.55 billion

• Estimated amount of money raised for funds dedicated to NYPD and FDNY families:$500 million 

• Percentage of total charity money raised going to FDNY and NYPD families: 25 

• Average benefit already received by each FDNY and NYPD widow: $1 million 

• Percentage increase in law-school applications from 2001 to 2002: 17.9 

• Percentage increase in Peace Corps applications from 2001 to 2002: 40 

• Percentage increase in CIA applications from 2001 to 2002: 50 

•  Number of songs Clear Channel Radio considered "inappropriate" to play after 9/11: 150 

•  Number of mentions of 9/11 at the Oscars: 26 

• Apartments in lower Manhattan eligible for asbestos cleanup: 30,000

•  Number of apartments whose residents have requested cleanup and testing: 4,110 

•  Number of Americans who changed their 2001 holiday-travel plans from plane to train or car: 1.4 million 

• Estimated number of New Yorkers suffering from post-traumatic-stress disorder as aresult of 9/11: 422,000 

U.N.OThe United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 after the Second World War by 51 countriescommitted to maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations and promotingsocial progress, better living standards and human rights.

The UN has 4 main purposes

• To keep peace throughout the world;

• To develop friendly relations among nations;

• To help nations work together to improve the lives of poor people, to conquer hunger, disease and illiteracy,and to encourage respect for each other’s rights and freedoms;

• To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations to achieve these goals.

The Triple Alliance was the military alliance between Germany, Austria–Hungary, and Italy that lasted from 1882[1] until the start of World War I in 1914.[2] Each member promised mutualsupport in the event of an attack by any two other great powers, or for Germany and Italy, anattack by France alone. In a supplementary declaration, Italy specified that its undertakings couldnot be regarded as being directed against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.Shortly after renewing the Alliance in June 1902, Italy secretly extended a similar guarantee toFrance

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Détente

Détente is the easing of strained relations, especially in a political situation. The term is oftenused in reference to the general easing of relations between the Soviet Union and the UnitedStates in the 1970s, a thawing at a period roughly in the middle of the Cold War . In the SovietUnion, détente was known in Russian: as разрядка ("razryadka", loosely meaning relaxation,

discharge). Détente is an alternative strategy to rollback , the strategy of destroying an enemystate, and containment, which means preventing the expansion of the enemy state.

Causes

The NATO powers and the Warsaw Pact both had strong reasons to seek relaxation in tensions.Leonid Brezhnev and the rest of the Soviet leadership felt that the economic burden of thenuclear arms race was unsustainable. The American economy was also in financial trouble as theVietnam War drained government finances at the same time as Lyndon Johnson (and to a lesser extent, Richard Nixon) sought to expand the welfare state.

Deterrence

Deterrence may refer to:

• Deterrence theory, a theory of war, especially regarding nuclear weapons

• Deterrence (legal), a theory of justice

• Deterrence (psychological), a psychological theory

• Deterrence, a 1999 drama starring Kevin Pollak, depicting fictional eventsabout nuclear brinkmanship

Triple Entente

The Triple Entente (from French entente [ɑ̃tɑ̃t] "agreement") was the name given to thealliance among Great Britain, France and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente

in 1907. The alliance of the three powers, supplemented by various agreements with  Portugal, Japan, the United States, and Spain, constituted a powerful counterweight to the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. (Italy had concluded an additional secret agreementwith France effectively nullifying their alliance with Germany.)

Diplomacy of the great powers 1871–1913

Great powers

Austria–Hungary · British Empire · French Third Republic ·German Empire · Kingdom of Italy · Empire of Japan ·Russian Empire · United States of America

Treaties and

agreements

 Treaty of Frankfurt · League of the Three Emperors ·  Treatyof Berlin · German-Austrian Alliance ·  Triple Alliance ·Reinsurance Treaty · Franco-Russian Alliance ·  Treaty of Paris · Anglo-Japanese Alliance · Entente cordiale ·  Treaty of Björkö ·  Taft–Katsura Agreement  ·  Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 · Anglo-Russian Entente · Triple Entente ·  Japan–

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Korea Annexation Treaty · Racconigi agreement

Events

 The Great Game · Pan-Slavism · Russo-Turkish War ·Congress of Berlin · Scramble for Africa · First Sino-Japanese

War · German Naval Laws · Fashoda Incident · Spanish–American War · Annexation of Hawaii · Banana Wars ·Philippine–American War · Boxer Rebellion · Boer War ·Russo-Japanese War · First Moroccan Crisis · Dreadnought  ·Agadir Crisis · Bosnian crisis · Italo-Turkish War · BalkanWars

Famous scientist listAbout 50 noted scientists are mentioned below.

Albert EinsteinHe is arguably at the pinnacle if the popularity of all the scientists is taken into account. He demonstratedsolutions to a trio of mind-boggling topics in Physics in 1905 and shot into limelight.

Sir Isaac Newton"Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica" called "Principia" is acknowledged as the greatestscientific book ever published. Sir Isaac Newton wrote this in 1687.

Galileo GalileiHe was the first to use the telescope for furnishing evidence that the earth revolves around the Sun. Thispostulate was in contrast to that held by the majority.

Charles Darwin

"On the origin of species by means of natural selection" is Darwin's famous book published in 1859.

Johannes Kepler Kepler compiled the Mars data which enabled him to propose the "Three Laws of Planetary Motion".

Louis Pasteur Some of his works are:

• separation of mirror image molecules and effect of polarized light

• identification of the parasite that was killing silkworms

James MaxwellHe is known for the "Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism" published in 1873. Maxwell independentlydeveloped the "Maxwell-Boltzmann kinetic theory of gases".

Edwin Hubble"Hubble's Law" stated that galaxies move away from each other at a speed determined by the distancethat separated them. He classified galaxies as per their distance, shape, brightness patterns and content.

Emil Fisher Some of his works are:

• synthesis of glucose, fructose, mannose starting with glycerol

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• establishing structures for the 16 stereoisomers of the aldohexoseswith glucose as the most prominent member 

Paul Dirac

He received a Nobel prize in 1933 for the work on anti-particles. The "Dirac equation" was a version of the

Schrodinger's equation.

Archimedes

His major achievements are "The Archimedes principle in hydrostatics", the Archimedes screw and the

relation between the surface and volume of a sphere and the circumscribing cylinder.

Marie Curie

She won the 1903 Nobel price in Physics and the 1911 Nobel prize in Chemistry.

Thomas Alva Edison

He set up the first industrial research laboratory in the world and was a world record holder of 1093

patents.

Max Planck

He introduced the quantum and became the recipient of the Nobel prize for Physics in 1918.

Nikola Tesla

In 1882, he stated the rotating magnetic field principle and invented the alternating current long distance

electrical transmission system six years later.

Aristotle

His works include Physics, Metaphysics, Politics, Poetics, Nicomachean Ethics and De Anima.

Leonardo da Vinci

He designed bridges, war machines, buildings, canals and forts.

Benjamin Franklin

He is arguably the most famous 18th century American after George Washington.

Niels Bohr 

In 1922, he won the Nobel prize for Physics. He developed the "Bohr theory of the atom and liquid model

of the atomic nucleus".

Nicholas Copernicus

His theorized that the Sun was the fixed point around which the motions of the planets takes place. The

Earth rotates around its axis once in a day and slow alterations in the direction of this axis cause the

precession of the equinoxes.

Rene Descartes

He wrote "Meditationes de prima philosophia, in quibus Dei existentia, & animae a corpore distinctio,

demonstratur" in 1641.

Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen

In 1901, he won the Nobel prize for Physics as he discovered X-rays.

Carl Sagan

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He promoted the Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence and was a pioneer of exobiology.

Jane Goodall

She is a world famous authority on chimpanzees.

Jonas Salk

He developed a vaccine for polio in 1952.

Alexander Graham Bell

He is the inventor of the telephone and the metal detector.

Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman

He developed the Raman spectroscopy that provides information regarding the molecular structure.

Ernest Rutherford

He developed atomic theory in 1911 and classified forms of radiation.

Joseph John Thomson

He received the Nobel prize for Physics in 1907 and developed the mass spectrograph.

William Ramsay

He independently discovered Helium and shared the discovery or Argon, Krypton and Xenon.

Alfred Nobel

He established a fund for the yearly Nobel prize in the areas of chemistry, physics, literature, international

peace and medicine.

William Thompson

He derived the second law of thermodynamics and proposed the Kelvin temperature scale.

James Prescott Joule

One determines the rate at which heat is produced by an electric current by using Joule's law.

Julius Robert von Mayer 

Along with James Joule, he discovered the first law of thermodynamics.

Henry Bessemer 

He invented an economical steel making procedure that burnt off impurities.

Robert Bunsen

He developed the spectroscope and discovered Cesium and Rubidium.

Thomas Graham

He developed the separation of crystalloids from colloids which is called "dialysis".

Michael Faraday

He stated the laws of electrolysis in 1833.

Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner 

He determined the relation between elements and their atomic weight.

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Amedeo Avagadro

He concluded that equal volumes of gases at similar conditions of temperature and pressure has the

same number of molecules.

William Henry

Henry's Law states that the amount of gas absorbed by water increases as the gas pressure rises.

John Dalton

He developed the atomic theory.

Alessandro Volta

He invented the practical battery using cells of two types of metals.

Antoine Lavoisier 

He recognized and named oxygen and disproved the phlogiston theory.

Charles Augustin de Coulomb

He discovered the law of force between two charged bodies.

Henry Cavendish

He discovered hydrogen and nitric acid.

Thomas Newcomen

He invented the steam engine.

Robert Boyle

He proposed the Boyle's Law.

Blaise Pascal

The SI unit of pressure is named after him.

List of Dictators

1. KIM JONG IL of North Korea: A personality-cult-cultivating isolationist with a taste for fineFrench cognac, Kim has pauperized his people, allowed famine to run rampant, and thrownhundreds of thousands in prison camps (where as many as 200,000 languish today) — all thewhile spending his country’s precious few resources on a nuclear programme. Years in power:16 

2. ROBERT MUGABE of Zimbabwe: A liberation “hero” in the struggle for independence whohas since transformed himself into a murderous despot, Mugabe has arrested and tortured the

opposition, squeezed his economy into astounding negative growth and billion-per cent inflation,and funnelled off a juicy cut for himself using currency manipulation and offshore accounts.Years in power: 30

3. THAN SHWE of Burma: A heartless military coconut head whose sole consuming preoccupation is power, Shwe has decimated the opposition with arrests and detentions, deniedhumanitarian aid to his people after 2008′s devastating Cyclone Nargis, and thrived off a black market economy of natural gas exports. This vainglorious general bubbling with swagger sports

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a uniform festooned with self-awarded medals, but he is too cowardly to face an honest ballot box. Years in power: 18

4. OMAR HASSAN AL-BASHIR of Sudan: A megalomaniac zealot who has quashed allopposition, Bashir is responsible for the deaths of millions of Sudanese and has been indicted bythe International Criminal Court for war crimes. Bashir’s Arab militias, the janjaweed, may have

halted their massacres in Darfur, but they continue to traffic black Sudanese as slaves (Bashir himself has been accused of having had several at one point). Years in power: 21

5. GURBANGULY BERDIMUHAMEDOV of Turkmenistan: Succeeding the eccentric tyrantSaparmurat Niyazov (who even renamed the months of the year after himself and his family),this obscure dentist has kept on keeping on with his late predecessor’s repressive policies,explaining that, after all, he bears an “uncanny resemblance to Niyazov.” Years in power: 4

6. ISAIAS AFWERKI of Eritrea: A crocodile liberator, Afwerki has turned his country into anational prison in which independent media are shut down, elections are categorically rejected,indefinite military service is mandatory, and the government would rather support Somalimilitants than its own people. Years in power: 17 

7. ISLAM KARIMOV of Uzbekistan: A ruthless thug ruling since Soviet times, Karimov has banned opposition parties, tossed as many as 6,500 political prisoners into jail, and labels anyonewho challenges him an “Islamic terrorist.” What does he do with “terrorists” once they are in hishands? Torture them: Karimov’s regime earned notoriety for boiling two people alive andtorturing many others. Outside the prisons, the president’s troops are equally indiscriminate,massacring hundreds of peaceful demonstrators in 2005 after a minor uprising in the city of Andijan. Years in power: 20

8. MAHMOUD AHMADINEJAD of Iran: Inflammatory, obstinate, and a traitor to the liberation philosophy of the Islamic Revolution, Ahmadinejad has pursued a nuclear programme indefiance of international law and the West. Responsible for countless injustices during his fiveyears in power, the president’s latest egregious offence was leading his paramilitary goons, theBasij, to violently repress protesters after June 2009′s disputed presidential election, which many believe he firmly lost. Years in power: 5

9. MELES ZENAWI of Ethiopia: Worse than the former Marxist dictator he ousted nearly twodecades ago, Zenawi has clamped down on the opposition, stifled all dissent, and riggedelections. Like a true Marxist revolutionary, Zenawi has stashed millions in foreign banks andacquired mansions in Maryland and London in his wife’s name, according to the opposition — even as his barbaric regime collects a whopping $1 billion in foreign aid each year. Years in power: 19

10. HU JINTAO of China: A chameleon despot who beguiles foreign investors with a smile anda bow, but ferociously crushes political dissent with brutal abandon, Hu has an iron grip on Tibetand is now seeking what can only be described as new colonies in Africa from which to extract

the natural resources his growing economy craves. Years in power: 7 11. MUAMMAR AL-QADDAFI of Libya: An eccentric egoist infamous for his indecipherablyflamboyant speeches and equally erratic politics, Qaddafi runs a police state based on his versionof Mao’s Red Book — the Green Book — which includes a solution to “the Problem of Democracy.” Repressive at home, Qaddafi masquerades as Africa’s king of kings abroad (theAfrican Union had to politely insist that he step down as its rotating head). Years in power: 41

12. BASHAR AL-ASSAD of Syria: A pretentious despot trying to fit into his father’s shoes(they’re too big for him), Assad has squandered billions on foreign misadventures in such places

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as Lebanon and Iraq while neglecting the needs of the Syrian people. His extensive securityapparatus ensures that the population doesn’t complain. Years in power: 10

13. IDRISS DÉBY of Chad: Having led a rebel insurgency against a former dictator, Déby todayfaces a similar challenge — from one of his own former cabinet officials, among others. To repelwould-be coup leaders, Déby has drained social spending accounts to equip the military, co-

opted opposition-leader foes, and is now building a moat around the capital, N’Djamena. Yearsin power: 20

14. TEODORO OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO of Equatorial Guinea: Obiang and his familyliterally own the economy, having reportedly amassed a fortune exceeding $600 million whilethe masses are left in desperate poverty. Equatorial Guinea’s extraordinary oil wealth puts itsGDP per capita on par with many European states — if only it were evenly shared. Instead,revenues remain a “state secret.” Years in power: 31

15. HOSNI MUBARAK of Egypt: A senile and paranoid autocrat whose sole preoccupation isself-perpetuation in office, Mubarak is suspicious of even his own shadow. He keeps a 30-year-old emergency law in place to squelch any opposition activity and has groomed his son, Gamal,to succeed him. (No wonder only 23 per cent of Egyptians bothered to vote in the 2005

 presidential election.) Years in power: 29

16. YAHYA JAMMEH of Gambia: This eccentric military buffoon has vowed to rule for 40years and claims to have discovered the cure for HIV/AIDS. (Jammeh also claims he has mystic powers and will turn Gambia into an oil-producing country; no luck yet.) A narcissist at heart,the dictator insists on being addressed as His Excellency Sheikh Professor Alhaji Dr. YahyaAbdul-Azziz Jemus Junkung Jammeh. Years in power: 16 

17. HUGO CHÁVEZ of Venezuela: The quack leader of the Bolivarian Revolution, Chávez promotes a doctrine of participatory democracy in which he is the sole participant, having jailedopposition leaders, extended term limits indefinitely, and closed independent media. Years in power: 11

18. BLAISE COMPAORÉ of Burkina Faso: A tin-pot despot with no vision and no agenda, saveself-perpetuation in power by liquidating opponents and stifling dissent, Compaoré has lived upto the low standards of his own rise to power, after murdering his predecessor, Thomas Sankara,in a 1987 coup. Years in power: 23

19. YOWERI MUSEVENI of Uganda: After leading a rebel insurgency that took over Uganda in1986, Museveni declared: “No African head of state should be in power for more than 10 years.”But 24 years later, he is still here, winning one “coconut election” after another in which other  political parties are technically legal but a political rally of more than a handful of people is not.Years in power: 24

20. PAUL KAGAME of Rwanda: A liberator who saved the Tutsis from complete exterminationin 1994, Kagame now practices the same ethnic apartheid he sought to end. His Rwandan

Patriotic Front dominates all levels of power: the security forces, the civil service, the judiciary, banks, universities, and state-owned corporations. Those who challenge the president are accusedof being a hatemonger or divisionist and arrested. Years in power: 10

21. RAÚL CASTRO of Cuba: Afflicted with intellectual astigmatism, the second brother of Fidel Castro is pitifully unaware that the revolution he leads is obsolete, an abysmal failure, andtotally irrelevant to the aspirations of the Cuban people. He blames the failure of the revolutionon foreign conspiracies — which he then uses to justify even more brutal clampdowns. Years in power: 2

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22. ALEKSANDR LUKASHENKO of Belarus: An autocrat and former collective farmchairman, Lukashenko maintains an iron grip on his country, monitoring opposition movementswith a secret police distastefully called the KGB. His brutal style of governance has earned himthe title “Europe’s last dictator”; he even gave safe haven to Kyrgyzstan’s toppled leader whenthat country rose up this spring. Years in power: 16 

23. PAUL BIYA of Cameroon: A suave bandit who has reportedly amassed a personal fortune of more than $200 million and the mansions to go with it, Biya has co-opted the opposition intocomplete submission. Not that he’s worried about elections; he has rigged the term limit lawstwice to make sure the party doesn’t end anytime soon. Years in power: 28

Major Hazards and Losses due to their impact

44 Disasters of over 100,000Deaths

Number of Deaths

Disaster Type

1 - Worldwide, every year  2 to 5 million ayear 

Malaria

2 - Western Hemisphere, mostly 16th - 18thcenturies unknown millions European Sicknesses

3 - Africa, 1981 - 1984 unknown millions Drought

4 - World-wide, 1918 - 19 35 to 100 million Influenza pandemic

5 - Europe and beyond, 1347-1350 25 million Bubonic plague

6 - China, 1958 - 61 20 million Famine

7 - India, 1769 10 million Famine

8 - China, 1876 - 1879 9 million Drought

9 - North Korea, 1995-98 3 million + Famine and Floods

10 - China, 1935 2 million + ? Flood

11 - Egypt and Syria, 1201 1.1 million Earthquake

12 - Ireland, 1845 - 48 1 million + Famine

13 - China, 1942 - 1943 1 million + Drought

14 - China, 1887 900,000 Flood

15 - China, 1556 830,000 Earthquake

16 - China, 1976 600,000 Earthquake

17 - China, 1920 500,000 + Drought

18 - France, Germany, America, etc., 1870 500,000 Smallpox

19 - Bangladesh, 1970 500,000 Floods

20 - World-wide, 1957 400,000 ? "Asian Flu"

21 - India, 1737 300,000 Typhoon

22 - China, 1642 300,000 Flood

23 - South Asia, 2004 283,106 Tsunami / Earthquake

24 - Syria, Aleppo, 1138 230,000 Earthquake

25 - Iran, 1780 200,000 Earthquake

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26 - China, 1920 200,000 Earthquake

27 - China, 1927 200,000 Earthquake

28 - China, 1939 200,000 Flood

29 - Japan, 1923 170,000 Earthquake

30 - China, 1931150,000 + Flood

31 - China, 1933 140,000 Flood

32 - Bangladesh, 1991 139,000 Earthquake

33 - Japan, 1730 137,000 Earthquake

34 - North America, 1775-82 130,000 Smallpox

35 - Italy, 1908 123,000 Earthquake

36 - Turkmensistan (USSR), 1948 110,000 Earthquake

37 - Armenia, 1988 100,000 + Earthquake

38 - Japan 100,000 + Famine

39 - China, 1290100,000 + Earthquake

40 - Netherlands, 1228 100,000 + Flooding from brokendykes

41 - England, 1665 100,000 + Plague

42 - Portugal, 1775 100,000 + Tsunami / Earthquake

43 - Vietnam, 1971 100,000 + Flood

44 - Haiti, 2010 100,000 + Earthquake

Who is who & what is what is Pakistan

GOVERNOR GENERALS/ PRESIDENTS/ PMs/ SPEAKERS

/ DEPUTY SPEAKERS And SECRETARIES OF THE

NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OF PAKISTAN...

GOVERNOR GENERALS

S. No. Name Duration

1. Mr. Mohammad Ali Jinnah (Quaid-e-Azam) Father of the

Nation

15-08-1947 to 11-09-1948

2. Khawaja Nazimuddin 14-09-1948 to 16-10-1951

3. Malik Ghulam Mohammad 19-10-1951 to 05-10-1955

4. Maj. General Isakandar Mirza 06-10-1955 to 22-03-1956

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PRESIDENTS

S. No. Name Duration

1. Maj. General Iskandar Mirza 23-03-1956 to 27-10-1958

2. General Mohammed Ayub Khan 27-10-1958 to 25-03-1969

3. General Mohammed Yahya Khan 25-03-1969 to 20-12-1971

4. Mr. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto 20-12-1971 to 14-08-1973

5. Mr. Fazal Elahi Chaudhry 14-08-1973 to 16-09-1978

6. General Mohammed Zia-ul-Haq 16-09-1978 to 17-08-1988

7. Mr. Ghulam Ishaq Khan 17-08-1988 to 08-07-1993

8. Mr. Wasim Sajjad 18-07-1993 to 14-11-1993

9. Sardar Farooq Ahmed Leghari 14-11-1993 to 02-12-1997

10. Mr. Wasim Sajjad 02-12-1997 to 01-01-1998

11. Justice (Retd) Mohammed Rafiq Tarar 01-01-1998 to 20-06-2001

12. General Parvez Musharraf 20-06-2001 to date

13. Asif Ali Zardari 8-09-2008

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PRIME MINISTERS

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S. No. Name Duration

1. Mr. Liaqat Ali Khan 15-08-1947 to 16-10-1951

2. Khawaja Najamuddin 17-10-1951 to 17-04-1953

3. Mr. Mohammad Ali Bogra 17-04-1953 to 11-08-1955

4. Ch. Mohammed Ali 11-08-1955 to 12-09-1956

5. Mr. Hussain Shaheed Suharwardi 12-09-1956 to 18-10-1957

6. Mr. Ibrahim Ismail Chaundrigar 18-10-1957 to 16-12-1957

7. Malik Feroz Khan Noon 16-12-1957 to 07-10-1958

8. Mr. Noor-ul-Amin 07-12-1971 to 20-12-1971

9. Mr. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto 14-08-1973 to 05-07-1977

10. Mr. Muhammad Khan Junejo 23-03-1985 to 29-05-1988

11. Mohtrama Benazir Bhutto 02-12-1988 to 06-08-1990

12. Mr. Ghulam Mustafa Khan Jatoi (Caretaker) 06-08-1990 to 06-11-1990

13. Mian Mohammed Nawaz Sharif 06-11-1990 to 18-04-1993

14. Mir Balakh Sher Mazari (Caretaker) 18-04-1993 to 26-05-1993

15. Mian Mohammed Nawaz Sharif 26-05-1993 to 08-07-1993

16. Mr. Moin Qureshi (Caretaker) 08-07-1993 to 19-10-1993

17. Mohtrama Benazir Bhutto 19-10-1993 to 05-11-1996

18. Malik Meraj Khalid (Caretaker) 06-10-1996 to 17-02-1997

19. Mian Mohammed Nawaz Sharif 17-02-1997 to 12-10-1999

20. General Parvez Musharraf (Chief Executive) 12-10-1999 to 23-11-2002

21. Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali November 21, 2002 - June 26,

2004

22. Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain June 30, 2004 - August 28, 2004

23. SHAUKAT AZIZ 28-08-2004 to 15-11-2007

24.Mr. Muhammad Mian Soomro (Caretaker) 16-11-2007 to 24-03-2008

25.Syed Yousaf Raza Gillani 25-03-2008 to date

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SPEAKERS / PRESIDENTS OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY

S. No. Name Designation Duration

1. Quaid-i-Azam M.A Jinnah President 11-08-1947 to 11-09-1948

2. Moulvi Tamizuddin Khan President 14-12-1948 to 24-10-1954

3. Mr. Abdul Wahab Khan Speaker 12 –08-1955 to 7-10-1958

4. Moulvi Tamizuddin Khan Speaker 11-06-1962 to 19-08-1963

5. Ch. A.K.M. Fazulul Quader Speaker 29-11-1963 to 12-06-1965

6. Mr. Abdul Jabbar Khan Speaker 12-06-1965 to 25-03-1969

7. Mr. Zulifiqar Ali Bhutto President 14-04-1972 to 12-04-1973

8. Mr. Fazal Elahi Chaudhry Speaker 15-08-1972 to 07-08-1973

9. Sahibzada Farooq Ali Speaker 09-08-1973 to 27-03-1977

10. Malik Miraj Khalid Speaker 27-03-1977 to 05-07-1977

11. Syed Fakhar Imam Speaker 22-03-1985 to 26-05-1986

12. Mr. Hamid Nasir Chattha Speaker 31-05-1986 to 03-12-1988

13. Malik Miraj Khalid Speaker 03-12-1988 to 04-11-1990

14. Mr. Gohar Ayub Khan Speaker 04-11-1990 to 17-10-1993

15. Syed Yousaf Raza Gillani Speaker 17-10-1993 to 16-02-1997

16. Mr. Illahi Bukhsh Soomro Speaker 16-02-1997 to 20-08-2001

17. Chaudhry Amir Hussain Speaker 19-11-2002 to 19-03-2008

17. Dr. Fahmida Mirza

Speaker 19-03-2008 to date

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DEPUTY SPEAKERS / DEPUTY PRESIDENTS OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY

S. No. Name Designation Duration

1. Mr. Muhammad Tamizuddin Khan Dy. President 23-02-1948 to 13-12-1948

2. Mr. M.H. Gazder Dy. President 28-03-1953 to 24-10-1954

3. Mr. C. E. Gibbon Dy. Speaker 12-08-1955 to 07-10-1958

4. Ch. Mohammad Afzal Cheema Dy. Speaker

(Senior)

11-06-1962 to 22-01-1965

5. Mr. Abdul Quasem Dy. Speaker

(IInd)

11-06-1962 to 22-01-1965

6. Mr. Fazal Elahi Chaudhry Dy. Speaker 12-01-1965 to 25-03-1969

7. Mr. A.T.M Abdul Mateen Dy. Speaker

(IInd)

12-01-1965 to 25-03-1969

8. Mr. Mohammad Haneef Khan Dy. Speaker 15-08-1972 to 10-08-1973

9. Mrs. Ashraf Khatoon Abbasi Dy. Speaker 11-08-1973 to 10-01-1977

10. Mr. Abdul Fateh Dy. Speaker 27-03-1977 to 05-07-1977

11. Mr. Wazir Ahmed Jogezai Dy. Speaker 22-03-1985 to 29-05-1988

12. Mrs. Ashraf Khatoon Abbasi Dy. Speaker 03-12-1988 to 06-08-1990

13. Haji M. Nawaz Khokhar Dy. Speaker 04-11-1990 to 18-07-1993

14. Syed Zafar Ali Shah Dy. Speaker 17-10-1993 to 05-11-1996

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15. 19-03-2008 to date Dy. Speaker 16-02-1997 to 20-08-2001

16. Sardar Muhammad Yaqoob Dy. Speaker 19-11-2002 to 15-11-2007

17. Mr. Faisal Karim Kundi

Dy. Speaker 19-03-2008 to date

SECRETARIES OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY

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S. No. Name Duration

1. Mr. M. B. Ahmed 19-07-1947 to 17-10-1958

2. Mr. W. B. Kadri 01-06-1962 to 15-05-1965

3. Mr. Azfar 17-06-1965 to 03-10-1966

4. Mr. W. B. Kadri 04-10-1966 to 27-12-1966

5. Mr. Muzafar Hussain 23-01-1967 to 23-08-1971

6. Mr. S. M. Shafiul Azam 07-09-1971 to 05-11-1971

7. Mr. Ali Hassan 05-11-1971 to 29-01-1972

8. Mr. S. M. Shafiul Azam 29-01-1972 to 25-03-1972

9. Mr. Aslam Abdullah Khan 25-03-1972 to 12-02-1975

10. Mr. F. K. Bandial 12-02-1975 to 19-02-1975

11. Mr. M. A. Haq 21-02-1975 to 31-03-1987

12. Mr. K. M. Cheema 06-04-1987 to 24-08-1989

13. Mr. Khan Ahmad Goraya 24-08-1989 to 16-05-1991

14. Mr. Khan Ahmad Goraya (Secretary General) 16-05-1991 to 07-10-1994

15. Mr. Abdul Rauf Khan Lughmani 12-10-1994 to 18-03-1997

16. Mr. Khan Ahmad Goraya 19-03-1997 to 10-10-2000

17. Mr. Muhammad Ikram Arif 11-10-2000 to 06-01-2002

18. Mr. Muhammad Rafiq Haider 07-01-2002 to 16-10-2002

19. Mr. Mehmood Saleem Mehmood 16-10-2002 to 24-02-2005

20. Ch. Muhammad Rafique25-02-2005 to 08-12-2005

21. Mr. Zia-ul-Haq 09-12-2005 to 06-08-2007

22. Mr. Karamat Hussain Niazi 08-08-2007 to date

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Governor of the State Bank of PakistanList

1. Zahid Hussain, 10-06-1948 TO 19-07-1953

2. Abdul Qadir, 20-07-1953 TO 19-07-1960

3. Shujaat Ali Hasnie, 20-07-1960 TO 19-07-19674. Mahbubur Raschid, 20-07-1967 TO 01-07-1971

5. Shahkur Ullah Durrani , 01-07-1971 TO 22-12-1971

6. Ghulam Ishaq Khan, 22-12-1971 TO 30-11-1975

7. S. Osman Ali, 01-12-1975 TO 01-07-1978

8. A G N Kazi , 15-07-1978 TO 09-07-1986

9. V.A. Jaffrey, 10-07-1986 TO 16-08-1988

10.I.A. Hanfi, 17-08-1988 TO 02-09-1989 (first term), 01-09-

1990 TO 30-06-1993 (second term)11.Kassim Parekh, 05-09-1989 TO 30-08-1990

12.Mohammad Yaqub, 25-07-1993 TO 25-11-1999

13.Ishrat Husain, 02-12-1999 TO 01-12-2005

14.Shamshad Akhtar, 02-01-2006 TO 01-01-2009

15.Syed Salim Raza, 01-01-2009 TO 02-06-2010

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 Yasin Anwer (acting), 02-06-2010 TO 08-09-2010

1. Shahid H. Kardar, 08-09-2010 TO present

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The Chief Justice of Pakistan heads the Supreme Court of Pakistan. These are the names of theChief Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan (known as the Federal Court until 1960).

[ListTemporal

OrderName of Chief Justice From To

1 Justice Sir Abdul Rashid (Chief Justice, Federal Court)

7 June 1949 29 June 1954

2 Justice Muhammad Munir (Chief 

 Justice, Federal Court)29 June1954 2 May 1960

3 Justice Muhammad Shahabuddin 3 May 1960 12 May 1960

4 Justice A. R. Cornelius 13 May 1960 29 February 19685 Justice Dr. S. A. Rahman 1 March 1968 3 June 1968

6 Justice Fazal Akbar 4 June 1968 17 November 1968

7 Justice Hamoodur Rahman18 November1968

31 October 1975

8 Justice Muhammad Yaqub Ali1 November1975

22 September 1977

9 Justice S. Anwarul Haq23 September1977 25 March 1981

10 Justice Mohammad Haleem 23 March 1981 31 December 1989

11 Justice Muhammad Afzal Zullah 1 January 1990 18 April 1993

12 Justice Dr. Nasim Hasan Shah 17 April 1993 14 April 1994

* Justice Saad Saud Jan (Acting) 15 April 1994 4 June 1994

13 Justice Sajjad Ali Shah 5 June 1994 2 December 1997

14 Justice Ajmal Mian 23 December1997

30 June 1999

15 Justice Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui 1 July 1999 26 January 2000

16 Justice Irshad Hasan Khan 26 January 2000 6 January 2002

17 Justice Bashir Jehangiri 7 January 2002 31 January 2002

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18 Justice Sheikh Riaz Ahmad 1 February 2002 31 December 2003

19 Justice Nazim Hussain Siddiqui31 December2003

29 June 2005

20

 Justice Iftikhar Muhammad

Chaudhry 30 June 2005

9 March 2007

(suspended)

* Justice Javaid Iqbal (Acting) 9 March 2007 24 March 2007

* Justice Rana Bhagwandas (Acting) 24 March 2007 20 July 2007

20 Justice Iftikhar MuhammadChaudhry

20 July 2007(restored)

3 November 2007(terminated)

* Justice Abdul Hameed Dogar (defacto)

3 November2007

21 March 2009

20  Justice Iftikhar MuhammadChaudhry

22 March 2009(restored)

Incumbent

Names of famous Prog. And their anchor

persons

Geo NewsCapital talk by Hamid Mir

Aj Kamran k Sath by Kamran Shahid

50 Minutes by Dr. Rauf  

Hum Sab Umeed Se Hian by Dr Younus But

Kehne Main Kia Harj Hai by Abdul Malik

 Jawab Deyh by Iftakhar Hussain

Apis ki Bat Hai By Najim Sethi

Express NewsKal Tak by Javed Chudhary

Front line by Shahid Kamran

Dunia News

Policy Matter by Asma Iqbal

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Hasb-e-Hal by Sohail Ahmed

Waqt News

 Nawaiwaqt Today by Ehtisham ur Rehman

News Night with Talat by Talat Hussain

Names of EditorsTimes magazine Hugo Lindgren

 Ny Times Arthur S. Brisbane

Executive Editor, The Washington Post Leonard Downie Jr.

Reuter peter Bohan

 The Economist

Dawn Hameed Haroon

 Jang Mir Shakeel ur Rehman

Nawa-i-waqt Majeed nazami

Khabrain Zia Shahid

Frontier Post Mahmood Afridi

Express Abbas Athar

The Arab League - The League of Arab StatesArab League, informal name of the League of Arab States, a voluntary association of 

independent countries whose peoples are mainly Arabic speaking. Its stated purposes are

to strengthen ties among the member states, coordinate their policies, and promote their 

common interests.

The Arab League was founded in Cairo in 1945 by Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia,

Syria, Transjordan (Jordan, as of 1950), and Yemen.

Members of the Arab League

Algeria Bahrain Comoros Djibouti

Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait

Lebanon Libya Mauritania Morocco

Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia

Somalia Sudan Syria Tunisia

United Arab Emirates Yemen  

Countries that later joined are: Algeria (1962), Bahrain (1971), Comoros (1993), Djibouti (1977), Kuwait

(1961), Libya (1953), Mauritania (1973), Morocco (1958), Oman (1971), Qatar (1971), Somalia (1974),

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Southern Yemen (1967), Sudan (1956), Tunisia (1958), and the United Arab Emirates (1971).

Tallest Buildings and Skyscrapers

 RankBuilding City Country Height  Floors

  Built

1 Burj Dubai Dubai United Arab Emirates 818 m 2,684 ft 162 2009

2 Taipei 101 Taipei Taiwan 509 m 1,671 ft 101 2004

3 Shanghai World Financial Center  Shanghai China 492 m 1,614 ft 101 2008

4 International Commerce Centre Hong Kong Hong Kong, China 484 m 1,588 ft 1182009

5= Petronas Tower 1 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 452 m 1,483 ft 88 1998

5= Petronas Tower 2 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 452 m 1,483 ft 88 1998

7  Nanjing Greenland Financial Center  Nanjing China 450 m 1,476 ft 89 20098 Sears Tower  Chicago United States 442 m 1,451 ft 108 1973

9 Guangzhou West Tower Guangzhou China 438 m 1,435 m 103 2009

10 Jin Mao Tower  Shanghai China 421 m 1,380 ft 88 1998

Major News Agencies Worldwide  Title Country Language

Agence France Presse (AFP) France ar de

en es fr pt  Agencia Cubana de Noticias (ACN) Cuba

en es fr pt ru  Agencia EFE spain

ca en es gl pt  Agentstvo

Politicheskikh Novostiei (APN) Russia ru Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata (ANSA) Italy

it  Algerie Presse Service (APS) Algeria

ar en fr  ARI Russia

en ru  Asia News

Network Thailand en 

Associated Press (AP) USA

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en  Aswat al-Iraq (Voices of Iraq) Iraq

ar en  Bulgarian News Agency (BTA) 

Bulgaria bg en  Burma News

International Burma (Myanmar) en my 

China News Service (CNS) China

zh  Cyprus News Agency (CNA) Cyprus

el en tr  Deutsche Presse Agentur

(DPA) Germany ar de en es  East African 

Kenya en Europa Press (EP) Spain

es  Gabonews Gabon

fr  Ghana Review International 

Ghana en  Interfax

News Agency Russia en ru 

Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA) Iran ar enfa