Assignment

Shaaban zayed ID: 142135

omar ahmed nasif ID:141045

Hossam Hussein ID:141311

ID:141639 Ahmed Gamal Abdelatef

DIFFERENT DEPARTMENTS OF PHARMACY

Shaaban Zayed Anwar Shaaban Zayed Anwar

142 135142 135

Slides 10 ~ 15Slides 10 ~ 15

Pharmacology is defined as :

The branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug action,  where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous (within the body) molecule which exerts a biochemical and/or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism.

More specifically, it is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function.

Pharmacology is divided into :

1. Clinical pharmacologyThe basic science of pharmacology with an added focus

on the application of pharmacological principles and methods in the medical clinic and towards patient care and outcomes.

2. NeuropharmacologyThe study of how drugs affect cellular

function in the nervous system. There are two main branches of neuropharmacology: behavioral and molecular. Behavioral neuropharmacology focuses on the study of how drugs affect human behavior

3. PsychopharmacologyThe scientific study of the effects drugs have

on mood, sensation, and thinking. It is distinguished from neuropsychopharmacology, which emphasizes drug-induced changes in the functioning of cells in the nervous system.

4. Pharmacogenetics Refers to genetic differences in metabolic

pathways which can affect individual responses to drugs, both in terms of therapeutic effect as well as adverse effects.

The clinical testing of genetic variation that gives rise to differing response to drugs.

5. PharmacogenomicsThe technology that analyses how genetic makeup affects

an individual's response to drugs. It deals with the influence of genetic variation on drug response in patients by correlating gene expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms with a drug's efficacy or toxicity.

6. ToxicologyThe study of the adverse effects, molecular targets, and

characterization of drugs or any chemical substance in excess (including those beneficial in lower doses).

A toxicologist is a scientist or medical personal who specializes in the study of symptoms, mechanisms, treatments and detection of venoms and toxins; especially the poisoning of people.

Ahmed Gamal Abd-elatefID:141639

MILITARY PHARMACY

A military pharmacy is a pharmacy which meets the needs of a military health care system, such asTRICARE

in the United States military

GENERAL RULEA military pharmacy operates within the framework of the military health care system. This means that it only accepts prescriptions from military doctors or civilian doctors who have a recognized relationship with the

military's health care system .

JOBSPharmacist may serve in the armed forces as;

Commissioned officer

Non-commissioned officer

RESPONSIBILITIES

They have the following responsibilities;

Manufacture of generic products

Distribute drugs to military hospitals

Dispense drugs to army personnel

COMMISSIONED OFFICERSCommissioned officers generally receive training as leadership and management generalists, in addition to training relating to their specific military occupational specialty or function in the military.., a university degree is a requirement for an officer to advance to the rank

of lieutenant colonel .

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS

A non-commissioned officer (NCO) is an enlisted member of the armed forces holding a position of some degree of authority who has (usually) obtained it by promotion from within the non-commissioned ranks

DUTIESWhen you are a pharmacy officer .your career will take you into a world of expanded scopes and diverse roles. and programs—caring for patients; reviewing, approving, and monitoring new drugs; conducting research; and assisting in public health emergencies. You’ll be offered greater work variety than you'll find in

most pharmacy practice settings..

OPPORTUNITIESAs part of a unique team of committed health care professionals, you’ll enjoy leadership opportunities, excellent benefits, and work/life balance, all while improving and

advancing the health of the Nation

Omar ahmed nasifID:141045

Clinical Pharmacy is a commonly used term in pharmacy practice and in pharmacy literature. It is a health specialty, which describes the activities and services of the clinical pharmacist to develop and promote the rational and appropriate use of medicinal products and devices.

Clinical Pharmacy includes all the services performed by pharmacists practising in hospitals, community pharmacies, nursing homes, home-based care services, clinics and any other setting where medicines are prescribed and used.

The term "clinical" does not necessarily imply an activity implemented in a hospital setting. It describes that the type of activity is related to the health of the patient(s). This implies that community pharmacists and hospital pharmacists both can perform clinical pharmacy activities.

-the discipline of pharmacy embraces the knowledge on synthesis, chemistry and preparation of drugs

-clinical pharmacy is more oriented to the analysis of population needs with regards to medicines, ways of administration, patterns of use and drugs effects on the patients.

The overall goal of clinical pharmacy activities is to promote the correct and appropriate use of medicinal products and devices. These activities aim at:

--maximising the clinical effect of medicines, i.e., using the most effective treatment for each type of patient.

-minimising the risk of treatment-induced adverse events, i.e., monitoring the therapy course and the patient's compliance with therapy.

minimising the expenditures for pharmacological treatments born by the national health systems and by the patients, i.e., trying to provide the best treatment alternative for the greatest number of patients.

Clinical pharmacy activities may influence the correct use of medicines at three different levels: before, during and after the prescription is written-:

-Clinical trials -Formularies

-Drug information-Clinical pharmacists have the potential to implement and

influence drug-related policies, i-e., making decisions on which drugs deserve to be marketed ,which drugs should be included in national and local formularies , which prescribing policies and treatment guidelines should be implemented.

- Clinical pharmacists are also actively involved in clinical trials at

different levels: participating in ethical committees;studymonitoring;

dispensation and preparation of investigational drugs .

-Counselling activity.

-Clinical pharmacists can influence the attitudes and priorities of prescribers in their choice of correct treatments.

-The clinical pharmacist monitors, detects and prevents harmful drug interaction, adverse reactions ad medication errors through evaluation of prescriptions' profiles.

-The clinical pharmacist pays special attention to the dosage of drugs which need therapeutic monitoring.

-Community pharmacists can also make prescription decisions directly, when over the counter drugs are counselled.

-Counselling.-Preparation of personalized formulation.

-Drug use evaluation.-Outcome research.

-Pharmacoeconomic studies.-After the prescription is written, clinical pharmacists play

a key role in communicating and counselling patients.-Pharmacists can improve patients' awareness of their

treatments, monitor treatment response, check and improve patients' compliance with their medications.

-As members of a multidisciplinary team, clinical pharmacists also provide integrated care from 'hospital to community' and vice versa, assuring a continuity of information on risks and benefits of drug therapy.

Pharmacist in drug promotion carrier responsible primarily for medical representation to pharmacist physician and hospitals and called medical representative

sales achivementCustomer support and customer serviceProduct promotionLunching new productsMarket feedback

Record keeping and reporting

Atypical day may involve one-on-one meeting with doctors , pharmacist or nurses on their offices or places of bussiness to monitor their supply of drug and to inform of forthcoming changes . the representative will introduce a new products from his company .

Communication skills

Good technical knowledge

Competitive intelligence

Organized

Passion towards job

Hossam Hussein Moselhy

ID:141311

Joint: the junction

between two or more bones.

With the exception of the hyoid bone, every bone in the

body is connected to forms a joint .

There are 230 joints in the body

1 -Hold the skeletal bones together

2 -Allow the skeleton some flexibility so gross movement can occur

3 -Make bone growth possible

Joints are classified by:

movement of tissue typeMovement Immovable

Slightly MovableFreely Movable

Tissue (more common)1.Fibrous

2 .Cartilaginous3 .Synovial

Fibrous: classified by Sutures, Syndesmosis, and Gomphosis.

Cartilaginous: Connected entirely by cartilage

Synovial: Most common and most movable joint .

Articular ends covered in hyaline cartilage and held together by dense connective tissue

Joint capsules made up of ligaments (outer layer) and synovial membranes (inner layer)

Some synovial joints have shock-absorbing pads called menisci and fluid filled sacs called bursar.

1-Ball-and-Socket Joint2-Condyloid Joint

3-Gliding Joint4-Hinge Joint

5-Pivot Joint

Ball-and-Socket Joint: consists of a bone with a ball-shaped head that attaches with the cup-shaped cavity of another bone. This type of joint allows for a wider range of motion than any other kind. It permits movement in all planes, and a rotational movement around a central axis. Two examples of this type of joint would be the hip and shoulder joints.

Gliding Joint: has nearly flat or slightly curved articulating surfaces. This type of joint allows sliding

and twisting movements .Some examples of this type of joint include, the joints within the wrists and the ankles, the joints between the articular processes of adjacent vertebrae, the sacroiliac joints, and the joints formed by ribs (2-7) connecting with the sternum .

Hinge Joint: the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another. This type of joint permits movement in one plane only. This movement consists of flexion and extension. Two examples are the elbow and the phalanges.

Pivot Joint: the cylindrical surface of one bone rotates within a ring formed of bone and ligament. Movement is limited to the rotation around a central axis. Examples of this type of joint are the joints

between the ends of the radius and ulna .