Article :
Global Warming
Global warmingandclimate changecan both refer to the observed
century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth'sclimate
systemand its related effects, althoughclimate changecan also refer
to any historic change inclimate. Multiple lines of scientific
evidence show that the climate system is warming.More than 90% of
the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has
gone into ocean warming; the remainder has melted ice, and warmed
the continents and atmosphere.Many of the observed changes since
the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.
Scientific understanding of global warming has been increasing.
In itsfifth assessment (AR5)in 2014 the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change(IPCC) reported that scientists were more than 95%
certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing
concentrations ofgreenhouse gasesand otherhuman (anthropogenic)
activities.Climate modelprojections summarized in AR5 indicated
that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is
likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7C (0.5 to 3.1F) for their
lowestemissions scenariousing stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8C
(4.7 to 8.6F) for their highest.These findings have been recognized
by the national science academies of the major industrialized
nations.
Future climate change and associated impacts will be different
fromregion to regionaround the globe.Theeffects of an increase in
global temperature include arise in sea levelsand a change in the
amount and pattern ofprecipitation, as well as a probable expansion
ofsubtropicaldeserts.Warming is expected to bestrongest in the
Arctic, with the continuingretreat of glaciers,permafrostandsea
ice. Other likely effects of the warming include more
frequentextreme weatherevents includingheat waves,droughts,
heavyrainfall, and heavysnowfall;ocean acidification; andspecies
extinctionsdue to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant
to humans include the threat tofood securityfrom decreasing crop
yields and theloss of habitatfrominundation.
Possible responses to global warming includemitigationby
emissions reduction,adaptationto its effects, building
systemsresilientto its effects, and possible futureclimate
engineering. Most countries are parties to theUnited Nations
Framework Convention on Climate change(UNFCCC),whose ultimate
objective is toprevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change.The
UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce
greenhouse gas emissionsand to assist inadaptation to global
warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in
emissions are required,and that future global warming should be
limited to below 2.0C (3.6F) relative to the pre-industrial level.
(Global warming, 2015)The planet is warming, from North Pole to
South Pole, and everywhere in between. Globally, the mercury is
already up more than 1 degree Fahrenheit (0.8 degree Celsius), and
even more in sensitive polar regions. And the effects of rising
temperatures arent waiting for some far-flung future. Theyre
happening right now. Signs are appearing all over, and some of them
are surprising. The heat is not only melting glaciers and sea ice,
its also shifting precipitation patterns and setting animals on the
move.
Some impacts from increasing temperatures are already
happening.
Ice is melting worldwide, especially at the Earths poles. This
includes mountain glaciers, ice sheets covering West Antarctica and
Greenland, and Arctic sea ice.
Researcher Bill Fraser has tracked the decline of the Adlie
penguins on Antarctica, where their numbers have fallen from 32,000
breeding pairs to 11,000 in 30 years.
Sea level rise became faster over the last century.
Some butterflies, foxes, and alpine plants have moved farther
north or to higher, cooler areas.
Precipitation (rain and snowfall) has increased across the
globe, on average.
Spruce bark beetles have boomed in Alaska thanks to 20 years of
warm summers. The insects have chewed up 4 million acres of spruce
trees.
Other effects could happen later this century, if warming
continues.
Sea levels are expected to rise between 7 and 23 inches (18 and
59 centimeters) by the end of the century, and continued melting at
the poles could add between 4 and 8 inches (10 to 20
centimeters).
Hurricanes and other storms are likely to become stronger.
Species that depend on one another may become out of sync. For
example, plants could bloom earlier than their pollinating insects
become active.
Floods and droughts will become more common. Rainfall in
Ethiopia, where droughts are already common, could decline by 10
percent over the next 50 years.
Less fresh water will be available. If the Quelccaya ice cap in
Peru continues to melt at its current rate, it will be gone by
2100, leaving thousands of people who rely on it for drinking water
and electricity without a source of either.
Some diseases will spread, such as malaria carried by
mosquitoes.
Ecosystems will change and some species will move farther north
or become more successful; others wont be able to move and could
become extinct. Wildlife research scientist Martyn Obbard has found
that since the mid-1980s, with less ice on which to live and fish
for food, polar bears have gotten considerably skinnier. Polar bear
biologist Ian Stirling has found a similar pattern in Hudson Bay.
He fears that if sea ice disappears, the polar bears will as
well.(Washington et al., n.d.)What Causes Global Warming?
Scientists have spent decades figuring out what is causing
global warming. They've looked at the natural cycles and events
that are known to influence climate. But the amount and pattern of
warming that's been measured can't be explained by these factors
alone. The only way to explain the pattern is to include the effect
of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted by humans.
To bring all this information together, the United Nations
formed a group of scientists called theIntergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change, or IPCC. The IPCC meets every few years to review
the latest scientific findings and write a report summarizing all
that is known about global warming. Each report represents a
consensus, or agreement, among hundreds of leading scientists.
One of the first things scientists learned is that there are
several greenhouse gases responsible for warming, and humans emit
them in a variety of ways. Most come from the combustion of fossil
fuels in cars, factories and electricity production. The gas
responsible for the most warming is carbon dioxide, also called
CO2. Other contributors include methane released from landfills and
agriculture (especially from the digestive systems of grazing
animals), nitrous oxide from fertilizers, gases used for
refrigeration and industrial processes, and the loss of forests
that would otherwise store CO2.
Different greenhouse gases have very different heat-trapping
abilities. Some of them can even trap more heat than CO2. A
molecule of methane produces more than 20 times the warming of a
molecule of CO2. Nitrous oxide is 300 times more powerful than CO2.
Other gases, such as chlorofluorocarbons (which have been banned in
much of the world because they also degrade the ozone layer), have
heat-trapping potential thousands of times greater than CO2. But
because their concentrations are much lower than CO2, none of these
gases adds as much warmth to the atmosphere as CO2 does.
In order to understand the effects of all the gases together,
scientists tend to talk about all greenhouse gases in terms of the
equivalent amount of CO2. Since 1990, yearly emissions have gone up
by about 6 billion metric tons of "carbon dioxide equivalent"
worldwide, more than a 20 percent increase.(Washington et al.,
n.d.)
My Opinion:
Global Warming is dangerous thing that waiting for us in the
future. We must change our habit from using fossil fuel excessively
and saving the energy from using excessively. Global warming can be
solved if we can plant and protect the forest because the forest is
the lungs of the world that can absorb the CO2 and produce the O2
that means forest can decrease the emissions gas and decrease the
effect of the global warming. Line
SentencesTranslateTensesHowWhen
6-8Global warmingandclimate changecan both refer to the observed
century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth'sclimate
systemand its related effects, althoughclimate changecan also refer
to any historic change inclimate.Pemanasan global dan perubahan
iklim dapat keduanya merujuk pada kenaikan skala abad diamati pada
suhu rata-rata sistem iklim bumi dan efek yang terkait, meskipun
perubahan iklim juga dapat mengacu pada setiap perubahan yang
bersejarah di iklim.Simple Present TenseSimplePresent
8-11Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate
system is warming.More than 90% of the additional energy stored in
the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming; the
remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and
atmosphere.Beberapa baris bukti ilmiah menunjukkan bahwa sistem
iklim pemanasan. Lebih dari 90% dari energi tambahan yang tersimpan
dalam sistem iklim sejak tahun 1970 telah merujuk pada pemanasan
laut; sisanya telah mencair es, dan menghangatkan benua dan
atmosfer.Past PerfectPerfectPast
11-12Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are
unprecedented over decades to millennia.Banyak perubahan yang
diamati sejak tahun 1950-an yang belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya
selama beberapa dekade untuk ribuan tahun.Past TenseSimplePast
13Scientific understanding of global warming has been
increasingPemahaman ilmiah tentang pemanasan global telah
meningkatContinuous TenseContinuousPresent
13-16In itsfifth assessment (AR5)in 2014 the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) reported that scientists were more
than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by
increasing concentrations ofgreenhouse gasesand otherhuman
(anthropogenic) activitiesDalam penilaian kelima (AR5) pada tahun
2014 Panel Antarpemerintah tentang Perubahan Iklim (IPCC)
melaporkan bahwa para ilmuwan lebih dari 95% yakin bahwa sebagian
besar dari pemanasan global disebabkan oleh meningkatnya
konsentrasi gas rumah kaca dan manusia (antropogenik) kegiatan
lainnyaPast TenseSimplePast
16-19Climate modelprojections summarized in AR5 indicated that
during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to
rise a further 0.3 to 1.7C (0.5 to 3.1F) for their lowestemissions
scenariousing stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8C (4.7 to 8.6F)
for their highest.Proyeksi model iklim diringkas dalam AR5
menunjukkan bahwa selama abad ke-21 suhu permukaan global
kemungkinan akan meningkat lebih lanjut 0,3-1,7 C (0,5-3,1 F) untuk
skenario emisi terendah menggunakan mitigasi ketat dan 2,6-4,8 C
(4.7 menjadi 8,6 F) untuk tertinggi.Past TenseSimplePast
19-20These findings have been recognized by the national science
academies of the major industrialized nations.
Temuan ini telah diakui oleh akademi sains nasional dari
negara-negara industri utama.Present Perfect Continuous
TensePerfect ContinuousPresent
21-22Future climate change and associated impacts will be
different fromregion to regionaround the globe.Perubahan iklim di
masa depan dan dampak terkait akan berbeda dari daerah ke daerah di
seluruh dunia.Future TenseSimpleFuture
22-24Theeffects of an increase in global temperature include
arise in sea levelsand a change in the amount and pattern
ofprecipitation, as well as a probable expansion
ofsubtropicaldeserts.Efek dari peningkatan temperatur global
termasuk kenaikan permukaan air laut dan perubahan jumlah dan pola
presipitasi, serta perluasan kemungkinan gurun subtropis.Present
TenseSimplePresent
24-25Warming is expected to bestrongest in the Arctic, with the
continuingretreat of glaciers,permafrostandsea icePemanasan
diperkirakan akan terkuat di Kutub Utara, dengan mundur terus
gletser, lapisan es dan es lautPast TenseSimplePast
25-27Other likely effects of the warming include more
frequentextreme weatherevents includingheat waves,droughts,
heavyrainfall, and heavysnowfall;ocean acidification; andspecies
extinctionsdue to shifting temperature regimes.Efek kemungkinan
lain dari pemanasan ini termasuk peristiwa cuaca ekstrim lebih
sering termasuk gelombang panas, kekeringan, hujan deras, dan hujan
salju berat; pengasaman laut; dan kepunahan spesies karena
pergeseran rezim suhu.Present TenseSimplePresent
28-29Effects significant to humans include the threat tofood
securityfrom decreasing crop yields and theloss of
habitatfrominundationEfek yang signifikan untuk manusia termasuk
ancaman terhadap keamanan makanan dari penurunan hasil panen dan
hilangnya habitat dari genanganPresent TenseSimplePresent
30-32Possible responses to global warming includemitigationby
emissions reduction,adaptationto its effects, building
systemsresilientto its effects, and possible futureclimate
engineering.Kemungkinan tanggapan terhadap pemanasan global
termasuk mitigasi oleh penurunan emisi, adaptasi terhadap
dampaknya, membangun sistem tahan terhadap efek, dan kemungkinan
rekayasa iklim di masa depan.Present TenseSimplePresent
32-34Most countries are parties to theUnited Nations Framework
Convention on Climate change(UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is
toprevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change.Sebagian besar
negara yang menjadi pihak dalam Konvensi Kerangka Kerja PBB tentang
perubahan iklim (UNFCCC), yang tujuan utamanya adalah untuk
mencegah perubahan iklim antropogenik yang berbahaya.Present
TenseSimplePresent
34-37The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to
reduce greenhouse gas emissionsand to assist inadaptation to global
warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in
emissions are required,and that future global warming should be
limited to below 2.0C (3.6F) relative to the pre-industrial
level.
UNFCCC telah mengadopsi berbagai kebijakan yang dirancang untuk
mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca dan untuk membantu dalam adaptasi
terhadap pemanasan global. Pihak UNFCCC telah sepakat bahwa
pemotongan emisi yang diperlukan, dan bahwa pemanasan global di
masa depan harus dibatasi di bawah 2,0 C (3.6 F) relatif terhadap
tingkat pra-industri.Perfect TensePerfectPresent
38-43The planet is warming, from North Pole to South Pole, and
everywhere in between. Globally, the mercury is already up more
than 1 degree Fahrenheit (0.8 degree Celsius), and even more in
sensitive polar regions. And the effects of rising temperatures
arent waiting for some far-flung future. Theyre happening right
now. Signs are appearing all over, and some of them are surprising.
The heat is not only melting glaciers and sea ice, its also
shifting precipitation patterns and setting animals on the
move.
Planet ini memanas, dari Kutub Utara ke Kutub Selatan, dan di
mana-mana di antara keduanya. Secara global, merkuri sudah naik
lebih dari 1 derajat Fahrenheit (0,8 derajat Celsius), dan bahkan
lebih di daerah kutub sensitif. Dan dampak kenaikan suhu tidak
menunggu untuk beberapa masa yang sangat luas. Mereka terjadi
sekarang. Tanda-tanda yang muncul di seluruh, dan beberapa dari
mereka yang mengejutkan. Panas tidak hanya mencair gletser dan es
laut, itu juga pergeseran pola curah hujan dan pengaturan hewan
bergerak.Continuous TenseContinuousPresent
44Some impacts from increasing temperatures are already
happeningBeberapa dampak dari peningkatan suhu sudah
terjadiContinuous TenseContinuousPresent
45Ice is melting worldwide, especially at the Earths poles.Es
mencair di seluruh dunia, terutama pada kutub bumi.Continuous
TenseContinuousPresent
47-48Researcher Bill Fraser has tracked the decline of the Adlie
penguins on Antarctica, where their numbers have fallen from 32,000
breeding pairs to 11,000 in 30 years.
Peneliti Bill Fraser telah melacak penurunan penguin Adelie di
Antartika, di mana jumlah mereka telah jatuh dari 32.000 pasangan
11.000 dalam 30 tahun.Past TenseSimplePast
49Sea level rise became faster over the last century.Kenaikan
permukaan laut menjadi lebih cepat selama abad terakhir.Past
TenseSimple Past
50Some butterflies, foxes, and alpine plants have moved farther
north or to higher, cooler areas.
Beberapa kupu-kupu, rubah, dan tanaman alpine telah pindah lebih
jauh ke utara atau lebih tinggi, lebih dingin .Past
TenseSimplePast
52-55Precipitation (rain and snowfall) has increased across the
globe, on average.
Spruce bark beetles have boomed in Alaska thanks to 20 years of
warm summers. The insects have chewed up 4 million acres of spruce
trees.
Other effects could happen later this century, if warming
continues.
Curah hujan (hujan dan salju) telah meningkat di seluruh dunia,
rata-rata.
kumbang kulit kayu Spruce telah meledak di Alaska berkat 20
tahun musim panas yang hangat. Serangga telah dikunyah 4 juta
hektar pohon cemara.
Efek lainnya bisa terjadi nanti abad ini, jika pemanasan
berlanjut.Perfect TensePerfectPresent
56-58Sea levels are expected to rise between 7 and 23 inches (18
and 59 centimeters) by the end of the century, and continued
melting at the poles could add between 4 and 8 inches (10 to 20
centimeters).Permukaan laut diperkirakan akan meningkat antara 7
dan 23 inci (18 cm dan 59) pada akhir abad ini, dan terus mencair
di kutub akan menambah antara 4 dan 8 inci (10 sampai 20 cm).Past
TenseSimplePast
59-61Hurricanes and other storms are likely to become
stronger.
Species that depend on one another may become out of sync. For
example, plants could bloom earlier than their pollinating insects
become active.
Badai dan badai lainnya cenderung menjadi lebih kuat.
Spesies yang bergantung pada satu sama lain dapat menjadi tidak
sinkron. Misalnya, tanaman bisa mekar lebih awal dari serangga
penyerbuk mereka menjadi aktif.Present TenseSimplePresent
62-73Floods and droughts will become more common. Rainfall in
Ethiopia, where droughts are already common, could decline by 10
percent over the next 50 years.
Less fresh water will be available. If the Quelccaya ice cap in
Peru continues to melt at its current rate, it will be gone by
2100, leaving thousands of people who rely on it for drinking water
and electricity without a source of either.
Some diseases will spread, such as malaria carried by
mosquitoes.
Ecosystems will change and some species will move farther north
or become more successful; others wont be able to move and could
become extinct. Wildlife research scientist Martyn Obbard has found
that since the mid-1980s, with less ice on which to live and fish
for food, polar bears have gotten considerably skinnier. Polar bear
biologist Ian Stirling has found a similar pattern in Hudson Bay.
He fears that if sea ice disappears, the polar bears will as
well.
Banjir dan kekeringan akan menjadi lebih umum. Curah hujan di
Ethiopia, di mana kekeringan sudah umum, bisa turun 10 persen
selama 50 tahun ke depan. air tawar akan Kurang tersedia. Jika
tutup es Quelccaya di Peru terus mencair pada tingkat saat ini, hal
itu akan hilang pada tahun 2100, meninggalkan ribuan orang yang
bergantung pada itu untuk air minum dan listrik tanpa sumber baik.
Beberapa penyakit akan menyebar, seperti malaria yang dibawa oleh
nyamuk. Ekosistem akan berubah dan beberapa spesies akan bergerak
lebih jauh ke utara atau menjadi lebih sukses; orang lain tidak
akan bisa bergerak dan bisa punah. Wildlife penelitian ilmuwan
Martyn Obbard telah menemukan bahwa sejak pertengahan 1980-an,
dengan sedikit es yang hidup dan ikan untuk makanan, beruang kutub
mendapatkan jauh lebih kurus. Beruang kutub biologi Ian Stirling
telah menemukan pola yang sama di Teluk Hudson. Dia takut bahwa
jika es laut menghilang, beruang kutub akan juga.Future
TenseSimpleFuture
76-77Scientists have spent decades figuring out what is causing
global warming. They've looked at the natural cycles and events
that are known to influence climate.Para ilmuwan telah menghabiskan
puluhan tahun mencari tahu apa yang menyebabkan pemanasan global.
Mereka telah melihat siklus alam dan peristiwa yang diketahui
mempengaruhi iklim.Perfect TensePerfectPresent
77-78But the amount and pattern of warming that's been measured
can't be explained by these factors aloneNamun jumlah dan pola
memanas yang telah diukur tidak dapat dijelaskan oleh faktor-faktor
ini sajaPresent Perfect Continuous TensePerfect
ContinuousPresent
78-79The only way to explain the pattern is to include the
effect of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted by humans.
Satu-satunya cara untuk menjelaskan pola untuk memasukkan efek
gas rumah kaca (GRK) yang dipancarkan oleh manusia.Present
TenseSimplePresent
80-81To bring all this information together, the United Nations
formed a group of scientists called theIntergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change, or IPCC.Untuk membawa semua informasi ini
bersama-sama, PBB membentuk sekelompok ilmuwan disebut Panel
Antarpemerintah tentang Perubahan Iklim, dan IPCC.Past
TenseSimplePast
81-84The IPCC meets every few years to review the latest
scientific findings and write a report summarizing all that is
known about global warming. Each report represents a consensus, or
agreement, among hundreds of leading scientists.
IPCC bertemu setiap beberapa tahun untuk meninjau temuan-temuan
ilmiah terbaru dan menulis laporan yang merangkum semua yang
diketahui tentang pemanasan global. Setiap laporan mewakili
konsensus, atau kesepakatan antara ratusan ilmuwan
terkemuka.Present TenseSimplePresent
85-86One of the first things scientists learned is that there
are several greenhouse gases responsible for warming, and humans
emit them in a variety of ways.Salah satu hal pertama ilmuwan
pelajari adalah bahwa ada beberapa gas rumah kaca bertanggung jawab
atas pemanasan, dan manusia memancarkan mereka dalam berbagai
cara.Past TenseSimplePast
86-91Most come from the combustion of fossil fuels in cars,
factories and electricity production. The gas responsible for the
most warming is carbon dioxide, also called CO2. Other contributors
include methane released from landfills and agriculture (especially
from the digestive systems of grazing animals), nitrous oxide from
fertilizers, gases used for refrigeration and industrial processes,
and the loss of forests that would otherwise store CO2.
Sebagian besar berasal dari pembakaran bahan bakar fosil di
mobil, pabrik-pabrik dan produksi listrik. Gas yang bertanggung
jawab atas sebagian besar memanas adalah karbon dioksida, juga
disebut CO2. Kontributor lainnya termasuk metana dilepaskan dari
tempat pembuangan sampah dan pertanian (terutama dari sistem
pencernaan hewan merumput), nitrous oksida dari pupuk, gas yang
digunakan untuk pendinginan dan proses industri, dan hilangnya
hutan yang lain akan menyimpan CO2.Present Tense, Past Tense, and
Past Future Tense Simple, FuturePresent, and Past
92-98Different greenhouse gases have very different
heat-trapping abilities. Some of them can even trap more heat than
CO2. A molecule of methane produces more than 20 times the warming
of a molecule of CO2. Nitrous oxide is 300 times more powerful than
CO2. Other gases, such as chlorofluorocarbons (which have been
banned in much of the world because they also degrade the ozone
layer), have heat-trapping potential thousands of times greater
than CO2. But because their concentrations are much lower than CO2,
none of these gases adds as much warmth to the atmosphere as CO2
does.
Gas rumah kaca yang berbeda memiliki kemampuan yang memerangkap
panas yang sangat berbeda. Beberapa dari mereka dapat meratakan
perangkap panas lebih dari CO2. Sebuah molekul metana menghasilkan
lebih dari 20 kali memanas dari molekul CO2. Nitrous oksida 300
kali lebih kuat dari CO2. Gas-gas lain, seperti chlorofluorocarbons
(yang telah dilarang di sebagian besar dunia karena mereka juga
menurunkan lapisan ozon), memiliki ribuan potensi yang memerangkap
panas kali lebih besar dari CO2. Tetapi karena konsentrasi mereka
jauh lebih rendah daripada CO2, tidak ada gas-gas tersebut menambah
sebanyak pemanasan atmosfer.Present TenseSimplePresent
99-102In order to understand the effects of all the gases
together, scientists tend to talk about all greenhouse gases in
terms of the equivalent amount of CO2. Since 1990, yearly emissions
have gone up by about 6 billion metric tons of "carbon dioxide
equivalent" worldwide, more than a 20 percent increase.
Dalam rangka untuk memahami dampak dari semua gas bersama-sama,
para ilmuwan cenderung berbicara tentang semua gas rumah kaca dalam
hal jumlah yang setara CO2. Sejak tahun 1990, emisi tahunan sudah
naik sekitar 6 miliar ton metrik "dioksida ekuivalen karbon" di
seluruh dunia, lebih dari kenaikan 20 persen.Present
TenseSimplePresent
Vocabulary :
1. Precipitation
2. Consensus
3. Emissions4. Systemsresilient5. InundationReference :Global
warming, 2015. . Wikipedia Free Encycl.
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