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STAFFORDSHIRE UNIVERSITY
Assignment 2:
Vibration Analysis of Tower Rig
Submitted by: Mohamed Humaid Al-Badri (09032170)
Email: [email protected]
Award Title: Mechanical Engineering
Module Title: Applied Structural Integrity
Module Code: CE00449-7
Submitted to: Prof. Peter Ogrodnik
Submission Date: 21/12/2011
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Abstract
The vibration is a natural phenomenon that occurs as results of
affected force. This report is based on the lab experiment for tower
rig which consist of four floors and apply some vibration load in each
floor to determine the natural frequencies and modes of the tower.
Also, the tower is modeled in Ansys as 3D and 2D model, and
calculated the frequencies by classic theoretical. Then, we got the
results for each method and made the compression between these
results for each mode.
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Table of Contents:
Table of Contents: ......................................................................................... 3
List of Figures: ............................................................................................... 4
List of Tables: ................................................................................................. 4
1.0 Introduction: ........................................................................................... 5
2.0 Experiment of Tower Rig: ........................................................................ 5
2.1 Aim of the Experiment: ....................................................................... 5
2.2 Apparatus and Procedure: .................................................................. 6
2.3 Readings from Experiment: ................................................................. 8
3.0 Theoretical of the experiment: ............................................................... 9
3.0 Ansys Analysis: ...................................................................................... 11
3.1 3D Ansys Analysis: ............................................................................. 11
3.2 (Line Body) 2D Ansys Analysis: .......................................................... 13
4.0 Results and Conclusions: ....................................................................... 16
5.0 References: ............................................................................................ 19
6.0 Appendix A: ........................................................................................... 20
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List of Figures:
Figure 1 Tower rig model .............................................................................. 7
Figure 2 Bodies masses for tower rig [2] ..................................................... 10
Figure 3 3D Ansys model boundary conditions ........................................... 12
Figure 4 Different modes of 3D model ........................................................ 13
Figure 5 Line Body model boundary conditions .......................................... 14
Figure 6 Mesh refinements for line body .................................................... 15
Figure 7 Different modes of line body ........................................................ 16Figure 8 Compression results for tower rig ................................................. 17
List of Tables:Table 1 Experiment readings ......................................................................... 8
Table 2 Frequencies for Theoretical calculations ........................................ 11
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1.0 Introduction:
The vibrations of the floors have become a significant design
consideration for engineers in order to avoid any failure in their
structural design. The study of vibrations for a cretin constructionneeds a lot of information to be considered in the analysis. At the
same time, the analysis should be more accuracy or otherwise the
construction will be failed. The use of accurate predictive model is
sensitive laboratory and manufacturing equipment in these
structures [1]. For prediction of the vibrations the FEA is an
impractical technique as it is too computationally intensive for most
full scale structures [1].
In this experiment we will analysis and simulate the harmonic
response of a structure known a tower rig under the impression of
load. The harmonic response can be defined as the steady state
response of the system to the application of load. We will obtain the
graphical representation of the response of the system, which is
basically amplitude for deformations and accelerations for various
frequencies. The peak of frequencies gives us an indication of the
sustainability of our design against fatigue [2].
2.0 Experiment of Tower Rig:
2.1 Aim of the Experiment:
The aim of the experiment is to study, understand, analysis and
measure the vibration models for a four story tower rig by using the
spectral analyzer. The vibration analysis needs to understand mode
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shapes for lightweight construction and reduce oscillation in flexible
structures [1].
2.2 Apparatus and Procedure:
The main components of the experiment are tower rig,
accelerometer, oscilloscope, transducer and electrical motor. The
tower rig consists of four floors, each side welded to two structural
steels as shows in Figure 1. Each floor represented here by steel
plate, we will call them plate 1, 2, 3, and 4. Also, there is two
accelerometer attached on the base of the rig (plate 1) and the other
is moved from one plate to another to record the frequency
response. The oscilloscope is an electric device that allows signal to
be viewed and used to measure the amplitude of the signal wave
shape and frequency of the system. The electric motor is used to
apply a load on the floor one (plate 1) and allow the tower to vibrate
in order to take the readings for some intervals of frequency. There
are some assumptions for the experiment:
The system consider is equilibrium, The friction and the damping of the system are
negligible,
The stiffness of the spring to be same as structuralsteel, and
The system moves in one direction only (1 axis).
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Figure 1 Tower rig model
The experiment starts by switch on the electric motor which
produces a reciprocating motion force to the plate 1, and fixing the
accelerometer in the same plate in order to decide the suitable
frequency for the first mode which is no vibration on the plate 1.
Then, repeat the same method but this time moving the
accelerometer from one plate to another to decide the suitable
frequency for each floor (plate), and take the readings for
frequencies and amplitudes from oscilloscope.
The tower rig dimensions:
Height = 700 mm Width = 150 mm Length = 200 mm Dimension of the plate = (200 150 25) mm Dimension of the 4 steel rods = (700 12 3.2) mm Center to center between plates = 225 mm
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2.3 Readings from Experiment:
The readings are decided to be taken at frequencies/ modes 5, 8, 12
and 25 Hz because at these values the vibration of one plate is
almost zero while the other plate vibrate. The readings taken from
the experiment at for all plates are as shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Experiment readings
Frequency Plate 1 Plate 2 Plate 3 Plate 4
CH1
(V)
CH 2
(V)
CH1
(V)
CH 2
(V)
CH1
(V)
CH 2
(V)
CH1
(V)
CH 2
(V)
2.030 5.200 0.240 5.200 0.232 5.200 0.204 5.200 0.220
3.010 5.200 0.432 5.040 0.416 4.800 0.560 4.320 0.400
4.000 1.320 0.148 1.360 0.188 1.240 0.256 1.320 0.264
5.010 1.280 0.084 1.360 0.160 1.440 0.196 1.400 0.276
5.520 1.000 0.148 1.080 0.180 0.960 0.248 1.000 0.316
6.000 1.000 0.184 0.960 0.136 1.040 0.296 1.000 0.312
7.000 0.760 0.256 0.760 0.104 0.700 0.344 0.860 0.392
7.590 0.780 0.384 0.640 0.960 0.640 0.312 0.700 0.464
8.030 1.000 0.640 1.000 0.300 1.040 0.440 1.080 0.680
9.000 3.520 1.600 3.440 0.760 3.520 0.640 3.600 1.280
10.020 2.080 1.600 2.440 0.920 2.360 0.440 2.200 1.320
11.040 1.360 1.000 1.600 0.800 1.680 0.200 1.580 0.920
11.470 1.360 0.860 1.460 0.700 1.440 0.100 1.420 0.740
12.010 1.180 0.580 1.220 0.700 1.360 0.060 1.440 0.640
13.020 0.900 0.460 0.900 0.780 1.160 0.180 1.000 0.700
14.000 1.080 0.240 1.020 0.940 1.060 0.320 1.080 0.74015.010 0.940 0.200 0.900 0.960 0.940 0.500 1.040 0.780
16.020 1.020 1.840 0.940 2.440 0.960 1.760 0.860 2.120
17.060 2.560 2.040 2.240 1.400 2.400 1.640 2.400 1.520
18.080 2.320 1.240 2.360 0.480 2.280 1.000 2.200 0.760
19.040 2.120 1.000 2.160 0.080 2.120 1.000 2.080 0.640
20.010 2.080 0.760 2.200 0.480 2.040 1.200 1.880 0.640
21.000 1.640 0.340 1.720 1.640 1.520 2.400 1.520 1.080
22.300 1.520 1.320 1.640 1.440 1.640 1.160 1.560 0.520
23.000 1.480 1.120 1.520 0.840 1.480 0.600 1.560 0.280
24.200 1.400 0.980 1.360 0.540 1.400 0.288 1.400 0.120
25.000 1.480 0.960 1.320 0.448 1.360 0.216 1.400 0.080
25.500 1.360 0.940 1.280 0.400 1.320 0.176 1.400 0.064
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3.0 Theoretical of the experiment:
The vibration models equations of this experiment are derived based
on Newtons second law where:
(1)
And
(2)
Where a is acceleration and kx is based on Hookes law, based on
Hartogs work [2]. The frequencyfcan be expressed as:
(3)
Where Tis the time and defined as:
(4)
So, the frequencyfcan be defined as:
(5)
The velocity and acceleration of motion according to circular
frequency are defined as:
(6)
And acceleration
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(7)
The tower rig model can be divided into 4 bodies mass as shown in
Figure 2, affected by force F, and the total value of this force can be
defined as:
Figure 2 Bodies masses for tower rig [2]
(8)
(9)
By repeating for the other 3 mass bodies, so we will have 4
equations which they can be solved in matrix form to get the
unknown values. The mass of the floor (plate) can be determined by:
(10)
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Since the density of the steel is 7850 kg/m3
and using the dimensions
of the plate, so the mass of each plate can be calculated. Also, the
moment of inertia and stiffness coefficient can be defined as:
(11)
(12)
Where Eis the Youngs Modulus and equal 2 1011
Pa.
By using the matrix equations, the natural frequencies can be
calculated for the tower rig, and it is found as shown in Table 2.
Table 2 Frequencies for Theoretical calculations
Sr. No W2
F (HZ)
1 503.827 3.57
2 4247.133 10.37
3 9982.175 15.90
4 15025.482 19.50
3.0 Ansys Analysis:
3.1 3D Ansys Analysis:We designed the tower rig as 3D model in Ansys using the same
dimensions (700 200 150) mm and then we applied the boundary
conditions. The force is applied in the bottom plate in the longitude
direction as shown in Figure 3. Also, the displacement is applied in
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the bottom surface of the same plate. The harmonic responses for
both deformations and accelerations are taken in order to compare
with the experimental and theoretical results. Some of these
harmonic responses are shown in Appendix A.
(a) Applied Force (b) Displacement
Figure 3 3D Ansys model boundary conditions
The calculations done by Ansys are at 4 different modes of
frequency. The modes for 3D model are 5, 8, 12 and 25 HZ and they
are shown in Figure 4.
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(a) 1st
Mode (b) 2nd Mode
(c) 3rd
Mode (d) 4th Mode
Figure 4 Different modes of 3D model
3.2 (Line Body) 2D Ansys Analysis:
We designed the tower rig as 2D model in Ansys and then we applied
the boundary conditions. The force is applied in the bottom plate in
the longitude direction as shown in Figure 5. Also, the displacement
is applied in the bottom surface of the same plate.
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Figure 5 Line Body model boundary conditions
Since the mesh refinement plays a critical role in the calculations and
accuracy of the model, we refine the default mesh for 2D line body
model at sizes 15mm, 10mm and 5mm as shown in Figure 6.
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(a) Default mesh (b) 15mm mesh
(c) 10mm mesh (d) 5mm mesh
Figure 6 Mesh refinements for line body
Then, after some trails of calculations, we found that the suitable
size for the mesh for 2D model is 10mm, which can gives optimum
results. The calculations done by Ansys are at 4 different modes of
frequency. The modes are 5, 8, 12 and 25 HZ and they are shown in
Figure 7.
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(a) 1st
Mode (b) 2nd Mode
(c) 3rd
Mode (d) 4th Mode
Figure 7 Different modes of line body
4.0 Results and Conclusions:
From the above analysis, we plotted the experiment, 3D Ansys and
2D line body for the four plates as shown in Figure 8.
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(a) First Plate(b) Second Plate
(c) Third Plate (d) Fourth Plate
Figure 8 Compression results for tower rig
According to the compression results, the experimental values for
the first and second plates matches the results obtained from Ansys
for 3D and line body. Also, the 3D and line body results are very close
to each other. For the third plate, the experimental values still close
to the line body results, but the values of 3D are little bit far from
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experimental results and 2D Ansys analysis. For the fourth plate, also
the results of experiment and 2D are close but 3D is not matching.
It is observed that, there are some difference in the results between
the experimental and Ansys 3D and 2D, and this is due to the human
error and accuracy of the modeling in Ansys. Also, the mesh
refinement affects the accuracy of the results. In addition, the
experiment values obtained are based on circumstances of set up,
level of noise and understanding of steps.
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5.0 References:
[1] S. G. Kelly, Fundamental of Mechanical Vibrations, McGraw Hill,
New York (2000).
[2] W. T. Thomson, Theory of Vibration with Application (4th ed.),
Nelson Thornes Ltd. Cheltenham (2003).
[3] C. T. F. Ross, Advanced applied stress analysis, Ellis Horwood
Limited, New York (1987).
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6.0 Appendix A:
Harmonic Responses for 3D Ansys Model:
Figure A1.1: 3D Model Ground Floor
Figure A1.2: 3D Model First Floor
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Figure A1.3: 3D Model Second Floor
Figure A1.4: 3D Model Third Floor