Assessment on gender_related_international_and_ragional_instruments_01

THE REPUBLIC OF RWANDA

Kigali, July 2011

ASSESSMENT OF GENDER RELATED INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR

IMPLEMENTATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF RWANDA

THE REPUBLIC OF RWANDA

ASSESSMENT OF GENDER RELATED INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR

IMPLEMENTATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF RWANDA

Kigali, July 2011

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This assessment aims at identifying gender related international instruments to which the Government of Rwanda is part, assessing the current status of implementation and reporting, and proposing a comprehensive monitoring and evaluation system to efficiently track the implementation and reporting of regional and international gender related instruments.

A desk review of existing literature, different gender related treaties, multilateral declarations, UN resolutions, different national reports including national reports on treaties’ implementation and other relevant reports were assessed to establish the current status of ratification, implementation and reporting on gender related instruments.

At the 1993 world conference on human rights, governments reaffirmed in the Vienna declaration that human rights are the birthright of all human beings and that the protection of human beings is the first responsibility of governments. In this vein, the Government of Rwanda has ratified most of international and regional instruments relating to the prevention and elimination of discrimination against women and various conventions on gender equality and women’s empowerment.

A number of policies and legislations have been developed and adopted to promote gender equality and women’s rights, and prevent violations of women’s rights in different spheres. Splendid achievements have been realized by Rwanda and gender equality is a cross-cutting issue in Vision 2020, midterm Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy (EDPRS), and District Development Plans (DDPs).

Although Rwanda has done much to ensure ratification, and domestication of different important gender related international treaties, and their enforcement by domestic courts as well as other governmental bodies, there still remains a need to establish an implementation plan for each ratified treaty, by identifying clear obligations and responsibilities for all implementing actors (Government bodies at both central and decentralized levels, government’s partners (civil society, private sector and international organizations partners of the Government of Rwanda), and individuals.

The Government of Rwanda and its partners have also to ensure effective dissemination1 of the provisions of these different instruments to different institutions and individuals responsible for implementation, monitoring and reporting and to all the population, particularly women, so that they become of them while fighting for their rights. Also, gaps have been found in collection and recording of disaggregated data by sex and by specific gender related treaty in almost all sectors. This did not facilitate us distinguishing the rate of achievements in gender equality promotion across different programs from the overall achievements in general.

1 It was compiled ratified human rights treaties (in 3 official languages). 500 copies are being distributed

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A comprehensive monitoring plan was developed after identifying gender sensitive indicators of programs covered in different gender related instruments ratified by Rwanda that have been assessed during this work. The monitoring plan encompasses 14 programs covering recognized obligations in different gender related international instruments assessed in this work. The 14 programs as identified refer to the program on the collection of disaggregated data by sex on the population composition and change; human settlements and geographic distribution; households, families, marital status and fertility; learning in formal and non-formal education, health care, health services and nutrition; economic activity and labour force participation; access to land, equipment and credit; legal and human rights; participation in the political and decision-making process; violence against women; macroeconomic policy, defense, conflict resolution and peace-keeping; media and communication technologies; the girl child.

To conclude the findings of this assessment, it is recommended that, after ratification of a treaty, there should be clear mechanisms of dissemination and implementation, with clear responsibilities for the institutions to be involved in the implementation, monitoring and reporting process. Also highlighted is the need for capacity building for implementing institutions at both central and decentralized levels in order to have a good understanding of international mechanisms for gender equality and women’s rights towards increase of effectiveness in the implementation of their provisions, including in documentation of disaggregated data by sex and by instrument.

The study also suggests establishing an effective coordination mechanism for implementation, monitoring and reporting on gender related instruments by establishing a permanent treaty monitoring body at both national level and the level of implementing organs.

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

% : Percent

9 YBE : Nine Years Basic Education

AGDI : Africa Gender and Development Index

ACHPR: African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights

APSA : Peace and Security Architecture

A/RES.: General Assembly Resolution

Art.: Article

AU: African Union

AUWC: African Union Women’s Committee

AWPS: African Women’s Progress Scoreboard

BCR: Banque Commerciale du Rwanda

BDPA: Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action

BK : Bank of Kigali

BNR : Banque Nationale du Rwanda

BPPF: Banque Populaire pour la Promotion de la Femme

BPR/BPPF: Banque Populaire du Rwanda, Branche Pour la Promotion de la Femme

CEDAW: Convention on Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women

CESCR: Convention of Economic Social and Cultural Rights

CEWS: Continental Early Warning System

CIDA: Canadian International Development Agency

CNF: Conseil National des Femmes

CNLS : Commission Nationale de Lutte contre le SIDA

COOPEDU: Coopérative d’Epargne et de Crédit Duterimbere

CRC: Convention on the Rights of the Child

CS: Cour Suprême

CSO: Civil Society Organisation

D&l: Dommages et Intérêts

DDP: District Development Plan

DHS: Demographic and Health Survey

DL: Decree Law

EALA: East African Legislative Assembly

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ECA: Economic Commission for Africa

EDPRS: Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy

e.g.: Example

EICV: Enquête Intégrale sur les Conditions de Vie

EWSA: Energy, Water and Sanitation Authority

F: Female

FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

FAWE: Forum for African Women Educationalists

FFRP: Forum des Femmes Rwandaises Parlementaires

GAD: Gender and Development

GBV: Gender-Based Violence

GDI: Gender‐related Development Index

GEI: Gender Equity Index

GEM: Gender Empowerment Measure

GGI: Gender Gap Index

GMO: Gender Monitoring Office

GSI: Gender Status Index

HDI: Human Development Index

HIV/AIDS: Human Immune-deficiency Virus/ Acquired Immune-Deficiency Syndrome

HPV: Human papillomavirus

ICT: Information Communication Technology

i.e.: id est (Latin locution meaning: “that is to say”)

IFAD: International Fund for Agricultural Development

ILO: International Labor Organization

Inconst.: Inconstitutionnalité

INES : Institut d’Enseignement Supérieur de Ruhengeri

INSR : Institut National des Statistiques du Rwanda

IPRC: Integrated Polytechnic Regional Centre

JAF: Joint Action Forum

JO: Journal Officiel

KCC: Kigali City Council

KIE: Kigali Institute of Education

M: Male

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MAJ: Maison d’Accès à la Justice

MAP: Multi Sector Aids Program

M&E: Monitoring and Evaluation

MDGs: Millennium Development Goals

MHC: Media High Council

MIFOTRA: Ministry of Public Service and Labour

MIGEPROF: Ministry of Family and Gender Promotion

MINADEF: Ministry of Defense

MINAFFET: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation

MINAGRI: Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources

MINALOC: Ministry of Local Government

MINECOFIN: Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning

MINEDUC: Ministry of Education

MINELA: Ministry of Natural Resources

MINICOM: Ministry of Trade and Industry

MINIJUST: Ministry of Justice

MININFOR: Ministry of Information

MININFRA: Ministry of Infrastructure

MININTER: Ministry of Internal Security

MINISANTE: Ministry Of Health

MINISPOC: Ministry of Youth, Sports and Culture

NCHR: National Commission for Human Rights

NEC: National Electoral Commission

NGO: Non-Government Organization

NISR: National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda

NPPA: National Public Prosecution Authority

NURC: National Unity and Reconciliation Commission

NWC: National Women’s Council

NYC: National Youth Council

OG: Official Gazette

OGRR: Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda

Org: Organization

PACFA: Protection and Care of Families Against HIV-AIDS

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PCRD: Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Development

PD: Presidential Decree

Pén.: Pénal

PMTCT: Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission

PNLP: Programme National pour Lutter Contre le Paludisme

PO : Presidential Order

PPMER: Projet pour la promotion des Petites et Moyennes Entreprises au Rwanda

PRIMATURE : Prime Minister Office

PRSP : Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper

PSC: Peace and Security Council

PSF: Private Sector Federation

RCA: Rwanda Cooperative Agency

RCS: Rwanda Correctional Service

RDF : Rwanda Defence Forces

RDRC : Rwanda Demobilisation and Reintegration Commission

RECs: Regional Economic Communities

REMA: Rwanda Environment Management Authority

RNP: Rwanda National Police

RURA : Rwanda Utilities and Regulatory Agency

RWAMREC: Rwanda Men Resource Centre

Rwf: Rwandan franc

SACCO: Saving and Credit Cooperatives

SGBV: Sex and Gender-Based Violence

SSFR: Social Security Fund of Rwanda

TRAC : Treatment and Research for Aids Center

TV: Television

TVET: Technical and Vocational Education and Training System

U15 : Under fifteen

UDHR : Universal Declaration of Human Rights

UN: United Nations

UNAIDS: United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS

UNDP: United Nations Development Program

UNECA: United Nations Economic Commission for Africa

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UNSCR: United Nations Security Council Resolution

UPR: Universal Periodic Review

VTC: Vocational Training Courses

WCARRD: World Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development

ZIGAMA CSS: ZIGAMA Credit and Saving Society

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: State of ratification and reporting by Rwanda on Gender related International Instruments ........................................................................................................... 19

Table 2: United Nations Gender related Resolutions which Rwanda is part to ....................... 24

Table 3: International and Regional Declarations on Gender Equality and Women’s Rights which Rwanda is part to .......................................................................................... 26

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... ii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................. iv

LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...........................................................................................................x

INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................1

1.1. Background and rationale ...................................................................................................1

1.2. The purpose of the Assessment...........................................................................................2

1.3. Definition of Key Concepts related to international instruments used in this document ……………………………………………………………………………2

1.4. Methodology…………………………………………………………………………….6

1.4.1. Data collection .................................................................................................................6

1.4.2. Data processing, analysis and presentation ......................................................................7

1.4.2.1. Database ........................................................................................................................7

1.4.2.2. Analysis of identified documents and collected information/data ................................7

1.4.2.3. Presentation ...................................................................................................................8

II. OVERVIEW OF GENDER RELATED INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS………9

2.1. INTERNATIONAL GENDER RELATED INSTRUMENTS AND MECHANISMS…………………………………………………………………….9

2.1.1. International/Universal Declarations ...............................................................................9

2.1.1.1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) ...........................................................9

2.1.1.2. Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women (1993) ..........................10

2.1.1.3. Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (1995) ..................................................10

2.1.2. International Conventions/Treaties ................................................................................10

2.1.2.1. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966) ...........................................................10

2.1.2.2. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (1979) .......................................................................................................10

2.1.2.3. United Nations General Assembly Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons especially Women and Children (2000) ................................11

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2.1.3. UN Resolutions ..............................................................................................................11

2.1.3.1. United Nations General Assembly Resolution 52/86 on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Measures to Eliminate Violence against Women (1998) ............................................................................................................11

2.1.3.2. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security (2000) ....................................................................................................12

2.1.3.3. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1820 on Sexual Violence (2008) .........................................................................................................................12

2.1.3.4. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1888 on Women, Peace and Security (2009) ...........................................................................................................12

2.1.3.5. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1889 on Women, Peace and Security (2009) ....................................................................................................13

2.1.4. International mechanisms ..............................................................................................13

2.1.4.1. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) (2000) .......................................................13

2.1.4.2. Universal Periodic Review (UPR) ..............................................................................13

2.1.4.3. Special Rapporteurs ....................................................................................................13

2.2. REGIONAL INSTRUMENTS…………………………………………………….…..14

2.2.1. Gender and Women’s Rights Instruments .....................................................................14

2.2.1.1. African Union Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (2003) .......................................14

2.2.1.2. African Union Solemn Declaration on Gender Equality in Africa (2004) .................14

2.2.1.3. African Union Gender Policy (2008) ..........................................................................14

2.2.2. Broad Peace and Security Instruments with a Focus on Gender and Women’s Issues .............................................................................................................……….15

2.2.2.1. Protocol Relating to the Establishment of the Peace and Security Council of the African Union (2002) .................................................................................................15

2.2.2.2. The Constitutive Act of the African Union (2001) .....................................................16

2.2.2.3. The Solemn Declaration on a Common African Defense and Security Policy (2004) .........................................................................................................................16

2.2.2.4. The Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Development Policy (2006) ...........................16

III.CURRENT STATUS OF RATIFICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF GENDER RELATED INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL INSTRUMENTS……………………………………………………………..…….18

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3.1. The current status of ratification and reporting on gender related international instruments……………………………………………………...…………………18

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 52/86 on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Measures to Eliminate Violence against Women ...........................................25

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 53/117 on Traditional or customary practices affecting the health of women and girls ......................................................25

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 54/135 on Improvement of the situation of women in rural areas ..................................................................................................25

3.2. The current status of the implementation of different Gender Related International and regional Instruments………………………………………………………..………….……28

3.2.1. The Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda of 04 June 2003 ......................................28

3.2.2. Domestic laws ................................................................................................................28

3.2.3. Policies and Programmes ...............................................................................................29

3.2.3.1. Policies ........................................................................................................................29

3.2.3.2. Programmes and strategies .........................................................................................30

3.2.3.3. Eliminating discrimination against women in general ................................................32

3.2.3.4. Eliminating discrimination against women in the political and public life of the country ..............................................................................................................33

3.2.3.5. Ensuring equal right in the field of education and training ........................................36

3.2.3.6. Preventing and eliminating discrimination against women in the field of health care ...................................................................................................................38

3.2.3.7. Eliminating discrimination in areas of economic and social life ................................40

3.2.3.8. Equal rights in all matters relating to marriage and family relations ..........................42

3.2.3.9. Take all appropriate measures, including legislation, to suppress all forms of traffic in women and exploitation of prostitution of women ......................................44

3.2.3.10. Protecting women in armed conflicts and post-conflict situations ...........................45

IV. MONITORING AND EVALUATION FRAMEWORK FOR GENDER RELATED INSTRUMENTS…………………………………………………………………...46

4.1. Gender Equality and Women Empowerment Indicators………………………….46

4.1.1. Definition and purposes .................................................................................................46

4.1.1.2. The purpose of gender-sensitive indicators ................................................................47

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4.1.1.3. Some existing international and regional tools for gender measurements .................47

4.1.2. International indicators ..................................................................................................47

4.1.2.1. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) ...........................................................47

4.1.2.2. The Gender related Development Index (GDI) and Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) ..........................................................................................................48

4.1.2.3. Complementary indices ..............................................................................................49

4.1.3. Regional indicators ........................................................................................................50

4.1.3.1. The Africa Gender and Development Index (AGDI) .................................................50

4.1.3.2. The Gender Status Index (GSI) ...................................................................................50

4.1.3.3. The African Women’s Progress Scoreboard (AWPS) ................................................51

4.1.4. Country level Gender Indicators ....................................................................................51

4.2. Proposed Programs related to Gender Monitoring Indicators ..........................................52

4.2.1. Population Composition and Change (they requested to show the link with gender) ........................................................................................................................52

4.2.2. Human Settlements and Geographical Distribution ......................................................52

4.2.3. Households and Families, Marital Status, Fertility ........................................................52

4.2.4. Learning in Formal and Non-Formal Education ............................................................52

4.2.5. Health care, Health Services, Nutrition .........................................................................52

4.2.6. Economic Activity and Labour Force Participation ......................................................53

4.2.7. Access to Land, Equipment and Credit ..........................................................................53

4.2.8. Legal Rights and Political Power ...................................................................................53

4.2.9. Violence against Women ...............................................................................................53

4.2.10. Macroeconomic Policy and Gender .............................................................................53

4.2.11. Women and Environment ............................................................................................54

4.2.12. The girl child ................................................................................................................54

4.2.13. Media and communication technologies .....................................................................55

4.2.14. Defense, conflict resolution and peacekeeping .........................................................55

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4.3. GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN EMPOWERMENT MONITORING PLAN – WITH REFERENCE TO THE INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS AND MECHANISMS FOR WOMEN RIGHTS ..........................56

V. CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES .........................................................................70

5.1. Challenges and opportunities vis-à-vis the process of domestication ..............................70

5.1.1. Challenges and opportunities vis-à-vis the implementation of provisions of international and regional gender related instruments................................................70

5.1.2. Challenges and opportunities vis-à-vis the process of monitoring and reporting on gender related international and regional instruments................................................71

6.2. Recommendations .............................................................................................................73

6.2.1. In relation to the use of developed tools for monitoring and reporting process ........................................................................................................................73

6.2.2. Recommendations in relation to the need of coordination for a better and sustainable reporting system ......................................................................................73

6.2.3. Recommendations related to the need for capacity building .........................................73

6.2.4. Proposed roadmap for effective domestication, implementation, monitoring and evaluation .............................................................................................................74

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................75

ANNEXES ...............................................................................................................................77

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INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background and rationale Human rights are essential in any democratic and inclusive society that respects the rule of law, human dignity, equality, and freedom. All human rights derive from the dignity and worth inherent in the human person. The human person is the central subject of human rights and fundamental freedoms, and consequently should be the principle beneficiary and participate actively in the realization of these rights and freedoms.

The Universal Declaration of Human rights stipulates in its article 2 that “Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms, without distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status”.

The Republic of Rwanda is part and parcel of international community and as such is committed to respecting ratified gender related international and regional instruments so as to reduce gender inequality and ensure effective women’s empowerment. In this regard, the Government of Rwanda has made significant efforts to ensure the respect of human rights under different legal instruments. First of all, in its article 11, the Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda of 4th June 2003 as amended to date stipulates that “all Rwandans are born free and equal in rights and duties. Discrimination of whatever kind based on, inter alia, ethnic origin, tribe, clan, colour, sex, region, social origin, religion or faith, opinion, economic status, culture, language, social status, physical or mental disability or any other form of discrimination is prohibited and punishable by law.

In addition, gender equality is considered as a cross-cutting issue in Vision 2020, and midterm Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy (EDPRS) as well as District Development Plans (DDPs).

Accurate and relevant data on the status of women, men and gender relations is needed in order to assess equality and equity levels between women and men. Such data helps make gender biases more visible and facilitates effective policy-making to bring about greater gender equality and equity.

The need for sex-disaggregated data has been highlighted in numerous international conventions and declarations, including the 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), the 1985 Nairobi Forward-looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women, the 1993 Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, the 1995 Platform for Action of the Fourth UN World Conference on Women in Beijing, and the 1995 Commonwealth Plan of Action on Gender and Development.

Law n° 51/2007 of 20/09/2007, determining the responsibilities, organization and functioning of the Gender Monitoring Office in Rwanda in its article 6, determines specific responsibilities of Gender Monitoring Office (GMO) and creates, for GMO, the responsibility

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of “ensuring the implementation of the international agreements relating to the respect of the principles of gender”.

This study seeks to assess the status of implementation and reporting on different international and regional instruments promoting gender equality and women rights that are ratified by Rwanda. The study also proposes tools and mechanisms for strengthening capacities and monitoring systems.

1.2. The purpose of the Assessment The purpose of this assessment is threefold. It seeks to:

• Identify and document all gender related international and regional instruments ratified by Rwanda, and establish the current implementation and reporting status, localize the stakeholders/institutions involved in the process, and determine challenges and opportunities for accelerating the implementation

• Develop a roadmap and assess capacity needed to accelerate the implementation and reporting across sectors;

• Develop a comprehensive monitoring and evaluation system to efficiently track the implementation and reporting on all gender related treaties.

1.3. Definition of Key Concepts related to international instruments used in this document2

This section provides a guide for terminology relating to treaties that are most commonly used and which are employed in the practice of the Secretary General of the United Nations as depositary of multilateral treaties.

1. Treaties

The term "treaty" has regularly been used as a generic term embracing all instruments binding at international law concluded between international entities, regardless of their formal designation. Indeed both the 1969 Vienna Convention and the 1986 Vienna Convention confirm this generic use of the term "treaty". As a specific term, usually "treaty" is reserved for matters of some gravity that require more solemn agreements. Their signatures are usually sealed and the text normally requires ratification. The use of the term "treaty" for international instruments has considerably declined, and is quite applied for Peace Treaties, Border Treaties, Delimitation Treaties, Extradition Treaties and Treaties of Friendship, Commerce and Cooperation.

2. Conventions

The term "convention" is generic when it refers to international agreements in the same way as the term “treaty” does. As a specific term, it is generally used for formal multilateral treaties with a broad number of parties. Conventions are normally open for participation by 2 References to relevant provisions of the Vienna Convention of 1969 as retrieved from the UN website “http://www.untreaty.un.org”.

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the international community as a whole, or by a large number of states. Usually the instruments negotiated under the auspices of an international organization are entitled conventions (e.g. Convention on Biological Diversity of 1992, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982…)

3. Protocols

The term "protocol" is used for agreements less formal than treaties or conventions. It could be used to cover the following kinds of instruments:

A Protocol of Signature which is an instrument subsidiary to a treaty, and drawn up by the same parties. Such a Protocol deals with supplementary matters such as the interpretation of particular clauses of the treaty, those formal clauses not inserted in the treaty, or the regulation of technical matters. Ratification of the treaty will normally ipso facto involve ratification of such a Protocol. The Optional Protocol to a Treaty which establishes additional rights and obligations to a treaty. It is usually adopted on the same day, but is of independent character and subject to independent ratification. A Protocol to amend is an instrument that contains provisions that amend one or various former treaties. Generally, the protocol is used to amend, complete or interpret a multilateral treaty.

4. Declarations

Sometimes States make "declarations" as to their understanding of some matter or as to the interpretation of a particular provision. Unlike reservations, declarations merely clarify the States position and do not purport to exclude or modify the legal effect of a treaty. Usually, declarations are made at the time of the deposit of the corresponding instrument or at the time of signature.

5. Ratification

The terms « ratification », « acceptance » and « approval » mean, on a case by case basis, the international act named in this way and by which a state establishes its international consent to be bound by a treaty. The ratification, the acceptance and the approval are made in two steps: a. The execution of the instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval by the Head State, Head of Government or Minister for Foreign Affairs expressing the willingness of the state to be bound the treaty; and b. For multilateral treaties, the custody of the depositary; and for bilateral treaties, the exchange of instruments between parties.

6. Accession3

Accession is the act whereby a State which has not signed a treaty expresses its consent to become party to this Treaty by depositing an "Instrument of Accession". Accession has the

3 Refer to article 2, paragraph 1 (b) and Article 15 of the Vienna Convention of 1969.

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same legal effect as ratification, acceptance or approval. The conditions and the procedures under which accession may occur are provided for in the provisions of the Treaty. Accession is generally employed by States wishing to express their consent to be bound after the expiry of the deadline for signature. However, many of multilateral treaties provide that membership is also possible in the period to which the treaty was opened for signature.

7. Adoption4

The Adoption is the formal act by which negotiating parties establish the form and content of the text of a treaty. The treaty is adopted by a specific act expressing the consent of states and international organizations involved in negotiating this treaty, this means by voting, affixing a signature, signature, etc. Adoption may also be the mechanism used to establish the form and content of the text amending a treaty or the rules made under a treaty. Whenever Treaties are negotiated at the international level, they are usually to be approved by a resolution of the representative body of the organization. For example, treaties negotiated under the auspices of the United Nations or its agencies, are adopted by resolutions of the General Assembly of the United Nations. When an international conference is specifically convened for the adoption of a treaty, the adoption is done by two-thirds majority of States present and voting, unless these states determine, by the same majority, to apply a different rule.

8. Amendment5

Under the law of treaty, the term "amendment" means the formal alteration of treaty provisions by the parties. These modifications are carried out under the same terms as those that led to the formation of the treaty. Numbers of multilateral treaties specify conditions that must be satisfied for amendments to be adopted. In the absence of such provisions, adoption and entry into force of amendments require the consent of all parties.

9. Final clauses

The final clauses are provisions that are normally at the end of a treaty and that address issues of signature, ratification, acceptance, approval, accession, denunciation, amendment, reserve , entry into force, dispute settlement, deposit and authentication.

10. Consent to be bound6

A State expresses its consent to be bound under international law by a treaty by official means, that is to say, by signature, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. The Treaty provides for official means by which a State may express its consent to be bound.

4 Refer to article 9 of the Vienna Convention of 1969. 5 Refer to articles 39 and 40 of the Vienna Convention of 1969. 6 See sections 11 to 18 of the Vienna Convention of 1969.

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11. Date of effect

The date of effect of a treaty action (such as signature, ratification, acceptance of an amendment, etc...) is when the action was taken with the depositary. For example, the date of effect of an instrument of ratification is the date on which the instrument is deposited with the Secretary-General.The date of effect of a treaty action made by state or an international organization is not necessarily the one on which the action enters into force for the same state or international organization. Multilateral agreements often provide that entry into force of an action for a state or international organization shall be considered at an expiry time after the date of the effect.

12. Deposit7

After a treaty has been concluded, the written instruments, which provide formal evidence of consent to be bound, and also reservations and declarations, are placed in the custody of a depositary. Unless the treaty provides otherwise, the deposit of the instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession establishes the consent of a State to be bound by the treaty. The depositary must accept all notifications and documents related to the treaty, examine whether all formal requirements are met, deposit them, register the treaty and notify all relevant acts to concerned parties.

13. Entry into Force8

Commonly, the provisions of the treaty determine the date on which the treaty enters into force. Where the treaty does not specify a date, there is a presumption that the treaty is intended to come into force as soon as all the negotiating States have consented to be bound by the treaty.

14. Reservation9

A reservation is a declaration made by a state by which it purports to exclude or alter the legal effect of certain provisions of the treaty in their application to that state. A reservation enables a state to accept a multilateral treaty as a whole by giving it the possibility not to apply certain provisions with which it does not want to comply. Reservations can be made when the treaty is signed, ratified, accepted, approved or acceded to. Reservations must not be incompatible with the object and the purpose of the treaty. Furthermore, a treaty might prohibit reservations or only allow for certain reservations to be made.

7 Arts: 16, 76 and 77, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969. 8 Art.24, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969 9 Arts.2 (1) (d) and 19-23, Vienna Convention of the Law of Treaties 1969

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1.4. Methodology

The assessment of the implementation of gender related instruments is mainly based on qualitative and quantitative approaches. Qualitative approach makes it possible to identify and collect all the existing gender international and regional instruments: international treaties and agreements or conventions, resolutions and declarations. It helps to identify existing gender commitments and establish the current status of implementation and reporting by the Government of Rwanda, and evaluate challenges and opportunities to accelerate the implementation in order to enhance positive gender relations.

Quantitative approach was used to identify and collect disaggregated data on achievements realized in respect to the provisions of different instruments ratified/ signed by the Government of Rwanda.

The information collected enables us to develop and propose comprehensive monitoring mechanisms to easily and efficiently track the level of implementation and reporting on the international commitments/programs by the Government of Rwanda

1.4.1. Data collection

The Data collection consisted of the following techniques: 1) Documentary/Literature review through identifying different gender related international and regional instruments: international treaties and agreements or conventions, resolutions and declarations; different gender related international instruments signed and ratified by the Government of Rwanda; national policies and legal instruments reflecting different gender related international instruments ratified by Rwanda and national laws and policies (constitution, gender related laws, different implementing policies in place including National gender policy, EDPRS, Vision 2020, DDPs, EICV, DHS, Districts performance contracts, etc.) and different Government’s reports on the implementation of related instruments, as well as other relevant reports.

2) Interviews at central level: The interview was conducted at a centralized level with individuals, organs and institutions, both law makers, policy makers and implementers, commissions and national task forces whose work reflects the legal framework (elaboration, implementation and evaluation). The interview guide was established on the basis of the State obligations as stated in different international instruments to be assessed. The discussions reflected the questions around the mechanisms of implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the domesticated treaties and declarations, and their impacts on gender relations and enjoyment of rights, particularly in respect of women’s rights.

The interviews were also conducted with the representatives of the civil society organizations working in the field of gender and women rights promotion such as: HAGURUKA, AVEGA-AGAHOZO, Pro-Femmes Twese Hamwe and Women for Women to discuss on their work and realizations towards achievement of gender equality and women’s empowerment.

7

7

3) Focus groups discussions: the focus group discussions consisted of bringing together,

at a decentralized and District levels all the concerned stakeholders from the administration, judicial systems and institutions, NGOs, women association representatives, private sectors, and religious institutions to discuss on the implementation of laws and policies reflecting the articles of gender related international instruments; how they refer to them while planning for the implementation of the national policies, what challenges they meet and how they evaluate the impact that these instruments have on the protection and respect of human rights in general and women’s rights and gender equality in particular.

4) Scope of the area to be covered by the study: the field study was done at both central and decentralized level as mentioned above.

At the central level, different individuals from Public Sector intervening in the area of Justice, Law making, Policy making , implementation and monitoring of gender related legislations and policies, UN and NGOs partners working in the sector of justice and Gender were interviewed. At the decentralized level, considering the scope of the work to be done as well as the limitation of the timeline, the scope of the work only covered two districts in each Province of Rwanda and Kigali City

1.4.2. Data processing, analysis and presentation

1.4.2.1. Database

The database includes Gender related international and regional instruments and declarations; Gender related international treaties ratified by the Government of Rwanda; National legislations and policies reflecting different international instruments and declarations; Other documentations on different strategies of implementation of international and regional instruments and declarations; Reports and other documentations so far developed in relation to the implementation of the domesticated international legislations and declarations.

1.4.2.2. Analysis of identified documents and collected information/data

After identification and documentation of the above mentioned documents, they were assessed and analyzed by specialists (legal, gender and policy analysts) in order to review and harmonize indicators/articles of these international legal instruments in line with existing national instruments and implementation strategies, with reference to the results from the interviews and focus groups discussions. The analysis has helped develop monitoring and reporting tools and propose a coordination mechanism.

88

1.4.2.3. Presentation

The final document was developed, reflecting all information and data gathered from the desk review of international and regional instruments and mechanisms for gender equality and women empowerment; the results from highly centralized key informants and focus group discussions, as well as analysis, interpretations and recommendations of legal, gender and policy analysts. The documentation is composed of five main parts:

The introduction which is comprised of the rationale and purposes of the assessment, and the methodology used; An overview of international and regional instruments and mechanisms for women’s rights, peace and security; The status of implementation and reporting on international and regional instruments for women’s rights and peace and security; Indicators and Monitoring framework for Gender equality and women empowerment; Conclusion and recommendations.

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II. OVERVIEW OF GENDER RELATED INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS

Both prior to and following the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), a significant number of policies and legislative instruments were developed and adopted at international, continental, regional and national levels to prevent violations of women’s rights in different spheres.

In Africa, these instruments have evolved at two levels: within the framework of women’s advocacy and in the context of the broader peace and security agenda of the African Union and it’s Regional Economic Communities (RECs). As a result, there exist stand-alone women’s human rights instruments which establish links between women and their rights to health, agriculture, security, education, justice, human rights etc., on one hand; and peace and security instruments that incorporate issues relating to gender and/or women’s rights, on the other hand.

This section outlines the key instruments with the aim of highlighting how their respective enforcement mechanisms could be engaged in the campaign to end violence against women.

2.1. INTERNATIONAL GENDER RELATED INSTRUMENTS AND MECHANISMS

The following are the international instruments and mechanisms10 whose provisions emphasize on and reinforce the promotion of gender equality and women rights.

2.1.1. International/Universal Declarations

2.1.1.1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a global expression of the rights to which all human beings are entitled. It recognizes that the dignity of all people is the foundation of peace and justice; calls for the respect of human rights of all persons on the basis of the rule of law; and emphasizes the entitlement of all individuals to the enjoyment of their rights and freedoms “without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status” (art. 2 of UDHR). The articles 3 and 7 call for the “security of all persons” and the “right to protection without discrimination” respectively. In Article 21, the Declaration stresses people’s right to participate in the governance of their country and right of equal access to public service in their country.

10 International legal instruments are multi-lateral or bilateral instruments conventions, declarations signed by States Parties and different UN resolutions, whereas the mechanisms are defined as the process by which States Parties to international instruments are assessed (i.e.: UPR, Special Rapporteurs)

10

10

2.1.1.2. Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women (1993)

The Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women is based on the premise that violence against women is an impediment to peace, equality and development. It condemns violence against women and calls on states to prevent, investigate and punish such acts. It further calls on states to provide female victims of violence with access to mechanisms of redress; include resources for combating violence against women in government budgets; promote education aimed at eliminating gender prejudices and any customs which stem from unequal power relations; and collaborate with women’s groups. It also includes a specific focus on training and sensitization of law enforcement officers and public officials aimed at preventing, investigating and punishing violence against women.

2.1.1.3. Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (1995)

The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action declares that “women’s rights are human rights”. It is structured along 12 critical areas of concern and calls for the advancement and empowerment of women in all spheres. Among other things it addresses issues relating to violence against women, women and conflict, and women’s access to power and decision-making. It examines the impact of armed conflict on women, as well as the roles (both positive and negative) which women play in situations of conflict. It advocates a cooperative approach to peace and security which emphasizes the importance of empowering women both politically and economically; including in terms of their adequate representation decision making structures for conflict prevention, resolution and peace-building.

2.1.2. International Conventions/Treaties

2.1.2.1. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966)

The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights emphasizes on the equality of all persons before the law and their entitlement to equal protection and to civil and political liberties. The article 2, paragraph 1 calls States Parties to “undertake to respect and to ensure to all individuals within its territory and subject to its jurisdiction the rights recognized in the Covenant, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status”.

2.1.2.2. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (1979)

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) defines discrimination against women as any "distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespective of marital status, on the basis of equality between men and women, of human rights or fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil, or any other field". Articles 7 and 8 specifically call on states

11

11

to eliminate discrimination against women in all spheres of political and public life and to enable women to represent their governments on an equal basis with men11.

2.1.2.3. United Nations General Assembly Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons especially Women and Children (2000)

The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons is a supplementary protocol to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. It is the first global legally binding instrument with an agreed upon definition for trafficking in persons. The intention behind this definition is to facilitate convergence in national approaches with regard to the establishment of domestic criminal offences that would support efficient international cooperation in investigating and prosecuting trafficking in person’s cases. Additionally, the Protocol provides for protection and assistance of victims of trafficking in persons with full respect for their human rights. In its Section III Article 9, it calls for the prevention of trafficking in persons. The following are the linked resolutions:

Resolution A/RES/61/143 adopted by the General Assembly regarding the Intensification of efforts to eliminate all forms of violence against women: General Assembly 61st Session (2006)

Resolution A/RES/61/144 adopted by the General Assembly on Trafficking in women and girls: General Assembly 61st Session (2006)

Resolution A/RES/62/134 adopted by the General Assembly on Elimination of rape and other forms of sexual violence in all their manifestations, including in conflict and related situations (General Assembly 62 Session (2007)

2.1.3. UN Resolutions

2.1.3.1. United Nations General Assembly Resolution 52/86 on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Measures to Eliminate Violence against Women (1998)

This resolution makes concrete recommendations for action which states can undertake to monitor and combat violence against women and prevent crimes. Apart from emphasizing the protection of women, it further calls for the participation of women in peace and security structures, for instance the police, at the operational level. It calls on member States to develop crime surveys on the nature and extent of violence against women; gather

11 CEDAW, Article 7: States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women in the political and public life of the country and, in particular, shall ensure to women, on equal terms with men, the right: (a) To vote in all elections and public referenda and to be eligible for election to all publicly elected bodies; (b) To participate in the formulation of government policy and the implementation thereof and to hold public office and perform all public functions at all levels of government; (c) To participate in non-governmental organizations and associations concerned with the public and political life of the country.Article 8: States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure to women, on equal terms with men and without any discrimination, the opportunity to represent their Governments at the international level and to participate in the work of international organizations.

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information on a gender-disaggregated basis for analysis and use in needs assessment, decision and policy-making, and monitor and issue annual reports on the incidence of violence against women.

2.1.3.2. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security (2000)

The United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 specifically recognizes women’s different roles and needs in conflict and post-conflict environments. It calls for the full and active participation of women in all peace and security processes including conflict prevention, resolution, management, peacemaking, peacekeeping, peace-building, post-conflict rebuilding, etc. It also calls for the protection and promotion of the rights of women and girls, prevention of violence and discrimination against women, and for an end to impunity for, as well as the prosecution of, perpetrators of violence and discrimination against women and girls. In addition, the Resolution calls for increased women’s participation in decision-making at the community, national, regional and international levels, and for more institutions and mechanisms for the prevention, management and resolution of conflict.

2.1.3.3. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1820 on Sexual Violence (2008)

The United Nations Security Council Resolution 1820 recognizes sexual violence as a tactic of war and links it with the maintenance of international peace and security. It classifies sexual violence as a war crime, a crime against humanity or a constitutive act with respect to genocide. It reinforces the provisions of UNSCR 1325 by stressing the need to increase women’s role in decision-making with regard to conflict prevention and resolution. In addition, the Resolution calls for the cessation by all parties to armed conflict of all acts of sexual violence against civilians, and for the exclusion of such acts from amnesty provisions. The Resolution calls on the UN Secretary-General to report on its implementation, including an analysis of the prevalence and trends, benchmarks or indicators for progress and on concrete plans for facilitating the timely collection of “objective, accurate and reliable information” on sexual violence.


The United Nations Security Council Resolution 1888 further complements both UNSCRs 1325 and 1820 and seeks to strengthen efforts to combat sexual violence in situations of armed conflict. It calls for the appointment of a special representative who will provide strategic leadership and coordinate efforts among different stakeholders to address sexual violence; for the identification of women protection advisers; for increased participation of women in conflict resolution and peace-building and for the strengthening mechanisms to monitor and report on sexual violence.

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13


United Nations Security Council Resolution 1889 aims to strengthen the implementation and monitoring of UNSCR 1325. It reiterates the call for increased participation of women in all peace and security processes, from conflict prevention to post-conflict reconstruction; calls for the protection of women and girls during situations of conflict and for the prevention of violence and discrimination against women. In this regard, it emphasizes the responsibility of states to prosecute perpetrators of violence and requests the inclusion of, in all country reports to the Security Council, information on the impact of armed conflict on women and girls as well as their post-conflict needs. It further requests that the Secretary-General submit a set of indicators to track the implementation of UNSCR 1325.

2.1.4. International mechanisms

2.1.4.1. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) (2000)

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) adopt a human security approach to development. It contains eight development goals including the promotion of gender equality and empowerment of women. The eight development goals; Goals 3 and 5 focus specifically on gender and women’s issues. The other six goals issues addressed by the MDGs, including poverty, hunger, disease, education, child mortality and environmental degradation, all have a specific feminine face because they exacerbate women’s vulnerabilities to conflict, violence and insecurities.

2.1.4.2. Universal Periodic Review (UPR)

The UPR is a unique process which involves a review of the human rights records of all 192 UN Member States once every four years. The UPR is a state-driven process, under the auspices of the Human Rights Council, which provides the opportunity for each state to declare what actions they have taken to improve the human rights situations in their countries and to fulfill their human rights obligations. The UPR is one of the key elements of the Council which reminds states of their responsibility to fully respect and implement all human rights and fundamental freedoms. It was created through the UN General Assembly on 15 March 2006 by Resolution 60/251.

2.1.4.3. Special Rapporteurs

Special rapporteurs have been vital to bringing to the attention of the United Nations the causes and consequences of violence against women. In 1994, it was the work of a special rapporteur that brought international attention to the plight of women in conflict situations. Since then, the work of other special rapporteurs or representatives has contributed to the growing understanding of the situation of women and girls during armed conflict.

1414

The Special Rapporteurs on Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, as well as the Special Rapporteur on torture, have all highlighted gender-based and sexual violence against women and girls committed during armed conflicts.

2.2. REGIONAL INSTRUMENTS

2.2.1. Gender and Women’s Rights Instruments

2.2.1.1. African Union Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (2003)

The African Union Protocol to the Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa is designed to promote and ensure respect for the rights of African women. It requires African governments to eliminate all forms of discrimination and violence against women and to promote equality. The Protocol also commits African governments to include in their national constitutions and other legislative instruments these fundamental principles and ensure their effective implementation. It obligates governments to integrate a gender perspective in their policy decisions, legislation, development plans and activities, and to ensure the overall well-being of women.

In Article 9, the Protocol calls for action to promote participative governance and the equal participation of women in political and decision-making processes. Article 10 calls for measures to ensure the increased participation of women in structures and processes for conflict prevention, management and resolution at local, national, regional, continental and international levels.

2.2.1.2. African Union Solemn Declaration on Gender Equality in Africa (2004)

The Solemn Declaration on Gender Equality in Africa is an instrument for promoting gender equality and women's empowerment. It strengthens African ownership of the gender equality agenda by placing gender mainstreaming at the highest political level in Africa. In order to ensure the effective monitoring of the Declaration, key issue areas encapsulated in the Declaration have been classified into six thematic clusters: governance, peace and security, human rights, health, education and economic empowerment.

The cluster on governance calls for the application of the gender parity principle to all the organs of the AU. On peace and security, the Declaration calls for the full and effective participation and representation of women in peace processes including the prevention and management of conflicts and post-conflict reconstruction. It specifically calls for the appointment of women as special envoys and representatives of the African Union.

2.2.1.3. African Union Gender Policy (2008)

The African Union Gender Policy is a document that summarizes all of the existing decisions and declarations of the AU and other global commitments on gender and women’s

15

15

empowerment as it relates to women in the African continent. In this regard, it is aligned to Article 4 (L) of the Constitutive Act of the African Union which enshrines the Parity Principle, the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa and the Solemn Declaration on Gender Equality in Africa, among others. The Policy provides a mandate for the operationalization of the AU’s commitments to gender equality and women’s empowerment at the level of the AU Commission and all of its organs, regional economic commissions and member states.

It specifically calls for the promotion of good governance and rule of law, which guarantee human rights and rights of women through democratic and transparent institutions; the adherence to the principle of gender equality between men and women and boys and girls in enjoying their rights and sharing their opportunities, benefits and contributions; the strict observance of the principle of gender equity which guarantees fairness and equal treatment for all; the compliance to the Parity Principle as enshrined in the Constitutive Act of the African Union; the promotion of the principle of shared responsibility, accountability and ownership of the commitments made by the AU; the promotion of regional integration as a vehicle for the advancement of the African continent and its peoples; and the application of the principle of subsidiarity to ensure the efficient and effective implementation of the policy at all levels.

2.2.2. Broad Peace and Security Instruments with a Focus on Gender and Women’s Issues

2.2.2.1. Protocol Relating to the Establishment of the Peace and Security Council of the African Union (2002)

The AU Peace and Security Council is a standing decision-making organ for the prevention, management and resolution of conflict. As stated in Article 2 (1) of the PSC Protocol, the PSC is “a collective security and early-warning arrangement to facilitate timely and efficient response to conflict and crisis situations in Africa”. In this regard, the PSC is mandated to cooperate and collaborate with other structures/pillars of the AU Peace and Security Architecture (APSA), i.e. the Panel of the Wise, the African Stand-by Force, the African Peace Facility and the Continental Early Warning System (CEWS). The PSC Protocol and its attendant instruments, i.e. its rules of procedure and modalities for the election of its members, are highly progressive instruments for addressing issues relating to peace, security, stability and human development on the continent. On gender and women-related issues, the protocol in Article 13 (6) calls for training on the rights of women and children for civilian and military personnel of the national standby contingents at both operational and tactical levels. In Article 14 (3e) it calls for the PSC to assist Member States that have been adversely affected by violent conflict in providing assistance to vulnerable persons, including women. And in Article 20 it encourages civil society organizations, particularly women’s organizations, to participate actively in efforts aimed at promoting peace, security and stability in Africa.

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2.2.2.2. The Constitutive Act of the African Union (2001)

The Constitutive Act of the AU symbolizes the statement of intent of African leaders to establish a continental union. The Act sets out the legal framework under which the AU conducts itself. As with most policy documents of the AU, the Act is quite gender-sensitive. First, the Act stresses the need to build partnerships between governments and civil society, and particularly with women. Second, Article 4 (l) lists the promotion of gender equality as one of the fundamental principles of the AU. Lastly, Article 13 (1l) calls for the formulation of social security policies, including the formulation of mother and child care policies, as well as policies relating to the disabled and the handicapped.

2.2.2.3. The Solemn Declaration on a Common African Defense and Security Policy (2004)

The Solemn Declaration on a Common African Defense and Security Policy directly complements the Peace and Security Council Protocol. It calls on Member States to provide a framework for the effective participation of women in conflict prevention, management and resolution activities (Section 13 [w]), and makes specific reference to existing instruments on the rights of women such as the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, and the Convention on the Political Rights of Women, among others. Reference is also made to gender and the definition of security that is given in Section 6 includes the “right to protection against marginalization on the basis of gender”.

Section 11 (p) specifically calls for the “promotion of gender equality” as one of the principles and values underlying the Common African Defense and Security Policy; and Section 12 (iv) calls on African countries to refrain from actions which “amount to propaganda for war or advocate for hatred based on gender”.

On the operational level, however, the implementing organs and mechanisms of the Common African Defense and Security Policy, i.e. the Assembly of the AU, the PSC, the AU Commission and the Regional Economic Communities (RECs), have yet to fully initiate women-specific and gender-sensitive programmes that will particularly enhance the protection of women’s rights and their active participation in the implementation of the Solemn Declaration.

2.2.2.4. The Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Development Policy (2006)

The AU Policy on Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Development (PCRD) is the most progressive policy instrument within the PSC for advancing women’s issues. In recognition of the huge gender gap that exists within the field of peace and security and the urgent need to transform this, the PCRD policy adopts a two-pronged approach. It mainstreams gender and women’s issues across all its indicative elements and also addresses women and gender as a stand-alone element.

1717

With regard to women-specific and gender programming, the PCRD policy makes a number of pertinent suggestions. Generally, it is focused on human security, non-state grassroots involvement in post-conflict reconstruction and development, and on the importance of addressing the structural or root causes of conflict and violence. It is underpinned by five core principles which emphasize African leadership; national and local ownership; inclusiveness, equity and non-discrimination; cooperation and coherence; and capacity building for sustainability – all of which are critical for promoting women’s full and active participation.

It calls for: 1) gender analysis to inform the development of gender-sensitive policies, programmes,

budgets and impact assessment; 2) creation of legal frameworks that ensure the full enjoyment of family rights and

equitable access to, and control over, resources including land, property and inheritance, which are key especially for widows and women returnees;

3) full and active participation of women in conflict prevention, management and resolution;

4) creation of a gender focal point to ensure that gender is mainstreamed through all PCRD activities;

5) transformation of public institutions to make them more responsive to women’s needs;

6) focus on gender training and sensitization, especially for forces engaged in peace support operations in post-conflict reconstruction environments; and

7) ratification of, accession to, domestication and implementation of the relevant AU and international instruments relating to women’s rights such as UNSCR 1325, 1820, 1888 and 1889.

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III.CURRENT STATUS OF RATIFICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF GENDER RELATED INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL INSTRUMENTS

By ratification of gender related international instruments, the Government of Rwanda expresses it’s political will to promote gender equality and promote the full enjoyment of rights by women. Ratification expresses the Government’s will to be bound by the provisions of ratified international instruments and its commitment to assume legal obligation to implement the rights recognized in these instruments. However, signing and ratification of an international instrument is not enough, incurs additional obligations such as the obligation to incorporate into its domestic laws the provisions recognized in ratified instruments for their enforcement; implement underlying obligations, and submit regular reports to the monitoring committee set up under that treaty on how the rights are being implemented.

This chapter assesses the current status of implementation and reporting on all gender related international instruments bending the Government of Rwanda.

The obligations to comply with treaties’ provisions including reporting

By choosing to ratify and 'become party' to a human rights treaty, a State becomes obliged to ensure that its domestic legislation complies with the treaty's provisions. In the case of major human rights treaties, the obligations of State Parties include regular reporting to and scrutiny by, UN human rights bodies. If a State fails to comply with the terms of the treaty, then the State will be in breach of international law.

3.1. The current status of ratification and reporting on gender related international instruments

Countries that have ratified or acceded to the Conventions are legally bound to abide by their provisions. They also have the obligation to submit national reports on measures taken to comply with their treaty obligations. To meet their reporting obligation, States must submit an initial report usually one year after joining (two years in the case of the CRC) and then periodically in accordance with the provisions of the treaty (usually every four or five years). The table below shows the state of ratification of international instruments; including the date of accession/ ratification or signatory and the state of reporting according to guidelines defined by each convention.

The following table shows the state of ratification and reporting for the gender-related international instruments ratified/ signed by Rwanda.

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Tab

le 1

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and

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O. n

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O.G

. n°.

21 o

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695.

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ortin

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thro

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ting

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rum

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ghts

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Yor

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arch

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:15

/06/

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O. n

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.G.

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O. n

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.G.

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2424

Tab

le 2

: Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Gen

der

rela

ted

Res

olut

ions

whi

ch R

wan

da is

par

ty to

Inst

rum

ents

D

ate

of c

reat

ion

Ent

ry in

to fo

rce

Dat

e of

su

bmis

sion

of

th

e re

port

UN

Res

olut

ion

1820

on

Wom

en, P

eace

and

Sec

urity

A

dopt

ed b

y th

e Se

curit

y C

ounc

il at

its

59

16th

mee

ting,

on

19 Ju

ne 2

008

19 Ju

ne 2

008

Not

yet

repo

rted

UN

Res

olut

ion

1325

on

wom

en, p

eace

and

secu

rity

Ado

pted

by

the

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

at i

ts

4213

th m

eetin

g, o

n 31

Oct

ober

200

0 31

Oct

ober

200

0 O

ctob

er 2

010

UN

Res

olut

ion

61/1

43 o

n In

tens

ifica

tion

of e

ffor

ts

to e

limin

ate

all f

orm

s of v

iole

nce

agai

nst w

omen

A

dopt

ed b

y th

e G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

on 1

9 D

ecem

ber 2

006

19 D

ecem

ber 2

006

July

200

9

UN

Res

olut

ion

61/1

44 o

n Tr

affic

king

in w

omen

and

gi

rlsA

dopt

ed b

y th

e G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

on 1

9 D

ecem

ber 2

006

19 D

ecem

ber 2

006

July

200

9

UN

Res

olut

ion

62/1

34 o

n El

imin

atin

g ra

pe a

nd

othe

r fo

rms

of

sexu

al

viol

ence

in

al

l th

eir

man

ifest

atio

ns,

incl

udin

g in

co

nflic

t an

d re

late

d si

tuat

ions

Ado

pted

by

the

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y at

its

76

th p

lena

ry m

eetin

g 18

Dec

embe

r 200

7 18

Dec

embe

r 200

7 Ju

ly 2

009

2525

Inst

rum

ents

D

ate

of c

reat

ion

Ent

ry in

to fo

rce

Dat

e of

su

bmis

sion

of

th

e re

port

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

G

ener

al

Ass

embl

y R

esol

utio

n 52

/86

on C

rim

e Pr

even

tion

and

Cri

min

al

Just

ice

Mea

sure

s to

Elim

inat

e V

iole

nce

agai

nst W

omen

2 Fe

brua

ry 1

998

2 Fe

brua

ry 1

998

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

G

ener

al

Ass

embl

y R

esol

utio

n 53

/117

on

T

radi

tiona

l or

cu

stom

ary

prac

tices

aff

ectin

g th

e he

alth

of

wom

en

and

girl

s

1 Fe

brua

ry 1

999

1 Fe

brua

ry 1

999

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

G

ener

al

Ass

embl

y R

esol

utio

n 54

/135

on

Impr

ovem

ent o

f the

situ

atio

n of

w

omen

in r

ural

are

as

7 Fe

brua

ry 2

000

7 Fe

brua

ry 2

000

2626

Tab

le 3

: Int

erna

tiona

l and

Reg

iona

l Dec

lara

tions

on

Gen

der

Equ

ality

and

Wom

en’s

Rig

hts w

hich

Rw

anda

is p

arty

to

Inst

rum

ents

D

ate

of c

reat

ion

Ent

ry

into

fo

rce

Rat

ifica

tion/

A

cces

sion

by

Rw

anda

D

ate

due

Dat

e of

su

bmis

sion

1.In

tern

atio

nal (

Uni

vers

al D

ecla

ratio

ns)

Uni

vers

al

Dec

lara

tion

of

Hum

an R

ight

s A

dopt

ed

on

10/0

6/19

48

10/1

2/19

48

A13

: 18

/09/

1962

(R

wan

da

acce

ded

by t

he m

ere

fact

of

its

ad

mis

sion

as

m

embe

r of t

he U

N)

No

repo

rting

re

quire

dN

o re

porti

ng

requ

ired

Bei

jing

Dec

lara

tion

and

Plat

form

for A

ctio

n 15

Sep

tem

ber 1

995

15 S

epte

mbe

r 19

9515

Sep

tem

ber 1

995

‐15

Sep

t 199

9

‐15

Sep

t 200

4

‐15

Sep

t 200

9

2004

2009

Dec

lara

tion

on th

e Pr

otec

tion

of

Wom

en

and

Chi

ldre

n in

Em

erge

ncy

and

Arm

ed C

onfli

ct

Proc

laim

ed

by

Gen

eral

A

ssem

bly

reso

lutio

n 33

18

(XX

IX)

of

14

Dec

embe

r 197

4

14

Dec

embe

r 19

7414

Dec

embe

r 197

4 N

o tim

e du

e

No

repo

rt ye

t su

bmitt

ed

Dec

lara

tion

on t

he E

limin

atio

n of

Vio

lenc

e ag

ains

t Wom

en

20 D

ecem

ber 2

003

20 D

ecem

ber

2003

20 D

ecem

ber 2

003

No

time

due

(rep

ortin

g is

m

ade

unde

r req

uest

)

No

repo

rt ye

t su

bmitt

ed

13

A: A

cces

sion

2727

Inst

rum

ents

D

ate

of c

reat

ion

Ent

ry

into

fo

rce

Rat

ifica

tion/

A

cces

sion

by

Rw

anda

D

ate

due

Dat

e of

su

bmis

sion

2. R

egio

nal (

Afr

ican

) Dec

lara

tion

Ban

jul

Dec

lara

tion

on

the

Stra

tegi

es f

or A

ccel

erat

ing

the

Impl

emen

tatio

n of

th

e D

akar

an

d B

eijin

g Pl

atfo

rms

for

Act

ion

15 D

ecem

ber 2

009

15 D

ecem

ber

2009

15 D

ecem

ber 2

009

No

time

due

(rep

ortin

g w

hen

so

requ

este

d)

No

repo

rt ye

t su

bmitt

ed

Afr

ican

U

nion

So

lem

n D

ecla

ratio

n on

Gen

der E

qual

ity

in A

fric

a

8 Ju

ly 2

004

8 Ju

ly 2

004

8 Ju

ly 2

004

No

time

due

(rep

ortin

g w

hen

so

requ

este

d)

A

repo

rt w

as

subm

itted

in 2

010

3. S

ub-r

egio

nal D

ecla

ratio

ns

Gre

at

lake

s Pr

otoc

ol

on

the

Prev

entio

n an

d Su

ppre

ssio

n of

Se

xual

V

iole

nce

agai

nst

Wom

en a

nd C

hild

ren

30N

ovem

ber 2

006

30N

ovem

ber

2006

30N

ovem

ber 2

006

Acc

ordi

ng

to

the

impl

emen

tatio

n pl

an

No

repo

rt ye

t su

bmitt

ed

28

28

3.2. The current status of the implementation of different Gender Related International and regional Instruments

3.2.1. The Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda of 04 June 2003

The Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda of 04 June 2003 as amended to date in its article 190 stipulates that “Upon their publication in the official gazette, international treaties and agreements which have been conclusively adopted in accordance with the provisions of law shall be more binding than organic laws and ordinary laws except in the case of non compliance by one of parties”.

3.2.2. Domestic laws

In order to reinforce the provisions of different gender related international and regional instruments, the Government of Rwanda has adopted a number of laws to reinforce its commitment to guarantee equal rights between men and women in all spheres of public and individuals’ life, ensure the promotion of women’s rights, and protect them against violence and discrimination.

The Government of Rwanda’s efforts for the promotion of gender equality and women’s rights cannot be summarized to promulgation of the Constitution 04 June 2003 and the accession by Rwanda to multi-lateral instruments. Indeed, many laws protecting women from violence and ensuring their full enjoyment of the same rights as men have been enacted and include the following:

• Decree Law relating to the Penal Code14,• Law n° 42/1988 of 27/10/1988 relating to the Civil Code15,• Law n° 04/99 of 12/03/1999 establishing the National Human Rights

Commission16,• Law n° 22/99 of 12/11/1999 on matrimonial regime, liberalities and

successions17,• Law n° 27/2001 of 28/04/2001 relating to the rights and protection of the child

against violence18,• Law n° 47/2001 of 18/12/2001 on prevention, suppression and punishment of the

crime of discrimination and sectarianism19,• Organic Law n° 16/2003 governing political and politicians20,• the Law n° 24/2003 of 14/08/2003 determining the operation of the National

Council of Youth21,

14 J.O n° 13 bis of 01/07/197815 J.O, 1989, P.916 J.O n° 06 of 15/03/199917 J.O n° 22 of 15/11/1999 18 OGRR n° 23 of 01/12/2001 19 J.O n0 4 of 15/02/2002 20 OGRR n° Special 27/06/2003

29

29

• Law n° 33 bis/2003 of September 06, 2003 repressing the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes22,

• Organic Law N°08/2005 of 14/07/2005 determining the use and management of land in Rwanda23,

• Law n°51/2007 of 20/09/2007 determining the responsibilities, organization and functioning of the Gender Monitoring Office in Rwanda24,

• Law n° 59/2008 on prevention and punishment of GBV25

• Organic Law n° 12/2008 of 09/05/2008 relating to election procedures of Rwandan representatives to the East African Legislative Assembly (EALA)26,

• Organic Law n° 30/2008 of 25/07/2008 relating to Rwandan Nationality27,• Organic Law n° 66/2008 of 21/11/2008 modifying and complementing Organic

Law n° 31/2007 of 25/07/2007 relating to the abolition of the death penalty28,• Law n° 10/2009 of 14/05/2009 on mortgages29,• Law n° 13/2009 of 27/05/2009 regulating labour in Rwanda30,• Law n° 27/2010 of 19/06/2010 relating to elections31,• Law n° 34/2010 of 12/11/2010 on the establishment, functioning and

organization of Rwanda Correctional Service (RCS)32,• Law n° 02/2011 of 10/02/2011 determining the responsibilities, organization and

functioning of the National Women’s Council33

3.2.3. Policies and Programmes

In addition to ratifying or acceding to international instruments or enacting laws; the Government of Rwanda also established policies and programmes that are being implemented with the purpose of empowering women and ensuring gender equality, as a pillar of national development.

3.2.3.1. Policies

Different policies, programmes and strategies put in place by the Government of Rwanda include the National Gender Policy (2010), the National Policy for Family Promotion (2005), the National Labour Policy (2005), the Girls’ education Policy and its strategic

21 OGRR n° 18 of 15/09/200322 OGRR n° 21 of 01/11/200323 OGRR n° 18 of 15/09/2005 24 OGRR n° 23 of 01/12/2007 25 OGRR n° 14 of 06/04/200826 OGRR n° Special of 09/05/200827 OGRR n° Special of 05/09, 2008 28 OGRR n° 23 of 01/12/200829 OGRR n° special of 15/05/2009 30 OGRR n° special of 27/05/2009 31 OGRR n° Special of 19/06/201032 OGRR n° 4 of 24/01/201133 OGRR n° Special of 11/02/2011

30

30

plan, the National Decentralisation Policy, the Reproductive Health Policy, the Vision 2020, and EDPRS.

3.2.3.2. Programmes and strategies

The previous paragraphs have mentioned different initiatives of the Government of Rwanda to honor its commitments under different international and regional instruments it is part to. Mention has been made on the provisions of the constitution guaranteeing the same rights to women as men, the ratification of different international and regional instruments for the promotion and protection of women’s rights and elaboration and implementation of different policies and programmes, both aiming at promoting equality between men and women, protection of women against violence and acts of discrimination and their empowerment.

Also, different programmes and strategies put in place, have been identified. They include the Vision 2020 (2002) and its cross-cutting areas34, the Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy (EDPRS), the Nine year basic education, the Long-Term Investment Framework, the National gender strategy, the National social protection strategy, the National Health insurance scheme designed for all the population with women and children being, the primary beneficiaries, the National Accelerated Plan for Women, Girls, Gender Equality & HIV 2010-2014, establishment of One stop centers (Kigali National Police Hospital and Gihundwe Hospital in Western Province) for GBV survivors care and medical, psychosocial, and legal support; elaboration of the National strategic plan on UNSC Resolution 1325, establishment of anti-GBV and child protection committees from the grassroots level to the National level, establishment of Gender Desk in Rwanda National Police, Rwanda Defense Force and in National Public Prosecution Authority, Free hotline in Rwanda National Police, Rwanda Defense Force and in National Public Prosecution Authority (the most particularly used in reporting of violence against women), women employment Strategic plan, women’s guarantee funds, establishment of Savings and Credit Cooperatives based in each sector called Umurenge SACCO, UMWARIMU SACCO Program helping the community and teachers of primary and secondary schools, particularly women, access soft loans, Gira inka program (one cow per family), “Bye Bye” Nyakatsi program, just to quote few.

The following part provides concrete facts about what has been achieved so far to ensure the implementation of the provisions of those instruments, laws and policies as mentioned. The achievements are assessed in the following programmes:

a. elimination of discrimination against women in general, b. elimination of discrimination against women in the political and public life of the

country, ensuring equal right in the field of education and training, c. prevention and elimination of discrimination against women in the field of health

care, elimination of discrimination in areas of economic and social life, d. ensuring equal rights in all matters relating to marriage and family relations,

34 OGRR n° special of 25/02/2008

31

31

e. taking all appropriate measures, including legislation, to suppress of all forms of traffic in women and exploitation of prostitution of women,

f. protection of women in armed conflicts and post-conflict situations, and g. protection of women against Gender-Based Violence.

For each intervention program, instruments and articles concerned, measures taken and key achievements throughout different programs and projects with disaggregated data in support are highlighted.

3232

3.2.

3.3.

Elim

inat

ing

disc

rim

inat

ion

agai

nst w

omen

in g

ener

al

Inst

rum

ents

con

cern

ed

Mea

sure

s tak

en a

nd a

chie

vem

ents

: Leg

isla

tions

(law

s and

pol

icie

s)

oTh

e C

onve

ntio

n on

th

e el

imin

atio

n of

all

form

s of

disc

rimin

atio

ns

agai

nst w

omen

, Art.

2;

o

The

Prot

ocol

to

the

Afr

ican

C

harte

r on

H

uman

and

Peo

ples

' R

ight

s on

the

Rig

hts

of W

omen

in

Afr

ica,

A

rt. 2

(1).

•T

he C

onst

itutio

n of

the

Rep

ublic

of R

wan

da o

f 04/

06/2

003

as a

men

ded

to d

ate

Art

icle

11:

All

Rw

anda

ns a

re b

orn

and

rem

ain

free

and

equ

al in

righ

ts a

nd d

utie

s. D

iscr

imin

atio

n of

wha

teve

r kin

d ba

sed

on, i

nter

alia

, eth

nic

orig

in tr

ibe,

cla

n, c

olou

r, se

x, re

gion

soc

ial o

rigin

, rel

igio

n or

faith

, opi

nion

, ec

onom

ic s

tatu

s, cu

lture

, la

ngua

ge,

soci

al s

tatu

s, ph

ysic

al o

r m

enta

l di

sabi

lity

or a

ny o

ther

for

m o

f di

scrim

inat

ion

is p

rohi

bite

d an

d pu

nish

able

by

law

. A

rtic

le 1

6: A

ll hu

man

bei

ngs a

re e

qual

bef

ore

the

law

. The

y sh

all e

njoy

, with

out a

ny d

iscr

imin

atio

n, e

qual

pro

tect

ion

of th

e la

w.

•Th

e ra

tific

atio

n of

rel

evan

t int

erna

tiona

l and

reg

iona

l gen

der

rela

ted

trea

ties

•L

aw n

° 22/

99 o

f 12/

11/1

999

on m

atri

mon

ial r

egim

e, li

bera

litie

s and

succ

essi

ons

Art

icle

43

& 5

0: P

rohi

bitio

n of

dis

crim

inat

ion

in in

herit

ance

righ

t bet

wee

n gi

rls a

nd b

oys c

hild

ren.

•

Law

n°

27/2

003

of 1

8/08

/200

3 de

term

inin

g th

e or

gani

zatio

n, a

ttri

butio

ns a

nd fu

nctio

ns o

f the

Nat

iona

l Wom

en C

ounc

il (N

WC

);

revi

ewed

by

the

Law

n° 0

2/20

11 o

f 10/

02/2

011

dete

rmin

ing

the

resp

onsi

bilit

ies,

orga

niza

tion

and

func

tioni

ng o

f the

NW

C

Art

icle

5: R

espo

nsib

ilitie

s of t

he N

atio

nal W

omen

’s C

ounc

il:

The

NW

C is

a f

orum

for

adv

ocac

y an

d so

cial

mob

iliza

tion

on is

sues

aff

ectin

g w

omen

in o

rder

to b

uild

thei

r ca

paci

ty a

nd e

nsur

e th

eir

parti

cipa

tion

in th

e de

velo

pmen

t of t

he c

ount

ry in

gen

eral

, and

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f wom

en in

par

ticul

ar. I

n th

is re

gard

, the

Cou

ncil’

s mai

n re

spon

sibi

litie

s are

as f

ollo

ws:

4°

to a

dvoc

ate

for g

ende

r equ

ality

. •

Law

n°5

1/20

07 o

f 20/

09/2

007

dete

rmin

ing

the

resp

onsib

ilitie

s, or

gani

zatio

n an

d fu

nctio

ning

of t

he G

ende

r M

onito

ring

Off

ice

in R

wan

da

Art

icle

6: S

peci

fic r

espo

nsib

ilitie

s of t

he O

ffic

e 6°

adv

ocat

ing

for t

he re

spec

t of g

ende

r equ

ality

at a

ll le

vels

•

The

Sup

rem

e C

ourt

dec

isio

n in

RS/

Inco

nst/P

én.0

001/

08/C

S of

26/

09/2

008

The

Supr

eme

Cou

rt to

ok d

ecis

ion

mod

ifyin

g A

rticl

e 35

4 of

Dec

ree

Law

on

pena

l cod

e n°

21/

77 o

f 18/

08/1

977

to p

unis

h th

e sa

me

fine

wom

an a

nd th

e m

an c

onvi

nced

of a

dulte

ry.

3333

3.2.

3.4.

Elim

inat

ing

disc

rim

inat

ion

agai

nst w

omen

in th

e po

litic

al a

nd p

ublic

life

of t

he c

ount

ry

Inst

rum

ents

an

d re

leva

nt

artic

les

Mea

sure

s tak

en a

nd a

chie

vem

ents

Leg

isla

tions

Po

licie

s an

d in

stitu

tions

ar

rang

emen

ts

Proj

ects

and

pro

gram

mes

oTh

eC

onve

ntio

n on

th

e El

imin

atio

n of

al

l fo

rms

of Dis

crim

inat

ions

ag

ains

t W

omen

, A

rt.

3, 4

, 7, 8

o

The

The

Con

stitu

tion

of

the

Rep

ublic

of

R

wan

da

of

04/0

6/20

03 a

s am

ende

d to

da

te:

Arti

cle

5435

, A

rticl

e 76

36 a

nd A

rticl

e 82

)37

Org

anic

Law

n°

12/2

008

of 0

9/05

/200

8 re

latin

g to

el

ectio

n pr

oced

ures

of

R

wan

dan

repr

esen

tativ

es

to

the

East

A

fric

an

The

dece

ntra

lizat

ion

polic

y pr

omot

es

the

repr

esen

tatio

n of

wom

en

at

the

vario

us

adm

inis

trativ

e le

vels

: m

embe

rs o

f th

e N

atio

nal

Wom

en’s

C

ounc

il be

com

e au

tom

atic

m

embe

rs

of

the

cons

ulta

tive

com

mitt

ees

at t

he l

evel

of

the

Cel

l,

Var

ious

pro

gram

s an

d pr

ojec

ts i

nclu

ding

aw

aren

ess

rais

ing

and

capa

city

bui

ldin

g pr

ogra

ms

have

con

tribu

ted

to t

he r

ealiz

atio

n of

ac

tive

parti

cipa

tion

of w

omen

at d

iffer

ent l

evel

s of

dec

isio

n m

akin

g as

sho

wn

by t

he f

ollo

win

g fig

ures

46:

at c

entra

l le

vel

Wom

en

Sena

tors

repr

esen

t 35%

, wom

en p

arlia

men

taria

ns re

pres

ent 5

6.25

%,

wom

en M

inis

ters

and

Min

iste

rs o

f Sta

te re

pres

ent 3

0,4%

; with

in th

e Ju

dici

ary

syst

em w

omen

rep

rese

nt 5

0%, a

nd t

he C

hief

Jus

tice

is a

w

oman

.

In t

he r

ecen

t lo

cal

gove

rnm

ent

elec

tions

(4

Feb

2O11

- 5

Mar

ch

2O11

)47: w

omen

occ

upie

d 38

,66%

of p

ositi

ons

in h

eads

of v

illag

es;

43,9

2% o

f m

embe

rs o

f C

ell

Cou

ncils

; 45

,05%

in

mem

bers

of

35

Arti

cle

54 o

f the

con

stitu

tion

of th

e R

epub

lic o

f Rw

anda

of 0

4 Ju

ne 2

003

as a

men

ded

to d

ate

stip

ulat

es th

at: P

oliti

cal o

rgan

izat

ions

are

pro

hibi

ted

from

bas

ing

them

selv

es o

n ra

ce, e

thni

c gr

oup,

trib

e, c

lan,

reg

ion,

sex

, rel

igio

n or

any

oth

er d

ivis

ion

whi

ch m

ay g

ive

rise

to d

iscr

imin

atio

n. P

oliti

cal

orga

niza

tions

mus

t co

nsta

ntly

ref

lect

the

uni

ty o

f th

e pe

ople

of

Rw

anda

and

gen

der

equa

lity

and

com

plem

enta

lity,

whe

ther

in t

he r

ecru

itmen

t of

m

embe

rs, p

uttin

g in

pla

ce o

rgan

s of

lead

ersh

ip a

nd in

thei

r ope

ratio

ns a

nd a

ctiv

ities

.

36 T

he C

ham

ber

of D

eput

ies

shal

l be

com

pose

d of

eig

hty

(80)

Dep

utie

s w

ho s

hall

incl

ude

twen

ty-fo

ur w

omen

ele

cted

by

spec

ific

coun

cils

in

acco

rdan

ce w

ith th

e S

tate

adm

inis

trativ

e en

titie

s (2

°)…

37 T

he S

enat

e sh

all b

e co

mpo

sed

of tw

enty

-six

(26)

Sen

ator

s se

rvin

g fo

r a te

rm o

f eig

ht (8

) yea

rs a

nd a

t lea

st th

irty

per c

ent (

30%

) of t

hem

sha

ll be

w

omen

….

3434

Con

vent

ion

on

the

Polit

ical

R

ight

s of

W

omen

, A

rt.

1, 2

& 3

; o

The

Prot

ocol

to

the

Afr

ican

C

harte

r on

H

uman

an

d Pe

ople

s' R

ight

s on

the

Legi

slat

ive

Ass

embl

y:

Arti

cle

338 a

nd A

rticl

e 739

Law

n°

27

/201

0 of

19

/06/

2010

re

latin

g to

el

ectio

ns:

Arti

cle

10240

,A

rticl

e 11

641,

Arti

cle

15542

, 156

43, A

rticl

e 15

744

and

Arti

cle

162)

45.

In

acco

rdan

ce

of

the

Con

stitu

tion

of

the

Rep

ublic

of

Rw

anda

and

Sect

or,

Dis

trict

an

d K

igal

i C

ity.

Polit

ical

pa

rties

ar

e re

quire

d to

in

clud

e at

lea

st 3

0% o

f w

omen

in

th

eir

list

of

cand

idat

es

for

the

parli

amen

tary

el

ectio

ns.

The

Min

istry

of

Gen

der

and

Fam

ily

Prom

otio

n w

hich

mai

nly

play

s th

e ro

le o

f pol

icy

form

ulat

ion

and

coor

dina

tion

of

Sect

ors

coun

cils

; 43,

17%

in D

istri

cts

Cou

ncils

; 37,

8% in

Exe

cutiv

e C

omm

ittee

s of

Dis

trict

s; 4

3,75

% i

n K

igal

i C

ity C

ounc

il; 3

3,3%

in

the

exec

utiv

e co

mm

ittee

of

K

igal

i C

ity;

39,4

%

in

exec

utiv

e co

mm

ittee

of

Nat

iona

l You

th C

ounc

il an

d 33

,8%

in th

e co

mm

ittee

of

the

natio

nal c

ounc

il fo

r peo

ple

with

dis

abili

ties.

Wom

en a

lso

hold

pos

ition

s in

oth

er p

ublic

fun

ctio

ns w

ith a

tota

l of

45,5

0% b

y 54

,50%

for

men

48:

0,99

% i

n m

inis

tries

and

oth

er h

igh

publ

ic in

stitu

tions

; 0,0

3% in

pro

vinc

es; 1

,51%

in D

istri

cts;

1,8

2% in

Se

ctor

s; 1

6,29

% i

n pr

imar

y ed

ucat

ion;

7,5

2% i

n se

cond

ary

(1st

cycl

e);

2,62

% i

n se

cond

ary

educ

atio

n (2

nd c

ycle

); 0,

71%

in

high

er

inst

itutio

ns;

6,3%

in

heal

th c

ente

rs;

4,29

% i

n ho

spita

ls;

3,29

% i

n

46 M

IFO

TRA

/NIS

R, p

rovi

sion

al re

sults

of c

ivil

serv

ants

cen

sus

2010

, Jan

uary

201

1 47

Nat

iona

l Ele

ctor

al C

omm

issi

on

38 R

wan

dan

repr

esen

tativ

es to

EA

LA s

hall

be d

raw

n fro

m p

oliti

cal o

rgan

izat

ions

, the

Nat

iona

l You

th C

ounc

il, th

e N

atio

nal C

ounc

il of

Wom

en a

nd th

e Fe

dera

tion

of P

eopl

e th

e D

isab

led

pers

ons

in a

ccor

danc

e w

ith th

eir r

epre

sent

atio

n in

the

parli

amen

t, th

e C

ham

ber o

fD

eput

ies.

39

The

num

ber o

f Rw

anda

n R

epre

sent

ativ

es to

EA

LA s

hall

be n

ine

(9) a

s sp

ecifi

ed in

the

East

Afri

can

Com

mun

ity T

reat

y, a

nd a

t lea

stth

irty

per c

ent (

30%

) sha

ll be

wom

en.

40 T

he C

ham

ber

of D

eput

ies

shal

l be

com

pose

d of

eig

hty

(80)

Dep

utie

s in

clud

ing

twen

ty-fo

ur (

24)

wom

en e

lect

ed a

ccor

ding

to th

e ad

min

istra

tive

entit

ies

of th

e co

untry

(2°)

…

41 T

he S

enat

e sh

all b

e co

mpo

sed

of tw

enty

-six

(26)

Sen

ator

s se

rvin

g fo

r a te

rm o

f eig

ht (

8) n

on r

enew

able

yea

rs. A

t lea

st th

irty

per

cent

(30%

) of w

hom

sha

ll be

wom

en.

42 A

t eve

ry S

ecto

r, on

e fe

mal

e m

embe

r and

one

mal

e m

embe

r of C

ounc

il sh

all b

e el

ecte

d th

roug

h di

rect

and

sec

ret b

allo

t. 43

Fem

ale

mem

bers

of

Cou

ncil

cons

titut

ing

at le

ast

thirt

y pe

r ce

nt (

30%

) of

all

Dis

trict

Cou

ncil

mem

bers

sha

ll be

ele

cted

thr

ough

indi

rect

and

sec

ret

ballo

t as

wel

l as

by

the

mem

bers

of

the

Cou

ncil

Bur

eau

of S

ecto

rs c

onst

itutin

g th

e D

istri

ct,

mem

bers

of

the

Exe

cutiv

e C

omm

ittee

of t

he N

atio

nal C

ounc

il of

Wom

en a

t the

Dis

trict

and

Sec

tor l

evel

s an

d C

oord

inat

ors

of th

e N

atio

nal C

ounc

il of

W

omen

at C

ell l

evel

. 44

Fem

ale

mem

bers

ele

cted

to

be in

the

Cou

ncil

of t

he D

istri

ct o

f C

ity o

f K

igal

i ele

ct a

mon

g th

emse

lves

the

req

uire

d nu

mbe

r of

C

ounc

il m

embe

rs w

hich

eve

ry D

istri

ct h

as to

sen

d in

the

City

of K

igal

i Cou

ncil.

45

The

ele

ctio

n of

the

exec

utiv

e co

mm

ittee

mem

bers

of t

he D

istri

ct a

nd th

e C

ity o

f Kig

ali i

s he

ld th

roug

h in

dire

ct a

nd s

ecre

t bal

lot.

Ther

e sh

all b

e at

leas

t thi

rty p

er c

ent (

30%

) of w

omen

am

ong

the

mem

bers

of t

he e

xecu

tive

com

mitt

ee.

48 M

IFO

TRA

/NIS

R, p

rinci

pals

resu

lts o

f Sta

tes

agen

ts c

ensu

s 20

10, J

anua

ry 2

011

3535

Rig

hts

of

Wom

en

in

Afr

ica,

Art.

9.

oTh

e B

eijin

g Pl

atfo

rm

for

Act

ion

(or

Bei

jing

Dec

lara

tion)

in

its

7th

criti

cal

area

of

co

ncer

n (G

).

othe

r re

leva

nt

law

s an

d po

licie

s, at

le

ast

30%

w

omen

’s r

epre

sent

atio

n is

co

nsid

ered

at

man

y le

vels

of

adm

inis

tratio

n.

impl

emen

tatio

n of

gen

der

rela

ted

activ

ities

is

si

gnifi

cant

ly c

ontri

butin

g to

act

ive

parti

cipa

tion

of

wom

en

in

deci

sion

m

akin

g.

The

Nat

iona

l W

omen

’s

Cou

ncil,

w

hich

is

re

pres

ente

d at

all

leve

ls

of a

dmin

istra

tive

entit

ies,

is p

layi

ng a

key

rol

e in

pr

omot

ing

wom

en’s

le

ader

ship

.

agen

cies

, com

mis

sion

s and

pub

lic se

rvic

es a

nd 0

,13%

in p

roje

cts.

36

36

3.2.

3.5.

Ens

urin

g eq

ual r

ight

in th

e fie

ld o

f edu

catio

n an

d tr

aini

ng

Inst

rum

ents

and

its

rel

evan

t ar

ticle

s

Mea

sure

s tak

en a

nd a

chie

vem

ents

Polic

ies

and

inst

itutio

ns

arra

ngem

ents

Pr

ojec

ts a

nd p

rogr

amm

es

-The

Con

vent

ion

on th

e El

imin

atio

n of

all

form

s of

Dis

crim

inat

ions

ag

ains

t Wom

en,

Art.

10;

-T

he

Prot

ocol

to

th

e A

fric

an

Cha

rter

on H

uman

an

d Pe

ople

s' R

ight

s on

th

e R

ight

s of

Wom

en

in A

fric

a, A

rt. 1

2.

-The

B

eijin

g Pl

atfo

rm

for

Act

ion

(or

Bei

jing

Dec

lara

tion)

in

its

criti

cal

area

of

co

ncer

n 2

(B).

Polic

y an

d le

gisl

ativ

e ch

ange

s: m

easu

res

have

be

en

take

n to

ad

vanc

e ge

nder

equ

ality

at a

ll le

vels

of

edu

catio

n. T

he a

dopt

ion

of

the

Nat

iona

l G

ende

r Po

licy

(200

4 &

200

9),

the

laun

ch

of

the

Uni

vers

al

Prim

ary

Educ

atio

n in

200

7,

the

adop

tion

of t

he G

irl’s

Ed

ucat

ion

Polic

y (2

008)

, th

e pr

omot

ion

of

priv

ate

scho

ols

and

univ

ersi

ties

are

amon

g m

easu

res

that

up

hold

the

lev

el o

f ge

nder

eq

ualit

y re

ache

d in

ed

ucat

ion

in g

ener

al.

This

is

illu

stra

ted

in t

he g

ende

r pa

rity

reac

hed

at p

rimar

y ed

ucat

ion

leve

l an

d th

e

Prog

ram

s and

pro

ject

s: fr

ee a

nd c

ompu

lsor

y pr

imar

y ed

ucat

ion,

intro

duct

ion

of N

ine

Yea

r B

asic

Edu

catio

n, t

he m

ultip

licat

ion

of c

ente

rs o

f ex

celle

nce

thro

ugh

FAW

E pr

ojec

t, TU

SEM

E (le

t us

talk

) Clu

bs a

t sch

ools

, the

cre

atio

n of

GB

V c

lubs

in s

econ

dary

and

terti

ary

educ

atio

n, g

ivin

g aw

ards

to

girls

with

bes

t pe

rfor

man

ce i

n sc

ienc

e, c

onst

ruct

ion

of m

ore

faci

litie

s to

add

ress

the

thor

ny is

sue

of a

ccom

mod

atio

n fo

r w

omen

and

girl

s’ s

tude

nts,

are

part

of p

rogr

ams t

hat h

ave

boos

ted

wom

en’s

par

ticip

atio

n in

edu

catio

n.

Gen

der

parit

y ha

s be

com

e a

real

ity in

priv

ate

univ

ersi

ties;

FA

WE

scho

ols

have

fac

ilita

ted

acce

ss to

sig

nific

ant n

umbe

rs o

f girl

s to

scie

nce

educ

atio

n. S

epar

ate

toile

ts w

ere

cons

truct

ed

in 2

1 ou

t of 3

0 di

stric

t prim

ary

scho

ols t

o st

op g

irls’

dro

p-ou

ts.

The

stat

istic

s49 a

t all

leve

l of

the

educ

atio

n sy

stem

pro

vide

s di

sagg

rega

ted

data

by

sex

for

the

last

thre

e ye

ars,

and

girls

atte

ndan

ce w

as a

s fol

low

:

-In

pre-

prim

ary

educ

atio

n: 5

1,1%

of f

emal

e st

uden

ts in

200

8; 5

1,4%

in 2

009,

and

51.

5%

in 2

010.

The

enr

olm

ent o

f gi

rls in

pre

-prim

ary

is g

reat

er th

at o

f bo

ys. C

omm

uniti

es a

nd

Pare

nts a

re e

ncou

rage

d to

par

ticip

ate

mor

e at

this

leve

l. -I

n pr

imar

y ed

ucat

ion:

50,

9% in

200

8; 5

0,8%

in 2

009

and

50,7

% in

201

0. A

t thi

s le

vel,

girls

show

hig

her e

nrol

men

t tha

n bo

ys.

-In

seco

ndar

y ed

ucat

ion:

the

girl

s at

tend

ance

was

: 47

,8%

in

2008

; 49

% i

n 20

09 a

nd

50,7

% in

201

0. T

he sc

hool

age

of s

econ

dary

edu

catio

n is

13

to 1

8. A

t thi

s lev

el, g

irls s

how

49MINEDUC, Education statistics, December 2010 (ANNEXES III, IV, V, VI and VII)

3737

incr

ease

of

w

omen

’s

num

bers

in

hi

gher

ed

ucat

ion

that

ro

se

from

1,

283

in 1

997

to 1

5,46

5 in

20

07. I

t is

wor

th n

otin

g th

at

preg

nant

gi

rls

are

not

expe

lled

out

of s

choo

l an

d m

arrie

d w

omen

can

atte

nd

scho

ol.

high

er e

nrol

men

t th

an b

oys

at l

ower

sec

onda

ry w

hich

is

the

reve

rse

at t

he u

pper

se

cond

ary.

-I

n T

ertia

ry e

duca

tion:

We

have

30

high

er l

earn

ing

inst

itutio

ns o

f w

hich

17

are

publ

ic

inst

itutio

ns. T

he e

nrol

lmen

t of m

ales

at h

ighe

r ins

titut

ions

is h

ighe

r tha

n th

e en

rollm

ent o

f fe

mal

e in

pub

lic i

nstit

utio

ns w

hile

fem

ales

are

hig

her

(55%

) th

an o

f m

ales

in

priv

ate

inst

itutio

ns. T

he r

ate

of f

emal

e st

uden

ts i

n pu

blic

ins

titut

ions

of

terti

ary

educ

atio

n is

as

follo

w: 3

2,10

% in

200

8; 3

2,7%

in 2

009

and

32,9

% in

201

0.

38

38

3.2.

3.6.

Pre

vent

ing

and

elim

inat

ing

disc

rim

inat

ion

agai

nst w

omen

in th

e fie

ld o

f hea

lth c

are

Inst

rum

ents

and

re

leva

nt a

rtic

les

Mea

sure

s tak

en a

nd a

chie

vem

ents

law

s and

pol

icie

s Pr

ojec

ts a

nd p

rogr

amm

es50

-Th

e C

onve

ntio

n on

th

e El

imin

atio

n of

al

l fo

rms

of

Dis

crim

inat

ions

ag

ains

t W

omen

, A

rt. 1

2;

-Th

e Pr

otoc

ol t

o th

e A

fric

an C

harte

r on

H

uman

and

Peo

ples

' R

ight

s on

the

Rig

hts

of

Wom

en

in

Afr

ica,

Art.

14.

-

The

Bei

jing

Dec

lara

tion

(and

Pl

atfo

rm

for

Act

ion)

, cr

itica

l ar

ea o

f con

cern

C.

Polic

y an

d le

gisl

ativ

e ch

ange

s: th

e C

onst

itutio

n of

Jun

e, 2

003

(Art.

41)

st

ress

es t

hat

“All

citiz

ens

have

the

right

s an

d du

ties

rela

ting

to h

ealth

”. T

his

prov

isio

n ha

s be

en

trans

late

d in

to

actio

n th

roug

h im

plem

enta

tion

of

the

Nat

iona

l H

ealth

Po

licy,

th

e N

atio

nal

Stra

tegi

c Pl

an

for

HIV

an

d A

IDS

2009

-201

2 an

d th

e N

atio

nal

Acc

eler

ated

Pl

an

or

Wom

en,

Girl

s, G

ende

r Eq

ualit

y &

HIV

20

10-2

014.

Th

is

resu

lted

into

aw

aren

ess

risin

g of

th

e po

pula

tions

re

achi

ng

an

impo

rtant

rat

e of

wom

en

Del

iver

y in

Hea

lth C

ente

rs:

from

39%

in

2005

to

52%

in

2008

; In

fant

Mor

talit

y ra

te:

from

86

/100

0 liv

e bi

rths

in 2

005

to 6

2/10

00 l

ive

birth

s in

200

8; m

ater

nal

mor

talit

y ra

te:

from

10

71/1

00,0

00 li

ve b

irths

in 2

000

to 7

50/1

00,0

00 li

ve b

irths

in 2

009.

Prog

ram

s an

d pr

ojec

ts: t

he m

edic

al in

sura

nce

for t

he p

opul

atio

ns c

omm

only

cal

led

“Mut

uelle

s de

san

té”

(in it

s Fr

ench

ver

sion

), en

able

s po

or p

eopl

e, a

mon

g w

hom

wom

en a

re th

e m

ajor

ity, t

o ac

cess

hea

lth c

are

serv

ices

inc

ludi

ng r

epro

duct

ive

heal

thca

re s

ervi

ces.

In e

stab

lishi

ng t

he

“Pro

gram

me

Nat

iona

l po

ur L

utte

r C

ontr

e le

Pal

udis

me

(PN

LP)”

, ai

med

at

fight

ing

mal

aria

, pr

egna

nt w

omen

wer

e id

entif

ied

as v

ulne

rabl

e gr

oup

and

wer

e pr

ovid

ed w

ith i

nsec

ticid

e im

preg

nate

d be

d ne

ts (6

2,3%

slee

ping

und

er b

ed n

ets)

and

chi

ldre

n le

ss th

an 5

yea

rs (5

8%).

This

co

ntrib

uted

to th

e de

crea

se o

f the

num

ber o

f mal

aria

cas

es in

hos

pita

ls, f

rom

720

,270

in 2

005

to

464,

823

in 2

008,

the

cove

rage

bei

ng 6

4.7%

(mor

e th

an th

e A

buja

targ

et w

hich

is 6

0%).

Hea

lth A

dviso

rs a

ll ov

er t

he C

ount

ry m

obili

ze a

nd m

onito

r th

e im

plem

enta

tion

of h

ealth

pr

ogra

ms

in c

omm

unity

, and

sen

sitiz

e pr

egna

nt w

omen

acr

oss

the

coun

try to

vis

it an

d gi

ve b

irth

in h

ealth

faci

litie

s (66

% o

f pre

gnan

t wom

en d

eliv

er in

hea

lth fa

cilit

ies)

.

The

Nat

iona

l AID

S C

ontro

l Com

mis

sion

(CN

LS) h

as g

row

n an

d de

cent

raliz

ed it

s se

rvic

es to

the

dist

rict

leve

l an

d TR

AC

has

bee

n m

erge

d w

ith o

ther

dis

ease

(Tu

berc

ulos

is a

nd m

alar

ia)

prev

entio

n an

d co

ntro

l pr

ogra

mm

es t

o be

com

e TR

AC

plu

s. Th

is h

as r

esul

ted

into

sig

nific

ant

prog

ress

on

HIV

/AID

S an

d ot

her d

isea

se c

oord

inat

ion

mec

hani

sm. A

ll in

dica

tors

hav

e in

crea

sed

50

Dat

a pr

ovid

ed b

y M

INIS

AN

TE d

urin

g th

e in

terv

iew

s.

3939

(94%

) an

d m

en

(98%

) w

ho

know

at

leas

t on

e co

ntra

cept

ive

met

hod.

As

an

indi

catio

n of

ot

her

trem

endo

us

impr

ovem

ents

th

at

have

be

en m

ade,

the

rat

es i

n co

ntra

cept

ive

prev

alen

ce

with

al

l m

etho

ds

rose

fr

om 1

7% in

200

5 to

36%

in

20

08;

cont

race

ptiv

e pr

eval

ence

m

oder

n m

etho

ds:

from

10

%

in

2005

to 2

7.5%

in 2

008;

over

the

year

s: 9

8% o

f tar

gete

d pr

egna

nt w

omen

are

cou

nsel

ed a

nd te

sted

, and

the

HIV

rate

has

re

duce

d fr

om 9

,1%

(200

3) to

2,6

% in

201

0.

On

May

12,

201

1, t

he F

irst

Lady

, Je

anet

te K

AG

AM

E, o

ffic

ially

lau

nche

d th

e Pr

even

tion

of

Mot

her t

o C

hild

Tra

nsm

issi

on o

f HIV

(PM

TCT)

cam

paig

n. T

his

prog

ram

me

bega

n in

200

0 an

d no

w, 8

2% o

f he

alth

cen

ters

cou

ntry

wid

e of

fer

PMTC

T se

rvic

es. B

ased

on

stat

istic

s sh

e no

ted

that

with

out t

hese

ser

vice

s, 20

of

child

ren

born

ann

ually

wou

ld b

e in

fect

ed w

ith H

IV a

t birt

h,

whe

reas

5 to

20%

wou

ld a

cqui

re th

e vi

rus

thro

ugh

brea

stfe

edin

g. T

he c

ampa

ign

is in

line

with

U

NA

IDS

call

for t

he e

limin

atio

n of

mot

her t

o ch

ild tr

ansm

issi

on b

y 20

1551

.

Oth

er o

ngoi

ng p

rogr

ams:

•

The

Nat

iona

l Acc

eler

ated

Pla

n W

omen

, Girl

s, G

ende

r Eq

ualit

y &

HIV

201

0-20

14 a

ims

to

achi

eve

thre

e ov

erar

chin

g im

pact

s by

2014

; •

From

26

to 2

7/04

/201

1, th

e M

inis

try o

f H

ealth

has

sta

rted

vacc

inat

ing

youn

g gi

rls a

gain

st

canc

er o

f th

e ce

rvix

that

is c

ause

d by

HPV

(ge

nita

l hum

an p

apill

omav

irus)

: Rw

anda

is th

e fir

st c

ount

ry to

con

duct

this

cam

paig

n in

Afr

ica.

Wom

en a

ged

betw

een

35 a

nd 4

5 w

ill b

enef

it fr

om th

e pr

ogra

m th

roug

h co

nsul

tatio

n an

d tre

atm

ent i

f tes

ted

posi

tive;

•

Sinc

e Fe

brua

ry 2

011,

the

Min

istry

of

Hea

lth e

mpl

oys

coun

selo

rs i

n al

l he

alth

cen

ters

and

ho

spita

ls. T

he c

ouns

elor

s pr

ovid

e fa

mily

pla

nnin

g se

rvic

es a

nd it

is e

xpec

ted

that

by

the

end

of 2

012,

the

num

ber o

f cou

ples

usi

ng fa

mily

pla

nnin

g m

etho

ds w

ill re

ach

70%

aga

inst

53%

in

201

0;

•Sh

elte

rs fo

r vic

tims

of s

exua

l vio

lenc

e "O

ne S

top

Cen

tre"

wer

e cr

eate

d in

the

Polic

e H

ospi

tal

of K

acyi

ru (

Kig

ali C

ity)

and

in G

ihun

dwe

Hos

pita

l (W

este

rn P

rovi

nce)

. One

Sto

p C

ente

rs

are

equi

pped

with

a p

olic

e of

ficer

, a g

ynec

olog

ist,

a tra

uma

coun

selo

r and

a la

wye

r. In

thes

e ce

nter

s, vi

ctim

s ar

e tre

ated

fre

e of

cha

rge

and

are

prov

ided

with

a s

uita

ble

room

whe

re th

e vi

ctim

can

rela

x an

d be

reas

sure

d be

fore

retu

rnin

g to

hom

e.

51

http

:/ww

w.m

oh.g

ov.rw

, con

sulte

d on

May

17,

201

1.

40

40

3.2.

3.7.

Elim

inat

ing

disc

rim

inat

ion

in a

reas

of e

cono

mic

and

soci

al li

fe

Inst

rum

ents

and

re

leva

nt a

rtic

les

Mea

sure

s tak

en a

nd a

chie

vem

ents

law

s and

pol

icie

s Pr

ojec

ts a

nd p

rogr

amm

es

-The

Con

vent

ion

on th

e El

imin

atio

n of

all

form

s of

Dis

crim

inat

ions

A

gain

st W

omen

, A

rt. 3

, 13,

14

-The

Pr

otoc

ol

to

the

Afr

ican

C

harte

r on

Hum

an

and

Peop

les'

Rig

hts

on

the

Rig

hts

of W

omen

in

Afr

ica,

Art.

18.

-B

eijin

gD

ecla

ratio

n an

d Pl

atfo

rm

for

Act

ion,

its

crit

ical

ar

ea o

f co

ncer

n A

&

F

Rw

anda

has

pro

mul

gate

d th

e La

w

on

mat

rimon

ial

regi

mes

, lib

eral

ities

an

d su

cces

sion

s (1

999)

, th

e la

nd

law

(20

05),

the

labo

ur l

aw

(200

9),

whi

ch a

ll ha

ve b

een

very

in

stru

men

tal

with

re

gard

s to

ec

onom

ic

empo

wer

men

t of

w

omen

w

ith r

egar

d to

acc

ess

to a

nd

cont

rol o

ver r

esou

rces

. Th

e N

atio

nal

Gen

der

Polic

y (2

004)

re

view

ed

in

2010

fu

rther

ad

voca

tes

for

wom

en’s

ca

paci

ty

build

ing

and

econ

omic

em

pow

erm

ent

amon

g ot

her

appr

oach

es,

to

addr

ess

the

fem

inin

e fa

ce o

f po

verty

.

The

impl

emen

tatio

n of

eco

nom

ic e

mpo

wer

men

t pr

ogra

m a

nd r

elat

ed p

roje

cts

trans

late

d am

ong

othe

r th

ings

int

o th

e es

tabl

ishm

ent

of w

omen

’s b

anki

ng f

und,

gre

ater

acc

ess

for

mid

dle

clas

s bu

sine

ss w

omen

to

cred

its a

vaile

d bo

th b

y ba

nks

and

othe

r fin

anci

ng

inst

itutio

ns, o

peni

ng a

nd fu

ndin

g a

cred

it fu

nd a

t eac

h di

stric

t to

help

gra

ntin

g sm

all l

oans

to

rura

l wom

en fo

r the

ir se

lf-em

pow

erm

ent.

The

dist

ribut

ion

of u

tiliz

atio

n of

wom

en g

uara

ntee

fund

in d

iffer

ent s

ecto

rs o

f act

ivity

is a

s fo

llow

: 15%

of t

he g

uara

ntee

fund

was

use

d in

ser

vice

s de

liver

y; 6

2% in

com

mer

ce; 9

% in

tra

nspo

rt; 1

3% in

agr

icul

ture

; and

oth

er s

ervi

ces

shar

ed 1

%. T

he b

igge

r am

ount

of t

he fu

nd

was

use

d in

Kig

ali C

ity w

ith th

e ra

te o

f 39%

, whi

le 2

0% u

sed

in S

outh

ern

Prov

ince

; 14%

in

Wes

tern

pro

vinc

e; 3

% i

n N

orth

and

24%

in

East

ern

Prov

ince

. The

inv

olve

d ba

nkin

g an

d cr

edit

inst

itutio

ns a

re B

PR c

over

ing

65,1

%; Z

IGA

MA

CSS

with

23,

7%; C

OM

ICO

KA

with

5,

2%; B

CR

with

2,8

%; A

mas

ezer

ano

Com

mer

cial

Ban

king

with

1,8

% a

nd B

K w

ith 1

,5%

. O

ther

impo

rtan

t ini

tiativ

es in

clud

e:

Savi

ngs

and

Cre

dit

Coo

pera

tive

« C

OO

PED

U »

in

itiat

ed

by W

omen

’s

asso

ciat

ion

“DU

TER

IMB

ERE,

Cha

mbe

r of

Wom

en E

ntre

pren

eurs

in P

rivat

e Se

ctor

Fed

erat

ion

(PSF

); th

e B

ranc

h fo

r W

omen

Pro

mot

ion

in B

PR (

BPP

F); S

avin

gs a

nd C

redi

t Coo

pera

tives

bas

ed

in e

ach

sect

or c

alle

d U

mur

enge

SA

CC

O, U

mw

arim

u SA

CC

O, e

tcA

ctiv

ities

und

er M

INIC

OM

: th

e PP

MER

in

partn

ersh

ip w

ith B

anqu

e Po

pula

ire

du

Rwan

da,

finan

ces

a fu

nd w

hich

sup

ports

rur

al a

rtisa

ns a

t a

rate

of

11%

. Th

e ag

reem

ent

betw

een

PPM

ER II

and

IFA

D p

rovi

des

that

at l

east

30%

for p

roje

ct b

enef

icia

ries

shou

ld b

e w

omen

. On

Apr

il 29

, 201

1 th

e ra

te o

f w

omen

ben

efiti

ng f

rom

that

pro

ject

was

57%

. The

m

embe

rs o

f th

ese

smal

l an

d m

icro

rur

al e

nter

pris

es b

enef

it al

so f

rom

the

proj

ect c

apac

ity

4141

build

ing

prog

ram

mes

in d

iffer

ent a

reas

aim

ed a

t mak

ing

wom

en’s

act

iviti

es su

stai

nabl

e.

Act

iviti

es u

nder

RC

A: c

urre

ntly

, 3.5

00 c

oope

rativ

es a

re re

gist

ered

, am

ong

whi

ch 6

0% a

re

in a

gric

ultu

re a

nd li

vest

ock.

On

the

requ

est o

f M

IGEP

RO

F, a

cen

sus

is b

eing

con

duct

ed to

kn

ow th

e ex

act n

umbe

r of w

omen

in c

oope

rativ

es.

Act

iviti

es u

nder

EW

SA: 8

5% o

f the

pop

ulat

ions

hav

e ac

cess

to d

rinki

ng w

ater

and

14%

are

co

nnec

ted

to th

e el

ectri

city

: MIN

INFR

A p

rovi

des t

hat i

n 7

year

s, 54

% o

f the

pop

ulat

ion

will

be

con

nect

ed to

the

elec

trici

ty (M

ININ

FRA

dec

lara

tion

of 0

8/05

/201

1).

Act

ivity

und

er M

INE

CO

FIN

: as

the

Min

istry

of

Fina

nce

and

Econ

omic

Pla

nnin

g is

re

spon

sibl

e fo

r pl

anni

ng a

nd m

anag

ing

the

Rw

anda

n ec

onom

y, i

t pl

ays

a cr

itica

l ro

le o

f en

surin

g th

at t

he G

over

nmen

t’s b

udge

ts f

ollo

w G

over

nmen

t’s p

olic

ies

incl

udin

g na

tiona

l co

mm

itmen

ts t

o ge

nder

equ

ality

obj

ectiv

es. A

Gen

der

Res

pons

ive

Bud

getin

g Pr

ojec

t w

as

initi

ated

by

MIN

ECO

FIN

in

colla

bora

tion

with

MIG

EPR

OF.

The

ann

exe

VII

I in

dica

tes

budg

et a

lloca

tion

for g

ende

r iss

ues i

n th

e St

ate

Fina

nces

from

200

8 to

201

0/20

11.

Oth

er d

iffer

ent

proj

ects

wer

e im

plem

ente

d un

der

diff

eren

t m

inis

tries

and

gov

ernm

ent

inst

itutio

ns (s

ee th

e de

tails

in a

nnex

ed ta

ble

n° 1

2).

42

42

3.2.

3.8.

Equ

al r

ight

s in

all m

atte

rs r

elat

ing

to m

arri

age

and

fam

ily r

elat

ions

Inst

rum

ents

and

re

leva

nt a

rtic

les

Mea

sure

s tak

en a

nd a

chie

vem

ents

Leg

isla

tions

Pr

ojec

ts/p

rogr

amm

es

-Th

e C

onve

ntio

n on

th

e El

imin

atio

n of

al

l fo

rms

of

Dis

crim

inat

ions

A

gain

st

Wom

en,

Art.

5, 9

, 15,

16;

-

The

Con

vent

ion

on

Con

sent

to

M

arria

ge,

Min

imum

Age

for

M

arria

ge

and

Reg

istra

tion

of

Mar

riage

s. -

The

Prot

ocol

to th

e A

fric

an C

harte

r on

H

uman

an

d Pe

ople

s' R

ight

s on

th

e R

ight

s of

W

omen

in

A

fric

a,

Art.

6.

•T

he C

onst

itutio

n of

the

Rep

ublic

of

Rw

anda

of

04/0

6/20

03 a

s am

ende

d to

da

teTh

e m

arria

ge is

pro

tect

ed b

y th

e co

nstit

utio

n of

the

Rep

ublic

of R

wan

da, e

spec

ially

in

its A

rticl

es 2

6 an

d 27

. Und

er A

rticl

e 26

the

Con

stitu

tion

prov

ides

that

“N

o pe

rson

m

ay b

e m

arrie

d w

ithou

t his

/her

fre

e co

nsen

t” a

nd th

at “

Parti

es to

a m

arria

ge h

ave

equa

l rig

hts a

nd o

blig

atio

ns u

pon

and

durin

g th

e su

bsis

tenc

e of

thei

r mar

riage

and

at

the

time

of d

ivor

ce”.

A

rticl

e 27

read

s in

par

t tha

t “Th

e St

ate

shal

l put

in p

lace

app

ropr

iate

legi

slat

ion

and

inst

itutio

ns fo

r the

pro

tect

ion

of th

e fa

mily

and

the

mot

her a

nd c

hild

in p

artic

ular

in

orde

r to

ensu

re th

at th

e fa

mily

flou

rishe

s”.

•L

aw n

° 22

/199

9 of

12/

11/1

999

on m

atri

mon

ial

regi

me,

lib

eral

ities

and

su

cces

sion

sTh

e A

rticl

e 43

pro

vide

s th

at “

All

child

ren

with

out d

iscr

imin

atio

n be

twee

n bo

ys a

nd

girls

... a

re e

ntitl

ed to

sha

re …

mad

e by

thei

r de

scen

dant

s”. T

he a

rticl

e 50

pro

vide

s th

at “

All

legi

timat

e ch

ildre

n of

the

dec

ease

d, i

n ac

cord

ance

with

the

civ

il la

ws,

inhe

rit in

equ

al p

arts

, with

out a

ny d

iscr

imin

atio

n be

twee

n m

ale

and

fem

ale

child

ren.

•L

aw n

° 27

/200

1 of

28/

04/2

001

rela

ting

to r

ight

s an

d pr

otec

tion

of th

e ch

ild

agai

nst v

iole

nce

Arti

cle

6 re

cogn

izes

that

“A

chi

ld b

orn

of a

Rw

ande

se m

othe

r with

a fa

ther

who

is a

Man

y ac

tiviti

es a

nd p

rogr

ams

have

bee

n do

ne b

y pu

blic

inst

itutio

ns a

nd c

ivil

soci

ety

orga

niza

tions

to

sens

itize

wom

en a

nd m

en o

n th

e im

porta

nce

of

equa

l rig

hts

in a

ll m

atte

rs r

elat

ing

to m

arria

ge a

nd

fam

ily r

elat

ions

. Y

et,

the

case

s re

gist

ered

by

civi

l so

ciet

y or

gani

zatio

ns a

re i

ncre

asin

g du

e es

peci

ally

to

the

pop

ulat

ion

beco

min

g m

ore

awar

e of

the

ir rig

hts

and

thus

abl

e to

see

k re

dres

s in

cas

e of

vi

olat

ions

. Fo

r ex

ampl

e, H

AG

UR

UK

A –

one

of

the

Civ

il So

ciet

y O

rgan

isat

ion

wor

king

for

the

prot

ectio

n of

th

e rig

hts

of w

omen

and

chi

ldre

n ha

s re

ceiv

ed

115.

705

com

plai

nts

in 2

008

and

126.

101

in 2

00952

.C

ases

re

ceiv

ed

basi

cally

re

late

d to

Pa

tern

ity,

Alim

ony,

Rig

ht t

o pr

oper

ty,

Inhe

ritan

ce,

Prop

erty

m

anag

emen

t, D

ivor

ce/le

gal

sepa

ratio

n/an

nulm

ent

of m

arria

ge

Gua

rdia

nshi

p/ad

optio

n, E

man

cipa

tion,

Sat

isfa

ctio

n of

jud

gem

ent,

Wel

fare

allo

wan

ce (

SSFR

), V

ario

us

oblig

atio

ns,

Abs

ence

/dec

lara

tion

of

deat

h,

Chi

ldca

re, S

ale

canc

ella

tion,

D&

I, C

redi

t and

deb

t,

52

See

AN

NEX

IX fo

r det

ails

4343

fore

igne

r ha

s au

tom

atic

ally

a R

wan

dan

citiz

en”;

and

Arti

cle

7 st

ipul

ates

tha

t “A

s lo

ng a

s th

e ch

ild is

und

er s

ix y

ears

old

, he/

she

mus

t be

in h

is/h

er m

othe

r’s

care

as

long

as t

he c

hild

’s in

tere

sts a

re n

ot th

reat

ened

”.

•O

rgan

ic

Law

n°

08

/200

5 of

14

/07/

2005

de

term

inin

g th

e us

e an

d m

anag

emen

t of l

and

in R

wan

da

Arti

cle

4 of

this

law

stip

ulat

es th

at “

Any

dis

crim

inat

ion

eith

er b

ased

on

sex

or o

rigin

in

mat

ters

rel

atin

g to

ow

ners

hip

or p

osse

ssio

n of

rig

hts

over

the

land

is p

rohi

bite

d.

The

wife

and

the

husb

and

have

equ

al ri

ghts

ove

r the

land

”.

•O

rgan

ic L

aw n

° 30/

2008

of 2

5/07

/200

8 re

latin

g to

Rw

anda

n N

atio

nalit

y A

rticl

e 6

of th

is la

w p

rovi

des

that

“Sh

all b

e R

wan

dan

any

pers

on w

hose

one

of t

he

pare

nts

is R

wan

dan”

; an

d A

rticl

e 11

stip

ulat

es t

hat

“Any

for

eign

er o

r st

atel

ess

pers

on m

arrie

d to

a R

wan

dan

may

acq

uire

Rw

anda

n na

tiona

lity

afte

r thr

ee (3

) yea

rs

from

the

date

of m

arria

ge. D

isso

lutio

n of

mar

riage

afte

r the

acq

uisi

tion

of R

wan

dan

natio

nalit

y ca

nnot

hav

e ad

vers

e ef

fect

on

the

natio

nalit

y ac

quire

d in

goo

d fa

ith b

y th

e sp

ouse

and

the

child

ren

born

of t

hat m

arria

ge”.

•L

aw n

° 10/

2009

of 1

4/05

/200

9 on

mor

tgag

es

Arti

cle

5 La

w n

° 10

/200

9 of

14/

05/2

009

on m

ortg

ages

sta

tes

that

“A

mor

tgag

e of

a

mat

rimon

ial h

ome

shal

l be

valid

onl

y if

any

docu

men

t or a

ny o

ther

inst

rum

ent u

sed

in o

btai

ning

suc

h a

mor

tgag

e is

sig

ned

by b

oth

the

mor

tgag

or a

nd h

is/h

er s

pous

e liv

ing

in th

at m

atrim

onia

l hom

e, o

r w

here

ther

e is

evi

denc

e of

con

sens

us b

etw

een

them

so

as to

gra

nt th

e m

ortg

age”

and

“Th

e m

ortg

age

shal

l hav

e th

e re

spon

sibi

lity

to e

nsur

e w

heth

er o

r not

the

mor

tgag

or h

as a

spou

se”.

Dep

rivat

ion

of p

aren

tal a

utho

rity,

etc

.

44

44

3.2.

3.9.

Tak

e al

l ap

prop

riat

e m

easu

res,

incl

udin

g le

gisla

tion,

to

supp

ress

all

form

s of

tra

ffic

in

wom

en a

nd

expl

oita

tion

of p

rost

itutio

n of

wom

en

Inst

rum

ents

and

ar

ticle

s M

easu

res t

aken

and

ach

ieve

men

ts: l

aws a

nd p

olic

ies

-Th

e C

onve

ntio

n on

th

e El

imin

atio

n of

al

l for

ms o

f D

iscr

imin

atio

ns

agai

nst W

omen

, A

rt. 6

; -

The

Con

vent

ion

for

the

supp

ress

ion

of

the

traff

ic

in

pers

ons

and

of t

he

expl

oita

tion

of t

he

pros

titut

ion

of

othe

rs, A

rt. 1

, 2, 3

, 4

Law

n°

27/2

001

0f 2

8/04

/200

1 re

latin

g to

righ

ts a

nd p

rote

ctio

n of

the

child

aga

inst

vio

lenc

e pr

ovid

es c

rimes

aga

inst

chi

ldre

n an

d th

eir

pena

lties

in m

atte

rs o

f eng

agin

g a

child

in fo

rnic

atio

n an

d pr

ostit

utio

n as

follo

ws:

Arti

cle

38:

“Who

ever

attr

acts

per

suad

es o

r de

ceiv

es a

chi

ld t

o co

mm

it he

r/him

to

pros

titut

ion

or f

orni

catio

n, s

hall

be s

ente

nced

to

impr

ison

men

t of b

etw

een

thre

e m

onth

s and

five

yea

rs a

nd p

ay a

fine

of b

etw

een

of te

n th

ousa

nd a

nd o

ne h

undr

ed th

ousa

nd fr

ancs

”.

Arti

cle

39:

“Who

ever

by

his/

her

initi

ativ

e or

thr

ough

som

eone

els

e, l

eads

, ke

eps

or p

rovi

des

fund

s kn

owin

gly

to s

uppo

rt ch

ild

pros

titut

ion

shal

l be

sent

ence

d to

impr

ison

men

t of b

etw

een

five

year

s to

ten

year

s and

pay

a fi

ne o

f bet

wee

n tw

o hu

ndre

d th

ousa

nd a

nd

five

hund

red

thou

sand

fran

cs”.

Arti

cle

40: “

Any

one

who

ben

efits

from

pro

stitu

tion

of a

chi

ld o

r kno

win

gly

is g

iven

and

acc

epts

ass

ista

nce

wel

l aw

are

that

it is

from

a

child

's pr

ostit

utio

n sh

all b

e se

nten

ced

to im

pris

onm

ent o

f bet

wee

n tw

o ye

ars a

nd fi

ve y

ears

. Who

ever

use

s chi

ldre

n or

exp

loits

them

for

nigh

t ac

tiviti

es a

imed

at

adve

rtisi

ng p

rost

itutio

n or

as

inte

rest

arou

sing

mea

ns i

n po

rnog

raph

ic p

ublic

atio

ns,

shal

l be

sen

tenc

ed t

o im

pris

onm

ent o

f bet

wee

n fiv

e ye

ars a

nd tw

elve

yea

rs a

nd p

ay a

fine

of b

etw

een

two

hund

red

thou

sand

five

hun

dred

thou

sand

fran

cs”.

Arti

cle

41: “

Who

ever

kid

naps

, sel

ls o

r le

ads

child

ren

into

sla

very

, sha

ll be

sen

tenc

ed to

impr

ison

men

t of

betw

een

five

year

s an

d lif

e im

pris

onm

ent a

nd p

ay a

fine

of b

etw

een

two

hund

red

thou

sand

to fi

ve h

undr

ed th

ousa

nd fr

ancs

”.

Law

n° 5

9/20

08 o

f 10/

09/2

008

on p

reve

ntio

n an

d pu

nish

men

t of g

ende

r bas

ed v

iole

nce

prov

ides

pen

alty

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ed p

eopl

e.

46

46

IV. MONITORING AND EVALUATION FRAMEWORK FOR GENDER RELATED INSTRUMENTS

Advancing equality and equity between women and men requires generating accurate and relevant data on the status of women, men and gender relations. Such data helps make gender biases more visible and facilitates effective policy-making to bring about greater gender equality and equity.

The need for sex-disaggregated data has been stressed in numerous international conventions and declarations, including the 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), the 1985 Nairobi Forward looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women, the 1993 Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, the 1995 Platform for Action of the Fourth UN World Conference on Women in Beijing, and the 1995 Commonwealth Plan of Action on Gender and Development.

4.1. Gender Equality and Women Empowerment Indicators

4.1.1. Definition and purposes

4.1.1.1. Definition

Indicators are defined as criteria or measures against which changes can be assessed. They may be pointers, facts, numbers, opinions or perceptions – used to signify changes in specific conditions or progress towards particular objectives (CIDA, 1997).

A gender-sensitive indicator can be defined as an indicator that captures gender related changes in society over time. Thus, whereas a gender statistic provides factual information about the status of women, a gender-sensitive indicator provides “direct evidence of the status of women, relative to some agreed normative standard or explicit reference group” (Johnson, 1985).

National-level gender-sensitive indicators are among the key means by which planners and policy-makers measure gender inequality. They also provide information on the basis of which gender specialists advocate for policies likely to lead to greater gender equality. Gender-sensitive indicators support the gender and development approach which focuses on changing the gendered nature of society through the promotion of gender equity, rather than on women in isolation, which was the focus of the women in development model and is reflected in an emphasis on gender statistics.

47

47

4.1.1.2. The purpose of gender-sensitive indicators

Gender indicators are of capital importance in the process of implementation and monitoring of gender equality programs:

What is measured using gender sensitive indicators is more likely to be prioritized and evidence gathered against indicators can help make the case that gender issues should be taken seriously. Indicators can be used for advocacy and can help make the case for action by highlighting key issues, backed up with statistics and other evidence.

They enable better planning and actions. Gender indicators can be used to evaluate the outcomes of gender-focused and mainstream interventions and policies and help reveal barriers to achieving success. They can provide vital information for adjusting programmes and activities so that they better achieve gender equality goals and do not create adverse impacts on women and men. They can also be used to measure gender mainstreaming within organizations (see section 5.4).

They can be used for holding institutions accountable for their commitments on gender equality. Gender indicators and relevant data can make visible the gaps between the commitments many governments and other institutions have made at all levels – for example by ratifying the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) – and their actual implementation and impact. They can be used to hold policy-makers accountable for their actions, or lack of action.

They can help stimulate change through data collection processes. For example, discussions in focus groups or in individual interviews can help raise awareness of particular issues. They can stimulate discussion and inspire recognition among participants of common experiences related to sensitive topics such as GBV.

4.1.1.3. Some existing international and regional tools for gender measurements

There are a number of existing International indicators. However, it is important to develop indicators adapted to specific regions, countries and local situations. It is also essential to ensure that indicators reflect gender concerns in a cross-cutting way rather than only inrelation to areas explicitly associated with gender inequality.

4.1.2. International indicators

4.1.2.1. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

Many practitioners and policymakers agree that gender equality and women’s empowerment are central to the achievement of each of the MDGs, and the achievement of Goal 3 in turn depends upon the extent to which the other goals address gender-based constraints. The Millennium Project Task Force on Gender and Education has developed a framework

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48

outlining some of the reasons why gender equality is important to each of the 8 MDGs. These can help to make the case for developing gender indicators for each MDG and provide a good starting point.

MDGs and the importance of gender equality

MDGs Measure outcomes (facts)

Goal 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

o Equal access for women to basic transport and energy infrastructure can lead to increased economic activity by women.

o Investment in women’s health and nutritional status reduces chronic hunger and malnourishment, which increases productivity and wellbeing.

Goal 2. Achieve universal primary education

o Educated girls and women have greater control over their fertility and participate more in public life.

o A mother’s education is a strong, consistent determinant of her children’s school enrolment and attainment and their health and nutrition outcomes.

Goal 3. Promote gender equality & empower women

o This central goal dedicated to gender equality and women’s empowerment depends on the achievement of all other goals for its success.

Goal 4. Reduce child mortality

o A mother’s education, income, and empowerment have a significant impact on lowering child mortality.

Goal 5. Improve maternal health

o A mother’s education, income, and empowerment have a significant impact on lowering maternal mortality.

Goal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases

o Greater economic independence for women, increased ability to negotiate safe sex, and more awareness of how to challenge traditional norms in sexual relations are essential for preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS and other epidemics.

Goal 7. Ensureenvironmental sustainability

o Gender‐equitable property and resource ownership policies enable women (often as primary users of these resources) to manage them in a more sustainable manner.

o Women’s existing knowledge of natural resources is essential for sustainable climate responses.

Goal 8. Develop a global partnership for development

o Greater gender equality in the political sphere may lead to higher investments in development co‐operation.

4.1.2.2. The Gender related Development Index (GDI) and Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)

The Gender-related Development Index (GDI) adjusts the Human Development Index (HDI) for gender inequalities in the three dimensions covered by the HDI: life expectancy,

49

49

education, and income. It is important to note that the GDI is not specifically a measure of gender inequality.

The Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) seeks to measure relative female representation in economic and political power. It considers gender gaps in political representation and in professional and management positions, as well as gender gaps in incomes.

4.1.2.3. Complementary indices

Other international composite indices to measure gender equality have been developed, partly to complement and expand on the Gender‐related Development Index and the Gender Empowerment Measure. For example, Social Watch’s Gender Equity Index (GEI) combines indicators from both the GDI and GEM, with a separate gender equality rating estimated for three dimensions (Social Watch 2005) as follows:

o Education measured by the literacy gap between men and women and by male and female enrolment rates in primary, secondary and tertiary education;

o Participation in the economy measured by the percentage of women and men in paid jobs, excluding agriculture, and by the income ratio of men to women;

o Empowerment measured by the percentage of women in professional, technical, managerial and administrative jobs, and by the number of seats women have in parliament and the number of decision‐making ministerial posts held by women.

The World Economic Forum’s Gender Gap Index (GGI)53 indicators include the following dimensions:

- Economic participation male and female unemployment levels, levels of economic activity, and remuneration for equal work;

- Economic opportunity duration of maternity leave, number of women in managerial positions, availability of government‐provided childcare, wage inequalities between men and women;

- Political empowerment number of female ministers, share of seats in parliament, women holding senior legislative and managerial positions, number of years a female has been head of state;

- Educational attainment literacy rates, enrolment rates for primary, secondary and tertiary education, average years of schooling;

- Health and wellbeing effectiveness of governments’ efforts to reduce poverty and inequality, adolescent fertility rate, percentage of births attended by skilled health staff and maternal and infant mortality rates.

53 Source: (Lopez Claros and Zahidi, 2005).

5050

4.1.3. Regional indicators

International indicators do not always match with realities at the local or regional levels. Indeed, gender inequalities play out in different ways depending on the social, cultural or political context. Below are some examples of regional indicators:

4.1.3.1. The Africa Gender and Development Index (AGDI)

The Africa Gender and Development Index (AGDI) is one example of how international indicators, in this case the GDI/GEM, have been adapted to regional contexts. The AGDI has been designed for use by African governments as a tool for monitoring progress towards gender equality. It also helps monitor progress in implementing the conventions which have been ratified by African countries, including the Dakar Platform for Action (UNECA 2004). It is made up of two complementary components:

The Gender Status Index (GSI) ‐ a quantitative tool of 42 sex‐disaggregated indicators and The African Women’s Progress Scoreboard (AWPS) ‐ a qualitative assessment of the level of implementation of key women’s rights and national, regional and international gender equality documents such as human rights conventions and agreements (see box below).

4.1.3.2. The Gender Status Index (GSI)54

The GSI is based on three components: social power, economic power and political power. Each of the three main components has the same weight in the calculation of the GSI. Within each block, each component also carries the same weight.

The social power component (capabilities) consists of two sub-components: • Education: measured by levels of school enrolment and dropout, and literacy

levels of girls and women. • Health: measured by levels of child health, new HIV infections and time spent out

of work due to illness.

The economic power component (opportunities) consists of three sub-components: • Income: measured by women’s income from agriculture, from work in the formal

and informal sectors and from cash transfers. • Time use or employment: measured by time spent in economic activities, and in

employment.

54 Source: (Based on ECA 2004:13)

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51

• Access to resources: measured by access to means of production and to management positions.

The political power component (agency) consists of two sub-components: • Representation in key decision‐making positions in the public sector. • Representation in key decision‐making positions in civil society.

4.1.3.3. The African Women’s Progress Scoreboard (AWPS)55

In each country, the research team assesses the level of implementation of all key women’s rights and gender equality regional and international documents classified within four blocs:

o Women’s rights componentThe women’s rights component focuses on the Convention on the elimination of all forms of discriminations against women particularly its optional protocol, in its articles 2 and 16 on the principle of equality of men and women in national constitutions and other legislations and article 16 on marriage and family relations respectively, and the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights and the Protocol on Women’s Rights.

o Social componentThe social component focuses on the level of demonstrated commitment to the Beijing Platform for Action, levels of violence against women, including domestic violence, rape, sexual harassment and trafficking in women, health, including sexually transmitted infections, HIV/AIDS, maternal mortality and contraception, and education especially policy on girls’ school dropouts and education on human/women’s rights.

o Economic componentThis component focuses on ILO Conventions and policies on equitable working conditions, including Convention 100 on equal remuneration, Convention 111 on discrimination and Convention 183 on maternity protection at the workplace; engendering national poverty reduction strategy papers (PRSP) and other development plans; and access to agricultural extension services, technology and land.

o Political componentThis component focuses on the implementation of Security UN Resolution 1325 on the impacts of conflict on women and their role in peace-building; development of effective national women’s machinery; and gender equitable decision-making, including support for electoral quotas and gender mainstreaming in all government ministries and departments.

4.1.4. Country level Gender Indicators At the country level, gender equality indicators are key to measuring the implementation of national, regional and global commitments to gender equality and sustainable development, including CEDAW and the MDGs. Indicators on gender equality at the national level could reflect structural (in)equalities (such as policy commitments, legal frameworks and national 55 (Based on FAO 2005: 6)

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legislation). They could measure manifestations of gender inequalities (such as lower retention rates of girls in education compared to boys or the prevalence of violence against women), or they could refer to the impact on women and men of lack of government provision of basic services.

4.2. Proposed Programs related to Gender Monitoring Indicators The areas covered below present some of the most important indicators to be collected at the national level in relation to different development programs. These programs’ indicators serve as a checklist, and provide broad guidelines within which specific indicators could be generated.

4.2.1. Population Composition and Change (they requested to show the link with gender) Indicators of population composition and change are important in determining the process of social and economic development in a country and hence for the planning of development policies. All such data should be collected on a sex disaggregated basis.

4.2.2. Human Settlements and Geographical Distribution Indicators of housing conditions and facilities available to households reveal where poor housing conditions, and insufficient water and energy supplies, impact most heavily on women as the main providers of reproductive labour in many countries. The generation of socio-economic and demographic indicators by geographical area can be used to differentiate between living conditions in specified areas and to develop policies for reducing disparities.

4.2.3. Households and Families, Marital Status, Fertility The position of women within the household or family is often a key element in relation to gender inequality and to women’s participation in society as a whole. It is particularly important to define the concept of ‘household head’ in a fashion which recognizes the role played by many women as main household providers.

4.2.4. Learning in Formal and Non-Formal Education Education indicators are among the most important for measuring the status of women and gender equity. Several international studies have also focused recently on the key role education of the girl child and women can play in improving women’s status. With regard to education indicators, two main sectors have been distinguished, and when developing a national level database this typology can be used. The first sector relates to indicators of educational characteristics of the population, including literacy, educational attainment, access to education and school attendance. The second relates to indicators of the educational system, including enrolment, retention, educational resources, and curricula.

4.2.5. Health care, Health Services, Nutrition The following are key areas where data should be collected:

• Availability and accessibility of resources; • Use of health resources (hospitals, etc.); • Environmental data (e.g. related to pollution); and • Outcomes of preventive and curative measures.

5353

4.2.6. Economic Activity and Labour Force Participation

It is generally agreed that women’s economic activity is under-represented in most censuses and national level surveys. The following gender indicators are designed to allow the user to develop a basic data set on women and economic activity.

4.2.7. Access to Land, Equipment and Credit

Women’s rights to land ownership differ from country to country, but what is clear is that land is generally under male ownership and control. The World Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development (WCARRD), which requires member countries of the FAO to report on various aspects of agrarian development (see Section 4), has suggested indicators for access to land, water and other natural resources (Dey-Abbas and Gaiha, 1993: 250-1). In addition, States Parties to CEDAW are required to report on Article 14 on discrimination against rural women, Section (g) of which states that women have the right: “to have access to agricultural credit and loans, marketing facilities, appropriate technology and equal treatment in land and agrarian reform as well as in land resettlement schemes”.

4.2.8. Legal Rights and Political Power There has been increasing focus on women’s legal rights and political power over the last ten years, a focus that work on indicators is only beginning to reflect. However, a number of indicators can be extrapolated from the literature related to this area. For example the UNDP Gender Empowerment Matrix employs as one of its indicators the commonly used “share of parliamentary seats going to women and men”56.

4.2.9. Violence against Women As with political power, there has also been increasing attention paid in the last ten years to violence against women. Discussion of violence against women is also included in the focus on women’s rights as human rights57.

4.2.10. Macroeconomic Policy and Gender The final priority area to be covered here is macro-economic policy and gender. Integrating gender into national budgetary processes has become an important focus for many countries. This can be done in particular by examining national budgets for gender-sensitivity

56 The following are areas where are required indicators of empowerment and participation in CEDAW reporting: sex roles and stereotyping (Article 5); suppression of the exploitation of women (Article 6); political and public life (Article 7); international representation and participation (Article 8); equality before the law and in civil matters (Article 15); Equality in marriage and family law (Article 16).

57 The World’s Women (UN 1995a) uses, among others, as key indicators: % of adult women who have been physically assaulted by an intimate partner; % of women in selected large cities who were sexually assaulted in a five‐year period; numbers of NGOs working on violence against women; rape reform laws passed; domestic violence reforms passed; Government body responsible for anti‐violence programming.

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and estimating budgetary expenditure going towards priority areas as they affect women and men. The Commonwealth Secretariat has developed a series of policy options for integrating gender into national budgetary policies in the context of economic reform. The policy options centre on six possible tools:

• sex-disaggregated beneficiary assessments – How would the national budgetary pie be sliced to reflects women’s priorities;

• sex - disaggregated public expenditure incidence analysis – this involves analyzing public expenditures in such areas as health, education and agriculture to see how such expenditures benefit women and men, girls and boys to differing extents;

• gender-sensitive policy evaluation of public expenditure – evaluating the policy assumptions that underlie budgetary appropriations, to identify their likely impact on current patterns and extents of gender differences;

• gender-sensitive budget statement – a modification of the Women’s Budget; this is a statement from each sectoral ministry or line department on the gender implications of the budget within that sector;

• sex-disaggregated analysis of the impact of the budget on time-use – this looks at the relationship between the national budget and the way time is used in households, so as to reveal the macroeconomic implications of unpaid work such as caring for the family, the sick and community members, collecting fuel and water, cooking, cleaning, teaching children and so on;

• Gender-sensitive medium-term economic policy framework – medium-term macroeconomic policy frameworks are currently formulated using a variety of economy-wide models which are usually ‘gender-blind’. Approaches for integrating gender could include disaggregating variables by gender where applicable; introducing new variables incorporating a gender perspective; constructing new models that incorporate both national income accounts and household income accounts reflecting unpaid work; and changing underlying assumptions about the social and institutional set-up for economic planning.

4.2.11. Women and Environment This program highlights the need to involve women actively in environmental decision-making at all levels, integrate gender concerns and perspectives in policies and programmes for sustainable development, strengthen or establish mechanisms at the national, regional and international levels to assess the impact of development and environmental policies on women.

4.2.12. The girl child The program focusing on the girl child emphasizes on the need for actions to eliminate all forms of discrimination against the girl child, measures to eliminate negative cultural attitudes and practices against girls, measures to eliminate discrimination against girls in education, skills development and training, specific measures to eliminate discrimination against girls in health and nutrition, specific measures to eliminate the economic exploitation of child labour and protect young girls at work, action to eradicate violence against the girl child, and strengthen the role of the family in improving the status of the girl child and institutional arrangement

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4.2.13. Media and communication technologies This program emphasizes on programs aimed at increasing the participation and access of women to media and new technologies of communication and at promoting a balanced and non-stereotyped portrayal of women in the media.

4.2.14. Defense, conflict resolution and peacekeeping This program highlights the need to increase the participation of women in conflict resolution at decision making levels and protect women living in situations of armed and other conflicts under foreign occupation; mechanisms to reduce excessive military expenditures and control the availability of armaments; measures to promote non-violent forms of conflict resolution and reduce the incidents of human rights abuse in conflict situations and promotion of women’s contribution to fostering a culture of peace and actions to provide protection, assistance and training to refugee women, other displaced women in need of international protection and internally displaced women. The program for defense, conflict resolution and peacekeeping is divided into four implementation actions as highlighted in the UNSCR 1325 and the UNSCR 1820 which are prevention, participation, protection; and relief recovery.

Prevention: Indicators for this pillar measure progress towards the prevention of conflict and violations of women’s and girls’ human rights, including sexual and gender-based violence. The indicators respond to resolutions 1325 which calls for regular monitoring of the situation of women and girls. They also respond to a need for the development of specific guidelines and protocols for the justice and security actors, as well as the development of systems for reporting abuses and ensuring accountability of both peacekeepers and national security actors.

B. Participation: Indicators for this pillar would allow the monitoring of progress in ensuring the inclusion of women and women’s interests in decision-making processes related to the prevention, management and resolution of conflicts, as per resolution 1325 (2000) (paragraph. 1 to 4, 8, 15 and 16). The indicators also help assess the extent to which women participate in reaching peace agreements and in peace-building.

Protection: Indicators for this pillar measure progress towards protecting and promoting the human rights of women and girls and ensuring their physical safety, health and economic security, as per resolution 1325 (2000).

Relief and Recovery: Indicators for this pillar assess the extent to which the specific needs of women and girls are addressed during the relief and recovery phase following conflict. The indicators respond to paragraphs 7 to 9, 13, 17 and 18 of resolution 1325 (2000).

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s to

elec

trici

ty

N

ISR

M

INEC

OFI

NM

INA

LOC

M

ININ

FRA

MIN

ELA

MIN

INFR

A

EWSA

.

5757

Prog

ram

Tre

atie

s In

dica

tors

Cur

rent

da

ta

Tar

gets

(Y

ear…

) Pe

riod

icity

of

re

port

ing

Prop

osed

Im

plem

entin

g In

stitu

tion

•Ti

me-

use

in c

onne

ctio

n w

ith h

ouse

hold

ac

tiviti

es b

y re

gion

and

by

fem

ale-

and

mal

e-he

aded

hou

seho

lds

3.

Hou

seho

lds

and

Fam

ilies

, M

arita

l St

atus

, Fe

rtili

ty

oC

EDA

Wo

Prot

ocol

on

the

AC

HPR

for t

he

right

s of

w

omen

•%

of p

oor h

ouse

hold

s hea

ded

by w

omen

•

birth

rat

e, p

er 1

,000

wom

en i

n sp

ecifi

ed a

ge

grou

p

N

ISR

M

IGEP

RO

F G

MO

M

INA

LOC

M

INEC

OFI

N4.

Equ

al r

ight

s to

For

mal

and

N

on-F

orm

al

Edu

catio

n

oC

EDA

Wo

Prot

ocol

on

the

AC

HPR

for t

he

right

s of

w

omen

o

BD

PAo

MD

Gs

•Pe

rcen

tage

s of l

itera

te p

erso

ns, b

y se

x

•Pr

imar

y sc

hool

com

plet

ion

rate

(%).

•%

of f

emal

e an

d m

ale

in V

TC

•%

of f

emal

e an

d m

ale

in IP

RC

TV

ET.

•%

of

wom

en/m

en g

radu

atin

g in

the

fie

lds

of

law

/ sc

ienc

es /

med

icin

e •

Gro

ss p

rimar

y sc

hool

enr

olm

ent r

atio

for

girl

s / b

oys

•G

ross

sec

onda

ry s

choo

l en

rolm

ent

ratio

for

gi

rls /

boys

•

Gro

ss h

igh

lear

ning

inst

itutio

n en

rolm

ent r

atio

fo

r girl

s / b

oys

•En

rolm

ent r

atio

s of w

omen

and

men

in te

rtiar

y ed

ucat

ion

and

univ

ersi

ty

•%

of

Fem

ale/

mal

e dr

opou

t ra

tes

at p

rimar

y,

seco

ndar

y an

d hi

gh le

arni

ng in

stitu

tions

•

%

of

fem

ale/

mal

e te

ache

rs

at

prim

ary,

se

cond

ary

and

terti

ary

leve

ls

•%

of

fe

mal

e/m

ale

scho

ol

prin

cipa

ls

and

N

ISR

M

INED

UC

G

MO

5858

Prog

ram

Tre

atie

s In

dica

tors

Cur

rent

da

ta

Tar

gets

(Y

ear…

) Pe

riod

icity

of

re

port

ing

Prop

osed

Im

plem

entin

g In

stitu

tion

univ

ersi

ty h

eads

of d

epar

tmen

ts

5. H

ealth

car

e,

Hea

lth

Serv

ices

, N

utri

tion

oC

EDA

Wo

BD

PA•

Util

izat

ion

rate

of p

rimar

y he

alth

car

e se

rvic

es

per s

ex

•Pr

opor

tion

of

girls

an

d bo

ys

imm

unis

ed

agai

nst s

peci

fic d

isea

ses.

•

Life

exp

ecta

ncy

by se

x •

Mat

erna

l m

orta

lity

rate

s (p

er

100,

000

live

birth

s )

•%

of H

IV P

reva

lenc

e am

ong

popu

latio

n ag

ed

15-4

9 ye

ars.

•

% o

f pop

ulat

ion

with

acc

ess t

o cl

ean

wat

er

(with

500

met

ers i

n ru

ral a

reas

and

200

met

ers

in u

rban

are

as).

•%

of p

opul

atio

n w

ith a

cces

s to

hygi

ene

sani

tatio

n fa

cilit

ies.

N

ISR

M

INIS

AN

TE

6.

Wom

en

Eco

nom

ic

Act

ivity

an

d L

abor

Fo

rce

Part

icip

atio

n

oC

EDA

Wo

Prot

ocol

on

the

AC

HPR

for t

he

right

s of

w

omen

o

BD

PA

•%

of f

emal

e/m

ale

labo

r for

ce in

agr

icul

ture

, in

dust

ry a

nd se

rvic

es (a

ges 1

5 an

d ov

er)

•%

of

fem

ale/

mal

e la

bour

for

ce i

n m

anag

eria

l oc

cupa

tions

•

% o

f fe

mal

e/m

ale

labo

ur f

orce

in p

rofe

ssio

nal

occu

patio

ns

•%

of

fe

mal

e/m

ale

labo

ur

forc

e w

ho

are

empl

oyed

in w

age

farm

ing

•

Empl

oym

ent

/ un

empl

oym

ent

rate

of

w

omen

/men

, urb

an/ru

ral

•Ti

me

use

in u

npai

d ho

usew

ork

and

child

car

e

•In

cide

nce

of

part

time/

full

time

wor

k of

N

ISR

M

IFO

TRA

MIG

EPR

OF

GM

O

5959

Prog

ram

Tre

atie

s In

dica

tors

Cur

rent

da

ta

Tar

gets

(Y

ear…

) Pe

riod

icity

of

re

port

ing

Prop

osed

Im

plem

entin

g In

stitu

tion

wom

en a

nd m

en

•%

of

avai

labl

e fin

anci

al a

nd te

chni

cal s

uppo

rt go

ing

to w

omen

/ m

en f

rom

gov

ernm

ent

and

non-

gove

rnm

ent s

ourc

es

•%

of e

mpl

oyer

s pro

vidi

ng c

hild

car

e

•%

of c

hild

ren

aged

0-3

and

3-6

in c

hild

car

e

7. A

cces

s to

Lan

d,

Equ

ipm

ent a

nd

Cre

dit

indi

cato

rs

oC

EDA

Wo

Prot

ocol

on

the

AC

HPR

for t

he

right

s of

w

omen

•%

of

prop

erty

ow

ned

or a

cces

sibl

e by

wom

en

(land

, ho

uses

, liv

esto

ck),

acro

ss

inco

me

grou

ps 5

•

% o

f wom

en w

ho h

ave

acce

ss to

cre

dit,

vis-

à-vi

s men

. •

% o

f fe

mal

e/m

ale

head

ed h

ouse

hold

s w

ithou

t la

nd•

% o

f w

omen

/men

who

hav

e re

ceiv

ed l

and

title

s und

er la

nd re

form

sche

mes

NIS

R

RN

RA

M

INEC

OFI

NM

INA

GR

I

8. W

omen

em

pow

erm

ent

and

part

icip

atio

n in

Po

litic

al a

nd

Publ

ic

oC

EDA

Wo

Prot

ocol

on

the

AC

HPR

for t

he

right

s of

w

omen

o

BD

PAo

UN

SCR

132

5

•%

of s

eats

hel

d by

wom

en a

nd m

en in

nat

iona

l pa

rliam

ents

and

loc

al g

over

nmen

t /d

ecis

ion

- m

akin

g bo

dies

•

% o

f w

omen

and

men

in

deci

sion

-mak

ing

posi

tions

in g

over

nmen

t •

% o

f w

omen

and

men

ele

ctor

al c

andi

date

s/

offic

ers i

n po

litic

al p

artie

s •

% o

f w

omen

in

the

civi

l se

rvic

e, a

t fo

ur

high

est l

evel

s of o

ffic

e •

% o

f wom

en e

mpl

oyed

in th

e pu

blic

sect

or, a

t ad

min

istra

tive

and

man

ager

ial l

evel

s •

% o

f wom

en/m

en re

gist

ered

as v

oter

s /%

of

Parli

amen

t N

ISR

M

IGEP

RO

F M

INA

LOC

N

EC

6060

Prog

ram

Tre

atie

s In

dica

tors

Cur

rent

da

ta

Tar

gets

(Y

ear…

) Pe

riod

icity

of

re

port

ing

Prop

osed

Im

plem

entin

g In

stitu

tion

elig

ible

wom

en/m

en w

ho v

ote

•%

of

wom

en i

n se

nior

/juni

or d

ecis

ion

a ki

ng

posi

tions

with

in u

nion

s •

% o

f wom

en ju

dges

and

pro

secu

tors

•

% o

f wom

en in

the

polic

e, b

y ra

nk

•R

isk/

enab

ling

indi

cato

rs

•G

over

nmen

t sup

port

for l

ocal

par

ticip

atio

n.

•%

of D

onor

s hav

ing

inte

grat

ed g

ende

r equ

ality

in

to th

eir c

ount

ry c

oope

ratio

n st

rate

gy

•In

put i

ndic

ator

s •

% o

f fe

mal

e an

d m

ale

popu

latio

n in

form

ed,

cons

ulte

d an

d pa

rtici

patin

g in

dev

elop

ing

loca

l an

d ce

ntra

l gov

ernm

ent’s

pla

ns a

nd b

udge

ts.

•Q

uant

itativ

e in

dica

tors

of e

mpo

wer

men

t •

% o

f gen

der d

iscr

imin

ator

y la

ws r

evis

ed.

•N

umbe

r of

cas

es r

elat

ed t

o w

omen

's rig

hts

hear

d an

d pr

oces

sed

in lo

cal c

ourts

, and

thei

r re

sults

. •

Num

ber

of c

ases

rel

ated

to th

e le

gal r

ight

s of

di

vorc

ed a

nd w

idow

ed w

omen

hea

rd i

n lo

cal

cour

ts, a

nd th

e re

sults

. •

Num

ber o

f cas

es re

late

d to

GB

V (5

form

s:

Econ

omic

, Phy

sica

l, se

xual

, psy

chol

ogic

al, a

t th

e w

orkp

lace

).

•%

of q

ualif

ied

and

enga

ged

fem

ale

mag

istra

tes,

pros

ecut

ors a

nd la

wye

rs

•%

of f

emal

es a

nd m

ales

in th

e na

tiona

l pol

ice

6161

Prog

ram

Tre

atie

s In

dica

tors

Cur

rent

da

ta

Tar

gets

(Y

ear…

) Pe

riod

icity

of

re

port

ing

Prop

osed

Im

plem

entin

g In

stitu

tion

•%

of

se

ats

held

by

w

omen

in

lo

cal

coun

cils

/dec

isio

n-m

akin

g bo

dies

. •

% o

f w

omen

and

men

in

deci

sion

-mak

ing

posi

tions

in lo

cal g

over

nmen

t. •

% o

f wom

en a

nd m

en in

the

loca

l civ

il se

rvic

e.

•%

of

wom

en/m

en r

egis

tere

d as

vot

ers/

% o

f el

igib

le w

omen

/men

who

vot

e.

•%

of w

omen

in se

nior

/juni

or d

ecis

ion

mak

ing

posi

tions

with

in u

nion

s. •

% o

f uni

on m

embe

rs w

ho a

re w

omen

/men

. •

Cha

nges

in

empl

oym

ent/u

nem

ploy

men

t ra

tes

of w

omen

and

men

. •

Cha

nges

in

tim

e-us

e in

se

lect

ed

activ

ities

, pa

rticu

larly

gr

eate

r sh

arin

g by

ho

useh

old

mem

bers

of u

npai

d ho

usew

ork

and

child

-car

e.

•C

hang

es in

% o

f pro

perty

co-

owne

d or

co

ntro

lled

by w

omen

and

men

(lan

d, h

ouse

s, liv

esto

ck),

acro

ss so

cio-

econ

omic

and

eth

nic

grou

ps

•%

fem

ale

and

mal

e de

cisi

ons m

akin

g fo

r pu

rcha

ses i

ndep

ende

ntly

). •

% o

f av

aila

ble

cred

it, g

oing

to

wom

en/m

en

from

gov

ernm

ent/n

on-g

over

nmen

t sou

rces

. •

% o

f fem

ale

and

mal

e in

uni

on c

once

rting

and

us

ing

one

of th

e fa

mily

pla

nnin

g m

etho

ds.

6262

Prog

ram

Tre

atie

s In

dica

tors

Cur

rent

da

ta

Tar

gets

(Y

ear…

) Pe

riod

icity

of

re

port

ing

Prop

osed

Im

plem

entin

g In

stitu

tion

9. P

rote

ctio

n of

w

omen

aga

inst

ge

nder

rel

ated

vi

olen

ce

oC

EDA

Wo

Prot

ocol

on

the

AC

HPR

for t

he

right

s of

w

omen

o

BD

PAo

UN

SCR

132

5 o

UN

SCR

182

0

•N

umbe

r of r

epor

ted

case

s of s

exua

l ass

ault

and

rape

•

Num

ber

of

repo

rted

case

s of

se

xual

ha

rass

men

t •

Con

vict

ion

rate

s fo

r vi

olen

t of

fenc

es a

gain

st

wom

en

•N

umbe

r of

im

med

iate

pr

otec

tive

mea

sure

s ta

ken

to

assi

st

abus

ed

wom

en

(lega

l ai

d,

finan

cial

as

sist

ance

, ho

usin

g as

sist

ance

, sh

elte

rs, p

olic

e ac

tion,

NG

O e

ffor

ts )

•In

crea

se/d

ecre

ase

of v

iole

nce

agai

nst

wom

en

durin

g ar

med

con

flict

R

NP

NPP

AM

INIJ

UST

Supr

eme

Cou

rt M

INA

LOC

M

ININ

TER

M

IGEP

RO

F

10.

Mac

roec

onom

ic

Polic

y

oC

EDA

Wo

Prot

ocol

on

the

AC

HPR

for t

he

right

s of

w

omen

o

BD

PA

•%

of g

over

nmen

t bud

get a

lloca

ted

to g

ende

r an

d w

omen

pro

mot

ion.

•

Prop

ortio

n of

per

sons

and

hou

seho

lds

at r

isk

cove

red

by

soci

al

secu

rity

and

sim

ilar

sche

mes

.

•Pr

opor

tion

of p

oten

tially

elig

ible

per

sons

and

ho

useh

olds

rec

eivi

ng s

ocia

l in

sura

nce,

soc

ial

assi

stan

ce a

nd si

mila

r ben

efits

M

INEC

OFI

N

11. W

omen

and

en

viro

nmen

t o

CED

AW

oPr

otoc

ol o

n th

e A

CH

PR fo

r the

rig

hts

of

wom

en

oB

DPA

•N

umbe

r of w

omen

in e

nviro

nmen

t dec

isio

n-m

akin

g bo

dies

•

Exis

tenc

e of

lead

ersh

ip tr

aini

ng fo

r wom

en o

n en

viro

nmen

tal a

nd re

sour

ce m

anag

emen

t •

Exis

tenc

e of

mec

hani

sms

for

gend

er a

naly

sis

of e

nviro

nmen

tal p

olic

ies a

nd p

rogr

amm

es

M

INIR

ENA

R

EMA

6363

Prog

ram

Tre

atie

s In

dica

tors

Cur

rent

da

ta

Tar

gets

(Y

ear…

) Pe

riod

icity

of

re

port

ing

Prop

osed

Im

plem

entin

g In

stitu

tion

•Ex

iste

nce

of p

rogr

amm

es p

rom

otin

g w

omen

’s

role

in e

nviro

nmen

tally

soun

d pr

oduc

tion.

•

Exis

tenc

e of

dat

abas

e of

wom

en’s

indi

geno

us

know

ledg

e on

reso

urce

man

agem

ent a

nd

envi

ronm

enta

l pre

serv

atio

n.

12. T

he g

irl

child

oB

DPA

oC

RC

•

Rat

ifica

tion

of th

e co

nven

tion

on th

e rig

hts o

f th

e ch

ild

•Ex

iste

nce

of le

gisl

atio

n en

surin

g eq

ual

inhe

ritan

ce ri

ghts

of t

he g

irl c

hild

•

Exis

tenc

e of

legi

slat

ion

ensu

ring

the

min

imum

le

gal a

ge fo

r mar

riage

•

Sex

ratio

at b

irth

•Ex

iste

nce

of p

olic

ies a

nd p

rogr

amm

es to

pr

omot

e ge

nder

-sen

sitiv

e ed

ucat

ion

•Ex

iste

nce

of p

olic

ies t

o pr

omot

e gi

rl’s a

cces

s to

edu

catio

n

•In

fant

mor

talit

y ra

te b

y se

x •

% o

f Inf

ant w

ith lo

w b

irth

wei

ght b

y se

x

•R

ate

of u

nmar

ried

teen

age

preg

nanc

y ra

te, b

y ur

ban/

rura

l •

% o

f you

ng w

omen

who

hav

e gi

ven

birth

at a

hi

ghes

t edu

catio

n at

tain

ed.

•Ex

iste

nce

of le

gisl

atio

n on

the

min

imum

age

fo

r em

ploy

men

t. •

Rat

e of

chi

ldre

n ag

ed b

etw

een

10 a

nd 1

4 in

em

ploy

men

t

M

IGEP

RO

F M

INED

UC

M

ININ

SAN

TE

NIS

R

6464

Prog

ram

Tre

atie

s In

dica

tors

Cur

rent

da

ta

Tar

gets

(Y

ear…

) Pe

riod

icity

of

re

port

ing

Prop

osed

Im

plem

entin

g In

stitu

tion

•Ex

iste

nce

of le

gisl

atio

n pr

even

ting

child

abu

se

•N

umbe

r of i

ncid

ence

s of c

hild

abu

se

•Ex

iste

nce

of se

rvic

es fo

r vul

nera

ble

and

disa

dvan

tage

d ch

ildre

n •

Exis

tenc

e of

legi

slat

ion

and

polic

ies

prev

entin

g fe

mal

e in

fant

icid

e an

d pr

enat

al se

x se

lect

ion

•

Exis

tenc

e of

legi

slat

ion

prev

entin

g in

cest

, ch

ild p

rost

itutio

n an

d ch

ild p

orno

grap

hy

•Ex

iste

nce

of p

rogr

ams f

or p

aren

tal e

duca

tion

and

coun

selin

g on

gen

der-

sens

itive

par

entin

g Ex

iste

nce

of n

atio

nal p

lan

of a

ctio

n fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

of th

e B

eijin

g Pl

atfo

rm fo

r ac

tion

Exis

tenc

e of

sect

or d

evel

opm

ent p

lans

for

mai

nstre

amin

g ge

nder

and

dev

elop

men

t (G

AD

). %

of p

ublic

inst

itutio

ns h

avin

g m

ains

tream

ed

gend

er in

to th

eir a

ctio

n pl

ans a

nd b

udge

ts.

13. W

omen

in

med

ia a

nd

com

mun

icat

ion

tech

nolo

gies

oC

EDA

Wo

Prot

ocol

on

the

AC

HPR

for t

he

right

s of

w

omen

o

BD

PA

•N

umbe

r of w

omen

pro

fess

iona

ls in

ele

ctro

nic

and

prin

t med

ia

•In

tern

et u

sers

per

100

pop

ulat

ions

(Fem

ale

and

Mal

e).

•C

ellu

lar s

ubsc

riber

s per

100

pop

ulat

ions

(F

emal

e an

d M

ale)

. •

Exis

tenc

e of

legi

slat

ion

agai

nst p

orno

grap

hy,

viol

ence

, por

traya

l of w

oman

as s

ex o

bjec

ts,

M

HC

R

UR

A

6565

Prog

ram

Tre

atie

s In

dica

tors

Cur

rent

da

ta

Tar

gets

(Y

ear…

) Pe

riod

icity

of

re

port

ing

Prop

osed

Im

plem

entin

g In

stitu

tion

and

com

mer

cial

exp

loita

tion

in m

edia

.

•Ex

iste

nce

of c

odes

of c

ondu

ct a

nd g

uide

lines

on

bal

ance

d po

rtray

al o

f wom

en

•Ex

iste

nce

of su

ppor

t pro

gram

s for

wom

en’s

m

edia

mon

itorin

g ac

tiviti

es

14.

Wom

en

in

defe

nse,

con

flict

re

solu

tion

and

peac

e- k

eepi

ng

oC

EDA

Wo

Prot

ocol

on

the

AC

HPR

for t

he

right

s of

w

omen

o

BD

PAo

UN

SCR

132

5

A. P

reve

ntio

n •

Indi

cato

r 1: I

ncid

ence

of s

exua

l vio

lenc

e in

co

nflic

t-aff

ecte

d co

untri

es

(

Alre

ady

star

ted)

. •

Indi

cato

r 2: E

xten

t to

whi

ch U

nite

d N

atio

ns

peac

ekee

ping

and

spec

ial p

oliti

cal m

issi

ons

incl

ude

info

rmat

ion

on v

iola

tions

of w

omen

’s

and

girls

’ hum

an ri

ghts

in th

eir p

erio

dic

repo

rting

.

•In

dica

tor

3 (a

): N

umbe

r of

vi

olat

ions

of

w

omen

’s a

nd g

irls’

hum

an r

ight

s th

at

are

repo

rted,

ref

erre

d an

d in

vest

igat

ed b

y hu

man

rig

hts b

odie

s (A

lread

y st

arte

d).

•In

dica

tor

3 (b

): In

clus

ion

of r

epre

sent

ativ

es o

f w

omen

’s a

nd c

ivil

soci

ety

orga

niza

tions

in th

e go

vern

ance

and

lea

ders

hip

of h

uman

rig

hts

bodi

es

•In

dica

tor

4: P

erce

ntag

e of

rep

orte

d ca

ses

of

sexu

al

expl

oita

tion

and

abus

e al

lege

dly

perp

etra

ted

by

unifo

rmed

an

d ci

vilia

n pe

acek

eepe

rs a

nd h

uman

itaria

n w

orke

rs t

hat

are

refe

rred

, in

vest

igat

ed

and

acte

d up

on

R

NP

MIN

AD

EF

MIN

INTE

R

NC

HR

6666

Prog

ram

Tre

atie

s In

dica

tors

Cur

rent

da

ta

Tar

gets

(Y

ear…

) Pe

riod

icity

of

re

port

ing

Prop

osed

Im

plem

entin

g In

stitu

tion

(Alre

ady

star

ted)

•

Indi

cato

r 5

(a):

Num

ber

and

perc

enta

ge o

f di

rect

ives

for p

eace

keep

ers

issu

ed b

y he

ads

of

mili

tary

com

pone

nts

and

stan

dard

ope

ratin

g pr

oced

ures

tha

t in

clud

e m

easu

res

to p

rote

ct

wom

en’s

and

girl

s’ h

uman

righ

ts

•In

dica

tor

5 (b

): N

umbe

r an

d pe

rcen

tage

of

mili

tary

m

anua

ls,

natio

nal

secu

rity

polic

y fr

amew

orks

, co

des

of c

ondu

ct a

nd s

tand

ard

oper

atin

g pr

oced

ures

/ pr

otoc

ols

of

natio

nal

secu

rity

forc

es th

at in

clud

e m

easu

res t

o pr

otec

t w

omen

’s a

nd g

irls’

hum

an ri

ghts

•

Indi

cato

r 6:

Num

ber a

nd ty

pe o

f act

ions

take

n by

the

Sec

urity

Cou

ncil

rela

ted

to r

esol

utio

n 13

25 (

2000

), in

clud

ing

thos

e th

at p

reve

nt a

nd

addr

ess

viol

atio

ns

of

the

hum

an

right

s of

w

omen

and

girl

s in

conf

lict-a

ffec

ted

situ

atio

ns

•In

dica

tor 7

: Num

ber a

nd p

ropo

rtion

of w

omen

in

dec

isio

n-m

akin

g ro

les i

n re

leva

nt re

gion

al

orga

niza

tions

invo

lved

in p

reve

ntin

g co

nflic

t 2.

Part

icip

atio

n •

Indi

cato

r 8: N

umbe

r and

per

cent

age

of p

eace

ag

reem

ents

with

spec

ific

prov

isio

ns to

im

prov

e th

e se

curit

y an

d st

atus

of w

omen

and

gi

rls.

•In

dica

tor 9

: Num

ber a

nd p

erce

ntag

e of

w

omen

in se

nior

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

dec

isio

n-

6767

Prog

ram

Tre

atie

s In

dica

tors

Cur

rent

da

ta

Tar

gets

(Y

ear…

) Pe

riod

icity

of

re

port

ing

Prop

osed

Im

plem

entin

g In

stitu

tion

mak

ing

posi

tions

in c

onfli

ct-a

ffec

ted

coun

tries

•

Indi

cato

r 10

(a)

: Le

vel

of p

artic

ipat

ion

of

wom

en in

form

al p

eace

neg

otia

tions

•

Indi

cato

r 10

(b)

: Pr

esen

ce o

f w

omen

in

a fo

rmal

obs

erve

r or

con

sulta

tive

stat

us a

t th

e be

ginn

ing

and

the

end

of p

eace

neg

otia

tions

. •

Indi

cato

r 11:

Lev

el o

f wom

en’s

pol

itica

l pa

rtici

patio

n in

con

flict

-aff

ecte

d co

untri

es.

•In

dica

tor

12:

Num

ber

and

perc

enta

ge

of

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

mis

sion

s th

at

addr

ess

spec

ific

issu

es a

ffec

ting

wom

en a

nd g

irls

in

thei

r te

rms

of

refe

renc

e an

d th

e m

issi

on

repo

rts.

C. P

rote

ctio

n •

Indi

cato

r 13

: In

dex

of w

omen

’s a

nd g

irls’

ph

ysic

al se

curit

y •

Indi

cato

r 14

: Ex

tent

to

whi

ch n

atio

nal

law

s pr

otec

t w

omen

’s a

nd g

irls’

hum

an r

ight

s in

lin

e w

ith in

tern

atio

nal s

tand

ards

•

Indi

cato

r 15

: Le

vel

of w

omen

’s p

artic

ipat

ion

in t

he j

ustic

e an

d se

curit

y se

ctor

in

conf

lict-

affe

cted

cou

ntrie

s •

Indi

cato

r 16

: Ex

iste

nce

of

natio

nal

mec

hani

sms

for

cont

rol

of s

mal

l ar

ms

and

light

wea

pons

6868

Prog

ram

Tre

atie

s In

dica

tors

Cur

rent

da

ta

Tar

gets

(Y

ear…

) Pe

riod

icity

of

re

port

ing

Prop

osed

Im

plem

entin

g In

stitu

tion

•In

dica

tor

17:

Wom

en a

s a

perc

enta

ge o

f th

e ad

ults

em

ploy

ed i

n ea

rly e

cono

mic

rec

over

y pr

ogra

mm

es.

•In

dica

tor

18: N

umbe

r an

d pe

rcen

tage

of

case

s of

sex

ual

viol

ence

aga

inst

wom

en a

nd g

irls

that

are

ref

erre

d, i

nves

tigat

ed a

nd s

ente

nced

(A

lread

y st

arte

d).

•In

dica

tor 1

9: N

umbe

r and

per

cent

age

of c

ourts

eq

uipp

ed to

try

case

s of

vio

latio

ns o

f wom

en’s

an

d gi

rls’

hum

an r

ight

s, w

ith d

ue a

ttent

ion

to

vict

ims’

secu

rity.

D

. Rel

ief a

nd r

ecov

ery

•In

dica

tor

20:

Prim

ary

and

seco

ndar

y ed

ucat

ion

enro

lmen

t ra

tes

disa

ggre

gate

d by

se

x•

Indi

cato

r 21

: Ex

tent

to

w

hich

st

rate

gic

plan

ning

fr

amew

orks

in

co

nflic

t-aff

ecte

d co

untri

es in

corp

orat

e ge

nder

ana

lysi

s, ta

rget

s, in

dica

tors

and

bud

gets

•

Indi

cato

r 22:

Pro

porti

on o

f the

allo

cate

d an

d di

sbur

sed

fund

ing

to c

ivil

soci

ety

orga

niza

tions

, inc

ludi

ng w

omen

’s g

roup

s, th

at is

spen

t on

gend

er is

sues

in c

onfli

ct-

affe

cted

cou

ntrie

s.

•In

dica

tor

23:

Act

ual

allo

cate

d an

d di

sbur

sed

fund

ing

in

supp

ort

of

prog

ram

mes

th

at

addr

ess

gend

er

sens

itive

re

lief,

reco

very

,

6969

Prog

ram

Tre

atie

s In

dica

tors

Cur

rent

da

ta

Tar

gets

(Y

ear…

) Pe

riod

icity

of

re

port

ing

Prop

osed

Im

plem

entin

g In

stitu

tion

peac

e an

d se

curit

y pr

ogra

mm

es i

n co

nflic

t-af

fect

ed c

ount

ries

•In

dica

tor 2

4 (a

): N

umbe

r and

per

cent

age

of

trans

ition

al ju

stic

e m

echa

nism

s cal

led

for b

y pe

ace

proc

esse

s tha

t inc

lude

pro

visi

ons t

o ad

dres

s the

righ

ts a

nd p

artic

ipat

ion

of w

omen

an

d gi

rls in

thei

r man

date

s.

•In

dica

tor 2

4 (b

): N

umbe

r and

per

cent

age

of

wom

en a

nd g

irls r

ecei

ving

ben

efits

thro

ugh

repa

ratio

n pr

ogra

mm

es, a

nd ty

pes o

f ben

efits

re

ceiv

ed.

•In

dica

tor 2

5: N

umbe

r and

per

cent

age

of

fem

ale

ex-c

omba

tant

s, w

omen

and

girl

s as

soci

ated

with

arm

ed fo

rces

or g

roup

s tha

t re

ceiv

e be

nefit

s fro

m d

isar

mam

ent,

dem

obili

zatio

n an

d re

inte

grat

ion

prog

ram

mes

.

7070

V. CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

Although the Government of Rwanda has expressed its good will and commitment to promote gender equality and women’s rights by committing itself to be bound by different gender related international and regional gender instruments, and by enacting national legislations and developing different policies and programs to ensure the enforcement of the provisions recognized in international treaties and agreements, there are still challenges. Indeed, there remains a need for more action so as to ensure that there is effective enforcement and monitoring process by different concerned parties. Existing challenges can be identified at the levels of implementation monitoring; and reporting process.

5.1. Challenges and opportunities vis-à-vis the process of domestication

The Government of Rwanda has chosen the monist approach for domestication of international treaties ratified by Rwanda, where, after ratification and publication in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda, the treaty become directly applicable domestically and hence no need of enacting subsequent national legislation. Thus, the domestic courts as well as other governmental bodies would look to the treaty language itself as a source of law.

However, in spite of this position of the Government of Rwanda to give international treaties the important position in domestic legislation, there still lacks treaty implementation plan and no institutions takes the responsibility to ensure dissemination of ratified and published international and regional instruments.

The dissemination of laws and treaties was part of responsibilities of the Parliament’s legal commission, but since this commission was merged with the political commission, there is no particular institution/body in charge of dissemination and follow up on gender related international and regional instruments.

5.1.1. Challenges and opportunities vis-à-vis the implementation of provisions of international and regional gender related instruments

The main challenge identified in relation to effective implementation of provisions of gender related treaties ratified by Rwanda, is lack of implementation mechanisms. However, with the discussions held with different individuals representing different institutions at the decentralized level, it has been found out that, even if much of the provisions of these instruments are unconsciously implemented throughout different sectors, there is lack of awareness on the same and without an implementation plan and definition of institutional responsibilities, international and regional instruments could rarely be referenced in documents on gender issues. The gained achievements in regard to the implementation of the provisions of ratified gender related treaties are only coincided with other national policies and programs, and that being the case; it was difficult to find data corresponding to a specific instrument. The result becomes absence of data/ information in some sectors or even lack of disaggregated data by sex and by category.

71

71

In spite of the above, the opportunity remains big: there is coincidence of similarity between the provisions of different gender related international and national instruments and the national policies, legislations and the existence of gender machinery institutions could reinforce the awareness and enforcement of related instruments. With the establishment of an implementation plan, a national monitoring and reporting framework and clear responsibilities for each actors, effective implementation could be assured.

5.1.2. Challenges and opportunities vis-à-vis the process of monitoring and reporting on gender related international and regional instruments

The mains challenges for monitoring and reporting on gender related treaties are the absence of disaggregated data by sex in different institutions as source of monitoring information and the absence of the implementation plan. It is impossible to monitor when there is no institution/body entrusted with the responsibility of implementation and when targets are not defined. With the establishment of the implementation plan, the development of a national monitoring and reporting grid, there will be effective monitoring and reporting of gender related international and regional provisions.

7272

VI.CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1. Conclusion

Gender equality is a key element in the process of development and progress in any society across the globe. The Government of Rwanda recognizes the important role that women can play in the process of development when gender is mainstreamed in all national development programmes. The Government of Rwanda is also part to international instruments on gender equality, women empowerment, and protection of women against all forms of violence.

This assessment has revealed that Rwanda is part to almost all international and regional instruments on gender equality and women empowerment. in this view, in order to comply with its engagements as provided in those instruments, the Government of Rwanda has set up a legal and institutional framework to promote gender equality and protect women’s rights.

It was also found out that a number of policies and strategies were adopted for to implement the provisions of international and regional gender related instruments, and through different programmes.

In spite of splendid progress made by the Government of Rwanda in different areas of development, with an important focus on gender equality and equity, some challenges and weaknesses have been assessed, and they include among others the lack of implementation plan of different instruments which Rwanda is part to, lack of strong measures of dissemination of those instruments which results in lack of awareness by the population and the implementing structures at decentralized level, and lack or poor data disaggregated by sex for monitoring and reporting on the implementation of international gender and women’s rights instruments.

This study has summarized the main elements of a conceptual and methodological framework on indicators for monitoring the compliance of the Government of Rwanda with international and regional gender related instruments. The study presents lists of illustrative indicators for programs stipulated in the above mentioned instruments and an approach to monitor the indicators on cross-cutting human rights norms with a view to operationalize the framework.

This assessment affirms the need for use of appropriate and disaggregated indicators for monitoring compliance with international and regional gender related instruments. It also brings out the role of indicators in supporting priority-setting and in furthering the implementation of human rights standards and principles so as to encourage a common understanding on the use of indicators in human rights assessment.

It also has attempted to provide a framework which is simple and accessible to potential users and can respond to capacity constraints on data availability and reporting burden at the national level. Finally, it demonstrates that a common approach to assess and monitor instruments on gender equality and women’s rights is feasible and desirable.

73

73

6.2. Recommendations

6.2.1. In relation to the use of developed tools for monitoring and reporting process In terms of the follow-up to this work, first, there is a need for developing “information sheets” with data disaggregated by sex, on the indicators listed in the tables in order to support a systematic and contextual selection process. Information sheets could provide relevant background information and baselines which determine the definition of the indicator, its data sources (e.g. administrative records, statistical survey, testimonies/complaints of victims), its related (if any) international statistical standards, levels of desegregation, and a general assessment of its availability.

This should consider, as a starting point, information already available at national level and in different institutions and organizations, and related databases, such as the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) database, the EDPRS database, Vision 2020, Districts development Plans and database, previous and/or ongoing treaty reports, etc. The development of such information sheets should be carried out in close collaboration with public institutions, different machineries and national and international organizations, to benefit from their sectoral and statistical expertise.

In addition, the illustrative indicators presented in the tables need further validation through consultations and piloting at the level of the Government as well as in the treaty reporting committee before being used in the reporting procedure of the treaty bodies.

6.2.2. Recommendations in relation to the need of coordination for a better and sustainable reporting system

To ensure effective and sustainable reporting system, there is a need for the development of an implementation plan (policy/mechanism) specific for each instrument and determining the responsibility of implementing institution; a monitoring and reporting grid at each institution level and specific to the obligations and responsibilities as stated in the implementation plan; and a permanent and strengthened reporting body at the national level where possible at the institutional level.

6.2.3. Recommendations related to the need for capacity building

As stated by different key informants, there is no effective mechanism for the dissemination of the provisions stated in different international instruments ratified by Rwanda. This has impact on the system of implementation, monitoring and reporting. Thus, there is a need to develop tools for mainstreaming gender programmes and treaties’ obligations/ provisions, dissemination of treaties and developed tools, and regular monitoring of the implementation.

The capacity building programmes was proposed at all levels of interveners; both public institutions and civil society organisations involved in implementation, monitoring and reporting on provisions of gender related international instruments.

7474

6.2.4. Proposed roadmap58 for effective domestication, implementation, monitoring and evaluation

Regarding the challenges and opportunities highlighted above, a roadmap for a more effective process of domestication, implementation, monitoring and reporting should consider the following points at each level:

At the level of domestication:

After their publication in the OGRR, international treaties become directly applicable and domestic courts and other governmental bodies would look to the treaty language itself as a source of law.

It is not enough to publish in the Official Gazette ratified instruments, and much so since it is not the full text of ratified treaties that is published; the full text of the instrument need be published as well so that citizens can have access to it.

There is also need for law enforcers and the population to be aware of the very instruments in order to accelerate the dissemination process and ensure effective implementation and reporting across sectors, it is suggested that, after ratification of a gender related treaty, a mechanisms for dissemination should be established and should include the Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion (MIGEPROF), the National Commission for Human Rights; the National Women Council and legal commissions/departments of different public institutions dealing with gender issues.

At the level of implementation: For effective implementation, there is a need to develop an implementation plan which details tasks and responsibilities for all implementing actors and establishes guidelines for disaggregated data collection

At the level of monitoring and evaluation: There is a need to develop indicators, create baseline data, set targets, to develop the monitoring framework and carry out a regular monitoring (annually).

At the level of reporting: There is a need for a reporting grid to be developed and used; build the capacities of the already established permanent treaty body reporting and make a regular reporting according to the reporting guidelines and timeframe of each treaty

58 See the roadmap in the ANNEXE XIV

7575

REFERENCES

A. POLICIES & PROGRAMMES

1. Republic of Rwanda, Rwanda Vision 2020; 2. Republic of Rwanda, Economic, Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy 2008-

2012, September 2007; 3. MIGEPROF, National Gender Policy, final version, July 2010; 4. Ministry in the Prime Minister’s Office in Charge of Family Promotion and Gender,

National Policy for Family Promotion, Kigali, December 2005 5. CNLS, National Accelerated Plan for Women, Girls, Gender Equality & HIV 2010-

2014.

B. REPORTS

1. Economic Commission for Africa, A Fifteen-Year Review of the Implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action in Africa (BPfA) +15, the main report, February 2010;

2. Republic of Rwanda, Rwanda National Report Submitted in Accordance with Paragraph 15(A) of the Annex to the Human Rights Council Resolution 5/1 in the Framework of the Universal Periodic Review, October 2010

3. Repubulika y’u Rwanda, Inama y’igihugu y’abagore, Incamake y’ibikorwa byakozwe mu Ishami ry’Igenamigambi mu mwaka wa 2009-2010.

4. GMO, Annual Report, January 2009-June 2010; February, 2011 5. Combined fourth, fifth and sixth periodic report of Rwanda (CEDAW/C/RWA/6), 2008 6. MIGEPROF, Second Report on the Measures Taken to implement the Solemn

Declaration on Gender Equality (Period 2006-30 June 2009)

C. OTHER DOCUMENTATIONS

1. Canadian International Development Agency, the why and how of gender sensitive indicators, August 1997

2. Jill Williams, Measuring Gender and Women’s Empowerment Using Confirmatory Factor Analysis, April 2005

3. NCHR, international and regional instruments relating to human rights in Rwanda, 1st

Edition, Kigali, October 2010; 4. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, A Compilation of

International Instruments, New York and Geneva, 2002 5. Office of the United Nations High commissioner For human rights, The Core

International Human Rights Treaties, New York and Geneva, 2006 6. Vienna Convention on the law of treaties, 1969 7. Republic of Rwanda, National Evaluation Report on Implementation of the Beijing

Declaration and Platform for Action (1995) and the Outcome of the Twenty-Third Special Session of the General Assembly (2000), Kigali, November 2009

76

76

8. International Conference on the Great Lakes Region, Protocol on the Prevention and Suppression of Sexual Violence against Women and Children, November 30, 2006

9. International Conference on the Great Lakes Region, The Kigali Declaration of the Great Lakes Regional Women’s Meeting, Kigali, October 9, 2004

10. Etat de soumission des rapports périodiques du Rwanda aux Organes Internationaux et régionaux de suivi des Traités, Edition n°1, NCHR, Décembre 2010

11. République du Rwanda, Parquet Général de la République, Recueil d’Instruments Internationaux Relatifs aux Droits de l’Homme et à l’Administration de la Justice, Kigali, 2005

D. ONLINE REFERENCES

1. http://www.imbutofoundation.org/IMG/pdf/First_Lady_s_speech_on_Elimination__of_Mother_to_Child_Transmission_of_HIV_Ruhuha_Buge

2. http://www.imbutofoundation.org/IMG/pdf/ICN_SPEECH_FINAL.pdf3. www.supremecourt.gov.rw4. www.moh.gov.rw5. www.minijust.gov.rw6. www.minecofin.gov.rw7. www.migeprof.gov.rw

7777

ANNEXES

ANNEXE I: Women positions in the last local elections (4/2/2O11-5/3/2O11)59

Level Women % Men %

Head of the Village 28.635 38,66% 45.435 61,34%

Council of Cell members 13.410 43,92% 17.126 56,08%

Council of Sector members 3.899 45,05% 4.755 54,95%

Council of District members 354 43,17% 466 56,83%

District Bureau Council 31 34,4% 59 65,6%

Executive Committee of District 34 37,8% 56 62,2%

City of Kigali Council 14 43,75% 18 56,25%

Bureau of Kigali City Council 1 33,33% 2 66,67%

Executive Committee of City of Kigali 1 33,33% 2 66,67%

Executive Committee of the National Youth Council

8.257 39,4% 12.685 60,6%

Executive Committee of the National Council for the Persons with Disabilities

5.732 33,8% 11.226 63,2%

59 National Electoral Commission

7878

ANNEXE II: Women positions in public functions60

Type of Institutions Women Men Total

Number % Number % Number %

Ministries and High Public Institutions

813 0,99 1.137 1,39 1.950 2,38

Provinces 26 0,03 81 0,10 107 0,13

Districts 1.235 1,51 2.148 2,62 3.383 4,13

Sectors 1.492 1,82 2.696 3,29 4.188 5,12

Primary education 13.337 16,29% 13.417 16,39 26.754 32,68

Mixed Education (9Yrs) 6.158 7,52 7.137 8,72 13.295 16,24

Secondary education 2.143 2,62 4.847 5,92 6.990 8,54

Higher education 579 0,71 1.300 1,59 1.879 2,30

Health centers 5.154 6,30 3.640 4,45 8.794 10,74

Hospitals 3.512 4,29 2.668 3,26 6.180 7,55

Agencies, Commissions, Publics services

2.690 3,29 5.360 6,55 8.050 9,83

Projects 105 0,13 183 0,22 288 0,35

Total 37.244 45,50 44.614 54,50 81.858. 100,00

60 MIFOTRA/INSR, provisional results of civil servants census 2010, January 2011

79

79

ANNEXE III: Number of students disaggregated by gender in pre-primary schools

Access 2008 2009 2010

Number of students 145.409 150.000 96.934

Boys 71.058 72.833 47.034

Girls 74.351 77.167 49.900

% of Boys 48,9% 48,6% 48,5%

% of Girls 51,1% 51,4% 51,5%

Source: MINEDUC, Education statistics, December 2010

80

80

ANNEXE IV: Number of students disaggregated by gender in primary schools

Access 2008 2009 2010

Number of students 2.190.270 2.264.672 2.299.326

% of Girls 50,9% 50,8% 50,7%


ANNEXE V: Number of students disaggregated by gender in secondary schools

Access 2008 2009 2010

Number of students 288.839 346.518 425.587

% of Girls 47,8% 49,0% 50,7%

% of Boys 52,2% 51,0% 49,3%


ANNEXE VI: Number of students disaggregated by gender in tertiary education (in public institutions)

Year 2008 2009 2010

Students in public institutions 20.966 26.304 31.564

Male 14.241 17.695 21.188

% of Male 67,9% 67,3% 67,1%

Female 6.725 8.609 10.376

% of Female 32,10% 32,7% 32,9%


81

81

ANNEXE VII: Number of students disaggregated by gender in tertiary education (in private institutions)

Year 2008 2009 2010

Students in private institutions

26.440 28.909 31.170

Male 12.978 13.479 14.054

% of Male 49,10% 46,6% 45,10%

Female 13.462 15.430 17.116

% of Female 50,90% 53,40% 54,90%


8282

AN

NEX

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III:

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port

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uruk

a as

bl 2

009

87

87

ANNEXE X: Number of victims of GBV received by HAGURUKA in 2008 and 2009

Nature of the case

report from 2008 New cases 2009 New cases December 2009

Total cases 2009

F E T F H E T F+H E TRape 6 42 48 27 0 128 155 33 170 203 358Murder 260 104 364 10 0 3 13 270 109 379 392Abortion 228 360 588 0 0 0 0 228 360 588 588Insults 126 56 182 48 0 15 63 126 71 197 260Assault 2.982 988 3.970 63 1 23 88 3.046 1.012 4.058 4.146Genocide 37 356 393 3 0 0 3 40 356 396 399Adultery 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 2 0 2 4Childabduction

74 22 96 0 0 0 0 74 22 96 96

Total 3.713 1.928 5.641 153 1 170 324 3.819 2.100 5.919 6.243Source: HAGURUKA asbl

88

88

ANNEXE XI: CASES OF GBV REPORTED TO THE NATIONAL PROSECUTION AUTHORITY IN 2010

11.1. Charges files

Prosecution’ office

Arrears

Newcases

Transferred to courts

Classified

Transferred to other institutions

Stillunderreview Prosecuted

GASABO 246 301 140 52 0 355 360GICUMBI 265 138 96 39 0 268 252HUYE 127 229 113 87 2 154 155KARONGI 41 94 72 40 0 23 26MUHANGA 70 282 192 66 2 92 31MUSANZE 135 192 24 0 0 303 294NGOMA 410 333 120 9 0 614 621NYAGATARE 200 227 154 20 0 253 242NYAMAGABE 5 88 44 14 0 35 6NYARUGENGE 270 347 21 0 0 596 592RUBAVU 58 181 100 27 1 111 22RUSIZI 57 144 101 15 2 83 41Total 1884 2556 1177 369 7 2887 2642

Source: NPPA, Raporo y’ibarurishamibare y’umwaka wa 2010

11.2. Information on the victims

Prosecution office Adult women

Minors (girls) Minors (boys)

0 - 14 years 14 - 18 years 0 - 14 years 14 - 18 years GASABO 25 148 116 21 60GICUMBI 28 50 52 1 9HUYE 50 130 45 16 25KARONGI 28 45 27 0 10MUHANGA 43 164 60 4 19MUSANZE 11 78 70 2 26NGOMA 47 165 113 0 23NYAGATARE 45 113 63 6 21NYAMAGABE 13 40 26 3 8NYARUGENGE 102 148 111 20 34RUBAVU 25 84 73 0 16RUSIZI 8 52 56 5 36Total 392 1123 733 72 283

Source: NPPA, Raporo y’ibarurishamibare y’umwaka wa 2010

89

89

11.3. Court decisions on cases of rape reported to courts

Prosecution’s office

Cas

es p

rose

cute

d

perp

etra

tors

Dec

lare

d in

noce

nt

Imprisonment period in years

[1-

6m

onth

s]

]1/2

-1ye

ar]

] 1-5

yea

rs]

]5-1

0yea

rs[

[10-

15ye

ars]

]15-

20ye

ars]

]20-

25ye

ars]

L

ifeim

pris

onm

ent

GASABO 20 22 9 0 1 8 2 1 1 0 0

GICUMBI 64 66 7 0 0 31 12 2 6 5 3

HUYE 68 71 14 0 2 37 5 2 3 0 8

KARONGI 69 70 16 1 2 37 4 4 3 0 3

MUHANGA 160 170 48 0 3 31 18 21 23 4 22

MUSANZE 33 37 15 0 4 9 0 3 5 0 1

NGOMA 98 99 35 5 1 35 5 10 6 0 2

NYAGATARE 165 180 50 1 7 75 17 2 10 5 13NYAMAGABE 91 92 41 0 0 30 6 2 7 1 5

NYARUGENGE 88 92 43 0 3 19 8 7 9 0 3RUBAVU 22 24 15 2 0 3 2 1 0 1 0RUSIZI 85 98 47 1 3 14 7 6 10 5 5KIGALI 104 120 29 0 0 34 21 14 9 1 12MUSANZE 106 107 19 2 1 34 18 14 12 2 5

NYANZA 151 160 22 0 2 46 37 26 14 2 11RUSIZI 113 115 14 0 0 22 19 29 15 1 15RWAMAGANA 142 149 43 0 1 52 27 13 10 1 2COURSUPREME 9 9 0 0 0 1 0 4 2 0 2

Total 1588 1681 467 12 30 518 208 161 145 28 112Source: NPPA, Raporo y’ibarurishamibare y’umwaka wa 2010

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ANNEXE XII: Key informants contacted for the Interview at the central level

1. Rwandan Parliament (both the Chamber of Deputies and Senate)

2. Supreme Court

3. MINAFFET (Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation/The coordination of the task force on treaty monitoring and reporting)

4. MINIJUST (Ministry of Justice/Attorney General’s Office)

5. MIGEPROF (Ministry of Family and Gender Promotion)

6. MINISANTE (Ministry of Health)

7. MINALOC (Ministry of Local Government)

8. MINADEF (Ministry of Defense)

9. MINEDUC (Ministry of Education)

10. MIFOTRA (Ministry of Public Service and Labour)

11. MINISPOC (Ministry of Youth, Sport and Culture)

12. MINICOM (Ministry of Trade and Industry)

13. MINAGRI (Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources)

14. MINIRENA (Ministry of Natural Resources)

15. MIDIMAR (Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees°

16. Office of the Ombudsman

17. NPPA (National Public Prosecution Authority)

18. RNP (Rwanda National Police)

19. NWC (National Women’s Council/National Office)

20. NCHR (National Commission for Human Rights)

21. NURC (National Unity and Reconciliation Commission)

9191

22. CNLS (Commission Nationale de Lutte contre le Sida)

23. NISR (National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda)

24. NEC (National Electoral Commission)

25. Rwanda Directorate General of Immigration & Emigration

26. EWSA (Energy, Water and Sanitation Authority)

27. Public Service Commission

28. BNR (Banque Nationale du Rwanda)

29. RCA (Rwanda Cooperative Agency)

30. FFRP (Forum des Femmes Rwandaises Parlementaires)

31. INES Ruhengeri/Faculté de Droit

32. KIE (Kigali Institute of Education)

33. UN WOMEN

34. Women for Women

35. PSF (Private Sector Federation)

36. HAGURUKA asbl

37. Pro-Femmes Twese Hamwe

38. AVEGA-AGAHOZO (Association des Veuves du Génocide)

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ANNEXE XIII: The Composition of focus group discussions at District level

The members of the executive committee at District level (Vice Mayor in Charge of social affairs; the Director of Gender Unit and the Director in charge of planning at District level);

The member of the Consultative committee at District level;

The President of Primary Court;

The representative of the National Women Council at District level;

The representative of the Private Sector Federation at District level;

The representative of MAJ (Maison d’Accès à la Justice) at District level;

The Representative of the Joint-Action Forum representing all the NGOs and CSOs implementing in the area of access to Justice and Gender (women rights).

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AN

NEX

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DM

AP

FOR

EFF

ECTI

VE

PRO

CES

S O

F D

OM

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CA

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N, I

MPL

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TATI

ON

, M

ON

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G &

REP

OR

TIN

G O

N G

END

ER R

ELA

TED

INTE

RN

ATI

ON

AL

TREA

TIES

After

their

publication

in the

OGRR,

international

treaties

become directly applicable and

domestic courts and

other

governmental bodies have to

look for the treaty document

itself as a source of law

.

There

is a

need for

their

dissem

ination

for

their

awareness

by law enforcers

and the population

Developm

ent of indicators

Baseline data

Targets to be set

Developm

ent of the monitoring

fram

ework

Regularm

onitoring

(annually)

For effective implem

entation, there is a

need:

To develop an implem

entation plan

which details tasks and responsibilities

for all implem

enting actors

To establish guidelines for disaggregated

data collection

2. D

OM

EST

ICA

TIO

N

1. R

ATI

FIC

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ON

3.

IM

PLE

ME

NTA

TON

4. M

ON

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5. R

EPO

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TO

TR

EA

TY

BO

DY

A reporting grid to be developed and

used;

A permanent treaty body reporting

in place

Regular reporting according to the

reporting guidelines and timeframe

of each treaty

94

Assessment on gender_related_international_and_ragional_instruments_01

Documents

different instruments

assessment of gender

international instruments

treaties implementation

specific gender related

gender equality promotion

international treaties

regional instruments