Assessment of sources and effect of mineral dust fluxes on biochemical processes in the northern ROPME Sea Area; challenges and Future plans" Technical Workshop on Monitoring and Assessment of SDS in the Marine Environment of ROPME Sea Area Dubai, UAE, 11-12 October 2015 Dr. Turki Al-Said Oceanography Group/EBMMR/ELSRC KISR
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Assessment of sources and effect of mineral
dust fluxes on biochemical processes in the
northern ROPME Sea Area; challenges and
Future plans"
Technical Workshop on
Monitoring and Assessment of
SDS in the Marine Environment
of ROPME Sea Area
Dubai, UAE,
11-12 October 2015
Dr. Turki Al-Said
Oceanography Group/EBMMR/ELSRC
KISR
Talk outline
• Current situation and stressors; Kuwait’s
waters
• Oceanographic activities and
Achievements
• Recent findings, salinity, temp, nutrients
and trace metals
• New projects
• Dust project (NIO joint project).
Kuwait: Unique Marine Environment
• Coastline ~ 180 km, maximum depth is 30 m.
• Euphotic, Eutrophic, High species diversity
• Heterogeneous, composed of various coastal habitats
• Kuwait’s surface water temp is 23.8°C.
• Summer 30.5°C up to 36°C ; winter 10°C to 14°C
• Mean annual salinity: 41.6 psu; reaching up to 45
psu
•Variability in water quality of Kuwait‘s northern
waters is strongly linked with variability in the
volume and quality of river flow
• Fresh water input in 2013 was insignificant
•Considerable salinity increase over the last decade
(1.8-11.3 psu in long term monitored stations)
•Decreasing trend of annually averaged
chlorophyll a concentrations (0.08 μg l-1 per year)
Current Situation
•Degradation of habitat quality
•Over-fishing and reduction of stocks
abundance
Fisheries : the only important
natural recourse of fresh food
in Kuwait
Annual shrimp catches around 2200 tons
Annual finfish catches around 5000 tons
Annual dust storms (60-200 x 106 tons, 50% of the total
dust emissions in to the troposphere)
Stressors
Build up of Salinity
Rising temperature
Less freshwater flow
Highly polluted
Desalination plants
Kuwait
Rivers in
IranRivers in
Iraq
6
Kuwait Bay; Recent Fish Kill: Sept-2014
Oceanography Activities
• Physical and Chemical parameters
• Micronutrients (Trace Metals) & Macronutrients
• Phytoplankton including Harmful Algal Blooms
• Zooplankton biology
• Benthic Biota
• Fish & Invertebrate larvae.
• Understanding the mechanisms by
which marine biogeochemical cycles
control marine life and, in turn, how
marine life controls biogeochemical
cycles.
• Research focusing on physical,
chemical and biological processes
directly connected with biological
productivity of the sea, from marine
microbes to the fish larvae, through
marine food webs.
Mission
TemperatureSalinity
Dissolved
oxygen
Turbidity
Silicate
Nitrate
Phosphate
Zooplankton
abundance
Phytoplankton
community
Examples of Completed studies
• Assessment of the Effects of the Shatt Al-Arab
• Dynamic Oceanography of the North-western Waters of Inner
RSA
• Aeolian dust rich in essential micronutrients experiments
• Biodiversity of phytoplankton including harmful algal blooms
• Oceanographic Atlas of Kuwait’s Waters
• Oceanographic and Environment Assessment of Kuwait Bay in
relevance to Toxic Algal Blooms
10
◦ Sampling design◦ Sampling
◦ Sea water analyses (equipment measurements)
◦ Biological analyses (microscopic and molecular)◦ Taxonomical studies (Keys and guides)◦ Quantitative analyses
◦ Data entry◦ Data interpretation◦ Statistical Analyses
Guideline
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Sampling in Kuwait Waters
• 20 µm net for phytoplankton
• 110 µm net for zooplankton
• Niskin and GoFlo bottles are used to collect
seawater samples for chemical and biological
variables.
• Pumping system is recently developed to
collect dissolved Iron samples.
• In-situ measurements for continuous depth profiles of the physical
and chemical variables.
• Measurements always assessed by
quality control and quality
assurance procedures (QA/QC).
• New established trace metal lab
Adsorptive cathodic stripping
voltammetry (Ad-CSV).
• Nutrient measurements are
conducted using Skalar Auto-
analyzer.
• Flow injection analysis method
(FIA) to measure dissolved and
particulate iron .
Seawater Analysis
Zooplankton and Phytoplankton
Biomass and Community Analyses
• 323 phytoplankton species were
described from Kuwait’s waters
• 77 potentially harmful microalgae species
was identified
• 50 tintinnid species were recorded and
described.
• 476 taxa of macrozoobenthos were
recorded and identified.
• 272 benthic diatoms were described
from Kuwait’s bottom sediments
• 85 macroalgal species were identified
from Kuwait's marine environment
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• Viruses and Bacteria Quantification( FACSort Flow Cytometer)
• Phytoplankton Culture Experiments
• Macroalgal Community
Analyses(DT-X Biosonics Echosounder)
Recent Field of Work
• Fish kill occurred in Kuwait bay
and marinas
• Massive oyster kill
• Frequent algal blooms
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Response to environmental crises
Most of these crises are attributed to accumulated stress on the
environment
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Training courses
• The Measurements of Trace Metals
(Cu, Ni, Co and Fe) in Seawater using
Adsorptive Cathodic Stripping
Voltammetry (AdCSV) & Flow Injection
Analyzer (FIA) (Introductory).
• The Measurements of Nutrients in
Seawater; regional and national
participants
Examples of Publications
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Findings and
observations;
Kuwait’s waters
19
Years
04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
Wa
te
r t
em
pe
ra
tu
re
, oC
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Long-term variability of surface seawater temperature
during 2004-2013 at all routine oceanographic
stations.
Annually averaged data for June-August over the 2005-2012 have shown the increasing tendencies of seawater temperature.
AVHRR (NOAA) satellite data for Kuwait Bay collected over the period of
1985-2002, showed that sea surface temperature (SST) has steadily increased at a rate of 0.6±0.3oC per decade.
20
04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
Salin
ity,
PSU
25
30
35
40
45
50
St. A
R2 = 0.77, t = 17.3
04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
Turb
idit
y, F
TU
1
10
100
1000
Years
04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
Salin
ity,
PSU
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
St. 3
R2 = 0.62, t = 11.0
04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
Salin
ity,
PSU
30
35
40
45
50
R2 = 0.72, t = 15.3
St. B
Long-term
variability of
surface salinity
at St’s A, B, 3
over the 2004-
2013
approximation
functions (red
solid lines).
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• Increasing of salinity over the last
decade was estimated to be of 1.8-11.3
psu for different stations.
• Salinity data for 2013 have shown that
fresh water input into the Inner RSA was
insignificant especially during spring
season, which could have significant
implications on fisheries (e.g. timing of
spawning).
Long-term variability of Salinity during 2004-2013 at all
routine oceanographic stations.
Statio
ns
Minimum
(PSU)
Maximum
(PSU)
A26.99 47.56
B 32.2346.18
334.26 44.62
K637.48 44.34
636.65 43.74
1836.38 42.06
22
Stations NO3 (M) PO4 (M) SiO3 (M)
A 6.98 (0.58-20.69) 0.52 (0.13-0.85) 18.05 (10.34-24.69)