AASCIT Journal of Environment 2017; 2(5): 48-55 http://www.aascit.org/journal/environment ISSN: 2381-1331 (Print); ISSN: 2381-134X (Online) Keywords Pesticide Residues, Organochlorines, Soil, Water, Floodplains, GC-MS, Minna Received: August 15, 2017 Accepted: September 6, 2017 Published: October 13, 2017 Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Soil and Water from Fadama Farming Communities in Minna, North Central, Nigeria Ogbonnaya Ikechukwu Chikezie 1, * , Mann Abdullahi 2 , Yisa Jonathan 2 , Bala Abdulalahi 1 1 Department of Soil Science and Land Management, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria 2 Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria Email address [email protected] (O. I. Chikezie) * Corresponding author Citation Ogbonnaya Ikechukwu Chikezie, Mann Abdullahi, Yisa Jonathan, Bala Abdulalahi. Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Soil and Water from Fadama Farming Communities in Minna, North Central, Nigeria. AASCIT Journal of Environment. Vol. 2, No. 5, 2017, pp. 48-55. Abstract The high pesticide residue in soil and water in the floodplains in Minna is of great concern because the soil is used for cereal and vegetable cultivation and the water used for domestic purposes. Therefore, organochlorine multi-pesticide residue analysis were determined in soil and water collected from the vegetable growing floodplains in Minna, North Central, Nigeria, where urban and peri-urban agriculture is practiced with extensive application of synthetic pesticides. Analysis was carried out using the gas chromatograph with mass spectrometric (GC-MS) detection technique. Organochlorine pesticide residues detected in soil and water in Minna included endosufan-II, p,p'-DDT, δ-BHC and heptachlor. Heptachlor and p,p’-DDT were the most common detected organochlorines in the soil and the water samples. All the detected pesticide residues in soil and water had concentrations that greatly exceeded the maximum residue limits (MRLs). Heptachlor had (11.310 ± 0.46 mgkg -1 ) > 0.03 mgkg -1 , δ-BHC (0.581 ± 0.32 mgkg -1 ) > 0.02 mgkg -1 , p,p-DDT (0.296 ± 0.04 mgkg -1 ) > 0.01 mgkg -1 , and endosulphan- II (0.056 ± 0.03 mgkg -1 ) > 0.02 mgkg -1 . Plant uptake of pesticides poses health risks to domestic livestock that forage on crop stubble and consumers of food products from these animals. The need for regular and stringent monitoring of pesticide residues in soil and water in the floodplains in Minna, North Central, Nigeria is advocated while farmers are adviced to adopt good agricultural practice. 1. Introduction Organochlorine pesticide residues most commonly found in soil and water are pesticides that are intentionally applied to cultivated crops to attack crop pests and diseases (FAO/WHO, 2004). Global reports show that organochlorine pesticide usage has increased significantly during the past three decades (Gilden et al., 2010). The extensive use of pesticides for agriculture and non-agricultural purpose has resulted in their enrichment in various environmental matrices, especially, soil water and food (Darko and Akolo, 2008; Cardenas-Gonzalez et al., 2013). Modern and mechanized
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AASCIT Journal of Environment
2017; 2(5): 48-55
http://www.aascit.org/journal/environment
ISSN: 2381-1331 (Print); ISSN: 2381-134X (Online)
Keywords Pesticide Residues,
Organochlorines,
Soil,
Water,
Floodplains,
GC-MS,
Minna
Received: August 15, 2017
Accepted: September 6, 2017
Published: October 13, 2017
Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Soil and Water from Fadama Farming Communities in Minna, North Central, Nigeria
Ogbonnaya Ikechukwu Chikezie1, *
, Mann Abdullahi2,
Yisa Jonathan2, Bala Abdulalahi
1
1Department of Soil Science and Land Management, Federal University of Technology, Minna,
Nigeria 2Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
Email address [email protected] (O. I. Chikezie) *Corresponding author
Citation Ogbonnaya Ikechukwu Chikezie, Mann Abdullahi, Yisa Jonathan, Bala Abdulalahi. Assessment of
Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Soil and Water from Fadama Farming Communities in
Minna, North Central, Nigeria. AASCIT Journal of Environment. Vol. 2, No. 5, 2017, pp. 48-55.
Abstract The high pesticide residue in soil and water in the floodplains in Minna is of great
concern because the soil is used for cereal and vegetable cultivation and the water used
for domestic purposes. Therefore, organochlorine multi-pesticide residue analysis were
determined in soil and water collected from the vegetable growing floodplains in Minna,
North Central, Nigeria, where urban and peri-urban agriculture is practiced with
extensive application of synthetic pesticides. Analysis was carried out using the gas
chromatograph with mass spectrometric (GC-MS) detection technique. Organochlorine
pesticide residues detected in soil and water in Minna included endosufan-II, p,p'-DDT,
δ-BHC and heptachlor. Heptachlor and p,p’-DDT were the most common detected
organochlorines in the soil and the water samples. All the detected pesticide residues in
soil and water had concentrations that greatly exceeded the maximum residue limits
(MRLs). Heptachlor had (11.310 ± 0.46 mgkg-1
) > 0.03 mgkg-1
, δ-BHC (0.581 ± 0.32
mgkg-1
) > 0.02 mgkg-1
, p,p-DDT (0.296 ± 0.04 mgkg-1
) > 0.01 mgkg-1
, and endosulphan-
II (0.056 ± 0.03 mgkg-1
) > 0.02 mgkg-1
. Plant uptake of pesticides poses health risks to
domestic livestock that forage on crop stubble and consumers of food products from
these animals. The need for regular and stringent monitoring of pesticide residues in soil
and water in the floodplains in Minna, North Central, Nigeria is advocated while farmers
are adviced to adopt good agricultural practice.
1. Introduction
Organochlorine pesticide residues most commonly found in soil and water are
pesticides that are intentionally applied to cultivated crops to attack crop pests and
diseases (FAO/WHO, 2004). Global reports show that organochlorine pesticide usage
has increased significantly during the past three decades (Gilden et al., 2010). The
extensive use of pesticides for agriculture and non-agricultural purpose has resulted in
their enrichment in various environmental matrices, especially, soil water and food
(Darko and Akolo, 2008; Cardenas-Gonzalez et al., 2013). Modern and mechanized
49 Ogbonnaya Ikechukwu Chikezie et al.: Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Soil and Water from
Fadama Farming Communities in Minna, North Central, Nigeria
agriculture cannot operate without any form of chemical
pesticide of some sort, food production would probably
decline precipitously in many areas, prices of food would
soar for higher and food shortages would become more
severe (Uygun et al., 2005).
High levels of pesticide residues arising from improper
and unregulated application and multiple sprays of sub-lethal
doses have been reported to be responsible for the poisoning
and several adverse health hazards in both rural and urban
areas in Nigeria and Niger State in particular (NAFDAC,
2004; Berrade et al., 2010). According to the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP) Organochlorine
pesticides are ubiquitous environmental contaminants
because they break down very slowly.
In the European Union (EU), hexachloro-benzene (HCB),
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), chlordane and
hexachloro-cyclohexane (HCH, which exists as different
forms, or “isomers”, one of which, γ-HCH, is lindane) has
been banned. According to (Yang et al., 2005), they are all
persistent and bio-accumulative chemicals, found widely in
the environment, wildlife and humans. Due to legislative
action in developed countries, the levels of organochlorine
pesticides are slowly declining. The DDT, chlordane and
HCB are classified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
under the Stockholm Convention of (2011). Ritter et al.,
(2007) stated that lindane is designated as a POP under the
European Commission (EC) Protocol, and is under
consideration for inclusion under the Stockholm Convention.
The two main groups of organochlorine insecticides are
the DDT-type compounds and the chlorinated alicyclics.
Their mechanism of action differs slightly: The DDT like
compounds work on the peripheral nervous system, and
prevent gate closure after activation and membrane
depolarization. (Da-Cuna et al., 2011). Chlorinated
cyclodienes include aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor,
chlordane and endosulfan. They are hazardous
organochlorines, about 2 to 8 hour exposure to these OCPs
may lead to the depression of the central nervous system
(CNS) activity, followed by hyperexcitability, tremors, and
then seizures (Hayat et al., 2010). Other examples include
dicofol, mirex, kepone and pentachlorophenol. These can be
either hydrophilic or hydrophobic depending on their
molecular structure.
Some types of organochlorides have significant toxicity to
plants or animals, including humans. Dioxins, produced
when organic matter is burned in the presence of chlorine,
and some insecticides, such as DDT, are persistent organic
pollutants which pose dangers when they are released into
the environment. For example, DDT, which was widely used
to control insects in the mid-20th century, also accumulates
in food chains, and causes reproductive problems (eggshell
thinning) in certain bird species. Some organochlorine
compounds, such as sulfur mustards, nitrogen mustards, and
lewisite, are also used as chemical weapons due to their
toxicity. However, the presence of chlorine in an organic
compound does not ensure toxicity. Some organochlorides
are considered safe enough for consumption in foods and
medicines.
The present study investigates the pollution level of
organochlorine pesticide residues in soil and water of fadama
communities in Minna, North Central, Nigeria, where urban
and peri-urban agriculture is practiced with extensive inputs
of synthetic pesticides and agrochemicals to improve
agricultural production.
2. Methodology
The Study area is in Minna the capital of Niger State,
Nigeria. It lies between longitude 9° 40' N to latitude 6° 27' E
and longitude 9° 33' N to latitude 6° 35' E. It is in the North
Central region of Nigeria covering an area of about
100,899km2 with a population of about 5,17,1107 [G Nat.
Population]. The study area is characterized by three seasons:
the cool, dry (Harmattan) season (October- January), hot dry
season (February-April) and rainy season (June-September).
The mean annual rainfall in the area is about 1200 mm, while
the minimum and maximum temperatures are 26°C and 34°C
n = 20 samples; MRL =Maximum Residue Limit; Nd = not detected
AASCIT Journal of Environment 2017; 2(5): 48-55 54
4. Conclusion
The study clearly established that organochlorine pesticide
residues constitute a major source of contamination in soil
and water in the floodplains in Minna. The study also
revealed that DDT, heptachlor, endosuphan and δ-BHC are
used indiscriminately and without regulation in the
floodplains in Minna.
Based on the above findings the relevant regulatory
agencies of government should urgently legislate, regulate
and intensify the advocacy in the proper use of hazardous
pesticides and agrochemicals in agricultural farm lands.
Good agricultural practice (GAP) should be encouraged and
awareness created on the need for the use of protective
clothing, storage regulation, distribution and good personal
hygiene adopted by farmers that regularly use synthetic
hazardous pesticides and agrochemicals. Further studies
should be carried out on other pesticide groups such as
carbamtes and synthetic pyrethroids used in the floodplains
which have not been investigated in this study to ensure that
their residues are within safety limits.
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the support of the Central
Laboratory of the National Food Drugs Administration and
Control (NAFDAC), Lagos for supporting the analyses of the
soil and water samples. We also appreciate Professor A.
Gachanja, Administrator, Pan African Chemistry Network
(PACN) and Dr. Steven Lancaster of the Royal Society of
Chemists (RSC) for sponsoring the Principal Investigator to
the Workshop held at Jomo Kenyata University of Science
and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya on GC-MS Technique and
interpretation.
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