Assessment of Opportunities and Constraints Associated with ...

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Journal of Agricultural Economics, Environment and Social Science 7(1):218-232: May, 2021 Copy Right © 2015. Printed in Nigeria. All rights of reproduction in any form is reserved.

Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria Available on line: http://www.jaeess.com.ng

ISSN: 2476 – 8423

Assessment of Opportunities and Constraints Associated with Maize Cribs

Utilisation by Maize Producers in Southwest, Nigeria

*Benson, O. B.1; Agoda, S.1; Agboola, A. A1.; Olumon, A. Q.2 and Alarima, C.I3.

1Department of Research Outreach, Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute (NSPRI),

Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria. 2Department of Postharvest Engineering Research, Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute

(NSPRI), Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria. 3Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Federal University of

Agriculture, Abeokuta.

ABSTRACT

The study was conducted in Southwest Nigeria to assess the opportunities and constraints

associated with traditional maize crib and improved maize crib (TMC and IMC) utilization by

maize producers. Proportionate sampling procedure was carried out on multi stage basis to

draw a sample size of 379 respondents. Using a validated and structured questionnaire as data

gathering tool, benefits associated with cribs utilization was measured on a three-point Likert-

type numerical scale 3-1 as highly beneficial (hb), beneficial (b) less beneficial (lb), with

constraints categorized as highly severe (hs), severe (s) and less severe (ls). Data was analyzed

using descriptive statistics involving frequency distribution, percentages and mean. Farmers’

socioeconomic analysis results reveal male as the dominant sex (84.2%), while majority

(87.5%) were married, with mean age of 48 years, average monthly income of N232,229.48 and

mean household size of 6 members. Likert scale mean results ranked cheap acquisition of TMC

and its ability to protect stored maize from excessive sunshine and heat as highly beneficial. The

constraint of direction of wind, rainfall and orientation of TMC was severe and of great concern

to the farmers. Durability of IMC and its ability to maintain moisture content over a period of

time was highly beneficial to maize farmers in the study area while lack of expertize to build

and position IMC was highly severe to more than half (52.3%) of the respondents. Cribs storage

technologies prove to be very beneficial to smallholder maize farmers for storage in periods

not exceeding six months. This study recommends training of maize farmers which could build

their capacity to overcome their stated constraints.

Keywords: Maize Crib, Traditional, Improved, Benefits, Constraints, Utilisation

*Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected], +2348034177026

http://www.jaeess.com.ng/



mailto:[email protected]

Benson et al JAEESS 7(1) May, 2021

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INTRODUCTION

Maize is a major staple food crop grown in diverse agro-ecological zones and farming systems,

and consumed by people with varying food preferences and socio-economic backgrounds in

the world (UNECA, 2015). In terms of production, maize is the leading crop in the world, with

969.62 MMT produced in 2016 (USDA, 2017). The U.S.A. is by far the largest producer of

maize, accounting for about 36% (345.51MMT) of world production in 2016, followed by

China at 24% (224.63MMT). Maize production in Brazil, European Union, Argentina, and

Mexico were estimated at 67MMT, 59MMT, 29MMT and 25MMT respectively in the same

year.

In Nigeria, maize farmers used cribs to store excess maize produced during production season

which are released into markets during lean/low production season. Agricultural and

developmental organisations recommended cribs as the farm and village maize storage method

that serve both as dryer and storage structure for maize after harvesting (Benson et al., 2020).

Cribs are of two types: The Traditional Maize Crib (TMC) (figure 1) is a storage

technology/structure with rectangular or cylindrical shape usually constructed (in variety)

entirely out of locally available plant materials which includes palm frond leaf, tree stem,

timber, reeds, bamboo, and clay in rear instances (Benson, 2020).

Figure 1: Traditional Crib (Source: Benson, 2020) Figure 2: Improved Crib (Source: Benson, 2020)

The Improved Ventilated Maize Crib (IMC) (figure 2) is an improvement over the traditional

crib in terms of design, dimensions, capacity, construction materials and storage performance.

It has upgraded the traditional crib to medium scale storage. It is a six-legged all metal

rectangular shaped object with corrugated metal/long span aluminum sheet. By the sides is

fixed iron mesh wire net meant to ward off pests and insects, the rat guards on the legs of the

supporting posts prevent access to the stored product by rodents and other crawling mammals.

The floor is fixed at least 0.8-1m above ground level; this is done to further stop jumping

rodents from gaining access (Benson, 2020).

A study on grain storage technologies utilizations (Benson et al, 2020) ranked cribs first and

second in the indigenous and improved technologies categories respectively traceable to the

benefits derived. Despite these feats, maize farmers noted they are also confronted with

myriads of challenges regarded as constraints without which cribs could be better utilized.


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Therefore, it’s appropriate to evaluate these benefits derived as well as constraints encountered

in utilizing cribs technologies for maize storage with a view to proffering solutions. These

constitute the objectives of the study.

METHODOLOGY

The study was carried out in the Southwest part of Nigeria. The region lies between latitude 60

and 90N of the equator and longitude 20 and 70E of the Greenwich meridian occupying an area

of 76,851 square kilometers (fig 3). Southwest Nigeria has six states; Lagos, Ogun, Oyo, Osun,

Ondo and Ekiti States. The total population of the area is 25,706,662 (National Bureau of

Statistics, NBC, 2017). It is a majorly Yoruba speaking area with diverse local dialects and

tongues even within the same state. The main source of livelihoods of the people of the

southwest Nigeria is agriculture. The major tree crops are cocoa, oil palm, rubber, and cashew,

while the arable crops are cassava, yam, maize, cowpea and sweet potatoes (Faleyimu et al.,

2013).

Three states of Oyo, Ogun and Ondo with Agricultural Zones (AZs) namely Oke-Ogun/Saki,

Ilaro and Ondo I respectively were selected for the study in the region. The list of blocks, cells,

and all the registered names and contact addresses of maize farmers in Oke-Ogun/Saki, Ilaro

and Ondo I AZs were obtained from their respective state Agricultural Development

Programmes (ADPs).

Proportionate sampling procedure was carried out on multistage basis. The first stage involves

random selection of 50% of the component blocks that made up each zone, followed by 20%

of cells (second stage), done at random. At third stage, 20% of maize farmers in each cell were

selected also at random. Thus, a total of 191 maize farmers in Oke-Ogun/Saki AZ (Table 1),

53 maize farmers in Ilaro AZ (Table 2), and 135 maize farmers in Ondo I AZ (Table 3) were

selected, all summed-up to a sample size of 379 maize farmers. A total of 379 well-structured

questionnaires with valid attitudinal statements were distributed but 329 questionnaires were

retrieved (86.8%) and used for the study.

The beneficial attitudinal statements were measured on a three-point Likert-type numerical

rating scale 3-1 as Highly beneficial (Hb), Beneficial (B), and Less beneficial (Lb). Ditto the

listed attitudinal statements regarded as constraints militating against efficient utilizations of

cribs. They were measured as Highly severe (Hs), Severe (S) and Less severe (Ls). IBM-SPSS

statistics 21.0 was used for data analysis. Data collected were subjected to descriptive statistical

analysis.


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Table1 Sampling procedure and sample size of maize farmers in Oke-Ogun/Saki

Agricultural Zone of Oyo State

Zone Blocks No of

maize

farmers

50% of

Blocks

20% of cells

in each

Block

20% of

maize

farmers

Total no of

farmers for

sampling

Oke-

Ogun/Saki

Saki-West 277 Saki-East Aba-Isehin

Aba-

gbomoso

52 52

Irepo 250

Olorunsogo 224

Saki-East 258 Iwajowa Igbo-Eleeru

Aba-Okeho

40 40

Iwajowa 200 Kajola Ilero, Ilua 49 49

Kajola 244

Orelope 264 Atisbo Tede, Ago-Are 50 50

Atisbo 248

Total 1965 191 191

Adapted from Sangotegbe et.al, (2012)

Table 2 Sampling procedure and sample size of maize farmers in Ilaro Agricultural

Zone of Ogun State

Zone Blocks No of maize

farmers

50% of

Blocks

20% of cells in

each Block

20% of

maize

farmers

Total no of

farmers for

sampling

Ilaro Ado-Odo 106 Ado-Odo Ado-Odo 21 21

Yewa-North 130 Ilaro

Imeko/Afon 82

Ipokia 62 Ipokia/Yewa South Ipokia/Oke-Odan 32 32

Yewa South 98

Total 478 53 53



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Table 3 Sampling procedure and sample size of maize farmers in Ondo I Agricultural

Zone of Ondo State

Zone Blocks No of maize

farmers

50% of

Blocks

20% of cells in

each Block

20% of

maize

farmers

Total no of

farmers for

sampling

Ondo I Ondo East 233 Ondo East Abusoro 47 47

Ondo West 170 Ajebamidele

Ile-Oluji 188

Idanre 183 Ondo West Adeoye 34 34

Odigbo 270 Ajegunle

Ifedore 211 Odigbo Aba-Fasu 54 54

Aba-Jaroyi

Total 1255 135 135



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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Socio-economic characteristics of the maize farmers

Analysis of the socioeconomic characteristics of the maize farmers (Table 4) reveal a mean age of

48years which means that about half population of these sampled farmers are still in their active

productive year. This finding agrees with that of Ibitola et.al., (2019) who reported similar age

group as the major segment of the population of maize farmers in Southwest, Nigeria. Male is the

dominant sex (84.2%), while majority (87.5%) are married, with most (72.6%) having 4-6

immediate family members. Ajah and Nmadu (2012) stated that 86.25% of maize farmers in the

study area were married. About Eighty percent (79.3%) of maize farmers in the study areas had

formal education; this high literacy level probably could enable them harness the benefits

associated with cribs as well as find out ways to overcome their constraints (Olojede et al., 2013).

Mean income accrued from maize farming was N232, 229.48; with about eighty-percent (79.3%)

of the farmers having between 1-24years’ experience in maize storage. Eighty-six percent of

sampled respondents indicate membership of cooperatives. Cooperative is an important tool of

improving the living conditions of farmers (Arua, 2004). It provides members with a wide range

of services such as credit, health, recreational and housing facilities (Bhuyan, 2007), functional

education to members in the areas of production, processing and marketing (Hermida, 2008),

extremely useful in the dissemination of information about modern practice in agriculture (Ahmed

and Mesfin, 2017), and dissemination of agricultural inputs (Matsumoto and Yamano 2010).


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Table 4: Socioeconomic characteristics of maize farmers (n=329)

Variable Frequency Percentage (%) Mean SD

Age

22-31 13 4.0 48.45 10.62

32-41 82 24.9

42-51 117 35.6

52-61 80 24.3

62-71 30 9.1

71 and above 7 2.1

Sex

Male 277 84.2

Female 52 15.8

Marital Status

Single 15 4.6

Married 288 87.5

Divorced 5 1.5

Separated 10 3.0

Widowed 11 3.3

Religion

Christianity 194 59.0

Islam 129 39.2

Traditional 6 1.8

Household Size (HHS)

1-3 22 6.7 6.25 2.28

4-6 239 72.6

Education level

No former education 57 17.3

Primary 95 28.9

Secondary 107 32.5

Vocational 11 3.3

Tertiary 59 17.9

Annual Income

15,000-215,000 183 55.6 232,229.48 203,994.01

216,000-416,000 127 38.6

417,000 and above 19 5.8

Years of experience in maize

storage

1-12 156 47.4 15.90 11.25

13-24 105 31.9

25-36 48 14.6

37-48 14 4.3

49 years and above 6 1.8

Cooperative Membership

Member 242 73.5

Not a Member 87 26.4

Source: Field Survey, 2019


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Benefits associated with traditional maize crib’s utilization

Ability of TMC to maintain maize moisture content was beneficial to fifty-eight percent (58.7%)

of maize farmers; this could be the case because crib structure is usually built and faced in such a

way that the prevailing winds blow perpendicular to the length which prevents moisture build-up

in stored maize. This is in agreement with the findings of Mobolade et al., (2019) and FAO (2011)

in separate studies on traditional methods of food grains preservation and storage. Clean and shiny

maize after storage time was beneficial to more than half (62.0%) of the farmers. Furthermore,

absence of insects in stored maize after storage time was beneficial to about 60% (59.6%) of the

farmers (Table 5). This is made possible due to low insects populations present in stored maize

after a storage period of four months; this agrees with earlier finding by Mijinyawa, (2002) who

reveal that maize varieties are protected reasonably well in crib for 3–6 months without the use of

insecticides. Less than half (43.5%) of sampled farmers agrees that cheap cost of acquiring TMC

was highly beneficial while durability of the technology was less beneficial to fifty-seven percent

(56.5%) of them.

These findings suggest that opportunities abound for various stakeholders in postharvest storage

chain to improve their storage practice and crib utilization. This is in support of Dıáz-Valderrama

et al., (2020) who highlights solutions that could be adopted by stakeholders to improve

postharvest handling and storage. Mean results ranked cheap acquisition of TMC and its ability to

protect stored maize from excessive sunshine and heat as benefits of high importance.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0570178319300375#bb0200


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Table 5: Benefits associated with traditional maize crib’s utilization (n=329)

SN Benefits HB B LB Total Mean Rank

Freq(%) Freq(%) Freq(%) Score

1 Traditional maize crib is cheap

to acquire

143(43.5) 99(30.1) 87(26.4) 714 2.17 1st

2 My stored maize is protected

from excessive sunshine and

heat.

63(19.1) 238(72.3) 28(8.5) 693 2.11 2nd

3 My stored maize is protected

from rainfall

75(22.8) 184(55.9) 70(21.3) 663 2.02 3rd

4 Traditional maize crib has

ability to maintain maize

moisture content over a storage

length of time

57(17.3) 193(58.7) 79(24.0) 636 1.93 4th

5 Insects found in stored maize are

not enough to bring about huge

loss.

59(17.9) 187(56.8) 83(25.2) 634 1.93 5th

6 Maize stored with traditional

crib always remained clean and

shiny after the storage time

49(14.9) 205(62.3) 75(22.8) 632 1.92 6th

7 Pests don’t have access to my

stored maize

58(17.6) 174(52.9) 97(29.5) 619 1.88 7th

8 I don’t usually find insects in my

stored maize after storage time

45(13.7) 196(59.6) 88(26.7) 615 1.87 8th

9 Traditional maize crib is durable 42(12.8) 101(30.7) 186(56.5) 514 1.56 9th

Source: Field Survey, 2019. HB= Highly Beneficial, B= Beneficial, LB= Less Beneficial.

Perceived constraints associated with traditional maize crib’s utilization

Table 6 shows that education play less role in the use of TMC in more than half (62.6%) of the

sampled maize farmers. This implies that the consequence of being educated or not is less severe

and pose little or no challenge to them, this is in line with the position of Ogunsumi et al., (2010)

on sustained use of agricultural technologies. Inadequate contact with extension personnel and,

expertise and training to build TMC were less severe to 56.5% and 60.5% of the sampled farmers

respectively. The reason may not far-fetched; they have mastered the art of building and using

TMC over a fairly long period of time for efficient grain storage, this agrees with Karthikeyen et

al., (2009) who hinted that indigenous (traditional) structures (technology) for storage are user

friendly. Fifty-eight percent of maize farmers notes that the direction of wind, rainfall and

positioning of TMC posed severe constraint to them with mean result ranked first (Table 6), this

infers that there is the need for training farmers on appropriate crib orientation.


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Table 6: Perceived constraints associated with traditional maize crib’s utilization (n=329)

SN Constraints HS S LS Total Mean Rank

Freq(%) Freq(%) Freq (%) Score

1 Direction of wind, rainfall

and positioning of TMC

could affect its efficiency

47(14.3) 191(58.1) 91(27.7) 614 1.87 1st

2 Traditional maize crib

requires regular contact

with extension workers

29(8.8) 114(34.7) 186(56.5) 501 1.52 2nd

3 Traditional maize crib

requires expertise to build

33(10.0) 97(29.5) 199(60.5) 492 1.50 3rd

4 Traditional maize crib is

only for the educated

21(6.4) 101(30.7) 207(62.6) 472 1.43 4th

Source: Field Survey, 2019; HS= Highly Severe, S= Severe, LS= Less Severe.

Benefits associated with improved maize crib’s utilization

Results in Table 7 shows that using IMC to maintain maize moisture content was highly beneficial

to a little above sixty percent (62.5%) of the sampled farmers. Half (50.5%) of the farmers indicates

that insects found in their stored maize are not enough to bring about economic loss. Less than half

(47.5%) of sampled farmers derived high benefit using IMC saying it protects their stored maize

from excessive sunshine and heat.

About forty percent (39.5%) of sampled respondents found IMC less beneficial in terms of cost of

acquisition, this is in line with Mwangi and Kariuki (2015); who posits that the cost of acquiring

a technology by rural farmers may influence its adoption, ditto the derived benefits. Durability of

IMC was highly beneficial to about sixty percent (59.6%) of the maize farmers, in tandem with

Benson, (2020) who reports that durability of improved technologies made them the choice of

various developmental programmes and are effective alternatives for grain storage as they have

minimal storage losses. Mean results reveals durability of IMC and its ability to maintain moisture

content over a period of time as benefits of high importance to farmers in the study area. Improved

maize crib is not cheap to acquire in terms of cost; the very reason it ranked least beneficial.


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Table 7: Benefits associated with improved maize crib’s utilization (n=329)

SN Benefits HB B LB Total Mean Rank


1 Improved maize crib has

ability to maintain maize

moisture content over a

storage length of time.

205(62.3) 120(36.5) 4(1.2) 859 2.61 1st

2 Improved maize crib is

durable

196(59.6) 122(37.1) 11(3.3) 843 2.56 2nd

3 Stored maize with

improved crib always

remained clean and shiny

after the storage time.

191(58.1) 125(38.0) 13(4.0) 836 2.54 3rd

4 My stored maize is

protected from rainfall

167(50.8) 150(45.6) 12(3.6) 813 2.47 4th

5 The insects found in my

stored maize are not enough

to bring about economic

loss.

166(50.5) 143(43.5) 20(6.1) 804 2.44 5th

6 My stored maize is

protected from excessive

sunshine and heat.

156(47.4) 156(47.4) 17(5.2) 797 2.42 6th

7 I don’t usually find insects

in my stored maize after

storage time.

160(48.6) 143(43.5) 26(7.9) 792 2.41 7th

8 Pests don’t have access to

my stored maize

139(42.2) 157(47.7) 33(10.0) 764 2.32 8th

9 Improved maize crib is

cheap to acquire

98(29.8) 101(30.7) 130(39.5) 626 1.90 9th

Source: Field Survey, 2019; HB= Highly Beneficial, B= Beneficial, LB= Less Beneficial

Perceived constraints associated with improved maize crib’s utilization

Improve maize crib clearly present some constraints to smallholder grain farmers reveals in Table

8. About sixty percent (57.4%) of farmers notes that they encountered severe constraint using IMC

due to their level of education. Of this, farmers with no former education and those with primary

education constitute 46.2% of the stated figure. By implication, their level of education could

justify their inability to use IMC. Conteh et al., (2015) identifies education amongst other factors

that determines improve grain storage technology adoption and usage. In the same vain, a little

above half (56.2%) of maize farmers indicates that constraint orchestrated by inadequate contact

with extension workers was a severe one. Studies (Othman, 2018; Apantaku et al., 2016) reveal


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insufficient extension personnel which could have reduced contact made with farmers amongst

constraints to effectiveness of extension service. The constraints of expertize to build and position

IMC (orientation) were highly severe to 52.3 and 50.5% of maize farmers respectively. IMC is a

product of innovation and improvement on the traditional crib; it may be correct to say that

building the technology requires certain expertize, likewise usage which requires training. Mean

results ranked these variables as constraints of serious concern. This underscore the importance of

training and re-training inform of adult literacy classes recommended by Atibioke et al., (2012).

Table 8: Perceived constraints associated with improved maize crib’s utilization (n=329)

SN Challenges HS S LS Total Mean Rank


1 Improved maize crib

requires expertise to build

172(52.3) 129(39.2) 28(8.5) 802 2.45 1st

2 Direction of wind, rainfall

and positioning of

improved maize crib could

affect its efficiency

166(50.5) 140(42.6) 23(6. 9) 801 2.43 2nd

3 Improved maize crib

requires regular contact

with extension workers

54(16.4) 185(56.2) 90(27.4) 622 1.89 3rd

4 Improved maize crib is only

for the educated

29(8.8) 189(57.4) 111(33.7) 576 1.75 4th

Source: Field Survey, 2019; HS= Highly Severe, S= Severe, LS= Less Severe.

Conclusion and Recommendations

Cribs storage technologies prove to be very beneficial to smallholder maize farmers for storage in

periods not exceeding six months. Cheap acquisition of TMC and its ability to protect stored maize

from excessive sunshine and heat are benefits of high importance. Durability of IMC and its ability

to maintain moisture content over a period of time are benefits of notes. This study recommends

training of farmers to enable them overcome their stated constraints.


230

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