I 7. r/2- ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION FROM A MUNICIPAL LANDFILL AND EVALUATION OF REMEDIAL MEASURES BY MARK BRICKELL A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 1982
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I 7 r2shy
ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION
FROM A MUNICIPAL LANDFILL AND
EVALUATION OF REMEDIAL MEASURES
BY
MARK BRICKELL
A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND
1982
TM
Thesis Abstract
The South Kingstown Lanafill is located adjacent to Rose Hi l l
Road approximately one mile north of Peace Dale Rhoae Island
Refuse has been deposited above at and below the water table in an
abandoned gravel auarry since 1967 No grouna-water protection
measures were taken to minimize pollution of the surrounding highly
permeable aauifer material Contamination in some neighboring wells
and in streams to the southwest and east of the landfill has
occurred This study analyzes the present situation by
investigating the areas geohydrologic characteristics grouna-water
flow patterns and contaminated zones Use of seismic refraction
surveys boring logs the USGS ground-water map ana monitoring wells
helped define aauifer geometry ana flow patterns Specific
conductance was measured in monitoring wells ana streams as an
indicator of contamination Electrical resistivity was used in a
known contamination zone The USGS Iterative Digital Moael for
Aquifer Evaluation is used to simulate conditions in the study
area evaluate possible remedial control solutions and make
recommendations
IV
Preface
This thesis is written according to the Standard plan The
Table of Contents lists sections included in the Main Body of
the thesis The Appendices include relevant material that is
referred to in the thesis Main Bodyand a Bibliography
Table of Contents
Page
Title Page
Approval Sheet
Acknowledgement ii
Thesis Abstract iii
Preface iv
Tab I e of Contents v
List of Tables vi
List of Figures vii
Main Body
Introduction 1
Background 2
Description of Study Area 10
Field Studies and Procedures 15
Model Development 30
Model Calibration 41
Computer Simulations 42
Analysis ana Discussion 55
Remedial Measures and Recommendations 75
Conclusions and Recommendations 83
Appendices
Appendix A Precipitation Records 86
98
Appendix C
106
Appendix E
120
Appendix B Boring Logs
Appendix D Computer Program Flow Chart
Appendix F Bioliography
CaliDration of Specific Conductance Meters in4
Computer Data Sheets Ill
VI
List of Tables
Table
1 Well point Water Elevations 17
2 Seismic Refraction Survey Results 20
3 S tream Fl ows 22
4 Specific Conductances in Well points 26
5 Specific Conductances in Streams and Observation Holes 27
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hydraulic properties and the subsurface geometry enable estimates of
ground-water outflow to be made Streamflow measurements were used
to verify these outflows Contamination levels using specific
conductance measurements as an indicator were measured in wells
streams and observation holes to help delineate the extent ana
degree of contamination An electrical resistivity sounding was
conducted in a known contamination zone
The primary objective of tnis study is to determine flow
patterns in the vicinity of the landfill ana recommend possible
actions to contain or minimize the impact of the contamination In
oraer to fully evaluate these goals the aforementioned parameters
were input to a computer model to produce simulated flow patterns
under different conditions The simulated present conditions were
matched with field water table and stream flow measurements to
calibrate the model A series of simulations were then run to
evaluate flow conditions before the excavations anaor landfill
existed Remedial measures such as reducing recharge to the
landfill and implementing a slurry wall to blocx off leachate flow
to endangered wells were simulated to evaluate their effectiveness
Based on this analysis recommendations are made as to how to
minimize leachate production ano best alleviate the immediate danger
of the contaminant plume spreading to unpolluted domestic supply
wells
background
The South Kingstown landfill is in a geologic setting that is
very similiar to the nearby West Kingston landfill This is located
about 3 miles west of the South Kingstown landfill and has been
studied to assess leachate effects on groundwater quality using
specific conductance as an indicator of contamination levels
(222ltt) Both sites were located in abandoned gravel Quarries which
were filled in with refuse to create the landfill
In the literature numerous authors have shown that the character
of contaminant plumes from landfills are largely dependent on the
local geology and geohydrology A study on Long Island (27) in
similiar glacial material illustrates that the Quantity of flow is
dependent on the hydraulic conductivity of tne aauifer the
hydraulic gradient and the vertical cross-sectional area of the
aauifer it flows through This is expressed as Darcys Law (41)
Q = KIA
wnere Q = flow quantity
I = hydraulic gradient
K = hydraulic conductivity of the aauifer
A = vertical cross sectional area of the flow area
Specific conductance was used as a contaminant tracer to show that
the plume from the landfill flowed downgradient and vertically
through the full thickness of the aauifer A study in Iowa (32)
indicates that the size ana shape of the contamination outflow from
a l a n d f i l l can be predicted from existing geohydrologic conditions
and that the horizontal shape of the outflow extends downgradient
8
from the source and parallel to ground-water flow lines Other
parameters which control the extent of the contaminant plume are
dilution and dispersion in the aquifer and the adsorption properties
of the aauifer material (31)
The amount of leachate generated depends largely on the amount
of water that infiltrates through the landfill to increase tne water
content of the refuse in the landfill The precipitation recharge
that percolates down through the unsaturated zone to the water table
moves in a vertical direction (35) Surface runoff soil moisture
storage losses and evapotranspiration account for tne precipitation
that is not transmitted tnrough the unsaturated zone of aeration
(3315) Upon reaching the saturated zone the water enters the
ground-water flow system Ground-water mounding has been reported
in landfills due to the decreased hydraulic conductivity of
compacted refuse relative to surrounding aauifer material (20)
Chemical processes within the landfill leachate outflow and
surrounding soil cation exchange capacity relative to water duality
of the surrounding aduifer have been studied in Pennsylvania (1) anu
in Delaware (5) A procedures manual for ground-water monitoring at
solid waste disposal facilities was developed by the US
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (9)
Several reports have been written that investigate site
selection design criteria and remedial measures to correct
leachate problems (29) A survey of ground-water protection methods
for landfills in Illinois studies relationships to the water table
theory of liner installation and monitoring devices (13) Sanitary
Landfi11-Leaching Prevention and Control presents a review of
preventative methods such as means to minimize infiltration
interception of ground-water and other pollution control measures
(2 37) A study in Pennsylvania on actual measures implemented to
collect and treat a landfills leachate discharge presents a site
specific study (19) Leachate Quality Improvements After Top
Sealing1 shows that by minimizing infiltration at a landfill in
Connecticut the outflow leachate water quality can be improved
dramatically and contamination plume reduced significantly (6) The
most comprehensive reports on remedial approaches to upgrading waste
disposal sites and ground-water protection methods have been
compiled under USEPA contract (1542)
To assist in evaluating remedial measures the US Geological
Survey (USGS) computer model Iterative Digital Model for Aduifer
Evaluation was used It was originally developed as a model for
simulating two-dimensional aauifer problems (33) It had been
updated since its original development to accomodate different
options (43) This model has been applied to glacial outwash
regions in Rhode Island (717)
10
Description of Study Area
A map of tne landfill area (Fig Z) was obtained from tne town
of South Kingstown The excavation to the west of Rose Hill Roaa
the landfill area directly to the east and the presently operating
area to the east of the central stream comprise tne overall study
area This study will concentrate on the west landfill area whicn
has recently reached capacity and been closed to further dumping
This site received mixed refuse for the past 15 years The depth of
the excavation where the landfill presently exists was approximately
to bedrock in some places Tne exact depths of landfill material is
unknown
The landfill cover has been graded and sloped generally eastward
to convey surface runoff to the eastern side A sandy soil that was
excavated locally was used as tne cover material The northern
section has a vegetation cover and the recently filled southern
section has been seeded and mulched The six monitoring wells W
NW NE EC SE SC were placed by the town of South Kingstown to
provide water quality information
Referring to Fig 2 the west excavation stream drains the area
created by the excavation to the west of Rose Hill Road and flows
throughout the year The central stream drains a small watershed
area which lies to the northwest of the landfill and drys up during
part of the year These streams flow into the Saugatucket River
which flows throughout the year and is larger than the west and
central streams combined
11
The USGS Groundwater Map (18) was initially consulted to proviae
information on the ground-water flow patterns (Fig 5) and the
geology of tne area (Fig 6) The surficial geology borings and the
vertical geologic cross-section at the base of the study area
indicate shallow water table and bedrocic and a nearly constant
saturated thickness (18) Boring logs at the W well ana a point
approximately 150 feet south of it indicate glacial outwasn material
which is primarily sana with a trace of gravel over bedrock at a
depth of approximately 33 feet Borings at the east landfill area N
and S monitoring wells indicate the same aquifer material
(Appendix B)
The ground-water map developed by Hahn is taken as
representative of conditions existing prior to the excavation of the
I l andfill (18) This indicates water-table contour lines that run in i
a general northeasterly direction This means tnat flow was
originally in a southeasterly direction However contamination of
domestic supply wells on the west side of Rose Hill Road has
occurred (Fig 3) strongly suggesting that the original flow pattern
has been altered by the excavation to the west of Rose Hill Road and
the landfill to the east of it Domestic supply wells were formerly
located directly to the west of Rose Hill Road but were aoandoned
when they became contaminated from landfill leachate New wells
were located to the south and west away from the contaminant plume
of tne landfill In addition a well located at the northeastern
corner of the landfill was contaminated and a replacement located to
the east of Us former location on tne opposite side of the central
12
Legend scale 124000
mdash-40 mdashground-water contour elevation
Fig 5 Ground-Water Map
13
Legend feet
TILL
Fig 6 Geology Background Map
14
stream This second wel 1 also became contaminated Domestic supply
wells located near tne northwestern corner of tne landfill and
approximately 300 feet south of it nave remained uncontaminated
These well locations serve as an indication of tne extent of the
landfill contamination which is largely dependent on the groundwater
flow patterns To furtner investigate this problem and provide
substantial information on which to base the geohydrologic analysis
field studies of the area were conducted
15
Field Studies ana Procedures
A map of the lanafill and an aerial pnotograph of the area were
obtained A tracing of these maps superimposed upon another
delineates stream landfill and monitor well locations (Fig 2)
The field investigation concentrated on the west landfill area ana
its aajoining streams ana monitor wells The east landfill area and
the three monitor wells in that area are induced in the latter
phase of the study in oraer to expand the model area
A traverse which establishea tne monitor well elevations was run
using a Carl Zeiss level These were originally sitea in by the
town of South Kingstown using a local USGS reference datum number 40
(18) The wells of known elevations then served as benchmarks for
referencing adjacent stream elevations This in combination with
the depth to water table measurements at each well enables tne
water-table surface geometry of the area to oe visualized
Water-table measurements of the west landfills wells were recordea
over a ten month period to record fluctuations (Fig 7 Table 1)
The east landfill areas wells were monitored for a five month
period Using a given water-table condition a ground-water map was
developea of the area (Fig 4) This indicates an outflow from
the landfill primarily in a southeasterly direction and partially
in a southwesterly direction
Additional bedrock and water-table information was ootainea by a
seismic refraction survey at several locations along the landfill
perimeter A Bison Model lb70C Signal Enhancement Seismograpn was
used to maxe the surveys Lines were run (to a length of kOO feet)
16
17
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18
in both directions to provide a check and permit accurate estimates
of the depth to bedrockThe seismic results allow approximate
interpretations of the depth to the water table and bedrocK thus
permitting an estimation of the saturated thickness Ground
elevations at the location of the seismic surveys were determined
from a topographical map and field siting From this information
water table ana bedrock elevations estimates were made Bedrock
contours are listed in Fig 8 In addition a table which
summarizes the seismic refraction results for the unsaturated
saturated and bedrock layers velocities and depths at each survey
location is presented in Table 2
Scream gauging stations were established on the two streams
bordering the west landfill (Fig 9) Three stations were placed on
the central stream These provide information on the influent or
effluent condition of ground-water flow in the upper sections of the
stream and ground-water baseflow from an area adjacent to the
landfill into the stream (Table 3)
The stream gauging stations used were 90deg V-notch weirs The
weirs located in the SE and SW positions were placed in the
streamoea with a liner of plastic upstream to minimize underflow
The weirs located in the NW and E positions were cut to fit in
recesses of concrete culvert pipes Concrete plywooa interfaces
were coated with roofing cement to minimize bypass flow Upstream
water pressure and a snug fit hold the plywood sections in place
All weirs were implaceo according to AigtTM reouirements and flowrates
calculated using the standard 90deg V-notch formula (3)
19
N
seepage West observat ion Landfill hole
Area
Legend landfill limit excavat ion limit
copyWNWNEECSESC monitoring well locations
= = = unimproved road -- WNES-number
seismic refraction locations
-40shy approximate bedrock contpur elevation
feet
Fig8 Seismte Survey Location
20
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Time months Flg11 Flucuatlon In Specific Conductance in Wells
26
Table 4 Specific Conductances in Wells (pmhoscm at 25degC)
West East Landfill Landfill
Date NW NE EG SE W SC N E S
81581 851 938 236 2356
102981 171 3268
11381 3268
111081 304 988 1100 258 3800
111481 426 2736 1216 186 4560
111781 304 3610 433 389 4560
121981 380 1406 129 103 380
1982 160 152
31582 274 760 1064 61 334 8000+ 182 53 84
52182 450 1500 1125 112 712 8000+ 175 255 150
52282 425 1320 1200 110 850 180 320 170
27
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4)bull
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US D E P A R T M E N T OF COuMEDCC I | C gt A A
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VIM i Uraquo
MIND E
EVAPORATIOH flnrft bull A ftufiifccdll
KECORO OF eVAPllHAtlil bull I CLIHATOLOOCAL OBSERVA ^Hij
14 MM A_M AOOIIIONAL DATA11 MAIM
Mr bullH Oo|
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bull221 IHI
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HHO (10
3H 19 12 10 IP
raquo3H raquo | 5t io
OP OIT
14
vO UI Of PANTMINI Or COMMCRCf MM O A A
F ngt TIHH
iiicffwiffc 4 rJ (TIM bull Cempltit Obitittiio
AIlaquo TIMHIATUM PHICinTATION I V A f OK ATlPrl
OATI ADDITIONAL DATA KMAlIt
U4laquo4 +
03H Ji
10
rc a 1 16 oi ii
tiiy 10
OI
II i23 or o 13 -y~ou HO
II 3V III i 3 t
V laquop oot
OM1 SS ne
T an -i IP
Olt zr LTV
3T 001
a -11 2T
10 an 31
-1 raquo 131 UP 3H lf 14 Lpoundshy
it 14 30
IS
Ui O I P A K T M f H T OP COWlf ICfM O A A
NATJONAI V C A T M C n f t K M V l C K
bullbullbullbullbullshy -2 o AIlaquo TIMMRATUM f fKICIPITATIOH
OATI poundt- MMINMAL DATAk
ZP 51 lo icr
011 111
OoT IHf
Ut 003 am
3o 13 ao
4A X 05shy
H4 i IjJyiV131 ooc js
IH oi 01 tL 18 13 a
No 11-7
rivgtp OO| M Hi 03 01
It 12
bull I 41 bull7119 14 ^^ raquo 31 15 lampk n M ho i
Jo -j-
-J
I
Ml H^ I _
amp2ampUi^= LS 0 S 0-f bullTTT
-Vmdash gt U_ bull 1 rOHM I- 11 OI OCPARTMlNT OF COMM(NCC
HO NATIONAL W f A T M f H ftfraquoVlCI
98
Appendix B
Boring Logs
99
X iHECT 1 ff 2
OAT American Drilling amp Bor ini I Co Inc
wo WATH smn EAST PR ov IDENC E ft 1 Town of South Kingstown South K ngstown R I MOLENO X-J
TC 100 RCSS bull ujrMonitorinq Well Installation | South Kinqjtown R I UNC a STA Pf KXICCTHJ LOC ATK3N
bull cfrserrr TO above S MPLES S FNTTO _ _ |laquolaquor A-109 SURF ELEV RE PORTSEr
GROUND WATER O6SE RVATC MS 1 CDREraquolaquo m-T nn75 laquo A 256 - 20 mdash Hew y
Instolled 32ofT-l2 PV C - JO- COMPUTE 111275 K toia 3- I-WI 1-38 TOTAL MRS bdquo10 screen BORING FCACUAM J K lanq MAI rraquo HomnwWI 300 140 IampPCCrc Mamlaquor Fall 24 30 lampaaiona SOLS ENGR
LOCATION OF BORING H ONITOKING WELL
Coung Samplt Tjp Blow per 6 Manure SOU IDENTIFICATION Strata SAMPLE ^^^yV Bloot
foot
Otptni
From- To
el
l
on Sampler
0-6 1 -6-13 12-18
Dentity or
Conmt j
Chang Remark include colo^ graaation Type of tod lie Rao-coMr type condition nordshynetiDntotf time leamt and tie No Pen Rtlt
2 No top sample 5 12
1 loamy fine sand
bull)^ 40 30 36
5- 616 0 23 20 16
noist iense
Brown fine to coarse SAND some fine to coarse gravel Trace silt
^
1 18 18
36 8-0shy57 40 30 V 35
|0-||-6 D 14 24 20 Srown medium to coarse SAND Some fine gravel cobbles
7 IRshy 16
27 75 37 3
IS- I- D 5 14 16 3bull
ISshy 15
42 50 I9--0shy50 65 20-2ll-6 D 9 23 26 bull Jrown fine to coarse SAND Tbullwshy 1Z 75 90
22-0 Trace silt trace fine gravel
124 120 74 60 52 41
7S-ltlaquoil-A DX 71 16 13 wet very dense
Gray-brown fine to coarse SANC Some fine to coarse gravel little silt
H IR u
40 30--0
3C-30-IO
3l4-334
334-3314
38 4-434
D
c
C
C
7 IflO
94 6
we tr j
y se
ft irox
30MOshy
31 -4shy
Gray-brown fine to coarse SAND Trace silt
Gray-brown fine SAND some lilt trace fine gravel
Too of Rock 31 -4shy
Gray-pink GRANITE
6 7
amp
CJ
IltJ A
60
601
IQ mdash
2(
4
5 i Hard
ft 5ome seams bull
GROUND SURFACE TO J 4 U3CD_ ^JVrf bullbull( tutu t to 4o 4 SampM Type Proportion UMd MOB Wtx 3 OfaM on 2OD Sampler SUMMARY-
OOry CCartd WltWen4 Hoc OlolO Canmonieraquoi Don any CoKeem CarMWncy Earm Barrlaquoj 11 14
UPgtUnOigtturod Piuon trite (Oto20dego 0-Kgt Loei it 0-4 Sait 3O+Hofd Rock Corng 14 Kgt-30 laquo4 0 rte 4-8 MSHM Samplet TPTtitPit Ai Auger Vvanefett tarn 2Olo39 3O-M Owlt n laquo-lS Strlf rinit nn v 1
UTiUndlshffbed ThrMOll and bull 33to9O 5O Very 0laquo nraquoe 19-30 V-3trraquof - | OLE NO X-l
TOVH rim - iA it raquotoraquo
100
SHEET 2 o_L
WO WATEt STUET [AST ft OVIDENC pound a i American Drilling amp Bor ing Co Inc
MCLl WQ X- 1 Tt AOORCSS i
LIME A STA KXICCTMJ tuf same as 1 | tame as i LOCATION
W PORTSEf mo OB nj urt eflaquo T
illtPLES S
P
CVTTO nlaquo mun orv
^s f^ Tin i GRCVMO WATER OBSERVATONS CASING SAMPLER CORE BAR
START Typi COMPUTE tome at 1 same aiH
TOTAL MRS BORIMG FOR CMAN n bull IT INSPECTOR SOILS EMM
LOCATION OF BORING u HfVJTneTfi UFI _
8
Counf Blo-t
foot
Dtpllo
From To
0( on SampMr
0-6 f 6-IZ
Moittir
Oonuty or
Contilt
Strata Ctnngc
SOIL OCNTiriCATION Rtmorkt ineHifl cotot grqdotion Typlaquo of Mil etc Roo-axtrPlaquo condition Mrdshynlaquot Drog tun ttomt end tic
TPlaquoTraquojraquoPit AAugtr ViVon mini tamt 20to39 UTtundiifir6d TrwMOtf and JSloSO 50-raquobull Vary 0nlaquo [HOLE NO x-2 B-3O V-3Mf lev rim - IAIT raquosectlaquoraquo
102
300 iu 24
1 UMnii ffi 140 laquo 30
CA1INC tf
gt taWCTf
bull 0gtlaquo i R Cook Jr_ R Millineton1 Wttn
I~
1 VAMtl CtMG
1 W HO-t MO
1 Oraquo 1 laquo0~ twt
L 1 laquo-raquo VfcM^lf [wlaquoraquoCI ^ ^ K3Ot III laquo
0-LS D
5-65 D
LlQ 10-115 D
15-16 Tgt
Lraquo 70-51 n
25-26 D
F
I O-O Ci
A Allstate Drill ins Co vi o i
PROVIDING R 1bull raquoraquo uvraquonn~ N M O M I T O P I N G HE1 _^lt -^ PI-Traquo UJU
CUM Town of South Kineraquotown raquoraquo 1 1TA maoer Propolaquolaquod Sit for Slude Disposal nltn
laquo V-449 iampAAtut i a 138 ort STI bull r 42777 CtOuMO IKVtllON
Cill bdquo 258 DA II MN ru 42777 rilaquolaquodO laquoraquoTti rum 1911
AU1TATI
MMUI1 raquolaquogtlaquolaquo laquoKiO itXHHKraquoriOi of sous MUAHI nMTKlion Ot CMlaquoMC|kOraquort tl CO~VH DXltgt raquomlaquo laquotf IMi COIOI C4l II I 1raquo gtlaquo^ Oraquo 1Ol rC t Xgttgt VtfKOe Craquo Mi 1 ft liMraquoK laquo0^tlaquot nfgt
1-2-1 10 TOP SOIL FINE LIGHT BROWN SAND traclaquo of ilt
16-31-17
22-24-21 100 FINE TO MEDIUM LIGHT GRAY SAND trace of fine gravlaquol and raquopoundLt
lfl-37-34 150 LIGHT BROWN FINE TO MEDIUM SAND little poundinlaquo gravel
21-17-15 200 MEDIUM TO COARSE SAND bullomc fine gravel
12-4-10
265
Observation well installed
NOTE No casing blows taktn
bullbull B-23 ow
^w^ 265 I raquo bull raquolaquo bull I W
11 laquot gtbullraquo Vlaquo 14 W gt_ c-shyji bull alaquo bull jraquo VI laquoHshyw bullbull m raquobullbull D-6 raquo Mshy
bull bull laquo Vshy
1
bull bull
I
103
MAMMII Allstate Drilling Co ulaquorr 1 or 1 FftOVIOCKZ H L traquolS mTArm^S MONITOR NR WEL
VNO wr3JJO__raquoraquou_24__ HCU MO P-74 n iu riBwi Town of Slt7H^ Xirpin
mdash^ laquo0J P 1 1 bull ^n^ciit^o TVlaquow^laquott1 bullraquoit wt 140 nu 30 olaquor fBu lkv Waste Disposal Arcai
MUTAH a V-449 R Cook Jr UMlaquoiigti D 1 38 0t| raquoIJ raquo 5277 rlaquo SUMO luvlaquorv-laquow
mdash 5277 fipe -raquoT pfpm 150
H MCIO IMNTlXAflON Of SOU t(kAIlaquoS rrn 0-laquoraquo
5 -SF 01 w in laquobull -raquo ^ lit
D 1-2-2 TOP SOIL V-1-oraquo
15 IPbull FINE TO MEDIUM LIGHT GRAY SAND AND GRAVEL
5-65 D 37-27-35 some silt
10-11 D 20-14-18
15-165 D i 17-14-14 155
BROWN COARSE TO MEDIUM SAND little fine to coarse gravel trace of silt
20-211 D 4-4-2
230 GRAY BROWN VERY FINE SAND
25-26J D 7-8-9 AND SILT 265 fvarvedl
Observation well installed
NOTE No casing blows taken
wta 10 n uuraquo c^imdashbull IgtM laquolaquobull- B-24 ow ~ 14 ltfc laquoraquobull vlaquo^ M laquobull r O 0 fmtt bull W-L 26 5
-0- CgtCmdashgt bull laquolaquobull mdash laquo 1 - raquoraquo 1 gt 1laquo bull 1 gtraquor to bull mdashbull bull bull bulllaquo I t l~laquo 1lt Uraquo mdashbull ) bull 1 gtbull ft 0~ H laquoy bullM ta bull -IN la laquobull OPUM bull($ IMI
mdash H raquo laquo-bull
104
Appendix C
Calibration of Specific Conductance Meters
105
Specific conductance measurements were made using a beckman RB
338 temperature compensating meter and a YSI rtooel 33 salinity
conductivity temperature meter The YSI meter is not
temperature correcting A formula to compensate for temperature
differences to standardize YSI measurements was used (21)
A long probe for the Beckman meter was used to measure conductivity
in the wells Differences in conductivity between the YSI ana
Beckman meters and the Beckman short and long probes exist These
were calibrated in the laboratory using 001 N and 01 N KC1
solutions Values presented are Beckman short probe values The
Beckman long probe values were reduced by 76 and tne YSI values
were multiplied by 11 to adjust to Beckman short probe values The
YSI meter was used in the latter phases of the study for the
stream contamination due to the greater accuracy of the dial readout
scale
Table 7 Specific Conductance Meter Calibration Table
Concentration (KCL) 0001N 001N
Specific Beckman short 145 143 143 1247 1245 12GO
Conductances Beckman long 190 191 188 1639 1650 1665
umhocm 9 25 C YSI 132 131 128 1131 1140 1150
average values Beckman shortBeckman long = 075
Beckman shortYSI = 11
106
Appendix D
Computer program Flow Chart
107
F1g 33 Computer Program Flow Chart-
1TpoundR MAP TCO
NEWPER
WEWSTP CZAX
HEWIT TRANS TCOF ROW COLUMN
Yes
Yes
108 The following is a description of the USGS two-dimensional computer
program Iterative Digital Model for Aquifer Evaluation updated
December 1972 by P C Trescott The program written in Fortran
consists of a MAIN program and six subprograms or subroutines which
themselves are organized into subprogram sections The subroutines and
their sections are listed below
MAIN Program
DATAIN (subroutine) COEF ITER (section) CLAY MAP TRANS NEWPER TCOF
The program begins in the MAIN program which controls the sequence
of passage to the subroutines Sequential steps are described in the
program as shown in the flow chart of Fig 32 Emphasis is placed on the
steady state confined aquifer case as applied in this study First data
input is read in the DATAIN subroutine This data includes transmissivities
or permeabilities starting heads storage coefficients and grid spacings
Nodal transmissivity values are then computed for the water-table problem
in the TRANS section (COEF subroutine) This procedure is necessary here
because the subsequent routine for computing iteration parameters (ITER)
keys on nodal transmissivity values which would not have been input to
the water-table problem In the water-table option these would have been
109
computed from given bedrock and water-table elevations to obtain the
saturated thickness component of the transmissivity calculation In this
study water-table option was not used and the transmissivity values were
input directly The program then passes to the ITER section (DATAIN
subroutine) to compute the iteration parameters which expediate or even
cause convergence Next the MAP section (DATAIN subroutine) is utilized
to initialize data for an alphanumeric map if this was requested in the
input options Transmissivities are then computed for the confined
(artesian) aquifer case (water table not specified with input options)
in the TCOF section (COEF subroutine) These coefficients are harmonic
mean values of adjacent nodal transmissivities weighted by grid sizes
Time parameters and pumping data for a new pumping period are then read
in the NEWPER section (DATAIN subroutine) followed by entry into the
NEWSTP section (COMPUT subroutine) which calculates the size of the
time step Leakage coefficients (hydraulic conductivity of the confining
bed divided by confining bed thickness) are next computed in the CLAY
section (COEF subroutine) if leakage was specified in the input data
which was used in this study
A new iteration is then initiated in sections NEWITO (COMPUT
subroutine) NEWITO saves the current head values and compares them to
the updated head values for determining closure This is followed by
nodal transmissivity values being computed for the water table or water-
table artesian conversion problem Transmissivity coefficients are then
computed for the water-table problem in TCOF (COEF subroutine) Total
head values are then computed with the alternating direction implicit
procedure using the Thomas algorithim first along rows in the ROW section
110 and then along columns in the COLUMN section both in the COMPUT subroutine
Then if a solution is not obtained (because the error criteria for
closure is not satisfied) the MAIN program branches back to NEWIT1 subshy
sequent sections TRANS TCOF ROW and COLUMN repeatedly until a
solution at the particular time step is achieved NEWIT1 increments the
iteration counter and is immediately followed by NEWITO The program then
moves to the STEADY section of the COMPUT subroutine to check if the
closure criteria for steady state has been satisfied Output is then
printed in the OUTPUT section of COMPUT if steady state has been reached
or if the particular time step is designated for output
The program then branches back to NEWSTP (COMPUT subroutine) and
moves through the subsequent routines until the last time step in the
pumping period is reached Output is then promoted in the DRY section
of COMPUT if specified in input data If the last pumping period in
the problem has not been reached the program branches back to the
NEWPER section and moves again through subsequent sections otherwise
the program will terminate or start a new problem if one follows
This study was simulated as a steady state problem which can be
simulated by setting the storage coefficient of the aquifer and the
specific storage of the confining bed to zero and using one time step
of any length
111
Appendix E
Computer Data Sheets
RGSEA
10 ROSE HILL LANDFILL MODEL 20 30 40 LEAKAGE 50 60 70 CHECK 80 90 100 HEAD 110 120 1 23 IQ 100 5 001 37E-OU 0 130 100 001 0 0 1 4 0 - 1 - 1 1 - 1 - 1 i i i i i i 1
ISO 1 10 0 1547E-05 01 10 1 1 160 04642 200 200 1 1 i it
1 Agpar MA and 0 Langmuir Ground-Water Pollution Potential of a Landfill Above tne Water Table Groundwater V 9 No 6 1971 pp 76-96
2 Allen William B Hahn GW and RA Brackley Availability of Ground Water Upper Pawcatuck River Basin Rhode Island USGS US Government Printing-office GS 66-624 19bb
3 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Part 31 Open Channel Flow Measurement of Water and Waste Water by Weirs D 2034-68 1975
4 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Part 19 Infiltration Rate of Soils in Field Using Double-Ring Infiltrameters D 3385-75 1975
5 Baeaecner MJ and W BacK Hyarogeological Processes and Chemical Reactions of a Landfill Ground Water V 17 no 5 1979 pp 429-437
6 Beck WW Dunn AL and Grover H Emrich Leachate Quality Improvements After Top Sealing1 8th SHwRD MERL Symposium 1982
7 Beckman WK Transient Modeling For Estimating Sustained Aauifer Yield master thesis presented to the University of Rhode Island Kingston RI 1978
8 Bhattacharya PK and HP Patra Direct Current Geoelectric Sounding Elsevier Publishing Co New York 1968 135 p
9 Bouwer H Ground Water Hydrology McGraw-Hill Book Co New Yoric 1978 p 378
10 Braids 0 Cocozza pound Fenn D Isbister J Rous P and B Yarc Procedures Manual for Ground Water Monitoring at Solid Waste Disposal Facilities Environmental Protection Agency530SW-611 Cincinnati Ohio 1977
11 Cartwright K and MR McComas Geophysical Surveys in the Vicinity of Sanitary Landfills in Northeastern Illinois Groundwater V 6 no 5 1968 pp 23-30
12 Cartwright K and Fd Sherman Jr Electrical Earth Resistivity Surveying in Landfill Investigations Reprinted from Proceedings of ohe lOtn Annual Engineering and Soils Engineering Symposium Moscow Idaho 1972
122 13 Clark TP Survey of Ground-Water Protection Methods for
Illinois Landfills Groundwater V 13 no 4 1975 pp 321-331
14 Dunne T and LB Leapold Water in Environmental Planning WH Freeman and Company San Francisco 1978
16 Fenn DG Hanley KJ and TV Degeare Use of the Water Balance Method for Predicting Leachate Generation From Solia Waste Disposal Sites US Environmental Protection Agency530SW-lfa8 Cincinnati Ohio 1975
17 Geisser 0 An Electric Analog and Digital Computer Model of the Chipuxet Ground Water^ Aquifer Kingston Rhode Island master thesis presented to the University of Rhode Island Kingston RI 1975
18 Hahn GW Groundwater Map of the Narragansett Pier Quadrangle Rhode Island Rhode Island Water Resources Coordinating Board GWM 5 1959
19 Hemsley William T Koster C Wallace Remedial Technique of Controlling and Treating Low Volume Leachate Discharge USEPA National Conference on Management of Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites Oct 1980
20 Hughes GM RA Landon and RN Farvolden Hydrogeology of Solid Waste Disposal Sites in Northeastern Illinois Final Report to US Environmental Protection Agency PUD SW-l^d Cincinnati Ohio 1971
21 Keller GV and FC Frischknecht Electrical Methods in Geophysical Prospecting Pergamon Press New YorK NY 19bb
22 Kelly WE West Kingston Landfill An Evaluation of Its Effect on Ground-Water Quality Rnoae Island Water Resources Board Water Information Series Report 1975
23 Kelly WE Geoelectric Sounding for Delineating Ground-Water Contamination Groundwater V 14 No 1 1976 pp fa-10
24 Kelly WE Ground-Water Pollution Near a Landfill ASCE Environmental Engineering Division Journal V 10 No EE6 Dec 19b pp nay-nyy
25 Kelly WE personal communication January 1982
123
26 Kelly WE and OW Urish A Study of the Effects of Salt Storage Practices on Surface ana Ground Water Quality in Rhode Island NTIS FHWA-RI-RD-8001 1981 54 p
27 Kimmel GE and OC Braids Leachate Plumes in a Highly Permeable Aauifer Groundwater y 12 no 6 1974 pp 388-393
28 Klefstaa G Senalein LVA ana RC Palmauist Limitations of the Electrical Resistivity Method in Landfill Investigations Groundwater V 13 No 5 1975 pp 418-427
29 Landon RA Application of Hydrogeology to the Selection of Refuse Disposal Sites Groundwater V 7 no b 19b9 pp 9-13
30 Lang SM Bierschenk WH ana WB Allen 1960 Hyaraulic Characteristics of Glacial Outwash in Rhode Island Rhode Islana Water Resources Coordinating Board Bulletin No 3
31 LeGrand HE Patterns of Contaminated Zones of Water in the Ground Water Resources Research v 1 No 1 1965
32 Palmauist R and L Sendlein The Configuration of Contamination Enclaves from Refuse Disposal Sites on Floodplains Grouna Water v 13 no 2 1975 pp 167-181
33 Pinder GF A Digital Model for Aauifer Evaluation Techniaues of Water Resources Investigations of the US Geological Survey Bk 7 Cl 1970
34 Purushattam D Tamxe GR and CM Stoffel Leachate Production at Sanitary Landfill Sites ASCE Environmental Engineering Division Journal V 103 no EE 6 Dec1977 pp 981-988
35 Remson I Fungaroli AA ana AW Lawrence Water Movement in an Unsaturated Sanitary Landfill ASCE Sanitary Engineering Division Journal v 94 no SA2 April1968 pp 307-316
36 Rosenshien JS Gouthier JB and WB Allen Hydrologic Characteristics and Sustained Yield of Principal Ground-Water Units Potowamut-Wickford Area Rhoae Island USGS US Government Printing Office GS 67-324 1968
37 Roux PH and B Vincent Electrical Resistivity Evaluations At Solid Waste Disposal Facilities US Environmental Protection Agency SW-729 Cincinnati Ohio 1978
124
38 Salvato JA Wi lk ie WG and BE Mead Sanitary Landfill Leaching Prevention and Control Water Pollution Control Federation Journal v 43 no 10 Oct 1971 pp 2084-2100
39 Sawyer CN and PL McCarty Chemistry for Environmental Engineering McGraw Hill 1978
40 Stellar RL and P Roux Earth Resist ivi ty Surveys - A Method for Defining Ground-Water Contamination Ground Water v 13 no 2 1975 pp 145-150
41 Todd OK Ground Water Hydrology John Wi ley and Sons Inc New York 1959
42 Tolman AL Ballestero AP Beck WW and GH Emrich Guidance Mannual For Minimizing Pollution From Waste Disposal Sites US Environmental Protection Agency-500SW-677 Cincinnati Ohio 1978
43 Trescott PC Iterative Digital Model for Aauifer Evaluation US Geological Survey Open file report 1972
44 University of Rhode Island Academic Computer Center CalComp Contouring Manual
45 Warner DL Preliminary Field Studies Using Earth Resistivity Measurements for Delineating Zones of Contaminated Ground Water Groundwater v 7 1969 pp 9-16
46 White EF A Report to the Town of S Kingstown Utility Survey Engineering Corp 1967
47 Zohdy AAR A Computer Program for the Calculation of Schlumberger Sounding Curves Over Horizontally Layered Media Using the Method of Convolution US Geological Survey Denver
48 Zohdy AAR Eaton GP and DR Mabey Application of Surface Geophysics to Ground-Water Investigations Technidues of Water-Resources Investigations of the US Geological Survey Book 2 Chapter 01 Washington US Government Printing Office 2401-02543 1974
TM
Thesis Abstract
The South Kingstown Lanafill is located adjacent to Rose Hi l l
Road approximately one mile north of Peace Dale Rhoae Island
Refuse has been deposited above at and below the water table in an
abandoned gravel auarry since 1967 No grouna-water protection
measures were taken to minimize pollution of the surrounding highly
permeable aauifer material Contamination in some neighboring wells
and in streams to the southwest and east of the landfill has
occurred This study analyzes the present situation by
investigating the areas geohydrologic characteristics grouna-water
flow patterns and contaminated zones Use of seismic refraction
surveys boring logs the USGS ground-water map ana monitoring wells
helped define aauifer geometry ana flow patterns Specific
conductance was measured in monitoring wells ana streams as an
indicator of contamination Electrical resistivity was used in a
known contamination zone The USGS Iterative Digital Moael for
Aquifer Evaluation is used to simulate conditions in the study
area evaluate possible remedial control solutions and make
recommendations
IV
Preface
This thesis is written according to the Standard plan The
Table of Contents lists sections included in the Main Body of
the thesis The Appendices include relevant material that is
referred to in the thesis Main Bodyand a Bibliography
Table of Contents
Page
Title Page
Approval Sheet
Acknowledgement ii
Thesis Abstract iii
Preface iv
Tab I e of Contents v
List of Tables vi
List of Figures vii
Main Body
Introduction 1
Background 2
Description of Study Area 10
Field Studies and Procedures 15
Model Development 30
Model Calibration 41
Computer Simulations 42
Analysis ana Discussion 55
Remedial Measures and Recommendations 75
Conclusions and Recommendations 83
Appendices
Appendix A Precipitation Records 86
98
Appendix C
106
Appendix E
120
Appendix B Boring Logs
Appendix D Computer Program Flow Chart
Appendix F Bioliography
CaliDration of Specific Conductance Meters in4
Computer Data Sheets Ill
VI
List of Tables
Table
1 Well point Water Elevations 17
2 Seismic Refraction Survey Results 20
3 S tream Fl ows 22
4 Specific Conductances in Well points 26
5 Specific Conductances in Streams and Observation Holes 27
0gt -^^ o a5 raquobull bullo o sect 3 mdash laquoo o wcz _
3Ogt c $c o_ X
aw e 05 0 (0 3 bullo
o a 2 2 u
hydraulic properties and the subsurface geometry enable estimates of
ground-water outflow to be made Streamflow measurements were used
to verify these outflows Contamination levels using specific
conductance measurements as an indicator were measured in wells
streams and observation holes to help delineate the extent ana
degree of contamination An electrical resistivity sounding was
conducted in a known contamination zone
The primary objective of tnis study is to determine flow
patterns in the vicinity of the landfill ana recommend possible
actions to contain or minimize the impact of the contamination In
oraer to fully evaluate these goals the aforementioned parameters
were input to a computer model to produce simulated flow patterns
under different conditions The simulated present conditions were
matched with field water table and stream flow measurements to
calibrate the model A series of simulations were then run to
evaluate flow conditions before the excavations anaor landfill
existed Remedial measures such as reducing recharge to the
landfill and implementing a slurry wall to blocx off leachate flow
to endangered wells were simulated to evaluate their effectiveness
Based on this analysis recommendations are made as to how to
minimize leachate production ano best alleviate the immediate danger
of the contaminant plume spreading to unpolluted domestic supply
wells
background
The South Kingstown landfill is in a geologic setting that is
very similiar to the nearby West Kingston landfill This is located
about 3 miles west of the South Kingstown landfill and has been
studied to assess leachate effects on groundwater quality using
specific conductance as an indicator of contamination levels
(222ltt) Both sites were located in abandoned gravel Quarries which
were filled in with refuse to create the landfill
In the literature numerous authors have shown that the character
of contaminant plumes from landfills are largely dependent on the
local geology and geohydrology A study on Long Island (27) in
similiar glacial material illustrates that the Quantity of flow is
dependent on the hydraulic conductivity of tne aauifer the
hydraulic gradient and the vertical cross-sectional area of the
aauifer it flows through This is expressed as Darcys Law (41)
Q = KIA
wnere Q = flow quantity
I = hydraulic gradient
K = hydraulic conductivity of the aauifer
A = vertical cross sectional area of the flow area
Specific conductance was used as a contaminant tracer to show that
the plume from the landfill flowed downgradient and vertically
through the full thickness of the aauifer A study in Iowa (32)
indicates that the size ana shape of the contamination outflow from
a l a n d f i l l can be predicted from existing geohydrologic conditions
and that the horizontal shape of the outflow extends downgradient
8
from the source and parallel to ground-water flow lines Other
parameters which control the extent of the contaminant plume are
dilution and dispersion in the aquifer and the adsorption properties
of the aauifer material (31)
The amount of leachate generated depends largely on the amount
of water that infiltrates through the landfill to increase tne water
content of the refuse in the landfill The precipitation recharge
that percolates down through the unsaturated zone to the water table
moves in a vertical direction (35) Surface runoff soil moisture
storage losses and evapotranspiration account for tne precipitation
that is not transmitted tnrough the unsaturated zone of aeration
(3315) Upon reaching the saturated zone the water enters the
ground-water flow system Ground-water mounding has been reported
in landfills due to the decreased hydraulic conductivity of
compacted refuse relative to surrounding aauifer material (20)
Chemical processes within the landfill leachate outflow and
surrounding soil cation exchange capacity relative to water duality
of the surrounding aduifer have been studied in Pennsylvania (1) anu
in Delaware (5) A procedures manual for ground-water monitoring at
solid waste disposal facilities was developed by the US
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (9)
Several reports have been written that investigate site
selection design criteria and remedial measures to correct
leachate problems (29) A survey of ground-water protection methods
for landfills in Illinois studies relationships to the water table
theory of liner installation and monitoring devices (13) Sanitary
Landfi11-Leaching Prevention and Control presents a review of
preventative methods such as means to minimize infiltration
interception of ground-water and other pollution control measures
(2 37) A study in Pennsylvania on actual measures implemented to
collect and treat a landfills leachate discharge presents a site
specific study (19) Leachate Quality Improvements After Top
Sealing1 shows that by minimizing infiltration at a landfill in
Connecticut the outflow leachate water quality can be improved
dramatically and contamination plume reduced significantly (6) The
most comprehensive reports on remedial approaches to upgrading waste
disposal sites and ground-water protection methods have been
compiled under USEPA contract (1542)
To assist in evaluating remedial measures the US Geological
Survey (USGS) computer model Iterative Digital Model for Aduifer
Evaluation was used It was originally developed as a model for
simulating two-dimensional aauifer problems (33) It had been
updated since its original development to accomodate different
options (43) This model has been applied to glacial outwash
regions in Rhode Island (717)
10
Description of Study Area
A map of tne landfill area (Fig Z) was obtained from tne town
of South Kingstown The excavation to the west of Rose Hill Roaa
the landfill area directly to the east and the presently operating
area to the east of the central stream comprise tne overall study
area This study will concentrate on the west landfill area whicn
has recently reached capacity and been closed to further dumping
This site received mixed refuse for the past 15 years The depth of
the excavation where the landfill presently exists was approximately
to bedrock in some places Tne exact depths of landfill material is
unknown
The landfill cover has been graded and sloped generally eastward
to convey surface runoff to the eastern side A sandy soil that was
excavated locally was used as tne cover material The northern
section has a vegetation cover and the recently filled southern
section has been seeded and mulched The six monitoring wells W
NW NE EC SE SC were placed by the town of South Kingstown to
provide water quality information
Referring to Fig 2 the west excavation stream drains the area
created by the excavation to the west of Rose Hill Road and flows
throughout the year The central stream drains a small watershed
area which lies to the northwest of the landfill and drys up during
part of the year These streams flow into the Saugatucket River
which flows throughout the year and is larger than the west and
central streams combined
11
The USGS Groundwater Map (18) was initially consulted to proviae
information on the ground-water flow patterns (Fig 5) and the
geology of tne area (Fig 6) The surficial geology borings and the
vertical geologic cross-section at the base of the study area
indicate shallow water table and bedrocic and a nearly constant
saturated thickness (18) Boring logs at the W well ana a point
approximately 150 feet south of it indicate glacial outwasn material
which is primarily sana with a trace of gravel over bedrock at a
depth of approximately 33 feet Borings at the east landfill area N
and S monitoring wells indicate the same aquifer material
(Appendix B)
The ground-water map developed by Hahn is taken as
representative of conditions existing prior to the excavation of the
I l andfill (18) This indicates water-table contour lines that run in i
a general northeasterly direction This means tnat flow was
originally in a southeasterly direction However contamination of
domestic supply wells on the west side of Rose Hill Road has
occurred (Fig 3) strongly suggesting that the original flow pattern
has been altered by the excavation to the west of Rose Hill Road and
the landfill to the east of it Domestic supply wells were formerly
located directly to the west of Rose Hill Road but were aoandoned
when they became contaminated from landfill leachate New wells
were located to the south and west away from the contaminant plume
of tne landfill In addition a well located at the northeastern
corner of the landfill was contaminated and a replacement located to
the east of Us former location on tne opposite side of the central
12
Legend scale 124000
mdash-40 mdashground-water contour elevation
Fig 5 Ground-Water Map
13
Legend feet
TILL
Fig 6 Geology Background Map
14
stream This second wel 1 also became contaminated Domestic supply
wells located near tne northwestern corner of tne landfill and
approximately 300 feet south of it nave remained uncontaminated
These well locations serve as an indication of tne extent of the
landfill contamination which is largely dependent on the groundwater
flow patterns To furtner investigate this problem and provide
substantial information on which to base the geohydrologic analysis
field studies of the area were conducted
15
Field Studies ana Procedures
A map of the lanafill and an aerial pnotograph of the area were
obtained A tracing of these maps superimposed upon another
delineates stream landfill and monitor well locations (Fig 2)
The field investigation concentrated on the west landfill area ana
its aajoining streams ana monitor wells The east landfill area and
the three monitor wells in that area are induced in the latter
phase of the study in oraer to expand the model area
A traverse which establishea tne monitor well elevations was run
using a Carl Zeiss level These were originally sitea in by the
town of South Kingstown using a local USGS reference datum number 40
(18) The wells of known elevations then served as benchmarks for
referencing adjacent stream elevations This in combination with
the depth to water table measurements at each well enables tne
water-table surface geometry of the area to oe visualized
Water-table measurements of the west landfills wells were recordea
over a ten month period to record fluctuations (Fig 7 Table 1)
The east landfill areas wells were monitored for a five month
period Using a given water-table condition a ground-water map was
developea of the area (Fig 4) This indicates an outflow from
the landfill primarily in a southeasterly direction and partially
in a southwesterly direction
Additional bedrock and water-table information was ootainea by a
seismic refraction survey at several locations along the landfill
perimeter A Bison Model lb70C Signal Enhancement Seismograpn was
used to maxe the surveys Lines were run (to a length of kOO feet)
16
17
w s p bdquo S bdquo s S S a laquolaquo _
s 2 8
V
r bdquo
3 s a
-R s
S
S 3
t
raquobullraquo
S
5
K
r
~
3
K
pound
7
S
bdquo3
C 5 S
shy raquo S s
1 3 s 3 2 5 ^ bull
5 m
s o
^ 3
raquo
--
R bull 5
s pound J O s
5 a 3 7 3 m
5 s a ^
iraquo a s rlaquo
M ^
^ c o 2 5 s 3 a S R
rd 3 y a O =J
^ bdquo
JJ s s 3 bull ~ I
~ s 5 3 a s a
(Ogt (U
2
-t =
r s s in
5 y
a s
5
3
s
5 a
^ a
3 a 51 a bullbull
sj 5 Ml
3 a bull
s raquo
a
0)
0
^ mdash
a j -
-3
C
g S
S
bull a
-
~ 3 o
2 s s 3 a bdquo s s $ Al s
(1) = $ s 3
S
c a a
3 e 5 s N s S a - 3 = s s a 5
a s s - 3 S shy
4
0
a s
bdquo tfH
bdquo
3 a
bdquo
s a
e bullfl s i s s a s a
3 nt
s s 3
g laquo s3 a
~ J s 2 a s o s S s 3 a a j laquo s o s
3 bull laquobull
2 a 7 3 a 3 a ^2
s mdash 5i o
bull bull
mdash
3 o
ss a
fc mdash
3 1-sect m ishy n
18
in both directions to provide a check and permit accurate estimates
of the depth to bedrockThe seismic results allow approximate
interpretations of the depth to the water table and bedrocK thus
permitting an estimation of the saturated thickness Ground
elevations at the location of the seismic surveys were determined
from a topographical map and field siting From this information
water table ana bedrock elevations estimates were made Bedrock
contours are listed in Fig 8 In addition a table which
summarizes the seismic refraction results for the unsaturated
saturated and bedrock layers velocities and depths at each survey
location is presented in Table 2
Scream gauging stations were established on the two streams
bordering the west landfill (Fig 9) Three stations were placed on
the central stream These provide information on the influent or
effluent condition of ground-water flow in the upper sections of the
stream and ground-water baseflow from an area adjacent to the
landfill into the stream (Table 3)
The stream gauging stations used were 90deg V-notch weirs The
weirs located in the SE and SW positions were placed in the
streamoea with a liner of plastic upstream to minimize underflow
The weirs located in the NW and E positions were cut to fit in
recesses of concrete culvert pipes Concrete plywooa interfaces
were coated with roofing cement to minimize bypass flow Upstream
water pressure and a snug fit hold the plywood sections in place
All weirs were implaceo according to AigtTM reouirements and flowrates
calculated using the standard 90deg V-notch formula (3)
19
N
seepage West observat ion Landfill hole
Area
Legend landfill limit excavat ion limit
copyWNWNEECSESC monitoring well locations
= = = unimproved road -- WNES-number
seismic refraction locations
-40shy approximate bedrock contpur elevation
feet
Fig8 Seismte Survey Location
20
c ^-^ c4j ^laquoc in -=r 3shyjj bull pn f- 4-gt bull in in OjJ bull bull a jo bull bull O JJ
co CM o on on CO CM CTNVO VO co CM o on on Q gt_x rH oj on a oj on a - rH oner
rmdash on sr i i
M z Z
gt gt gt
X-N CO laquomdashv CO CO bull igt gt bull
1 gt fc^gtgt bullbull ^ ^ ^
C 4-gt O t igt O J- 4J O H m o o o 3 bullH CO O rH in 3 bullH co vo o in 3 ~ 1 i-k -i ^trade fj rj ui ij o CO o n o rH =r co o n vo vo vo co o bullv O O O
O raquo On-3 rH O -bull- rH ON in _ IH in oj - rH bull rH VO OrH bull rH On ON pH d)u CO -UCO 4J OJ CO 4-gt gt
C mdashbull gt CM gt CM H-l O CO
v- ^^ N C 0
bull0 N CO
4-5 -0 _c^gt in in CO CO
C x~ c -^ t-oo in i 4J j_gt 41 4J bull 9 bull bull 4J bull
o j ON O O 3 (0 O4J O ON ON QJJ t~-^3- OJ 4-gt L
CO CM trade CO CM rH rH OJ co CM oj on Q ^ _ CO 3~Q-- n 45 Q mdash OJ OJ OJ C (0
1 11 3 nZ 2CO
gti gt gt CO CO CO ^-x m -s CO
rH rH ^ ro^^ bull gt bull ^ igt gt bullgt gtgt bull r O -Q 4Ji JJ O 5- JJ O pound- ^ O 4) oj o on (0 CO
3 bullH CJ O O in 3 bullH CO Cmdash VO on 3 pound-laquo H CO o n in inco co o n ma- r co g^ 5sect^ o
o rH on oj O bull- rH ONCO L O_ rH OJ VO M
rH bull rH =t rH bull - OJ T CO CO M CO 4-gt rH CO -U rH CO 4-) s
uits
CO 4-gt 4-5 T3 gt CM gt CM gt CM cc CO CO CO
3 3gt oa tlp^ CO O CM O gt 4J O 40 i 3 r+ k C pound JS
CO pound
^^ s -bullgt cmdash on poundZ VO CTI trx 4J 4J 4J
) bull bull bull Q Q Q Q4J 3shyc O-JJ CTgt OJ OJ Q-IJ inco on CO CO CO o co CM oj on co CM oj on co CM on
Q Q QON^ Q bullH Q^
rH rH 4J rH
O bullraquo L Z bull CO CO CO
i gtgt rH oj on gt tgtshyCM ^ cO^-s CO ~ CO
CO CO J X fc^_ bull^gt bullgtgt bull gt gtgt bull gt CO
j_ jJ O pound- Jj -P O Li deg =fObullH co on f- ^ 3bullH CO CO O in 3bullH CO
g^ -^2
poundsect HO
eis
mic
3 CO in in in in in in co o n co o n
o -^ r oj in O rHCO CO rH bullrH bull rH =T OrH bull rH OJ f-CO 4J bull- CO 4J rH O0) J-)
gt CM gt CM gt CM 4J
CO N_^ m^
bull OJ
t t poundshyCO CO CO CO rH J3 gt r-t oj on gt r-i oj on gt gt r n o j o n
Time months Flg11 Flucuatlon In Specific Conductance in Wells
26
Table 4 Specific Conductances in Wells (pmhoscm at 25degC)
West East Landfill Landfill
Date NW NE EG SE W SC N E S
81581 851 938 236 2356
102981 171 3268
11381 3268
111081 304 988 1100 258 3800
111481 426 2736 1216 186 4560
111781 304 3610 433 389 4560
121981 380 1406 129 103 380
1982 160 152
31582 274 760 1064 61 334 8000+ 182 53 84
52182 450 1500 1125 112 712 8000+ 175 255 150
52282 425 1320 1200 110 850 180 320 170
27
O
ct c r i c o o o o o c M o m o in CO CM unp^
3bull t- fmdash o^ co tmdash vo co in co cmdash co in a
bull bull1 1-1 trade4 rH rH^ CO 4)2
~ plusmn4J o O CM ^_
o n CO vO J oraquo 0C0M
cu rH rH rH rH rHin tmdash
3 iCM 4J
^j CO CO
E O0 ltU -H n o c E
See
pag
se
rva
t
rH O in 0 0 O O 0
O o x rH Cmdash
0 0n
cu rH mdash O tmdash X o o o o c o o o o r H r H i n o i n i n o O
bull L in oo co oo oo o cy cr o rH CM o cr ONc fcJ bullH on en m m rn c^n rH rH rH0 pound CO 3 CO
t CM0gt s o o o in rA n ^o oo in tmdash oo 0gt zr =r a- JT JT$_
T)C CO
~ E CO ^ _bdquo ltu CO g r H r n c n i n o o r H r H
vgtO ^D O ^^ ^O CO ^^ ^^ JJ 2 4) rH rHCO t
c CO
CO c 9) rH 0
CO -^ C c CO ltuo famp O trade t iH
0
bullo co n ^
oS
o ^^ bullH m
i co rn O CQ O1 CO CO 4) c2Q 3
CO
mdash^ bull cmdash CMin 1 gt rH vO vO O CTgt CO
s CTgt CO OO Ogt Craquo- tmdash cu O CO rH z 0
bull_bulllaquo
H bull L o in r in o oo in 3 rfy ff^ tir f^ CO C^~
4)bull
Z 3
^ ^ ^ ^ H r H r H r H r H rH r H C O r H C O a O C O a O a O C O C O r H i H r H CO OO - gt 0 0 ^ - gt ^ raquo - ^ ^ 1 - gt ~ gt - C O C O O O
U ^ raquo ^ - ~ raquo O ^ ^ O t ~ C O r H - r r ^ - ^ ^ JJ r H C M v O r H r H r H r H r H C M C M r H i n c r gt rH CO CM gt laquolaquo - - -^ bullmdash mdash bullraquoraquobullgt -v -v ^^
~ v O r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H lt M C M C M CM O O r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H rH
Vvraquolaquo IJ1^ raquo CP O 3L 1 Z - i bull j-t-J
1 J
LH Vb T n 0
1 gt fl oo O ~l 2 L - bull 1 P )laquo jn iP IP - OOI L5L mdash shy
-t 84 ^(^^ ^fi P i flja 0 JO II 10 tl tcgt 7 J IV wllaquo
h l2L bull 0 lt -_ shy
-id VJ lt 3C 2 ft OOL -mdash
U 71 C1 Sr 2 13 2 nl JLJraquopound HP r M ltf1- (
IMe 2 ii O It
n jlt dl 1 1 bull o o-il ST i 1 i 25 2-x-1
-
ri
i tlL O mdash gtbull bullgtlt 1ft -o- is Oil So iJK 2-io otv u 31 fil loi 2 il Oll it Of wr is i1raquo -iZ 1 deg|0 01
M IT So - mdash
- 13 1 CT mdash i - mdash 21
shy
Tl Ci av ZUll IMT 0 IM Pe v _ 1) T) S) ii3( dlt Ii 2 lt^2 II li- S1 riivi To 7HX lt3lO 14 ^2- iTi I li 011 -- - -i -^IS no 5^ or i | T Jift laquoV OoH bullla It Va iCO mdash L OIL 11 bullvf poundgtpound lS_ flv oh P-lfe 1 poif _ shy11 IB kl (4 itlaquoT lamp llt0 oot^
mdash -n
It T1 |ir( L1 HI 2 0 oil
U 1M ft go C ICf^ -^2 Z laquo-|o
11 it 5 bulln - TO o abull Li u-i IT1 -- Iw O ltM (I bullbull bdquo-I(K 1mdash -tilltLlA ttfe
i Dgt ac -- U 44 4 11 1 1- ytd i i_i J-K 0 i if -i i i V t Wl raquoOHM 1-1 US D C P A R T M f N T OF COMMfRCE t 4 1 IUII 1 1 ^~) mdash
llaquo- Hi NC bull bullh bull bullJL^V HBl CO 00
11
)jLsVyr^gturv
^ | TKu
|-_t_ bull(
IIMgt I I Mt|UU III- II 11
PNECIPITATIOH
I 1 1 IMX
IMO
bull llfclaquo I UCIUKI) Ur C V A r U M A AHO CLIMATOUOCICAL OBitH
E V A F O R A T I C r i Jttffl laquo amp hMIlaquoJllaquoJIIlaquoBgt
DATE AOOITIOMAL DAIAKMAKk M
bullraquobullmdashlaquo
tp 01 (1 Of Ll OOI ooo
0^1 o-i 10 tl |00 102
OC (1 13 Ofl
it i rc DS os an
(1 SV o
Ul 010
(ISl 101 I on
130
II 5= Otl
ss lt 001 (IK Ml
jt il HIT
7 it
ow Wo 17 Top 2-01 OIO
(0 oov zi oot
u CO ^A 0 to Zoi CLflS
bull50 01 ljtj
nshy 5H LO OIt
50121 IVO QJO
14 Co Ho LO Hl ^pound Jl 1
ltM ool fllc
H Tl 01 II
11 11 Q1
iH OIO
HO 2 llaquol 11 II
lifc
IV-IIM ul OIPAITHINT or COHMIICC NOAA
NAtlOHAL gtIATnlaquoll raquotraquoVlClaquo CD
r~
All TCUMMATUNI ^V UII rgt ITmi 1 Cwphu Obic i gtn t ngir-H 30
rilCiriTATIOH
JJ T I rTJ-rimdashr-iramj|MP CLmATOLOQ
laquolaquo jftilCiii bullIHO
Oi1l ADOITIOHAL DAIAlllu
Ilf4ft
Sii1
(1 2 IO OO
Hl ii SO
us OIM
Q^L
a A3 Hi SZ Sf^ bull 12J2
HI Z-SF OOl 1C t HM IA H ICP fiJA
OOl 10 (310 sn 310
if HI (0 ^01
bullit SO 28H poundJ1 11 006
14 35 TX oon II (bull2 it zr II c-S
rr Zll lo 31 OP an 31 a 31 oor
CSW O-ll Si CC Of 011
Oll _ I |ft
00
u i oerraquolaquoTMiMr of c NOAA
NATIONAL K C A T N C M SCMVlCC
TC^S lk)oiVroTJA
TETT I 7X
1raquolaquolaquo 4 bdquo ir lt er ni I^OV ltqgl j--^ TQ
MICiriTAllOH ITIND
D|mdash
b5NO ctiUATOtoiCAL oeit^
OATI AOOITIOMAL OATAVlHAtt
0-tt
Mlaquoh bullbullbull- rshy laquo
I- ltltriu HI I 4 bulllaquobullbull1
Zii
30 Dfellt otvt
at HA
OOI
62
iJ_S2 HI if
bull- 20 SI 2i So
So
VVfr
OSfc
I (
Jtlt
3aoi
r j -bull ie MA
Irill iiol
in^ 14
Mo
Zll
214
21 1P
00-i
bulliron
17
bullr
11 i ir- I J Ktf^c
US D E P A R T M E N T OF COuMEDCC I | C gt A A
K AIlaquo Ttupf lATuit r
|SlVi AlJ PIICIPITATION
oJud (El
VIM i Uraquo
MIND E
EVAPORATIOH flnrft bull A ftufiifccdll
KECORO OF eVAPllHAtlil bull I CLIHATOLOOCAL OBSERVA ^Hij
14 MM A_M AOOIIIONAL DATA11 MAIM
Mr bullH Oo|
M Si lift
bull221 IHI
ZS Ji 40 IZV
icr KS I
HZ 111
bullT 21
loA UK JA IP
v^ ft
1M 2Sshy IT Tl
71 V |
i I 31 1deg a
uty^ U bull3
ons 1 CiO TxX
HHO (10
3H 19 12 10 IP
raquo3H raquo | 5t io
OP OIT
14
vO UI Of PANTMINI Or COMMCRCf MM O A A
F ngt TIHH
iiicffwiffc 4 rJ (TIM bull Cempltit Obitittiio
AIlaquo TIMHIATUM PHICinTATION I V A f OK ATlPrl
OATI ADDITIONAL DATA KMAlIt
U4laquo4 +
03H Ji
10
rc a 1 16 oi ii
tiiy 10
OI
II i23 or o 13 -y~ou HO
II 3V III i 3 t
V laquop oot
OM1 SS ne
T an -i IP
Olt zr LTV
3T 001
a -11 2T
10 an 31
-1 raquo 131 UP 3H lf 14 Lpoundshy
it 14 30
IS
Ui O I P A K T M f H T OP COWlf ICfM O A A
NATJONAI V C A T M C n f t K M V l C K
bullbullbullbullbullshy -2 o AIlaquo TIMMRATUM f fKICIPITATIOH
OATI poundt- MMINMAL DATAk
ZP 51 lo icr
011 111
OoT IHf
Ut 003 am
3o 13 ao
4A X 05shy
H4 i IjJyiV131 ooc js
IH oi 01 tL 18 13 a
No 11-7
rivgtp OO| M Hi 03 01
It 12
bull I 41 bull7119 14 ^^ raquo 31 15 lampk n M ho i
Jo -j-
-J
I
Ml H^ I _
amp2ampUi^= LS 0 S 0-f bullTTT
-Vmdash gt U_ bull 1 rOHM I- 11 OI OCPARTMlNT OF COMM(NCC
HO NATIONAL W f A T M f H ftfraquoVlCI
98
Appendix B
Boring Logs
99
X iHECT 1 ff 2
OAT American Drilling amp Bor ini I Co Inc
wo WATH smn EAST PR ov IDENC E ft 1 Town of South Kingstown South K ngstown R I MOLENO X-J
TC 100 RCSS bull ujrMonitorinq Well Installation | South Kinqjtown R I UNC a STA Pf KXICCTHJ LOC ATK3N
bull cfrserrr TO above S MPLES S FNTTO _ _ |laquolaquor A-109 SURF ELEV RE PORTSEr
GROUND WATER O6SE RVATC MS 1 CDREraquolaquo m-T nn75 laquo A 256 - 20 mdash Hew y
Instolled 32ofT-l2 PV C - JO- COMPUTE 111275 K toia 3- I-WI 1-38 TOTAL MRS bdquo10 screen BORING FCACUAM J K lanq MAI rraquo HomnwWI 300 140 IampPCCrc Mamlaquor Fall 24 30 lampaaiona SOLS ENGR
LOCATION OF BORING H ONITOKING WELL
Coung Samplt Tjp Blow per 6 Manure SOU IDENTIFICATION Strata SAMPLE ^^^yV Bloot
foot
Otptni
From- To
el
l
on Sampler
0-6 1 -6-13 12-18
Dentity or
Conmt j
Chang Remark include colo^ graaation Type of tod lie Rao-coMr type condition nordshynetiDntotf time leamt and tie No Pen Rtlt
2 No top sample 5 12
1 loamy fine sand
bull)^ 40 30 36
5- 616 0 23 20 16
noist iense
Brown fine to coarse SAND some fine to coarse gravel Trace silt
^
1 18 18
36 8-0shy57 40 30 V 35
|0-||-6 D 14 24 20 Srown medium to coarse SAND Some fine gravel cobbles
7 IRshy 16
27 75 37 3
IS- I- D 5 14 16 3bull
ISshy 15
42 50 I9--0shy50 65 20-2ll-6 D 9 23 26 bull Jrown fine to coarse SAND Tbullwshy 1Z 75 90
22-0 Trace silt trace fine gravel
124 120 74 60 52 41
7S-ltlaquoil-A DX 71 16 13 wet very dense
Gray-brown fine to coarse SANC Some fine to coarse gravel little silt
H IR u
40 30--0
3C-30-IO
3l4-334
334-3314
38 4-434
D
c
C
C
7 IflO
94 6
we tr j
y se
ft irox
30MOshy
31 -4shy
Gray-brown fine to coarse SAND Trace silt
Gray-brown fine SAND some lilt trace fine gravel
Too of Rock 31 -4shy
Gray-pink GRANITE
6 7
amp
CJ
IltJ A
60
601
IQ mdash
2(
4
5 i Hard
ft 5ome seams bull
GROUND SURFACE TO J 4 U3CD_ ^JVrf bullbull( tutu t to 4o 4 SampM Type Proportion UMd MOB Wtx 3 OfaM on 2OD Sampler SUMMARY-
OOry CCartd WltWen4 Hoc OlolO Canmonieraquoi Don any CoKeem CarMWncy Earm Barrlaquoj 11 14
UPgtUnOigtturod Piuon trite (Oto20dego 0-Kgt Loei it 0-4 Sait 3O+Hofd Rock Corng 14 Kgt-30 laquo4 0 rte 4-8 MSHM Samplet TPTtitPit Ai Auger Vvanefett tarn 2Olo39 3O-M Owlt n laquo-lS Strlf rinit nn v 1
UTiUndlshffbed ThrMOll and bull 33to9O 5O Very 0laquo nraquoe 19-30 V-3trraquof - | OLE NO X-l
TOVH rim - iA it raquotoraquo
100
SHEET 2 o_L
WO WATEt STUET [AST ft OVIDENC pound a i American Drilling amp Bor ing Co Inc
MCLl WQ X- 1 Tt AOORCSS i
LIME A STA KXICCTMJ tuf same as 1 | tame as i LOCATION
W PORTSEf mo OB nj urt eflaquo T
illtPLES S
P
CVTTO nlaquo mun orv
^s f^ Tin i GRCVMO WATER OBSERVATONS CASING SAMPLER CORE BAR
START Typi COMPUTE tome at 1 same aiH
TOTAL MRS BORIMG FOR CMAN n bull IT INSPECTOR SOILS EMM
LOCATION OF BORING u HfVJTneTfi UFI _
8
Counf Blo-t
foot
Dtpllo
From To
0( on SampMr
0-6 f 6-IZ
Moittir
Oonuty or
Contilt
Strata Ctnngc
SOIL OCNTiriCATION Rtmorkt ineHifl cotot grqdotion Typlaquo of Mil etc Roo-axtrPlaquo condition Mrdshynlaquot Drog tun ttomt end tic
TPlaquoTraquojraquoPit AAugtr ViVon mini tamt 20to39 UTtundiifir6d TrwMOtf and JSloSO 50-raquobull Vary 0nlaquo [HOLE NO x-2 B-3O V-3Mf lev rim - IAIT raquosectlaquoraquo
102
300 iu 24
1 UMnii ffi 140 laquo 30
CA1INC tf
gt taWCTf
bull 0gtlaquo i R Cook Jr_ R Millineton1 Wttn
I~
1 VAMtl CtMG
1 W HO-t MO
1 Oraquo 1 laquo0~ twt
L 1 laquo-raquo VfcM^lf [wlaquoraquoCI ^ ^ K3Ot III laquo
0-LS D
5-65 D
LlQ 10-115 D
15-16 Tgt
Lraquo 70-51 n
25-26 D
F
I O-O Ci
A Allstate Drill ins Co vi o i
PROVIDING R 1bull raquoraquo uvraquonn~ N M O M I T O P I N G HE1 _^lt -^ PI-Traquo UJU
CUM Town of South Kineraquotown raquoraquo 1 1TA maoer Propolaquolaquod Sit for Slude Disposal nltn
laquo V-449 iampAAtut i a 138 ort STI bull r 42777 CtOuMO IKVtllON
Cill bdquo 258 DA II MN ru 42777 rilaquolaquodO laquoraquoTti rum 1911
AU1TATI
MMUI1 raquolaquogtlaquolaquo laquoKiO itXHHKraquoriOi of sous MUAHI nMTKlion Ot CMlaquoMC|kOraquort tl CO~VH DXltgt raquomlaquo laquotf IMi COIOI C4l II I 1raquo gtlaquo^ Oraquo 1Ol rC t Xgttgt VtfKOe Craquo Mi 1 ft liMraquoK laquo0^tlaquot nfgt
1-2-1 10 TOP SOIL FINE LIGHT BROWN SAND traclaquo of ilt
16-31-17
22-24-21 100 FINE TO MEDIUM LIGHT GRAY SAND trace of fine gravlaquol and raquopoundLt
lfl-37-34 150 LIGHT BROWN FINE TO MEDIUM SAND little poundinlaquo gravel
21-17-15 200 MEDIUM TO COARSE SAND bullomc fine gravel
12-4-10
265
Observation well installed
NOTE No casing blows taktn
bullbull B-23 ow
^w^ 265 I raquo bull raquolaquo bull I W
11 laquot gtbullraquo Vlaquo 14 W gt_ c-shyji bull alaquo bull jraquo VI laquoHshyw bullbull m raquobullbull D-6 raquo Mshy
bull bull laquo Vshy
1
bull bull
I
103
MAMMII Allstate Drilling Co ulaquorr 1 or 1 FftOVIOCKZ H L traquolS mTArm^S MONITOR NR WEL
VNO wr3JJO__raquoraquou_24__ HCU MO P-74 n iu riBwi Town of Slt7H^ Xirpin
mdash^ laquo0J P 1 1 bull ^n^ciit^o TVlaquow^laquott1 bullraquoit wt 140 nu 30 olaquor fBu lkv Waste Disposal Arcai
MUTAH a V-449 R Cook Jr UMlaquoiigti D 1 38 0t| raquoIJ raquo 5277 rlaquo SUMO luvlaquorv-laquow
mdash 5277 fipe -raquoT pfpm 150
H MCIO IMNTlXAflON Of SOU t(kAIlaquoS rrn 0-laquoraquo
5 -SF 01 w in laquobull -raquo ^ lit
D 1-2-2 TOP SOIL V-1-oraquo
15 IPbull FINE TO MEDIUM LIGHT GRAY SAND AND GRAVEL
5-65 D 37-27-35 some silt
10-11 D 20-14-18
15-165 D i 17-14-14 155
BROWN COARSE TO MEDIUM SAND little fine to coarse gravel trace of silt
20-211 D 4-4-2
230 GRAY BROWN VERY FINE SAND
25-26J D 7-8-9 AND SILT 265 fvarvedl
Observation well installed
NOTE No casing blows taken
wta 10 n uuraquo c^imdashbull IgtM laquolaquobull- B-24 ow ~ 14 ltfc laquoraquobull vlaquo^ M laquobull r O 0 fmtt bull W-L 26 5
-0- CgtCmdashgt bull laquolaquobull mdash laquo 1 - raquoraquo 1 gt 1laquo bull 1 gtraquor to bull mdashbull bull bull bulllaquo I t l~laquo 1lt Uraquo mdashbull ) bull 1 gtbull ft 0~ H laquoy bullM ta bull -IN la laquobull OPUM bull($ IMI
mdash H raquo laquo-bull
104
Appendix C
Calibration of Specific Conductance Meters
105
Specific conductance measurements were made using a beckman RB
338 temperature compensating meter and a YSI rtooel 33 salinity
conductivity temperature meter The YSI meter is not
temperature correcting A formula to compensate for temperature
differences to standardize YSI measurements was used (21)
A long probe for the Beckman meter was used to measure conductivity
in the wells Differences in conductivity between the YSI ana
Beckman meters and the Beckman short and long probes exist These
were calibrated in the laboratory using 001 N and 01 N KC1
solutions Values presented are Beckman short probe values The
Beckman long probe values were reduced by 76 and tne YSI values
were multiplied by 11 to adjust to Beckman short probe values The
YSI meter was used in the latter phases of the study for the
stream contamination due to the greater accuracy of the dial readout
scale
Table 7 Specific Conductance Meter Calibration Table
Concentration (KCL) 0001N 001N
Specific Beckman short 145 143 143 1247 1245 12GO
Conductances Beckman long 190 191 188 1639 1650 1665
umhocm 9 25 C YSI 132 131 128 1131 1140 1150
average values Beckman shortBeckman long = 075
Beckman shortYSI = 11
106
Appendix D
Computer program Flow Chart
107
F1g 33 Computer Program Flow Chart-
1TpoundR MAP TCO
NEWPER
WEWSTP CZAX
HEWIT TRANS TCOF ROW COLUMN
Yes
Yes
108 The following is a description of the USGS two-dimensional computer
program Iterative Digital Model for Aquifer Evaluation updated
December 1972 by P C Trescott The program written in Fortran
consists of a MAIN program and six subprograms or subroutines which
themselves are organized into subprogram sections The subroutines and
their sections are listed below
MAIN Program
DATAIN (subroutine) COEF ITER (section) CLAY MAP TRANS NEWPER TCOF
The program begins in the MAIN program which controls the sequence
of passage to the subroutines Sequential steps are described in the
program as shown in the flow chart of Fig 32 Emphasis is placed on the
steady state confined aquifer case as applied in this study First data
input is read in the DATAIN subroutine This data includes transmissivities
or permeabilities starting heads storage coefficients and grid spacings
Nodal transmissivity values are then computed for the water-table problem
in the TRANS section (COEF subroutine) This procedure is necessary here
because the subsequent routine for computing iteration parameters (ITER)
keys on nodal transmissivity values which would not have been input to
the water-table problem In the water-table option these would have been
109
computed from given bedrock and water-table elevations to obtain the
saturated thickness component of the transmissivity calculation In this
study water-table option was not used and the transmissivity values were
input directly The program then passes to the ITER section (DATAIN
subroutine) to compute the iteration parameters which expediate or even
cause convergence Next the MAP section (DATAIN subroutine) is utilized
to initialize data for an alphanumeric map if this was requested in the
input options Transmissivities are then computed for the confined
(artesian) aquifer case (water table not specified with input options)
in the TCOF section (COEF subroutine) These coefficients are harmonic
mean values of adjacent nodal transmissivities weighted by grid sizes
Time parameters and pumping data for a new pumping period are then read
in the NEWPER section (DATAIN subroutine) followed by entry into the
NEWSTP section (COMPUT subroutine) which calculates the size of the
time step Leakage coefficients (hydraulic conductivity of the confining
bed divided by confining bed thickness) are next computed in the CLAY
section (COEF subroutine) if leakage was specified in the input data
which was used in this study
A new iteration is then initiated in sections NEWITO (COMPUT
subroutine) NEWITO saves the current head values and compares them to
the updated head values for determining closure This is followed by
nodal transmissivity values being computed for the water table or water-
table artesian conversion problem Transmissivity coefficients are then
computed for the water-table problem in TCOF (COEF subroutine) Total
head values are then computed with the alternating direction implicit
procedure using the Thomas algorithim first along rows in the ROW section
110 and then along columns in the COLUMN section both in the COMPUT subroutine
Then if a solution is not obtained (because the error criteria for
closure is not satisfied) the MAIN program branches back to NEWIT1 subshy
sequent sections TRANS TCOF ROW and COLUMN repeatedly until a
solution at the particular time step is achieved NEWIT1 increments the
iteration counter and is immediately followed by NEWITO The program then
moves to the STEADY section of the COMPUT subroutine to check if the
closure criteria for steady state has been satisfied Output is then
printed in the OUTPUT section of COMPUT if steady state has been reached
or if the particular time step is designated for output
The program then branches back to NEWSTP (COMPUT subroutine) and
moves through the subsequent routines until the last time step in the
pumping period is reached Output is then promoted in the DRY section
of COMPUT if specified in input data If the last pumping period in
the problem has not been reached the program branches back to the
NEWPER section and moves again through subsequent sections otherwise
the program will terminate or start a new problem if one follows
This study was simulated as a steady state problem which can be
simulated by setting the storage coefficient of the aquifer and the
specific storage of the confining bed to zero and using one time step
of any length
111
Appendix E
Computer Data Sheets
RGSEA
10 ROSE HILL LANDFILL MODEL 20 30 40 LEAKAGE 50 60 70 CHECK 80 90 100 HEAD 110 120 1 23 IQ 100 5 001 37E-OU 0 130 100 001 0 0 1 4 0 - 1 - 1 1 - 1 - 1 i i i i i i 1
ISO 1 10 0 1547E-05 01 10 1 1 160 04642 200 200 1 1 i it
1 Agpar MA and 0 Langmuir Ground-Water Pollution Potential of a Landfill Above tne Water Table Groundwater V 9 No 6 1971 pp 76-96
2 Allen William B Hahn GW and RA Brackley Availability of Ground Water Upper Pawcatuck River Basin Rhode Island USGS US Government Printing-office GS 66-624 19bb
3 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Part 31 Open Channel Flow Measurement of Water and Waste Water by Weirs D 2034-68 1975
4 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Part 19 Infiltration Rate of Soils in Field Using Double-Ring Infiltrameters D 3385-75 1975
5 Baeaecner MJ and W BacK Hyarogeological Processes and Chemical Reactions of a Landfill Ground Water V 17 no 5 1979 pp 429-437
6 Beck WW Dunn AL and Grover H Emrich Leachate Quality Improvements After Top Sealing1 8th SHwRD MERL Symposium 1982
7 Beckman WK Transient Modeling For Estimating Sustained Aauifer Yield master thesis presented to the University of Rhode Island Kingston RI 1978
8 Bhattacharya PK and HP Patra Direct Current Geoelectric Sounding Elsevier Publishing Co New York 1968 135 p
9 Bouwer H Ground Water Hydrology McGraw-Hill Book Co New Yoric 1978 p 378
10 Braids 0 Cocozza pound Fenn D Isbister J Rous P and B Yarc Procedures Manual for Ground Water Monitoring at Solid Waste Disposal Facilities Environmental Protection Agency530SW-611 Cincinnati Ohio 1977
11 Cartwright K and MR McComas Geophysical Surveys in the Vicinity of Sanitary Landfills in Northeastern Illinois Groundwater V 6 no 5 1968 pp 23-30
12 Cartwright K and Fd Sherman Jr Electrical Earth Resistivity Surveying in Landfill Investigations Reprinted from Proceedings of ohe lOtn Annual Engineering and Soils Engineering Symposium Moscow Idaho 1972
122 13 Clark TP Survey of Ground-Water Protection Methods for
Illinois Landfills Groundwater V 13 no 4 1975 pp 321-331
14 Dunne T and LB Leapold Water in Environmental Planning WH Freeman and Company San Francisco 1978
16 Fenn DG Hanley KJ and TV Degeare Use of the Water Balance Method for Predicting Leachate Generation From Solia Waste Disposal Sites US Environmental Protection Agency530SW-lfa8 Cincinnati Ohio 1975
17 Geisser 0 An Electric Analog and Digital Computer Model of the Chipuxet Ground Water^ Aquifer Kingston Rhode Island master thesis presented to the University of Rhode Island Kingston RI 1975
18 Hahn GW Groundwater Map of the Narragansett Pier Quadrangle Rhode Island Rhode Island Water Resources Coordinating Board GWM 5 1959
19 Hemsley William T Koster C Wallace Remedial Technique of Controlling and Treating Low Volume Leachate Discharge USEPA National Conference on Management of Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites Oct 1980
20 Hughes GM RA Landon and RN Farvolden Hydrogeology of Solid Waste Disposal Sites in Northeastern Illinois Final Report to US Environmental Protection Agency PUD SW-l^d Cincinnati Ohio 1971
21 Keller GV and FC Frischknecht Electrical Methods in Geophysical Prospecting Pergamon Press New YorK NY 19bb
22 Kelly WE West Kingston Landfill An Evaluation of Its Effect on Ground-Water Quality Rnoae Island Water Resources Board Water Information Series Report 1975
23 Kelly WE Geoelectric Sounding for Delineating Ground-Water Contamination Groundwater V 14 No 1 1976 pp fa-10
24 Kelly WE Ground-Water Pollution Near a Landfill ASCE Environmental Engineering Division Journal V 10 No EE6 Dec 19b pp nay-nyy
25 Kelly WE personal communication January 1982
123
26 Kelly WE and OW Urish A Study of the Effects of Salt Storage Practices on Surface ana Ground Water Quality in Rhode Island NTIS FHWA-RI-RD-8001 1981 54 p
27 Kimmel GE and OC Braids Leachate Plumes in a Highly Permeable Aauifer Groundwater y 12 no 6 1974 pp 388-393
28 Klefstaa G Senalein LVA ana RC Palmauist Limitations of the Electrical Resistivity Method in Landfill Investigations Groundwater V 13 No 5 1975 pp 418-427
29 Landon RA Application of Hydrogeology to the Selection of Refuse Disposal Sites Groundwater V 7 no b 19b9 pp 9-13
30 Lang SM Bierschenk WH ana WB Allen 1960 Hyaraulic Characteristics of Glacial Outwash in Rhode Island Rhode Islana Water Resources Coordinating Board Bulletin No 3
31 LeGrand HE Patterns of Contaminated Zones of Water in the Ground Water Resources Research v 1 No 1 1965
32 Palmauist R and L Sendlein The Configuration of Contamination Enclaves from Refuse Disposal Sites on Floodplains Grouna Water v 13 no 2 1975 pp 167-181
33 Pinder GF A Digital Model for Aauifer Evaluation Techniaues of Water Resources Investigations of the US Geological Survey Bk 7 Cl 1970
34 Purushattam D Tamxe GR and CM Stoffel Leachate Production at Sanitary Landfill Sites ASCE Environmental Engineering Division Journal V 103 no EE 6 Dec1977 pp 981-988
35 Remson I Fungaroli AA ana AW Lawrence Water Movement in an Unsaturated Sanitary Landfill ASCE Sanitary Engineering Division Journal v 94 no SA2 April1968 pp 307-316
36 Rosenshien JS Gouthier JB and WB Allen Hydrologic Characteristics and Sustained Yield of Principal Ground-Water Units Potowamut-Wickford Area Rhoae Island USGS US Government Printing Office GS 67-324 1968
37 Roux PH and B Vincent Electrical Resistivity Evaluations At Solid Waste Disposal Facilities US Environmental Protection Agency SW-729 Cincinnati Ohio 1978
124
38 Salvato JA Wi lk ie WG and BE Mead Sanitary Landfill Leaching Prevention and Control Water Pollution Control Federation Journal v 43 no 10 Oct 1971 pp 2084-2100
39 Sawyer CN and PL McCarty Chemistry for Environmental Engineering McGraw Hill 1978
40 Stellar RL and P Roux Earth Resist ivi ty Surveys - A Method for Defining Ground-Water Contamination Ground Water v 13 no 2 1975 pp 145-150
41 Todd OK Ground Water Hydrology John Wi ley and Sons Inc New York 1959
42 Tolman AL Ballestero AP Beck WW and GH Emrich Guidance Mannual For Minimizing Pollution From Waste Disposal Sites US Environmental Protection Agency-500SW-677 Cincinnati Ohio 1978
43 Trescott PC Iterative Digital Model for Aauifer Evaluation US Geological Survey Open file report 1972
44 University of Rhode Island Academic Computer Center CalComp Contouring Manual
45 Warner DL Preliminary Field Studies Using Earth Resistivity Measurements for Delineating Zones of Contaminated Ground Water Groundwater v 7 1969 pp 9-16
46 White EF A Report to the Town of S Kingstown Utility Survey Engineering Corp 1967
47 Zohdy AAR A Computer Program for the Calculation of Schlumberger Sounding Curves Over Horizontally Layered Media Using the Method of Convolution US Geological Survey Denver
48 Zohdy AAR Eaton GP and DR Mabey Application of Surface Geophysics to Ground-Water Investigations Technidues of Water-Resources Investigations of the US Geological Survey Book 2 Chapter 01 Washington US Government Printing Office 2401-02543 1974
IV
Preface
This thesis is written according to the Standard plan The
Table of Contents lists sections included in the Main Body of
the thesis The Appendices include relevant material that is
referred to in the thesis Main Bodyand a Bibliography
Table of Contents
Page
Title Page
Approval Sheet
Acknowledgement ii
Thesis Abstract iii
Preface iv
Tab I e of Contents v
List of Tables vi
List of Figures vii
Main Body
Introduction 1
Background 2
Description of Study Area 10
Field Studies and Procedures 15
Model Development 30
Model Calibration 41
Computer Simulations 42
Analysis ana Discussion 55
Remedial Measures and Recommendations 75
Conclusions and Recommendations 83
Appendices
Appendix A Precipitation Records 86
98
Appendix C
106
Appendix E
120
Appendix B Boring Logs
Appendix D Computer Program Flow Chart
Appendix F Bioliography
CaliDration of Specific Conductance Meters in4
Computer Data Sheets Ill
VI
List of Tables
Table
1 Well point Water Elevations 17
2 Seismic Refraction Survey Results 20
3 S tream Fl ows 22
4 Specific Conductances in Well points 26
5 Specific Conductances in Streams and Observation Holes 27
0gt -^^ o a5 raquobull bullo o sect 3 mdash laquoo o wcz _
3Ogt c $c o_ X
aw e 05 0 (0 3 bullo
o a 2 2 u
hydraulic properties and the subsurface geometry enable estimates of
ground-water outflow to be made Streamflow measurements were used
to verify these outflows Contamination levels using specific
conductance measurements as an indicator were measured in wells
streams and observation holes to help delineate the extent ana
degree of contamination An electrical resistivity sounding was
conducted in a known contamination zone
The primary objective of tnis study is to determine flow
patterns in the vicinity of the landfill ana recommend possible
actions to contain or minimize the impact of the contamination In
oraer to fully evaluate these goals the aforementioned parameters
were input to a computer model to produce simulated flow patterns
under different conditions The simulated present conditions were
matched with field water table and stream flow measurements to
calibrate the model A series of simulations were then run to
evaluate flow conditions before the excavations anaor landfill
existed Remedial measures such as reducing recharge to the
landfill and implementing a slurry wall to blocx off leachate flow
to endangered wells were simulated to evaluate their effectiveness
Based on this analysis recommendations are made as to how to
minimize leachate production ano best alleviate the immediate danger
of the contaminant plume spreading to unpolluted domestic supply
wells
background
The South Kingstown landfill is in a geologic setting that is
very similiar to the nearby West Kingston landfill This is located
about 3 miles west of the South Kingstown landfill and has been
studied to assess leachate effects on groundwater quality using
specific conductance as an indicator of contamination levels
(222ltt) Both sites were located in abandoned gravel Quarries which
were filled in with refuse to create the landfill
In the literature numerous authors have shown that the character
of contaminant plumes from landfills are largely dependent on the
local geology and geohydrology A study on Long Island (27) in
similiar glacial material illustrates that the Quantity of flow is
dependent on the hydraulic conductivity of tne aauifer the
hydraulic gradient and the vertical cross-sectional area of the
aauifer it flows through This is expressed as Darcys Law (41)
Q = KIA
wnere Q = flow quantity
I = hydraulic gradient
K = hydraulic conductivity of the aauifer
A = vertical cross sectional area of the flow area
Specific conductance was used as a contaminant tracer to show that
the plume from the landfill flowed downgradient and vertically
through the full thickness of the aauifer A study in Iowa (32)
indicates that the size ana shape of the contamination outflow from
a l a n d f i l l can be predicted from existing geohydrologic conditions
and that the horizontal shape of the outflow extends downgradient
8
from the source and parallel to ground-water flow lines Other
parameters which control the extent of the contaminant plume are
dilution and dispersion in the aquifer and the adsorption properties
of the aauifer material (31)
The amount of leachate generated depends largely on the amount
of water that infiltrates through the landfill to increase tne water
content of the refuse in the landfill The precipitation recharge
that percolates down through the unsaturated zone to the water table
moves in a vertical direction (35) Surface runoff soil moisture
storage losses and evapotranspiration account for tne precipitation
that is not transmitted tnrough the unsaturated zone of aeration
(3315) Upon reaching the saturated zone the water enters the
ground-water flow system Ground-water mounding has been reported
in landfills due to the decreased hydraulic conductivity of
compacted refuse relative to surrounding aauifer material (20)
Chemical processes within the landfill leachate outflow and
surrounding soil cation exchange capacity relative to water duality
of the surrounding aduifer have been studied in Pennsylvania (1) anu
in Delaware (5) A procedures manual for ground-water monitoring at
solid waste disposal facilities was developed by the US
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (9)
Several reports have been written that investigate site
selection design criteria and remedial measures to correct
leachate problems (29) A survey of ground-water protection methods
for landfills in Illinois studies relationships to the water table
theory of liner installation and monitoring devices (13) Sanitary
Landfi11-Leaching Prevention and Control presents a review of
preventative methods such as means to minimize infiltration
interception of ground-water and other pollution control measures
(2 37) A study in Pennsylvania on actual measures implemented to
collect and treat a landfills leachate discharge presents a site
specific study (19) Leachate Quality Improvements After Top
Sealing1 shows that by minimizing infiltration at a landfill in
Connecticut the outflow leachate water quality can be improved
dramatically and contamination plume reduced significantly (6) The
most comprehensive reports on remedial approaches to upgrading waste
disposal sites and ground-water protection methods have been
compiled under USEPA contract (1542)
To assist in evaluating remedial measures the US Geological
Survey (USGS) computer model Iterative Digital Model for Aduifer
Evaluation was used It was originally developed as a model for
simulating two-dimensional aauifer problems (33) It had been
updated since its original development to accomodate different
options (43) This model has been applied to glacial outwash
regions in Rhode Island (717)
10
Description of Study Area
A map of tne landfill area (Fig Z) was obtained from tne town
of South Kingstown The excavation to the west of Rose Hill Roaa
the landfill area directly to the east and the presently operating
area to the east of the central stream comprise tne overall study
area This study will concentrate on the west landfill area whicn
has recently reached capacity and been closed to further dumping
This site received mixed refuse for the past 15 years The depth of
the excavation where the landfill presently exists was approximately
to bedrock in some places Tne exact depths of landfill material is
unknown
The landfill cover has been graded and sloped generally eastward
to convey surface runoff to the eastern side A sandy soil that was
excavated locally was used as tne cover material The northern
section has a vegetation cover and the recently filled southern
section has been seeded and mulched The six monitoring wells W
NW NE EC SE SC were placed by the town of South Kingstown to
provide water quality information
Referring to Fig 2 the west excavation stream drains the area
created by the excavation to the west of Rose Hill Road and flows
throughout the year The central stream drains a small watershed
area which lies to the northwest of the landfill and drys up during
part of the year These streams flow into the Saugatucket River
which flows throughout the year and is larger than the west and
central streams combined
11
The USGS Groundwater Map (18) was initially consulted to proviae
information on the ground-water flow patterns (Fig 5) and the
geology of tne area (Fig 6) The surficial geology borings and the
vertical geologic cross-section at the base of the study area
indicate shallow water table and bedrocic and a nearly constant
saturated thickness (18) Boring logs at the W well ana a point
approximately 150 feet south of it indicate glacial outwasn material
which is primarily sana with a trace of gravel over bedrock at a
depth of approximately 33 feet Borings at the east landfill area N
and S monitoring wells indicate the same aquifer material
(Appendix B)
The ground-water map developed by Hahn is taken as
representative of conditions existing prior to the excavation of the
I l andfill (18) This indicates water-table contour lines that run in i
a general northeasterly direction This means tnat flow was
originally in a southeasterly direction However contamination of
domestic supply wells on the west side of Rose Hill Road has
occurred (Fig 3) strongly suggesting that the original flow pattern
has been altered by the excavation to the west of Rose Hill Road and
the landfill to the east of it Domestic supply wells were formerly
located directly to the west of Rose Hill Road but were aoandoned
when they became contaminated from landfill leachate New wells
were located to the south and west away from the contaminant plume
of tne landfill In addition a well located at the northeastern
corner of the landfill was contaminated and a replacement located to
the east of Us former location on tne opposite side of the central
12
Legend scale 124000
mdash-40 mdashground-water contour elevation
Fig 5 Ground-Water Map
13
Legend feet
TILL
Fig 6 Geology Background Map
14
stream This second wel 1 also became contaminated Domestic supply
wells located near tne northwestern corner of tne landfill and
approximately 300 feet south of it nave remained uncontaminated
These well locations serve as an indication of tne extent of the
landfill contamination which is largely dependent on the groundwater
flow patterns To furtner investigate this problem and provide
substantial information on which to base the geohydrologic analysis
field studies of the area were conducted
15
Field Studies ana Procedures
A map of the lanafill and an aerial pnotograph of the area were
obtained A tracing of these maps superimposed upon another
delineates stream landfill and monitor well locations (Fig 2)
The field investigation concentrated on the west landfill area ana
its aajoining streams ana monitor wells The east landfill area and
the three monitor wells in that area are induced in the latter
phase of the study in oraer to expand the model area
A traverse which establishea tne monitor well elevations was run
using a Carl Zeiss level These were originally sitea in by the
town of South Kingstown using a local USGS reference datum number 40
(18) The wells of known elevations then served as benchmarks for
referencing adjacent stream elevations This in combination with
the depth to water table measurements at each well enables tne
water-table surface geometry of the area to oe visualized
Water-table measurements of the west landfills wells were recordea
over a ten month period to record fluctuations (Fig 7 Table 1)
The east landfill areas wells were monitored for a five month
period Using a given water-table condition a ground-water map was
developea of the area (Fig 4) This indicates an outflow from
the landfill primarily in a southeasterly direction and partially
in a southwesterly direction
Additional bedrock and water-table information was ootainea by a
seismic refraction survey at several locations along the landfill
perimeter A Bison Model lb70C Signal Enhancement Seismograpn was
used to maxe the surveys Lines were run (to a length of kOO feet)
16
17
w s p bdquo S bdquo s S S a laquolaquo _
s 2 8
V
r bdquo
3 s a
-R s
S
S 3
t
raquobullraquo
S
5
K
r
~
3
K
pound
7
S
bdquo3
C 5 S
shy raquo S s
1 3 s 3 2 5 ^ bull
5 m
s o
^ 3
raquo
--
R bull 5
s pound J O s
5 a 3 7 3 m
5 s a ^
iraquo a s rlaquo
M ^
^ c o 2 5 s 3 a S R
rd 3 y a O =J
^ bdquo
JJ s s 3 bull ~ I
~ s 5 3 a s a
(Ogt (U
2
-t =
r s s in
5 y
a s
5
3
s
5 a
^ a
3 a 51 a bullbull
sj 5 Ml
3 a bull
s raquo
a
0)
0
^ mdash
a j -
-3
C
g S
S
bull a
-
~ 3 o
2 s s 3 a bdquo s s $ Al s
(1) = $ s 3
S
c a a
3 e 5 s N s S a - 3 = s s a 5
a s s - 3 S shy
4
0
a s
bdquo tfH
bdquo
3 a
bdquo
s a
e bullfl s i s s a s a
3 nt
s s 3
g laquo s3 a
~ J s 2 a s o s S s 3 a a j laquo s o s
3 bull laquobull
2 a 7 3 a 3 a ^2
s mdash 5i o
bull bull
mdash
3 o
ss a
fc mdash
3 1-sect m ishy n
18
in both directions to provide a check and permit accurate estimates
of the depth to bedrockThe seismic results allow approximate
interpretations of the depth to the water table and bedrocK thus
permitting an estimation of the saturated thickness Ground
elevations at the location of the seismic surveys were determined
from a topographical map and field siting From this information
water table ana bedrock elevations estimates were made Bedrock
contours are listed in Fig 8 In addition a table which
summarizes the seismic refraction results for the unsaturated
saturated and bedrock layers velocities and depths at each survey
location is presented in Table 2
Scream gauging stations were established on the two streams
bordering the west landfill (Fig 9) Three stations were placed on
the central stream These provide information on the influent or
effluent condition of ground-water flow in the upper sections of the
stream and ground-water baseflow from an area adjacent to the
landfill into the stream (Table 3)
The stream gauging stations used were 90deg V-notch weirs The
weirs located in the SE and SW positions were placed in the
streamoea with a liner of plastic upstream to minimize underflow
The weirs located in the NW and E positions were cut to fit in
recesses of concrete culvert pipes Concrete plywooa interfaces
were coated with roofing cement to minimize bypass flow Upstream
water pressure and a snug fit hold the plywood sections in place
All weirs were implaceo according to AigtTM reouirements and flowrates
calculated using the standard 90deg V-notch formula (3)
19
N
seepage West observat ion Landfill hole
Area
Legend landfill limit excavat ion limit
copyWNWNEECSESC monitoring well locations
= = = unimproved road -- WNES-number
seismic refraction locations
-40shy approximate bedrock contpur elevation
feet
Fig8 Seismte Survey Location
20
c ^-^ c4j ^laquoc in -=r 3shyjj bull pn f- 4-gt bull in in OjJ bull bull a jo bull bull O JJ
co CM o on on CO CM CTNVO VO co CM o on on Q gt_x rH oj on a oj on a - rH oner
rmdash on sr i i
M z Z
gt gt gt
X-N CO laquomdashv CO CO bull igt gt bull
1 gt fc^gtgt bullbull ^ ^ ^
C 4-gt O t igt O J- 4J O H m o o o 3 bullH CO O rH in 3 bullH co vo o in 3 ~ 1 i-k -i ^trade fj rj ui ij o CO o n o rH =r co o n vo vo vo co o bullv O O O
O raquo On-3 rH O -bull- rH ON in _ IH in oj - rH bull rH VO OrH bull rH On ON pH d)u CO -UCO 4J OJ CO 4-gt gt
C mdashbull gt CM gt CM H-l O CO
v- ^^ N C 0
bull0 N CO
4-5 -0 _c^gt in in CO CO
C x~ c -^ t-oo in i 4J j_gt 41 4J bull 9 bull bull 4J bull
o j ON O O 3 (0 O4J O ON ON QJJ t~-^3- OJ 4-gt L
CO CM trade CO CM rH rH OJ co CM oj on Q ^ _ CO 3~Q-- n 45 Q mdash OJ OJ OJ C (0
1 11 3 nZ 2CO
gti gt gt CO CO CO ^-x m -s CO
rH rH ^ ro^^ bull gt bull ^ igt gt bullgt gtgt bull r O -Q 4Ji JJ O 5- JJ O pound- ^ O 4) oj o on (0 CO
3 bullH CJ O O in 3 bullH CO Cmdash VO on 3 pound-laquo H CO o n in inco co o n ma- r co g^ 5sect^ o
o rH on oj O bull- rH ONCO L O_ rH OJ VO M
rH bull rH =t rH bull - OJ T CO CO M CO 4-gt rH CO -U rH CO 4-) s
uits
CO 4-gt 4-5 T3 gt CM gt CM gt CM cc CO CO CO
3 3gt oa tlp^ CO O CM O gt 4J O 40 i 3 r+ k C pound JS
CO pound
^^ s -bullgt cmdash on poundZ VO CTI trx 4J 4J 4J
) bull bull bull Q Q Q Q4J 3shyc O-JJ CTgt OJ OJ Q-IJ inco on CO CO CO o co CM oj on co CM oj on co CM on
Q Q QON^ Q bullH Q^
rH rH 4J rH
O bullraquo L Z bull CO CO CO
i gtgt rH oj on gt tgtshyCM ^ cO^-s CO ~ CO
CO CO J X fc^_ bull^gt bullgtgt bull gt gtgt bull gt CO
j_ jJ O pound- Jj -P O Li deg =fObullH co on f- ^ 3bullH CO CO O in 3bullH CO
g^ -^2
poundsect HO
eis
mic
3 CO in in in in in in co o n co o n
o -^ r oj in O rHCO CO rH bullrH bull rH =T OrH bull rH OJ f-CO 4J bull- CO 4J rH O0) J-)
gt CM gt CM gt CM 4J
CO N_^ m^
bull OJ
t t poundshyCO CO CO CO rH J3 gt r-t oj on gt r-i oj on gt gt r n o j o n
Time months Flg11 Flucuatlon In Specific Conductance in Wells
26
Table 4 Specific Conductances in Wells (pmhoscm at 25degC)
West East Landfill Landfill
Date NW NE EG SE W SC N E S
81581 851 938 236 2356
102981 171 3268
11381 3268
111081 304 988 1100 258 3800
111481 426 2736 1216 186 4560
111781 304 3610 433 389 4560
121981 380 1406 129 103 380
1982 160 152
31582 274 760 1064 61 334 8000+ 182 53 84
52182 450 1500 1125 112 712 8000+ 175 255 150
52282 425 1320 1200 110 850 180 320 170
27
O
ct c r i c o o o o o c M o m o in CO CM unp^
3bull t- fmdash o^ co tmdash vo co in co cmdash co in a
bull bull1 1-1 trade4 rH rH^ CO 4)2
~ plusmn4J o O CM ^_
o n CO vO J oraquo 0C0M
cu rH rH rH rH rHin tmdash
3 iCM 4J
^j CO CO
E O0 ltU -H n o c E
See
pag
se
rva
t
rH O in 0 0 O O 0
O o x rH Cmdash
0 0n
cu rH mdash O tmdash X o o o o c o o o o r H r H i n o i n i n o O
bull L in oo co oo oo o cy cr o rH CM o cr ONc fcJ bullH on en m m rn c^n rH rH rH0 pound CO 3 CO
t CM0gt s o o o in rA n ^o oo in tmdash oo 0gt zr =r a- JT JT$_
T)C CO
~ E CO ^ _bdquo ltu CO g r H r n c n i n o o r H r H
vgtO ^D O ^^ ^O CO ^^ ^^ JJ 2 4) rH rHCO t
c CO
CO c 9) rH 0
CO -^ C c CO ltuo famp O trade t iH
0
bullo co n ^
oS
o ^^ bullH m
i co rn O CQ O1 CO CO 4) c2Q 3
CO
mdash^ bull cmdash CMin 1 gt rH vO vO O CTgt CO
s CTgt CO OO Ogt Craquo- tmdash cu O CO rH z 0
bull_bulllaquo
H bull L o in r in o oo in 3 rfy ff^ tir f^ CO C^~
4)bull
Z 3
^ ^ ^ ^ H r H r H r H r H rH r H C O r H C O a O C O a O a O C O C O r H i H r H CO OO - gt 0 0 ^ - gt ^ raquo - ^ ^ 1 - gt ~ gt - C O C O O O
U ^ raquo ^ - ~ raquo O ^ ^ O t ~ C O r H - r r ^ - ^ ^ JJ r H C M v O r H r H r H r H r H C M C M r H i n c r gt rH CO CM gt laquolaquo - - -^ bullmdash mdash bullraquoraquobullgt -v -v ^^
~ v O r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H lt M C M C M CM O O r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H rH
Vvraquolaquo IJ1^ raquo CP O 3L 1 Z - i bull j-t-J
1 J
LH Vb T n 0
1 gt fl oo O ~l 2 L - bull 1 P )laquo jn iP IP - OOI L5L mdash shy
-t 84 ^(^^ ^fi P i flja 0 JO II 10 tl tcgt 7 J IV wllaquo
h l2L bull 0 lt -_ shy
-id VJ lt 3C 2 ft OOL -mdash
U 71 C1 Sr 2 13 2 nl JLJraquopound HP r M ltf1- (
IMe 2 ii O It
n jlt dl 1 1 bull o o-il ST i 1 i 25 2-x-1
-
ri
i tlL O mdash gtbull bullgtlt 1ft -o- is Oil So iJK 2-io otv u 31 fil loi 2 il Oll it Of wr is i1raquo -iZ 1 deg|0 01
M IT So - mdash
- 13 1 CT mdash i - mdash 21
shy
Tl Ci av ZUll IMT 0 IM Pe v _ 1) T) S) ii3( dlt Ii 2 lt^2 II li- S1 riivi To 7HX lt3lO 14 ^2- iTi I li 011 -- - -i -^IS no 5^ or i | T Jift laquoV OoH bullla It Va iCO mdash L OIL 11 bullvf poundgtpound lS_ flv oh P-lfe 1 poif _ shy11 IB kl (4 itlaquoT lamp llt0 oot^
mdash -n
It T1 |ir( L1 HI 2 0 oil
U 1M ft go C ICf^ -^2 Z laquo-|o
11 it 5 bulln - TO o abull Li u-i IT1 -- Iw O ltM (I bullbull bdquo-I(K 1mdash -tilltLlA ttfe
i Dgt ac -- U 44 4 11 1 1- ytd i i_i J-K 0 i if -i i i V t Wl raquoOHM 1-1 US D C P A R T M f N T OF COMMfRCE t 4 1 IUII 1 1 ^~) mdash
llaquo- Hi NC bull bullh bull bullJL^V HBl CO 00
11
)jLsVyr^gturv
^ | TKu
|-_t_ bull(
IIMgt I I Mt|UU III- II 11
PNECIPITATIOH
I 1 1 IMX
IMO
bull llfclaquo I UCIUKI) Ur C V A r U M A AHO CLIMATOUOCICAL OBitH
E V A F O R A T I C r i Jttffl laquo amp hMIlaquoJllaquoJIIlaquoBgt
DATE AOOITIOMAL DAIAKMAKk M
bullraquobullmdashlaquo
tp 01 (1 Of Ll OOI ooo
0^1 o-i 10 tl |00 102
OC (1 13 Ofl
it i rc DS os an
(1 SV o
Ul 010
(ISl 101 I on
130
II 5= Otl
ss lt 001 (IK Ml
jt il HIT
7 it
ow Wo 17 Top 2-01 OIO
(0 oov zi oot
u CO ^A 0 to Zoi CLflS
bull50 01 ljtj
nshy 5H LO OIt
50121 IVO QJO
14 Co Ho LO Hl ^pound Jl 1
ltM ool fllc
H Tl 01 II
11 11 Q1
iH OIO
HO 2 llaquol 11 II
lifc
IV-IIM ul OIPAITHINT or COHMIICC NOAA
NAtlOHAL gtIATnlaquoll raquotraquoVlClaquo CD
r~
All TCUMMATUNI ^V UII rgt ITmi 1 Cwphu Obic i gtn t ngir-H 30
rilCiriTATIOH
JJ T I rTJ-rimdashr-iramj|MP CLmATOLOQ
laquolaquo jftilCiii bullIHO
Oi1l ADOITIOHAL DAIAlllu
Ilf4ft
Sii1
(1 2 IO OO
Hl ii SO
us OIM
Q^L
a A3 Hi SZ Sf^ bull 12J2
HI Z-SF OOl 1C t HM IA H ICP fiJA
OOl 10 (310 sn 310
if HI (0 ^01
bullit SO 28H poundJ1 11 006
14 35 TX oon II (bull2 it zr II c-S
rr Zll lo 31 OP an 31 a 31 oor
CSW O-ll Si CC Of 011
Oll _ I |ft
00
u i oerraquolaquoTMiMr of c NOAA
NATIONAL K C A T N C M SCMVlCC
TC^S lk)oiVroTJA
TETT I 7X
1raquolaquolaquo 4 bdquo ir lt er ni I^OV ltqgl j--^ TQ
MICiriTAllOH ITIND
D|mdash
b5NO ctiUATOtoiCAL oeit^
OATI AOOITIOMAL OATAVlHAtt
0-tt
Mlaquoh bullbullbull- rshy laquo
I- ltltriu HI I 4 bulllaquobullbull1
Zii
30 Dfellt otvt
at HA
OOI
62
iJ_S2 HI if
bull- 20 SI 2i So
So
VVfr
OSfc
I (
Jtlt
3aoi
r j -bull ie MA
Irill iiol
in^ 14
Mo
Zll
214
21 1P
00-i
bulliron
17
bullr
11 i ir- I J Ktf^c
US D E P A R T M E N T OF COuMEDCC I | C gt A A
K AIlaquo Ttupf lATuit r
|SlVi AlJ PIICIPITATION
oJud (El
VIM i Uraquo
MIND E
EVAPORATIOH flnrft bull A ftufiifccdll
KECORO OF eVAPllHAtlil bull I CLIHATOLOOCAL OBSERVA ^Hij
14 MM A_M AOOIIIONAL DATA11 MAIM
Mr bullH Oo|
M Si lift
bull221 IHI
ZS Ji 40 IZV
icr KS I
HZ 111
bullT 21
loA UK JA IP
v^ ft
1M 2Sshy IT Tl
71 V |
i I 31 1deg a
uty^ U bull3
ons 1 CiO TxX
HHO (10
3H 19 12 10 IP
raquo3H raquo | 5t io
OP OIT
14
vO UI Of PANTMINI Or COMMCRCf MM O A A
F ngt TIHH
iiicffwiffc 4 rJ (TIM bull Cempltit Obitittiio
AIlaquo TIMHIATUM PHICinTATION I V A f OK ATlPrl
OATI ADDITIONAL DATA KMAlIt
U4laquo4 +
03H Ji
10
rc a 1 16 oi ii
tiiy 10
OI
II i23 or o 13 -y~ou HO
II 3V III i 3 t
V laquop oot
OM1 SS ne
T an -i IP
Olt zr LTV
3T 001
a -11 2T
10 an 31
-1 raquo 131 UP 3H lf 14 Lpoundshy
it 14 30
IS
Ui O I P A K T M f H T OP COWlf ICfM O A A
NATJONAI V C A T M C n f t K M V l C K
bullbullbullbullbullshy -2 o AIlaquo TIMMRATUM f fKICIPITATIOH
OATI poundt- MMINMAL DATAk
ZP 51 lo icr
011 111
OoT IHf
Ut 003 am
3o 13 ao
4A X 05shy
H4 i IjJyiV131 ooc js
IH oi 01 tL 18 13 a
No 11-7
rivgtp OO| M Hi 03 01
It 12
bull I 41 bull7119 14 ^^ raquo 31 15 lampk n M ho i
Jo -j-
-J
I
Ml H^ I _
amp2ampUi^= LS 0 S 0-f bullTTT
-Vmdash gt U_ bull 1 rOHM I- 11 OI OCPARTMlNT OF COMM(NCC
HO NATIONAL W f A T M f H ftfraquoVlCI
98
Appendix B
Boring Logs
99
X iHECT 1 ff 2
OAT American Drilling amp Bor ini I Co Inc
wo WATH smn EAST PR ov IDENC E ft 1 Town of South Kingstown South K ngstown R I MOLENO X-J
TC 100 RCSS bull ujrMonitorinq Well Installation | South Kinqjtown R I UNC a STA Pf KXICCTHJ LOC ATK3N
bull cfrserrr TO above S MPLES S FNTTO _ _ |laquolaquor A-109 SURF ELEV RE PORTSEr
GROUND WATER O6SE RVATC MS 1 CDREraquolaquo m-T nn75 laquo A 256 - 20 mdash Hew y
Instolled 32ofT-l2 PV C - JO- COMPUTE 111275 K toia 3- I-WI 1-38 TOTAL MRS bdquo10 screen BORING FCACUAM J K lanq MAI rraquo HomnwWI 300 140 IampPCCrc Mamlaquor Fall 24 30 lampaaiona SOLS ENGR
LOCATION OF BORING H ONITOKING WELL
Coung Samplt Tjp Blow per 6 Manure SOU IDENTIFICATION Strata SAMPLE ^^^yV Bloot
foot
Otptni
From- To
el
l
on Sampler
0-6 1 -6-13 12-18
Dentity or
Conmt j
Chang Remark include colo^ graaation Type of tod lie Rao-coMr type condition nordshynetiDntotf time leamt and tie No Pen Rtlt
2 No top sample 5 12
1 loamy fine sand
bull)^ 40 30 36
5- 616 0 23 20 16
noist iense
Brown fine to coarse SAND some fine to coarse gravel Trace silt
^
1 18 18
36 8-0shy57 40 30 V 35
|0-||-6 D 14 24 20 Srown medium to coarse SAND Some fine gravel cobbles
7 IRshy 16
27 75 37 3
IS- I- D 5 14 16 3bull
ISshy 15
42 50 I9--0shy50 65 20-2ll-6 D 9 23 26 bull Jrown fine to coarse SAND Tbullwshy 1Z 75 90
22-0 Trace silt trace fine gravel
124 120 74 60 52 41
7S-ltlaquoil-A DX 71 16 13 wet very dense
Gray-brown fine to coarse SANC Some fine to coarse gravel little silt
H IR u
40 30--0
3C-30-IO
3l4-334
334-3314
38 4-434
D
c
C
C
7 IflO
94 6
we tr j
y se
ft irox
30MOshy
31 -4shy
Gray-brown fine to coarse SAND Trace silt
Gray-brown fine SAND some lilt trace fine gravel
Too of Rock 31 -4shy
Gray-pink GRANITE
6 7
amp
CJ
IltJ A
60
601
IQ mdash
2(
4
5 i Hard
ft 5ome seams bull
GROUND SURFACE TO J 4 U3CD_ ^JVrf bullbull( tutu t to 4o 4 SampM Type Proportion UMd MOB Wtx 3 OfaM on 2OD Sampler SUMMARY-
OOry CCartd WltWen4 Hoc OlolO Canmonieraquoi Don any CoKeem CarMWncy Earm Barrlaquoj 11 14
UPgtUnOigtturod Piuon trite (Oto20dego 0-Kgt Loei it 0-4 Sait 3O+Hofd Rock Corng 14 Kgt-30 laquo4 0 rte 4-8 MSHM Samplet TPTtitPit Ai Auger Vvanefett tarn 2Olo39 3O-M Owlt n laquo-lS Strlf rinit nn v 1
UTiUndlshffbed ThrMOll and bull 33to9O 5O Very 0laquo nraquoe 19-30 V-3trraquof - | OLE NO X-l
TOVH rim - iA it raquotoraquo
100
SHEET 2 o_L
WO WATEt STUET [AST ft OVIDENC pound a i American Drilling amp Bor ing Co Inc
MCLl WQ X- 1 Tt AOORCSS i
LIME A STA KXICCTMJ tuf same as 1 | tame as i LOCATION
W PORTSEf mo OB nj urt eflaquo T
illtPLES S
P
CVTTO nlaquo mun orv
^s f^ Tin i GRCVMO WATER OBSERVATONS CASING SAMPLER CORE BAR
START Typi COMPUTE tome at 1 same aiH
TOTAL MRS BORIMG FOR CMAN n bull IT INSPECTOR SOILS EMM
LOCATION OF BORING u HfVJTneTfi UFI _
8
Counf Blo-t
foot
Dtpllo
From To
0( on SampMr
0-6 f 6-IZ
Moittir
Oonuty or
Contilt
Strata Ctnngc
SOIL OCNTiriCATION Rtmorkt ineHifl cotot grqdotion Typlaquo of Mil etc Roo-axtrPlaquo condition Mrdshynlaquot Drog tun ttomt end tic
TPlaquoTraquojraquoPit AAugtr ViVon mini tamt 20to39 UTtundiifir6d TrwMOtf and JSloSO 50-raquobull Vary 0nlaquo [HOLE NO x-2 B-3O V-3Mf lev rim - IAIT raquosectlaquoraquo
102
300 iu 24
1 UMnii ffi 140 laquo 30
CA1INC tf
gt taWCTf
bull 0gtlaquo i R Cook Jr_ R Millineton1 Wttn
I~
1 VAMtl CtMG
1 W HO-t MO
1 Oraquo 1 laquo0~ twt
L 1 laquo-raquo VfcM^lf [wlaquoraquoCI ^ ^ K3Ot III laquo
0-LS D
5-65 D
LlQ 10-115 D
15-16 Tgt
Lraquo 70-51 n
25-26 D
F
I O-O Ci
A Allstate Drill ins Co vi o i
PROVIDING R 1bull raquoraquo uvraquonn~ N M O M I T O P I N G HE1 _^lt -^ PI-Traquo UJU
CUM Town of South Kineraquotown raquoraquo 1 1TA maoer Propolaquolaquod Sit for Slude Disposal nltn
laquo V-449 iampAAtut i a 138 ort STI bull r 42777 CtOuMO IKVtllON
Cill bdquo 258 DA II MN ru 42777 rilaquolaquodO laquoraquoTti rum 1911
AU1TATI
MMUI1 raquolaquogtlaquolaquo laquoKiO itXHHKraquoriOi of sous MUAHI nMTKlion Ot CMlaquoMC|kOraquort tl CO~VH DXltgt raquomlaquo laquotf IMi COIOI C4l II I 1raquo gtlaquo^ Oraquo 1Ol rC t Xgttgt VtfKOe Craquo Mi 1 ft liMraquoK laquo0^tlaquot nfgt
1-2-1 10 TOP SOIL FINE LIGHT BROWN SAND traclaquo of ilt
16-31-17
22-24-21 100 FINE TO MEDIUM LIGHT GRAY SAND trace of fine gravlaquol and raquopoundLt
lfl-37-34 150 LIGHT BROWN FINE TO MEDIUM SAND little poundinlaquo gravel
21-17-15 200 MEDIUM TO COARSE SAND bullomc fine gravel
12-4-10
265
Observation well installed
NOTE No casing blows taktn
bullbull B-23 ow
^w^ 265 I raquo bull raquolaquo bull I W
11 laquot gtbullraquo Vlaquo 14 W gt_ c-shyji bull alaquo bull jraquo VI laquoHshyw bullbull m raquobullbull D-6 raquo Mshy
bull bull laquo Vshy
1
bull bull
I
103
MAMMII Allstate Drilling Co ulaquorr 1 or 1 FftOVIOCKZ H L traquolS mTArm^S MONITOR NR WEL
VNO wr3JJO__raquoraquou_24__ HCU MO P-74 n iu riBwi Town of Slt7H^ Xirpin
mdash^ laquo0J P 1 1 bull ^n^ciit^o TVlaquow^laquott1 bullraquoit wt 140 nu 30 olaquor fBu lkv Waste Disposal Arcai
MUTAH a V-449 R Cook Jr UMlaquoiigti D 1 38 0t| raquoIJ raquo 5277 rlaquo SUMO luvlaquorv-laquow
mdash 5277 fipe -raquoT pfpm 150
H MCIO IMNTlXAflON Of SOU t(kAIlaquoS rrn 0-laquoraquo
5 -SF 01 w in laquobull -raquo ^ lit
D 1-2-2 TOP SOIL V-1-oraquo
15 IPbull FINE TO MEDIUM LIGHT GRAY SAND AND GRAVEL
5-65 D 37-27-35 some silt
10-11 D 20-14-18
15-165 D i 17-14-14 155
BROWN COARSE TO MEDIUM SAND little fine to coarse gravel trace of silt
20-211 D 4-4-2
230 GRAY BROWN VERY FINE SAND
25-26J D 7-8-9 AND SILT 265 fvarvedl
Observation well installed
NOTE No casing blows taken
wta 10 n uuraquo c^imdashbull IgtM laquolaquobull- B-24 ow ~ 14 ltfc laquoraquobull vlaquo^ M laquobull r O 0 fmtt bull W-L 26 5
-0- CgtCmdashgt bull laquolaquobull mdash laquo 1 - raquoraquo 1 gt 1laquo bull 1 gtraquor to bull mdashbull bull bull bulllaquo I t l~laquo 1lt Uraquo mdashbull ) bull 1 gtbull ft 0~ H laquoy bullM ta bull -IN la laquobull OPUM bull($ IMI
mdash H raquo laquo-bull
104
Appendix C
Calibration of Specific Conductance Meters
105
Specific conductance measurements were made using a beckman RB
338 temperature compensating meter and a YSI rtooel 33 salinity
conductivity temperature meter The YSI meter is not
temperature correcting A formula to compensate for temperature
differences to standardize YSI measurements was used (21)
A long probe for the Beckman meter was used to measure conductivity
in the wells Differences in conductivity between the YSI ana
Beckman meters and the Beckman short and long probes exist These
were calibrated in the laboratory using 001 N and 01 N KC1
solutions Values presented are Beckman short probe values The
Beckman long probe values were reduced by 76 and tne YSI values
were multiplied by 11 to adjust to Beckman short probe values The
YSI meter was used in the latter phases of the study for the
stream contamination due to the greater accuracy of the dial readout
scale
Table 7 Specific Conductance Meter Calibration Table
Concentration (KCL) 0001N 001N
Specific Beckman short 145 143 143 1247 1245 12GO
Conductances Beckman long 190 191 188 1639 1650 1665
umhocm 9 25 C YSI 132 131 128 1131 1140 1150
average values Beckman shortBeckman long = 075
Beckman shortYSI = 11
106
Appendix D
Computer program Flow Chart
107
F1g 33 Computer Program Flow Chart-
1TpoundR MAP TCO
NEWPER
WEWSTP CZAX
HEWIT TRANS TCOF ROW COLUMN
Yes
Yes
108 The following is a description of the USGS two-dimensional computer
program Iterative Digital Model for Aquifer Evaluation updated
December 1972 by P C Trescott The program written in Fortran
consists of a MAIN program and six subprograms or subroutines which
themselves are organized into subprogram sections The subroutines and
their sections are listed below
MAIN Program
DATAIN (subroutine) COEF ITER (section) CLAY MAP TRANS NEWPER TCOF
The program begins in the MAIN program which controls the sequence
of passage to the subroutines Sequential steps are described in the
program as shown in the flow chart of Fig 32 Emphasis is placed on the
steady state confined aquifer case as applied in this study First data
input is read in the DATAIN subroutine This data includes transmissivities
or permeabilities starting heads storage coefficients and grid spacings
Nodal transmissivity values are then computed for the water-table problem
in the TRANS section (COEF subroutine) This procedure is necessary here
because the subsequent routine for computing iteration parameters (ITER)
keys on nodal transmissivity values which would not have been input to
the water-table problem In the water-table option these would have been
109
computed from given bedrock and water-table elevations to obtain the
saturated thickness component of the transmissivity calculation In this
study water-table option was not used and the transmissivity values were
input directly The program then passes to the ITER section (DATAIN
subroutine) to compute the iteration parameters which expediate or even
cause convergence Next the MAP section (DATAIN subroutine) is utilized
to initialize data for an alphanumeric map if this was requested in the
input options Transmissivities are then computed for the confined
(artesian) aquifer case (water table not specified with input options)
in the TCOF section (COEF subroutine) These coefficients are harmonic
mean values of adjacent nodal transmissivities weighted by grid sizes
Time parameters and pumping data for a new pumping period are then read
in the NEWPER section (DATAIN subroutine) followed by entry into the
NEWSTP section (COMPUT subroutine) which calculates the size of the
time step Leakage coefficients (hydraulic conductivity of the confining
bed divided by confining bed thickness) are next computed in the CLAY
section (COEF subroutine) if leakage was specified in the input data
which was used in this study
A new iteration is then initiated in sections NEWITO (COMPUT
subroutine) NEWITO saves the current head values and compares them to
the updated head values for determining closure This is followed by
nodal transmissivity values being computed for the water table or water-
table artesian conversion problem Transmissivity coefficients are then
computed for the water-table problem in TCOF (COEF subroutine) Total
head values are then computed with the alternating direction implicit
procedure using the Thomas algorithim first along rows in the ROW section
110 and then along columns in the COLUMN section both in the COMPUT subroutine
Then if a solution is not obtained (because the error criteria for
closure is not satisfied) the MAIN program branches back to NEWIT1 subshy
sequent sections TRANS TCOF ROW and COLUMN repeatedly until a
solution at the particular time step is achieved NEWIT1 increments the
iteration counter and is immediately followed by NEWITO The program then
moves to the STEADY section of the COMPUT subroutine to check if the
closure criteria for steady state has been satisfied Output is then
printed in the OUTPUT section of COMPUT if steady state has been reached
or if the particular time step is designated for output
The program then branches back to NEWSTP (COMPUT subroutine) and
moves through the subsequent routines until the last time step in the
pumping period is reached Output is then promoted in the DRY section
of COMPUT if specified in input data If the last pumping period in
the problem has not been reached the program branches back to the
NEWPER section and moves again through subsequent sections otherwise
the program will terminate or start a new problem if one follows
This study was simulated as a steady state problem which can be
simulated by setting the storage coefficient of the aquifer and the
specific storage of the confining bed to zero and using one time step
of any length
111
Appendix E
Computer Data Sheets
RGSEA
10 ROSE HILL LANDFILL MODEL 20 30 40 LEAKAGE 50 60 70 CHECK 80 90 100 HEAD 110 120 1 23 IQ 100 5 001 37E-OU 0 130 100 001 0 0 1 4 0 - 1 - 1 1 - 1 - 1 i i i i i i 1
ISO 1 10 0 1547E-05 01 10 1 1 160 04642 200 200 1 1 i it
1 Agpar MA and 0 Langmuir Ground-Water Pollution Potential of a Landfill Above tne Water Table Groundwater V 9 No 6 1971 pp 76-96
2 Allen William B Hahn GW and RA Brackley Availability of Ground Water Upper Pawcatuck River Basin Rhode Island USGS US Government Printing-office GS 66-624 19bb
3 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Part 31 Open Channel Flow Measurement of Water and Waste Water by Weirs D 2034-68 1975
4 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Part 19 Infiltration Rate of Soils in Field Using Double-Ring Infiltrameters D 3385-75 1975
5 Baeaecner MJ and W BacK Hyarogeological Processes and Chemical Reactions of a Landfill Ground Water V 17 no 5 1979 pp 429-437
6 Beck WW Dunn AL and Grover H Emrich Leachate Quality Improvements After Top Sealing1 8th SHwRD MERL Symposium 1982
7 Beckman WK Transient Modeling For Estimating Sustained Aauifer Yield master thesis presented to the University of Rhode Island Kingston RI 1978
8 Bhattacharya PK and HP Patra Direct Current Geoelectric Sounding Elsevier Publishing Co New York 1968 135 p
9 Bouwer H Ground Water Hydrology McGraw-Hill Book Co New Yoric 1978 p 378
10 Braids 0 Cocozza pound Fenn D Isbister J Rous P and B Yarc Procedures Manual for Ground Water Monitoring at Solid Waste Disposal Facilities Environmental Protection Agency530SW-611 Cincinnati Ohio 1977
11 Cartwright K and MR McComas Geophysical Surveys in the Vicinity of Sanitary Landfills in Northeastern Illinois Groundwater V 6 no 5 1968 pp 23-30
12 Cartwright K and Fd Sherman Jr Electrical Earth Resistivity Surveying in Landfill Investigations Reprinted from Proceedings of ohe lOtn Annual Engineering and Soils Engineering Symposium Moscow Idaho 1972
122 13 Clark TP Survey of Ground-Water Protection Methods for
Illinois Landfills Groundwater V 13 no 4 1975 pp 321-331
14 Dunne T and LB Leapold Water in Environmental Planning WH Freeman and Company San Francisco 1978
16 Fenn DG Hanley KJ and TV Degeare Use of the Water Balance Method for Predicting Leachate Generation From Solia Waste Disposal Sites US Environmental Protection Agency530SW-lfa8 Cincinnati Ohio 1975
17 Geisser 0 An Electric Analog and Digital Computer Model of the Chipuxet Ground Water^ Aquifer Kingston Rhode Island master thesis presented to the University of Rhode Island Kingston RI 1975
18 Hahn GW Groundwater Map of the Narragansett Pier Quadrangle Rhode Island Rhode Island Water Resources Coordinating Board GWM 5 1959
19 Hemsley William T Koster C Wallace Remedial Technique of Controlling and Treating Low Volume Leachate Discharge USEPA National Conference on Management of Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites Oct 1980
20 Hughes GM RA Landon and RN Farvolden Hydrogeology of Solid Waste Disposal Sites in Northeastern Illinois Final Report to US Environmental Protection Agency PUD SW-l^d Cincinnati Ohio 1971
21 Keller GV and FC Frischknecht Electrical Methods in Geophysical Prospecting Pergamon Press New YorK NY 19bb
22 Kelly WE West Kingston Landfill An Evaluation of Its Effect on Ground-Water Quality Rnoae Island Water Resources Board Water Information Series Report 1975
23 Kelly WE Geoelectric Sounding for Delineating Ground-Water Contamination Groundwater V 14 No 1 1976 pp fa-10
24 Kelly WE Ground-Water Pollution Near a Landfill ASCE Environmental Engineering Division Journal V 10 No EE6 Dec 19b pp nay-nyy
25 Kelly WE personal communication January 1982
123
26 Kelly WE and OW Urish A Study of the Effects of Salt Storage Practices on Surface ana Ground Water Quality in Rhode Island NTIS FHWA-RI-RD-8001 1981 54 p
27 Kimmel GE and OC Braids Leachate Plumes in a Highly Permeable Aauifer Groundwater y 12 no 6 1974 pp 388-393
28 Klefstaa G Senalein LVA ana RC Palmauist Limitations of the Electrical Resistivity Method in Landfill Investigations Groundwater V 13 No 5 1975 pp 418-427
29 Landon RA Application of Hydrogeology to the Selection of Refuse Disposal Sites Groundwater V 7 no b 19b9 pp 9-13
30 Lang SM Bierschenk WH ana WB Allen 1960 Hyaraulic Characteristics of Glacial Outwash in Rhode Island Rhode Islana Water Resources Coordinating Board Bulletin No 3
31 LeGrand HE Patterns of Contaminated Zones of Water in the Ground Water Resources Research v 1 No 1 1965
32 Palmauist R and L Sendlein The Configuration of Contamination Enclaves from Refuse Disposal Sites on Floodplains Grouna Water v 13 no 2 1975 pp 167-181
33 Pinder GF A Digital Model for Aauifer Evaluation Techniaues of Water Resources Investigations of the US Geological Survey Bk 7 Cl 1970
34 Purushattam D Tamxe GR and CM Stoffel Leachate Production at Sanitary Landfill Sites ASCE Environmental Engineering Division Journal V 103 no EE 6 Dec1977 pp 981-988
35 Remson I Fungaroli AA ana AW Lawrence Water Movement in an Unsaturated Sanitary Landfill ASCE Sanitary Engineering Division Journal v 94 no SA2 April1968 pp 307-316
36 Rosenshien JS Gouthier JB and WB Allen Hydrologic Characteristics and Sustained Yield of Principal Ground-Water Units Potowamut-Wickford Area Rhoae Island USGS US Government Printing Office GS 67-324 1968
37 Roux PH and B Vincent Electrical Resistivity Evaluations At Solid Waste Disposal Facilities US Environmental Protection Agency SW-729 Cincinnati Ohio 1978
124
38 Salvato JA Wi lk ie WG and BE Mead Sanitary Landfill Leaching Prevention and Control Water Pollution Control Federation Journal v 43 no 10 Oct 1971 pp 2084-2100
39 Sawyer CN and PL McCarty Chemistry for Environmental Engineering McGraw Hill 1978
40 Stellar RL and P Roux Earth Resist ivi ty Surveys - A Method for Defining Ground-Water Contamination Ground Water v 13 no 2 1975 pp 145-150
41 Todd OK Ground Water Hydrology John Wi ley and Sons Inc New York 1959
42 Tolman AL Ballestero AP Beck WW and GH Emrich Guidance Mannual For Minimizing Pollution From Waste Disposal Sites US Environmental Protection Agency-500SW-677 Cincinnati Ohio 1978
43 Trescott PC Iterative Digital Model for Aauifer Evaluation US Geological Survey Open file report 1972
44 University of Rhode Island Academic Computer Center CalComp Contouring Manual
45 Warner DL Preliminary Field Studies Using Earth Resistivity Measurements for Delineating Zones of Contaminated Ground Water Groundwater v 7 1969 pp 9-16
46 White EF A Report to the Town of S Kingstown Utility Survey Engineering Corp 1967
47 Zohdy AAR A Computer Program for the Calculation of Schlumberger Sounding Curves Over Horizontally Layered Media Using the Method of Convolution US Geological Survey Denver
48 Zohdy AAR Eaton GP and DR Mabey Application of Surface Geophysics to Ground-Water Investigations Technidues of Water-Resources Investigations of the US Geological Survey Book 2 Chapter 01 Washington US Government Printing Office 2401-02543 1974
Table of Contents
Page
Title Page
Approval Sheet
Acknowledgement ii
Thesis Abstract iii
Preface iv
Tab I e of Contents v
List of Tables vi
List of Figures vii
Main Body
Introduction 1
Background 2
Description of Study Area 10
Field Studies and Procedures 15
Model Development 30
Model Calibration 41
Computer Simulations 42
Analysis ana Discussion 55
Remedial Measures and Recommendations 75
Conclusions and Recommendations 83
Appendices
Appendix A Precipitation Records 86
98
Appendix C
106
Appendix E
120
Appendix B Boring Logs
Appendix D Computer Program Flow Chart
Appendix F Bioliography
CaliDration of Specific Conductance Meters in4
Computer Data Sheets Ill
VI
List of Tables
Table
1 Well point Water Elevations 17
2 Seismic Refraction Survey Results 20
3 S tream Fl ows 22
4 Specific Conductances in Well points 26
5 Specific Conductances in Streams and Observation Holes 27
0gt -^^ o a5 raquobull bullo o sect 3 mdash laquoo o wcz _
3Ogt c $c o_ X
aw e 05 0 (0 3 bullo
o a 2 2 u
hydraulic properties and the subsurface geometry enable estimates of
ground-water outflow to be made Streamflow measurements were used
to verify these outflows Contamination levels using specific
conductance measurements as an indicator were measured in wells
streams and observation holes to help delineate the extent ana
degree of contamination An electrical resistivity sounding was
conducted in a known contamination zone
The primary objective of tnis study is to determine flow
patterns in the vicinity of the landfill ana recommend possible
actions to contain or minimize the impact of the contamination In
oraer to fully evaluate these goals the aforementioned parameters
were input to a computer model to produce simulated flow patterns
under different conditions The simulated present conditions were
matched with field water table and stream flow measurements to
calibrate the model A series of simulations were then run to
evaluate flow conditions before the excavations anaor landfill
existed Remedial measures such as reducing recharge to the
landfill and implementing a slurry wall to blocx off leachate flow
to endangered wells were simulated to evaluate their effectiveness
Based on this analysis recommendations are made as to how to
minimize leachate production ano best alleviate the immediate danger
of the contaminant plume spreading to unpolluted domestic supply
wells
background
The South Kingstown landfill is in a geologic setting that is
very similiar to the nearby West Kingston landfill This is located
about 3 miles west of the South Kingstown landfill and has been
studied to assess leachate effects on groundwater quality using
specific conductance as an indicator of contamination levels
(222ltt) Both sites were located in abandoned gravel Quarries which
were filled in with refuse to create the landfill
In the literature numerous authors have shown that the character
of contaminant plumes from landfills are largely dependent on the
local geology and geohydrology A study on Long Island (27) in
similiar glacial material illustrates that the Quantity of flow is
dependent on the hydraulic conductivity of tne aauifer the
hydraulic gradient and the vertical cross-sectional area of the
aauifer it flows through This is expressed as Darcys Law (41)
Q = KIA
wnere Q = flow quantity
I = hydraulic gradient
K = hydraulic conductivity of the aauifer
A = vertical cross sectional area of the flow area
Specific conductance was used as a contaminant tracer to show that
the plume from the landfill flowed downgradient and vertically
through the full thickness of the aauifer A study in Iowa (32)
indicates that the size ana shape of the contamination outflow from
a l a n d f i l l can be predicted from existing geohydrologic conditions
and that the horizontal shape of the outflow extends downgradient
8
from the source and parallel to ground-water flow lines Other
parameters which control the extent of the contaminant plume are
dilution and dispersion in the aquifer and the adsorption properties
of the aauifer material (31)
The amount of leachate generated depends largely on the amount
of water that infiltrates through the landfill to increase tne water
content of the refuse in the landfill The precipitation recharge
that percolates down through the unsaturated zone to the water table
moves in a vertical direction (35) Surface runoff soil moisture
storage losses and evapotranspiration account for tne precipitation
that is not transmitted tnrough the unsaturated zone of aeration
(3315) Upon reaching the saturated zone the water enters the
ground-water flow system Ground-water mounding has been reported
in landfills due to the decreased hydraulic conductivity of
compacted refuse relative to surrounding aauifer material (20)
Chemical processes within the landfill leachate outflow and
surrounding soil cation exchange capacity relative to water duality
of the surrounding aduifer have been studied in Pennsylvania (1) anu
in Delaware (5) A procedures manual for ground-water monitoring at
solid waste disposal facilities was developed by the US
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (9)
Several reports have been written that investigate site
selection design criteria and remedial measures to correct
leachate problems (29) A survey of ground-water protection methods
for landfills in Illinois studies relationships to the water table
theory of liner installation and monitoring devices (13) Sanitary
Landfi11-Leaching Prevention and Control presents a review of
preventative methods such as means to minimize infiltration
interception of ground-water and other pollution control measures
(2 37) A study in Pennsylvania on actual measures implemented to
collect and treat a landfills leachate discharge presents a site
specific study (19) Leachate Quality Improvements After Top
Sealing1 shows that by minimizing infiltration at a landfill in
Connecticut the outflow leachate water quality can be improved
dramatically and contamination plume reduced significantly (6) The
most comprehensive reports on remedial approaches to upgrading waste
disposal sites and ground-water protection methods have been
compiled under USEPA contract (1542)
To assist in evaluating remedial measures the US Geological
Survey (USGS) computer model Iterative Digital Model for Aduifer
Evaluation was used It was originally developed as a model for
simulating two-dimensional aauifer problems (33) It had been
updated since its original development to accomodate different
options (43) This model has been applied to glacial outwash
regions in Rhode Island (717)
10
Description of Study Area
A map of tne landfill area (Fig Z) was obtained from tne town
of South Kingstown The excavation to the west of Rose Hill Roaa
the landfill area directly to the east and the presently operating
area to the east of the central stream comprise tne overall study
area This study will concentrate on the west landfill area whicn
has recently reached capacity and been closed to further dumping
This site received mixed refuse for the past 15 years The depth of
the excavation where the landfill presently exists was approximately
to bedrock in some places Tne exact depths of landfill material is
unknown
The landfill cover has been graded and sloped generally eastward
to convey surface runoff to the eastern side A sandy soil that was
excavated locally was used as tne cover material The northern
section has a vegetation cover and the recently filled southern
section has been seeded and mulched The six monitoring wells W
NW NE EC SE SC were placed by the town of South Kingstown to
provide water quality information
Referring to Fig 2 the west excavation stream drains the area
created by the excavation to the west of Rose Hill Road and flows
throughout the year The central stream drains a small watershed
area which lies to the northwest of the landfill and drys up during
part of the year These streams flow into the Saugatucket River
which flows throughout the year and is larger than the west and
central streams combined
11
The USGS Groundwater Map (18) was initially consulted to proviae
information on the ground-water flow patterns (Fig 5) and the
geology of tne area (Fig 6) The surficial geology borings and the
vertical geologic cross-section at the base of the study area
indicate shallow water table and bedrocic and a nearly constant
saturated thickness (18) Boring logs at the W well ana a point
approximately 150 feet south of it indicate glacial outwasn material
which is primarily sana with a trace of gravel over bedrock at a
depth of approximately 33 feet Borings at the east landfill area N
and S monitoring wells indicate the same aquifer material
(Appendix B)
The ground-water map developed by Hahn is taken as
representative of conditions existing prior to the excavation of the
I l andfill (18) This indicates water-table contour lines that run in i
a general northeasterly direction This means tnat flow was
originally in a southeasterly direction However contamination of
domestic supply wells on the west side of Rose Hill Road has
occurred (Fig 3) strongly suggesting that the original flow pattern
has been altered by the excavation to the west of Rose Hill Road and
the landfill to the east of it Domestic supply wells were formerly
located directly to the west of Rose Hill Road but were aoandoned
when they became contaminated from landfill leachate New wells
were located to the south and west away from the contaminant plume
of tne landfill In addition a well located at the northeastern
corner of the landfill was contaminated and a replacement located to
the east of Us former location on tne opposite side of the central
12
Legend scale 124000
mdash-40 mdashground-water contour elevation
Fig 5 Ground-Water Map
13
Legend feet
TILL
Fig 6 Geology Background Map
14
stream This second wel 1 also became contaminated Domestic supply
wells located near tne northwestern corner of tne landfill and
approximately 300 feet south of it nave remained uncontaminated
These well locations serve as an indication of tne extent of the
landfill contamination which is largely dependent on the groundwater
flow patterns To furtner investigate this problem and provide
substantial information on which to base the geohydrologic analysis
field studies of the area were conducted
15
Field Studies ana Procedures
A map of the lanafill and an aerial pnotograph of the area were
obtained A tracing of these maps superimposed upon another
delineates stream landfill and monitor well locations (Fig 2)
The field investigation concentrated on the west landfill area ana
its aajoining streams ana monitor wells The east landfill area and
the three monitor wells in that area are induced in the latter
phase of the study in oraer to expand the model area
A traverse which establishea tne monitor well elevations was run
using a Carl Zeiss level These were originally sitea in by the
town of South Kingstown using a local USGS reference datum number 40
(18) The wells of known elevations then served as benchmarks for
referencing adjacent stream elevations This in combination with
the depth to water table measurements at each well enables tne
water-table surface geometry of the area to oe visualized
Water-table measurements of the west landfills wells were recordea
over a ten month period to record fluctuations (Fig 7 Table 1)
The east landfill areas wells were monitored for a five month
period Using a given water-table condition a ground-water map was
developea of the area (Fig 4) This indicates an outflow from
the landfill primarily in a southeasterly direction and partially
in a southwesterly direction
Additional bedrock and water-table information was ootainea by a
seismic refraction survey at several locations along the landfill
perimeter A Bison Model lb70C Signal Enhancement Seismograpn was
used to maxe the surveys Lines were run (to a length of kOO feet)
16
17
w s p bdquo S bdquo s S S a laquolaquo _
s 2 8
V
r bdquo
3 s a
-R s
S
S 3
t
raquobullraquo
S
5
K
r
~
3
K
pound
7
S
bdquo3
C 5 S
shy raquo S s
1 3 s 3 2 5 ^ bull
5 m
s o
^ 3
raquo
--
R bull 5
s pound J O s
5 a 3 7 3 m
5 s a ^
iraquo a s rlaquo
M ^
^ c o 2 5 s 3 a S R
rd 3 y a O =J
^ bdquo
JJ s s 3 bull ~ I
~ s 5 3 a s a
(Ogt (U
2
-t =
r s s in
5 y
a s
5
3
s
5 a
^ a
3 a 51 a bullbull
sj 5 Ml
3 a bull
s raquo
a
0)
0
^ mdash
a j -
-3
C
g S
S
bull a
-
~ 3 o
2 s s 3 a bdquo s s $ Al s
(1) = $ s 3
S
c a a
3 e 5 s N s S a - 3 = s s a 5
a s s - 3 S shy
4
0
a s
bdquo tfH
bdquo
3 a
bdquo
s a
e bullfl s i s s a s a
3 nt
s s 3
g laquo s3 a
~ J s 2 a s o s S s 3 a a j laquo s o s
3 bull laquobull
2 a 7 3 a 3 a ^2
s mdash 5i o
bull bull
mdash
3 o
ss a
fc mdash
3 1-sect m ishy n
18
in both directions to provide a check and permit accurate estimates
of the depth to bedrockThe seismic results allow approximate
interpretations of the depth to the water table and bedrocK thus
permitting an estimation of the saturated thickness Ground
elevations at the location of the seismic surveys were determined
from a topographical map and field siting From this information
water table ana bedrock elevations estimates were made Bedrock
contours are listed in Fig 8 In addition a table which
summarizes the seismic refraction results for the unsaturated
saturated and bedrock layers velocities and depths at each survey
location is presented in Table 2
Scream gauging stations were established on the two streams
bordering the west landfill (Fig 9) Three stations were placed on
the central stream These provide information on the influent or
effluent condition of ground-water flow in the upper sections of the
stream and ground-water baseflow from an area adjacent to the
landfill into the stream (Table 3)
The stream gauging stations used were 90deg V-notch weirs The
weirs located in the SE and SW positions were placed in the
streamoea with a liner of plastic upstream to minimize underflow
The weirs located in the NW and E positions were cut to fit in
recesses of concrete culvert pipes Concrete plywooa interfaces
were coated with roofing cement to minimize bypass flow Upstream
water pressure and a snug fit hold the plywood sections in place
All weirs were implaceo according to AigtTM reouirements and flowrates
calculated using the standard 90deg V-notch formula (3)
19
N
seepage West observat ion Landfill hole
Area
Legend landfill limit excavat ion limit
copyWNWNEECSESC monitoring well locations
= = = unimproved road -- WNES-number
seismic refraction locations
-40shy approximate bedrock contpur elevation
feet
Fig8 Seismte Survey Location
20
c ^-^ c4j ^laquoc in -=r 3shyjj bull pn f- 4-gt bull in in OjJ bull bull a jo bull bull O JJ
co CM o on on CO CM CTNVO VO co CM o on on Q gt_x rH oj on a oj on a - rH oner
rmdash on sr i i
M z Z
gt gt gt
X-N CO laquomdashv CO CO bull igt gt bull
1 gt fc^gtgt bullbull ^ ^ ^
C 4-gt O t igt O J- 4J O H m o o o 3 bullH CO O rH in 3 bullH co vo o in 3 ~ 1 i-k -i ^trade fj rj ui ij o CO o n o rH =r co o n vo vo vo co o bullv O O O
O raquo On-3 rH O -bull- rH ON in _ IH in oj - rH bull rH VO OrH bull rH On ON pH d)u CO -UCO 4J OJ CO 4-gt gt
C mdashbull gt CM gt CM H-l O CO
v- ^^ N C 0
bull0 N CO
4-5 -0 _c^gt in in CO CO
C x~ c -^ t-oo in i 4J j_gt 41 4J bull 9 bull bull 4J bull
o j ON O O 3 (0 O4J O ON ON QJJ t~-^3- OJ 4-gt L
CO CM trade CO CM rH rH OJ co CM oj on Q ^ _ CO 3~Q-- n 45 Q mdash OJ OJ OJ C (0
1 11 3 nZ 2CO
gti gt gt CO CO CO ^-x m -s CO
rH rH ^ ro^^ bull gt bull ^ igt gt bullgt gtgt bull r O -Q 4Ji JJ O 5- JJ O pound- ^ O 4) oj o on (0 CO
3 bullH CJ O O in 3 bullH CO Cmdash VO on 3 pound-laquo H CO o n in inco co o n ma- r co g^ 5sect^ o
o rH on oj O bull- rH ONCO L O_ rH OJ VO M
rH bull rH =t rH bull - OJ T CO CO M CO 4-gt rH CO -U rH CO 4-) s
uits
CO 4-gt 4-5 T3 gt CM gt CM gt CM cc CO CO CO
3 3gt oa tlp^ CO O CM O gt 4J O 40 i 3 r+ k C pound JS
CO pound
^^ s -bullgt cmdash on poundZ VO CTI trx 4J 4J 4J
) bull bull bull Q Q Q Q4J 3shyc O-JJ CTgt OJ OJ Q-IJ inco on CO CO CO o co CM oj on co CM oj on co CM on
Q Q QON^ Q bullH Q^
rH rH 4J rH
O bullraquo L Z bull CO CO CO
i gtgt rH oj on gt tgtshyCM ^ cO^-s CO ~ CO
CO CO J X fc^_ bull^gt bullgtgt bull gt gtgt bull gt CO
j_ jJ O pound- Jj -P O Li deg =fObullH co on f- ^ 3bullH CO CO O in 3bullH CO
g^ -^2
poundsect HO
eis
mic
3 CO in in in in in in co o n co o n
o -^ r oj in O rHCO CO rH bullrH bull rH =T OrH bull rH OJ f-CO 4J bull- CO 4J rH O0) J-)
gt CM gt CM gt CM 4J
CO N_^ m^
bull OJ
t t poundshyCO CO CO CO rH J3 gt r-t oj on gt r-i oj on gt gt r n o j o n
Time months Flg11 Flucuatlon In Specific Conductance in Wells
26
Table 4 Specific Conductances in Wells (pmhoscm at 25degC)
West East Landfill Landfill
Date NW NE EG SE W SC N E S
81581 851 938 236 2356
102981 171 3268
11381 3268
111081 304 988 1100 258 3800
111481 426 2736 1216 186 4560
111781 304 3610 433 389 4560
121981 380 1406 129 103 380
1982 160 152
31582 274 760 1064 61 334 8000+ 182 53 84
52182 450 1500 1125 112 712 8000+ 175 255 150
52282 425 1320 1200 110 850 180 320 170
27
O
ct c r i c o o o o o c M o m o in CO CM unp^
3bull t- fmdash o^ co tmdash vo co in co cmdash co in a
bull bull1 1-1 trade4 rH rH^ CO 4)2
~ plusmn4J o O CM ^_
o n CO vO J oraquo 0C0M
cu rH rH rH rH rHin tmdash
3 iCM 4J
^j CO CO
E O0 ltU -H n o c E
See
pag
se
rva
t
rH O in 0 0 O O 0
O o x rH Cmdash
0 0n
cu rH mdash O tmdash X o o o o c o o o o r H r H i n o i n i n o O
bull L in oo co oo oo o cy cr o rH CM o cr ONc fcJ bullH on en m m rn c^n rH rH rH0 pound CO 3 CO
t CM0gt s o o o in rA n ^o oo in tmdash oo 0gt zr =r a- JT JT$_
T)C CO
~ E CO ^ _bdquo ltu CO g r H r n c n i n o o r H r H
vgtO ^D O ^^ ^O CO ^^ ^^ JJ 2 4) rH rHCO t
c CO
CO c 9) rH 0
CO -^ C c CO ltuo famp O trade t iH
0
bullo co n ^
oS
o ^^ bullH m
i co rn O CQ O1 CO CO 4) c2Q 3
CO
mdash^ bull cmdash CMin 1 gt rH vO vO O CTgt CO
s CTgt CO OO Ogt Craquo- tmdash cu O CO rH z 0
bull_bulllaquo
H bull L o in r in o oo in 3 rfy ff^ tir f^ CO C^~
4)bull
Z 3
^ ^ ^ ^ H r H r H r H r H rH r H C O r H C O a O C O a O a O C O C O r H i H r H CO OO - gt 0 0 ^ - gt ^ raquo - ^ ^ 1 - gt ~ gt - C O C O O O
U ^ raquo ^ - ~ raquo O ^ ^ O t ~ C O r H - r r ^ - ^ ^ JJ r H C M v O r H r H r H r H r H C M C M r H i n c r gt rH CO CM gt laquolaquo - - -^ bullmdash mdash bullraquoraquobullgt -v -v ^^
~ v O r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H lt M C M C M CM O O r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H rH
Vvraquolaquo IJ1^ raquo CP O 3L 1 Z - i bull j-t-J
1 J
LH Vb T n 0
1 gt fl oo O ~l 2 L - bull 1 P )laquo jn iP IP - OOI L5L mdash shy
-t 84 ^(^^ ^fi P i flja 0 JO II 10 tl tcgt 7 J IV wllaquo
h l2L bull 0 lt -_ shy
-id VJ lt 3C 2 ft OOL -mdash
U 71 C1 Sr 2 13 2 nl JLJraquopound HP r M ltf1- (
IMe 2 ii O It
n jlt dl 1 1 bull o o-il ST i 1 i 25 2-x-1
-
ri
i tlL O mdash gtbull bullgtlt 1ft -o- is Oil So iJK 2-io otv u 31 fil loi 2 il Oll it Of wr is i1raquo -iZ 1 deg|0 01
M IT So - mdash
- 13 1 CT mdash i - mdash 21
shy
Tl Ci av ZUll IMT 0 IM Pe v _ 1) T) S) ii3( dlt Ii 2 lt^2 II li- S1 riivi To 7HX lt3lO 14 ^2- iTi I li 011 -- - -i -^IS no 5^ or i | T Jift laquoV OoH bullla It Va iCO mdash L OIL 11 bullvf poundgtpound lS_ flv oh P-lfe 1 poif _ shy11 IB kl (4 itlaquoT lamp llt0 oot^
mdash -n
It T1 |ir( L1 HI 2 0 oil
U 1M ft go C ICf^ -^2 Z laquo-|o
11 it 5 bulln - TO o abull Li u-i IT1 -- Iw O ltM (I bullbull bdquo-I(K 1mdash -tilltLlA ttfe
i Dgt ac -- U 44 4 11 1 1- ytd i i_i J-K 0 i if -i i i V t Wl raquoOHM 1-1 US D C P A R T M f N T OF COMMfRCE t 4 1 IUII 1 1 ^~) mdash
llaquo- Hi NC bull bullh bull bullJL^V HBl CO 00
11
)jLsVyr^gturv
^ | TKu
|-_t_ bull(
IIMgt I I Mt|UU III- II 11
PNECIPITATIOH
I 1 1 IMX
IMO
bull llfclaquo I UCIUKI) Ur C V A r U M A AHO CLIMATOUOCICAL OBitH
E V A F O R A T I C r i Jttffl laquo amp hMIlaquoJllaquoJIIlaquoBgt
DATE AOOITIOMAL DAIAKMAKk M
bullraquobullmdashlaquo
tp 01 (1 Of Ll OOI ooo
0^1 o-i 10 tl |00 102
OC (1 13 Ofl
it i rc DS os an
(1 SV o
Ul 010
(ISl 101 I on
130
II 5= Otl
ss lt 001 (IK Ml
jt il HIT
7 it
ow Wo 17 Top 2-01 OIO
(0 oov zi oot
u CO ^A 0 to Zoi CLflS
bull50 01 ljtj
nshy 5H LO OIt
50121 IVO QJO
14 Co Ho LO Hl ^pound Jl 1
ltM ool fllc
H Tl 01 II
11 11 Q1
iH OIO
HO 2 llaquol 11 II
lifc
IV-IIM ul OIPAITHINT or COHMIICC NOAA
NAtlOHAL gtIATnlaquoll raquotraquoVlClaquo CD
r~
All TCUMMATUNI ^V UII rgt ITmi 1 Cwphu Obic i gtn t ngir-H 30
rilCiriTATIOH
JJ T I rTJ-rimdashr-iramj|MP CLmATOLOQ
laquolaquo jftilCiii bullIHO
Oi1l ADOITIOHAL DAIAlllu
Ilf4ft
Sii1
(1 2 IO OO
Hl ii SO
us OIM
Q^L
a A3 Hi SZ Sf^ bull 12J2
HI Z-SF OOl 1C t HM IA H ICP fiJA
OOl 10 (310 sn 310
if HI (0 ^01
bullit SO 28H poundJ1 11 006
14 35 TX oon II (bull2 it zr II c-S
rr Zll lo 31 OP an 31 a 31 oor
CSW O-ll Si CC Of 011
Oll _ I |ft
00
u i oerraquolaquoTMiMr of c NOAA
NATIONAL K C A T N C M SCMVlCC
TC^S lk)oiVroTJA
TETT I 7X
1raquolaquolaquo 4 bdquo ir lt er ni I^OV ltqgl j--^ TQ
MICiriTAllOH ITIND
D|mdash
b5NO ctiUATOtoiCAL oeit^
OATI AOOITIOMAL OATAVlHAtt
0-tt
Mlaquoh bullbullbull- rshy laquo
I- ltltriu HI I 4 bulllaquobullbull1
Zii
30 Dfellt otvt
at HA
OOI
62
iJ_S2 HI if
bull- 20 SI 2i So
So
VVfr
OSfc
I (
Jtlt
3aoi
r j -bull ie MA
Irill iiol
in^ 14
Mo
Zll
214
21 1P
00-i
bulliron
17
bullr
11 i ir- I J Ktf^c
US D E P A R T M E N T OF COuMEDCC I | C gt A A
K AIlaquo Ttupf lATuit r
|SlVi AlJ PIICIPITATION
oJud (El
VIM i Uraquo
MIND E
EVAPORATIOH flnrft bull A ftufiifccdll
KECORO OF eVAPllHAtlil bull I CLIHATOLOOCAL OBSERVA ^Hij
14 MM A_M AOOIIIONAL DATA11 MAIM
Mr bullH Oo|
M Si lift
bull221 IHI
ZS Ji 40 IZV
icr KS I
HZ 111
bullT 21
loA UK JA IP
v^ ft
1M 2Sshy IT Tl
71 V |
i I 31 1deg a
uty^ U bull3
ons 1 CiO TxX
HHO (10
3H 19 12 10 IP
raquo3H raquo | 5t io
OP OIT
14
vO UI Of PANTMINI Or COMMCRCf MM O A A
F ngt TIHH
iiicffwiffc 4 rJ (TIM bull Cempltit Obitittiio
AIlaquo TIMHIATUM PHICinTATION I V A f OK ATlPrl
OATI ADDITIONAL DATA KMAlIt
U4laquo4 +
03H Ji
10
rc a 1 16 oi ii
tiiy 10
OI
II i23 or o 13 -y~ou HO
II 3V III i 3 t
V laquop oot
OM1 SS ne
T an -i IP
Olt zr LTV
3T 001
a -11 2T
10 an 31
-1 raquo 131 UP 3H lf 14 Lpoundshy
it 14 30
IS
Ui O I P A K T M f H T OP COWlf ICfM O A A
NATJONAI V C A T M C n f t K M V l C K
bullbullbullbullbullshy -2 o AIlaquo TIMMRATUM f fKICIPITATIOH
OATI poundt- MMINMAL DATAk
ZP 51 lo icr
011 111
OoT IHf
Ut 003 am
3o 13 ao
4A X 05shy
H4 i IjJyiV131 ooc js
IH oi 01 tL 18 13 a
No 11-7
rivgtp OO| M Hi 03 01
It 12
bull I 41 bull7119 14 ^^ raquo 31 15 lampk n M ho i
Jo -j-
-J
I
Ml H^ I _
amp2ampUi^= LS 0 S 0-f bullTTT
-Vmdash gt U_ bull 1 rOHM I- 11 OI OCPARTMlNT OF COMM(NCC
HO NATIONAL W f A T M f H ftfraquoVlCI
98
Appendix B
Boring Logs
99
X iHECT 1 ff 2
OAT American Drilling amp Bor ini I Co Inc
wo WATH smn EAST PR ov IDENC E ft 1 Town of South Kingstown South K ngstown R I MOLENO X-J
TC 100 RCSS bull ujrMonitorinq Well Installation | South Kinqjtown R I UNC a STA Pf KXICCTHJ LOC ATK3N
bull cfrserrr TO above S MPLES S FNTTO _ _ |laquolaquor A-109 SURF ELEV RE PORTSEr
GROUND WATER O6SE RVATC MS 1 CDREraquolaquo m-T nn75 laquo A 256 - 20 mdash Hew y
Instolled 32ofT-l2 PV C - JO- COMPUTE 111275 K toia 3- I-WI 1-38 TOTAL MRS bdquo10 screen BORING FCACUAM J K lanq MAI rraquo HomnwWI 300 140 IampPCCrc Mamlaquor Fall 24 30 lampaaiona SOLS ENGR
LOCATION OF BORING H ONITOKING WELL
Coung Samplt Tjp Blow per 6 Manure SOU IDENTIFICATION Strata SAMPLE ^^^yV Bloot
foot
Otptni
From- To
el
l
on Sampler
0-6 1 -6-13 12-18
Dentity or
Conmt j
Chang Remark include colo^ graaation Type of tod lie Rao-coMr type condition nordshynetiDntotf time leamt and tie No Pen Rtlt
2 No top sample 5 12
1 loamy fine sand
bull)^ 40 30 36
5- 616 0 23 20 16
noist iense
Brown fine to coarse SAND some fine to coarse gravel Trace silt
^
1 18 18
36 8-0shy57 40 30 V 35
|0-||-6 D 14 24 20 Srown medium to coarse SAND Some fine gravel cobbles
7 IRshy 16
27 75 37 3
IS- I- D 5 14 16 3bull
ISshy 15
42 50 I9--0shy50 65 20-2ll-6 D 9 23 26 bull Jrown fine to coarse SAND Tbullwshy 1Z 75 90
22-0 Trace silt trace fine gravel
124 120 74 60 52 41
7S-ltlaquoil-A DX 71 16 13 wet very dense
Gray-brown fine to coarse SANC Some fine to coarse gravel little silt
H IR u
40 30--0
3C-30-IO
3l4-334
334-3314
38 4-434
D
c
C
C
7 IflO
94 6
we tr j
y se
ft irox
30MOshy
31 -4shy
Gray-brown fine to coarse SAND Trace silt
Gray-brown fine SAND some lilt trace fine gravel
Too of Rock 31 -4shy
Gray-pink GRANITE
6 7
amp
CJ
IltJ A
60
601
IQ mdash
2(
4
5 i Hard
ft 5ome seams bull
GROUND SURFACE TO J 4 U3CD_ ^JVrf bullbull( tutu t to 4o 4 SampM Type Proportion UMd MOB Wtx 3 OfaM on 2OD Sampler SUMMARY-
OOry CCartd WltWen4 Hoc OlolO Canmonieraquoi Don any CoKeem CarMWncy Earm Barrlaquoj 11 14
UPgtUnOigtturod Piuon trite (Oto20dego 0-Kgt Loei it 0-4 Sait 3O+Hofd Rock Corng 14 Kgt-30 laquo4 0 rte 4-8 MSHM Samplet TPTtitPit Ai Auger Vvanefett tarn 2Olo39 3O-M Owlt n laquo-lS Strlf rinit nn v 1
UTiUndlshffbed ThrMOll and bull 33to9O 5O Very 0laquo nraquoe 19-30 V-3trraquof - | OLE NO X-l
TOVH rim - iA it raquotoraquo
100
SHEET 2 o_L
WO WATEt STUET [AST ft OVIDENC pound a i American Drilling amp Bor ing Co Inc
MCLl WQ X- 1 Tt AOORCSS i
LIME A STA KXICCTMJ tuf same as 1 | tame as i LOCATION
W PORTSEf mo OB nj urt eflaquo T
illtPLES S
P
CVTTO nlaquo mun orv
^s f^ Tin i GRCVMO WATER OBSERVATONS CASING SAMPLER CORE BAR
START Typi COMPUTE tome at 1 same aiH
TOTAL MRS BORIMG FOR CMAN n bull IT INSPECTOR SOILS EMM
LOCATION OF BORING u HfVJTneTfi UFI _
8
Counf Blo-t
foot
Dtpllo
From To
0( on SampMr
0-6 f 6-IZ
Moittir
Oonuty or
Contilt
Strata Ctnngc
SOIL OCNTiriCATION Rtmorkt ineHifl cotot grqdotion Typlaquo of Mil etc Roo-axtrPlaquo condition Mrdshynlaquot Drog tun ttomt end tic
TPlaquoTraquojraquoPit AAugtr ViVon mini tamt 20to39 UTtundiifir6d TrwMOtf and JSloSO 50-raquobull Vary 0nlaquo [HOLE NO x-2 B-3O V-3Mf lev rim - IAIT raquosectlaquoraquo
102
300 iu 24
1 UMnii ffi 140 laquo 30
CA1INC tf
gt taWCTf
bull 0gtlaquo i R Cook Jr_ R Millineton1 Wttn
I~
1 VAMtl CtMG
1 W HO-t MO
1 Oraquo 1 laquo0~ twt
L 1 laquo-raquo VfcM^lf [wlaquoraquoCI ^ ^ K3Ot III laquo
0-LS D
5-65 D
LlQ 10-115 D
15-16 Tgt
Lraquo 70-51 n
25-26 D
F
I O-O Ci
A Allstate Drill ins Co vi o i
PROVIDING R 1bull raquoraquo uvraquonn~ N M O M I T O P I N G HE1 _^lt -^ PI-Traquo UJU
CUM Town of South Kineraquotown raquoraquo 1 1TA maoer Propolaquolaquod Sit for Slude Disposal nltn
laquo V-449 iampAAtut i a 138 ort STI bull r 42777 CtOuMO IKVtllON
Cill bdquo 258 DA II MN ru 42777 rilaquolaquodO laquoraquoTti rum 1911
AU1TATI
MMUI1 raquolaquogtlaquolaquo laquoKiO itXHHKraquoriOi of sous MUAHI nMTKlion Ot CMlaquoMC|kOraquort tl CO~VH DXltgt raquomlaquo laquotf IMi COIOI C4l II I 1raquo gtlaquo^ Oraquo 1Ol rC t Xgttgt VtfKOe Craquo Mi 1 ft liMraquoK laquo0^tlaquot nfgt
1-2-1 10 TOP SOIL FINE LIGHT BROWN SAND traclaquo of ilt
16-31-17
22-24-21 100 FINE TO MEDIUM LIGHT GRAY SAND trace of fine gravlaquol and raquopoundLt
lfl-37-34 150 LIGHT BROWN FINE TO MEDIUM SAND little poundinlaquo gravel
21-17-15 200 MEDIUM TO COARSE SAND bullomc fine gravel
12-4-10
265
Observation well installed
NOTE No casing blows taktn
bullbull B-23 ow
^w^ 265 I raquo bull raquolaquo bull I W
11 laquot gtbullraquo Vlaquo 14 W gt_ c-shyji bull alaquo bull jraquo VI laquoHshyw bullbull m raquobullbull D-6 raquo Mshy
bull bull laquo Vshy
1
bull bull
I
103
MAMMII Allstate Drilling Co ulaquorr 1 or 1 FftOVIOCKZ H L traquolS mTArm^S MONITOR NR WEL
VNO wr3JJO__raquoraquou_24__ HCU MO P-74 n iu riBwi Town of Slt7H^ Xirpin
mdash^ laquo0J P 1 1 bull ^n^ciit^o TVlaquow^laquott1 bullraquoit wt 140 nu 30 olaquor fBu lkv Waste Disposal Arcai
MUTAH a V-449 R Cook Jr UMlaquoiigti D 1 38 0t| raquoIJ raquo 5277 rlaquo SUMO luvlaquorv-laquow
mdash 5277 fipe -raquoT pfpm 150
H MCIO IMNTlXAflON Of SOU t(kAIlaquoS rrn 0-laquoraquo
5 -SF 01 w in laquobull -raquo ^ lit
D 1-2-2 TOP SOIL V-1-oraquo
15 IPbull FINE TO MEDIUM LIGHT GRAY SAND AND GRAVEL
5-65 D 37-27-35 some silt
10-11 D 20-14-18
15-165 D i 17-14-14 155
BROWN COARSE TO MEDIUM SAND little fine to coarse gravel trace of silt
20-211 D 4-4-2
230 GRAY BROWN VERY FINE SAND
25-26J D 7-8-9 AND SILT 265 fvarvedl
Observation well installed
NOTE No casing blows taken
wta 10 n uuraquo c^imdashbull IgtM laquolaquobull- B-24 ow ~ 14 ltfc laquoraquobull vlaquo^ M laquobull r O 0 fmtt bull W-L 26 5
-0- CgtCmdashgt bull laquolaquobull mdash laquo 1 - raquoraquo 1 gt 1laquo bull 1 gtraquor to bull mdashbull bull bull bulllaquo I t l~laquo 1lt Uraquo mdashbull ) bull 1 gtbull ft 0~ H laquoy bullM ta bull -IN la laquobull OPUM bull($ IMI
mdash H raquo laquo-bull
104
Appendix C
Calibration of Specific Conductance Meters
105
Specific conductance measurements were made using a beckman RB
338 temperature compensating meter and a YSI rtooel 33 salinity
conductivity temperature meter The YSI meter is not
temperature correcting A formula to compensate for temperature
differences to standardize YSI measurements was used (21)
A long probe for the Beckman meter was used to measure conductivity
in the wells Differences in conductivity between the YSI ana
Beckman meters and the Beckman short and long probes exist These
were calibrated in the laboratory using 001 N and 01 N KC1
solutions Values presented are Beckman short probe values The
Beckman long probe values were reduced by 76 and tne YSI values
were multiplied by 11 to adjust to Beckman short probe values The
YSI meter was used in the latter phases of the study for the
stream contamination due to the greater accuracy of the dial readout
scale
Table 7 Specific Conductance Meter Calibration Table
Concentration (KCL) 0001N 001N
Specific Beckman short 145 143 143 1247 1245 12GO
Conductances Beckman long 190 191 188 1639 1650 1665
umhocm 9 25 C YSI 132 131 128 1131 1140 1150
average values Beckman shortBeckman long = 075
Beckman shortYSI = 11
106
Appendix D
Computer program Flow Chart
107
F1g 33 Computer Program Flow Chart-
1TpoundR MAP TCO
NEWPER
WEWSTP CZAX
HEWIT TRANS TCOF ROW COLUMN
Yes
Yes
108 The following is a description of the USGS two-dimensional computer
program Iterative Digital Model for Aquifer Evaluation updated
December 1972 by P C Trescott The program written in Fortran
consists of a MAIN program and six subprograms or subroutines which
themselves are organized into subprogram sections The subroutines and
their sections are listed below
MAIN Program
DATAIN (subroutine) COEF ITER (section) CLAY MAP TRANS NEWPER TCOF
The program begins in the MAIN program which controls the sequence
of passage to the subroutines Sequential steps are described in the
program as shown in the flow chart of Fig 32 Emphasis is placed on the
steady state confined aquifer case as applied in this study First data
input is read in the DATAIN subroutine This data includes transmissivities
or permeabilities starting heads storage coefficients and grid spacings
Nodal transmissivity values are then computed for the water-table problem
in the TRANS section (COEF subroutine) This procedure is necessary here
because the subsequent routine for computing iteration parameters (ITER)
keys on nodal transmissivity values which would not have been input to
the water-table problem In the water-table option these would have been
109
computed from given bedrock and water-table elevations to obtain the
saturated thickness component of the transmissivity calculation In this
study water-table option was not used and the transmissivity values were
input directly The program then passes to the ITER section (DATAIN
subroutine) to compute the iteration parameters which expediate or even
cause convergence Next the MAP section (DATAIN subroutine) is utilized
to initialize data for an alphanumeric map if this was requested in the
input options Transmissivities are then computed for the confined
(artesian) aquifer case (water table not specified with input options)
in the TCOF section (COEF subroutine) These coefficients are harmonic
mean values of adjacent nodal transmissivities weighted by grid sizes
Time parameters and pumping data for a new pumping period are then read
in the NEWPER section (DATAIN subroutine) followed by entry into the
NEWSTP section (COMPUT subroutine) which calculates the size of the
time step Leakage coefficients (hydraulic conductivity of the confining
bed divided by confining bed thickness) are next computed in the CLAY
section (COEF subroutine) if leakage was specified in the input data
which was used in this study
A new iteration is then initiated in sections NEWITO (COMPUT
subroutine) NEWITO saves the current head values and compares them to
the updated head values for determining closure This is followed by
nodal transmissivity values being computed for the water table or water-
table artesian conversion problem Transmissivity coefficients are then
computed for the water-table problem in TCOF (COEF subroutine) Total
head values are then computed with the alternating direction implicit
procedure using the Thomas algorithim first along rows in the ROW section
110 and then along columns in the COLUMN section both in the COMPUT subroutine
Then if a solution is not obtained (because the error criteria for
closure is not satisfied) the MAIN program branches back to NEWIT1 subshy
sequent sections TRANS TCOF ROW and COLUMN repeatedly until a
solution at the particular time step is achieved NEWIT1 increments the
iteration counter and is immediately followed by NEWITO The program then
moves to the STEADY section of the COMPUT subroutine to check if the
closure criteria for steady state has been satisfied Output is then
printed in the OUTPUT section of COMPUT if steady state has been reached
or if the particular time step is designated for output
The program then branches back to NEWSTP (COMPUT subroutine) and
moves through the subsequent routines until the last time step in the
pumping period is reached Output is then promoted in the DRY section
of COMPUT if specified in input data If the last pumping period in
the problem has not been reached the program branches back to the
NEWPER section and moves again through subsequent sections otherwise
the program will terminate or start a new problem if one follows
This study was simulated as a steady state problem which can be
simulated by setting the storage coefficient of the aquifer and the
specific storage of the confining bed to zero and using one time step
of any length
111
Appendix E
Computer Data Sheets
RGSEA
10 ROSE HILL LANDFILL MODEL 20 30 40 LEAKAGE 50 60 70 CHECK 80 90 100 HEAD 110 120 1 23 IQ 100 5 001 37E-OU 0 130 100 001 0 0 1 4 0 - 1 - 1 1 - 1 - 1 i i i i i i 1
ISO 1 10 0 1547E-05 01 10 1 1 160 04642 200 200 1 1 i it
1 Agpar MA and 0 Langmuir Ground-Water Pollution Potential of a Landfill Above tne Water Table Groundwater V 9 No 6 1971 pp 76-96
2 Allen William B Hahn GW and RA Brackley Availability of Ground Water Upper Pawcatuck River Basin Rhode Island USGS US Government Printing-office GS 66-624 19bb
3 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Part 31 Open Channel Flow Measurement of Water and Waste Water by Weirs D 2034-68 1975
4 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Part 19 Infiltration Rate of Soils in Field Using Double-Ring Infiltrameters D 3385-75 1975
5 Baeaecner MJ and W BacK Hyarogeological Processes and Chemical Reactions of a Landfill Ground Water V 17 no 5 1979 pp 429-437
6 Beck WW Dunn AL and Grover H Emrich Leachate Quality Improvements After Top Sealing1 8th SHwRD MERL Symposium 1982
7 Beckman WK Transient Modeling For Estimating Sustained Aauifer Yield master thesis presented to the University of Rhode Island Kingston RI 1978
8 Bhattacharya PK and HP Patra Direct Current Geoelectric Sounding Elsevier Publishing Co New York 1968 135 p
9 Bouwer H Ground Water Hydrology McGraw-Hill Book Co New Yoric 1978 p 378
10 Braids 0 Cocozza pound Fenn D Isbister J Rous P and B Yarc Procedures Manual for Ground Water Monitoring at Solid Waste Disposal Facilities Environmental Protection Agency530SW-611 Cincinnati Ohio 1977
11 Cartwright K and MR McComas Geophysical Surveys in the Vicinity of Sanitary Landfills in Northeastern Illinois Groundwater V 6 no 5 1968 pp 23-30
12 Cartwright K and Fd Sherman Jr Electrical Earth Resistivity Surveying in Landfill Investigations Reprinted from Proceedings of ohe lOtn Annual Engineering and Soils Engineering Symposium Moscow Idaho 1972
122 13 Clark TP Survey of Ground-Water Protection Methods for
Illinois Landfills Groundwater V 13 no 4 1975 pp 321-331
14 Dunne T and LB Leapold Water in Environmental Planning WH Freeman and Company San Francisco 1978
16 Fenn DG Hanley KJ and TV Degeare Use of the Water Balance Method for Predicting Leachate Generation From Solia Waste Disposal Sites US Environmental Protection Agency530SW-lfa8 Cincinnati Ohio 1975
17 Geisser 0 An Electric Analog and Digital Computer Model of the Chipuxet Ground Water^ Aquifer Kingston Rhode Island master thesis presented to the University of Rhode Island Kingston RI 1975
18 Hahn GW Groundwater Map of the Narragansett Pier Quadrangle Rhode Island Rhode Island Water Resources Coordinating Board GWM 5 1959
19 Hemsley William T Koster C Wallace Remedial Technique of Controlling and Treating Low Volume Leachate Discharge USEPA National Conference on Management of Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites Oct 1980
20 Hughes GM RA Landon and RN Farvolden Hydrogeology of Solid Waste Disposal Sites in Northeastern Illinois Final Report to US Environmental Protection Agency PUD SW-l^d Cincinnati Ohio 1971
21 Keller GV and FC Frischknecht Electrical Methods in Geophysical Prospecting Pergamon Press New YorK NY 19bb
22 Kelly WE West Kingston Landfill An Evaluation of Its Effect on Ground-Water Quality Rnoae Island Water Resources Board Water Information Series Report 1975
23 Kelly WE Geoelectric Sounding for Delineating Ground-Water Contamination Groundwater V 14 No 1 1976 pp fa-10
24 Kelly WE Ground-Water Pollution Near a Landfill ASCE Environmental Engineering Division Journal V 10 No EE6 Dec 19b pp nay-nyy
25 Kelly WE personal communication January 1982
123
26 Kelly WE and OW Urish A Study of the Effects of Salt Storage Practices on Surface ana Ground Water Quality in Rhode Island NTIS FHWA-RI-RD-8001 1981 54 p
27 Kimmel GE and OC Braids Leachate Plumes in a Highly Permeable Aauifer Groundwater y 12 no 6 1974 pp 388-393
28 Klefstaa G Senalein LVA ana RC Palmauist Limitations of the Electrical Resistivity Method in Landfill Investigations Groundwater V 13 No 5 1975 pp 418-427
29 Landon RA Application of Hydrogeology to the Selection of Refuse Disposal Sites Groundwater V 7 no b 19b9 pp 9-13
30 Lang SM Bierschenk WH ana WB Allen 1960 Hyaraulic Characteristics of Glacial Outwash in Rhode Island Rhode Islana Water Resources Coordinating Board Bulletin No 3
31 LeGrand HE Patterns of Contaminated Zones of Water in the Ground Water Resources Research v 1 No 1 1965
32 Palmauist R and L Sendlein The Configuration of Contamination Enclaves from Refuse Disposal Sites on Floodplains Grouna Water v 13 no 2 1975 pp 167-181
33 Pinder GF A Digital Model for Aauifer Evaluation Techniaues of Water Resources Investigations of the US Geological Survey Bk 7 Cl 1970
34 Purushattam D Tamxe GR and CM Stoffel Leachate Production at Sanitary Landfill Sites ASCE Environmental Engineering Division Journal V 103 no EE 6 Dec1977 pp 981-988
35 Remson I Fungaroli AA ana AW Lawrence Water Movement in an Unsaturated Sanitary Landfill ASCE Sanitary Engineering Division Journal v 94 no SA2 April1968 pp 307-316
36 Rosenshien JS Gouthier JB and WB Allen Hydrologic Characteristics and Sustained Yield of Principal Ground-Water Units Potowamut-Wickford Area Rhoae Island USGS US Government Printing Office GS 67-324 1968
37 Roux PH and B Vincent Electrical Resistivity Evaluations At Solid Waste Disposal Facilities US Environmental Protection Agency SW-729 Cincinnati Ohio 1978
124
38 Salvato JA Wi lk ie WG and BE Mead Sanitary Landfill Leaching Prevention and Control Water Pollution Control Federation Journal v 43 no 10 Oct 1971 pp 2084-2100
39 Sawyer CN and PL McCarty Chemistry for Environmental Engineering McGraw Hill 1978
40 Stellar RL and P Roux Earth Resist ivi ty Surveys - A Method for Defining Ground-Water Contamination Ground Water v 13 no 2 1975 pp 145-150
41 Todd OK Ground Water Hydrology John Wi ley and Sons Inc New York 1959
42 Tolman AL Ballestero AP Beck WW and GH Emrich Guidance Mannual For Minimizing Pollution From Waste Disposal Sites US Environmental Protection Agency-500SW-677 Cincinnati Ohio 1978
43 Trescott PC Iterative Digital Model for Aauifer Evaluation US Geological Survey Open file report 1972
44 University of Rhode Island Academic Computer Center CalComp Contouring Manual
45 Warner DL Preliminary Field Studies Using Earth Resistivity Measurements for Delineating Zones of Contaminated Ground Water Groundwater v 7 1969 pp 9-16
46 White EF A Report to the Town of S Kingstown Utility Survey Engineering Corp 1967
47 Zohdy AAR A Computer Program for the Calculation of Schlumberger Sounding Curves Over Horizontally Layered Media Using the Method of Convolution US Geological Survey Denver
48 Zohdy AAR Eaton GP and DR Mabey Application of Surface Geophysics to Ground-Water Investigations Technidues of Water-Resources Investigations of the US Geological Survey Book 2 Chapter 01 Washington US Government Printing Office 2401-02543 1974
VI
List of Tables
Table
1 Well point Water Elevations 17
2 Seismic Refraction Survey Results 20
3 S tream Fl ows 22
4 Specific Conductances in Well points 26
5 Specific Conductances in Streams and Observation Holes 27
0gt -^^ o a5 raquobull bullo o sect 3 mdash laquoo o wcz _
3Ogt c $c o_ X
aw e 05 0 (0 3 bullo
o a 2 2 u
hydraulic properties and the subsurface geometry enable estimates of
ground-water outflow to be made Streamflow measurements were used
to verify these outflows Contamination levels using specific
conductance measurements as an indicator were measured in wells
streams and observation holes to help delineate the extent ana
degree of contamination An electrical resistivity sounding was
conducted in a known contamination zone
The primary objective of tnis study is to determine flow
patterns in the vicinity of the landfill ana recommend possible
actions to contain or minimize the impact of the contamination In
oraer to fully evaluate these goals the aforementioned parameters
were input to a computer model to produce simulated flow patterns
under different conditions The simulated present conditions were
matched with field water table and stream flow measurements to
calibrate the model A series of simulations were then run to
evaluate flow conditions before the excavations anaor landfill
existed Remedial measures such as reducing recharge to the
landfill and implementing a slurry wall to blocx off leachate flow
to endangered wells were simulated to evaluate their effectiveness
Based on this analysis recommendations are made as to how to
minimize leachate production ano best alleviate the immediate danger
of the contaminant plume spreading to unpolluted domestic supply
wells
background
The South Kingstown landfill is in a geologic setting that is
very similiar to the nearby West Kingston landfill This is located
about 3 miles west of the South Kingstown landfill and has been
studied to assess leachate effects on groundwater quality using
specific conductance as an indicator of contamination levels
(222ltt) Both sites were located in abandoned gravel Quarries which
were filled in with refuse to create the landfill
In the literature numerous authors have shown that the character
of contaminant plumes from landfills are largely dependent on the
local geology and geohydrology A study on Long Island (27) in
similiar glacial material illustrates that the Quantity of flow is
dependent on the hydraulic conductivity of tne aauifer the
hydraulic gradient and the vertical cross-sectional area of the
aauifer it flows through This is expressed as Darcys Law (41)
Q = KIA
wnere Q = flow quantity
I = hydraulic gradient
K = hydraulic conductivity of the aauifer
A = vertical cross sectional area of the flow area
Specific conductance was used as a contaminant tracer to show that
the plume from the landfill flowed downgradient and vertically
through the full thickness of the aauifer A study in Iowa (32)
indicates that the size ana shape of the contamination outflow from
a l a n d f i l l can be predicted from existing geohydrologic conditions
and that the horizontal shape of the outflow extends downgradient
8
from the source and parallel to ground-water flow lines Other
parameters which control the extent of the contaminant plume are
dilution and dispersion in the aquifer and the adsorption properties
of the aauifer material (31)
The amount of leachate generated depends largely on the amount
of water that infiltrates through the landfill to increase tne water
content of the refuse in the landfill The precipitation recharge
that percolates down through the unsaturated zone to the water table
moves in a vertical direction (35) Surface runoff soil moisture
storage losses and evapotranspiration account for tne precipitation
that is not transmitted tnrough the unsaturated zone of aeration
(3315) Upon reaching the saturated zone the water enters the
ground-water flow system Ground-water mounding has been reported
in landfills due to the decreased hydraulic conductivity of
compacted refuse relative to surrounding aauifer material (20)
Chemical processes within the landfill leachate outflow and
surrounding soil cation exchange capacity relative to water duality
of the surrounding aduifer have been studied in Pennsylvania (1) anu
in Delaware (5) A procedures manual for ground-water monitoring at
solid waste disposal facilities was developed by the US
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (9)
Several reports have been written that investigate site
selection design criteria and remedial measures to correct
leachate problems (29) A survey of ground-water protection methods
for landfills in Illinois studies relationships to the water table
theory of liner installation and monitoring devices (13) Sanitary
Landfi11-Leaching Prevention and Control presents a review of
preventative methods such as means to minimize infiltration
interception of ground-water and other pollution control measures
(2 37) A study in Pennsylvania on actual measures implemented to
collect and treat a landfills leachate discharge presents a site
specific study (19) Leachate Quality Improvements After Top
Sealing1 shows that by minimizing infiltration at a landfill in
Connecticut the outflow leachate water quality can be improved
dramatically and contamination plume reduced significantly (6) The
most comprehensive reports on remedial approaches to upgrading waste
disposal sites and ground-water protection methods have been
compiled under USEPA contract (1542)
To assist in evaluating remedial measures the US Geological
Survey (USGS) computer model Iterative Digital Model for Aduifer
Evaluation was used It was originally developed as a model for
simulating two-dimensional aauifer problems (33) It had been
updated since its original development to accomodate different
options (43) This model has been applied to glacial outwash
regions in Rhode Island (717)
10
Description of Study Area
A map of tne landfill area (Fig Z) was obtained from tne town
of South Kingstown The excavation to the west of Rose Hill Roaa
the landfill area directly to the east and the presently operating
area to the east of the central stream comprise tne overall study
area This study will concentrate on the west landfill area whicn
has recently reached capacity and been closed to further dumping
This site received mixed refuse for the past 15 years The depth of
the excavation where the landfill presently exists was approximately
to bedrock in some places Tne exact depths of landfill material is
unknown
The landfill cover has been graded and sloped generally eastward
to convey surface runoff to the eastern side A sandy soil that was
excavated locally was used as tne cover material The northern
section has a vegetation cover and the recently filled southern
section has been seeded and mulched The six monitoring wells W
NW NE EC SE SC were placed by the town of South Kingstown to
provide water quality information
Referring to Fig 2 the west excavation stream drains the area
created by the excavation to the west of Rose Hill Road and flows
throughout the year The central stream drains a small watershed
area which lies to the northwest of the landfill and drys up during
part of the year These streams flow into the Saugatucket River
which flows throughout the year and is larger than the west and
central streams combined
11
The USGS Groundwater Map (18) was initially consulted to proviae
information on the ground-water flow patterns (Fig 5) and the
geology of tne area (Fig 6) The surficial geology borings and the
vertical geologic cross-section at the base of the study area
indicate shallow water table and bedrocic and a nearly constant
saturated thickness (18) Boring logs at the W well ana a point
approximately 150 feet south of it indicate glacial outwasn material
which is primarily sana with a trace of gravel over bedrock at a
depth of approximately 33 feet Borings at the east landfill area N
and S monitoring wells indicate the same aquifer material
(Appendix B)
The ground-water map developed by Hahn is taken as
representative of conditions existing prior to the excavation of the
I l andfill (18) This indicates water-table contour lines that run in i
a general northeasterly direction This means tnat flow was
originally in a southeasterly direction However contamination of
domestic supply wells on the west side of Rose Hill Road has
occurred (Fig 3) strongly suggesting that the original flow pattern
has been altered by the excavation to the west of Rose Hill Road and
the landfill to the east of it Domestic supply wells were formerly
located directly to the west of Rose Hill Road but were aoandoned
when they became contaminated from landfill leachate New wells
were located to the south and west away from the contaminant plume
of tne landfill In addition a well located at the northeastern
corner of the landfill was contaminated and a replacement located to
the east of Us former location on tne opposite side of the central
12
Legend scale 124000
mdash-40 mdashground-water contour elevation
Fig 5 Ground-Water Map
13
Legend feet
TILL
Fig 6 Geology Background Map
14
stream This second wel 1 also became contaminated Domestic supply
wells located near tne northwestern corner of tne landfill and
approximately 300 feet south of it nave remained uncontaminated
These well locations serve as an indication of tne extent of the
landfill contamination which is largely dependent on the groundwater
flow patterns To furtner investigate this problem and provide
substantial information on which to base the geohydrologic analysis
field studies of the area were conducted
15
Field Studies ana Procedures
A map of the lanafill and an aerial pnotograph of the area were
obtained A tracing of these maps superimposed upon another
delineates stream landfill and monitor well locations (Fig 2)
The field investigation concentrated on the west landfill area ana
its aajoining streams ana monitor wells The east landfill area and
the three monitor wells in that area are induced in the latter
phase of the study in oraer to expand the model area
A traverse which establishea tne monitor well elevations was run
using a Carl Zeiss level These were originally sitea in by the
town of South Kingstown using a local USGS reference datum number 40
(18) The wells of known elevations then served as benchmarks for
referencing adjacent stream elevations This in combination with
the depth to water table measurements at each well enables tne
water-table surface geometry of the area to oe visualized
Water-table measurements of the west landfills wells were recordea
over a ten month period to record fluctuations (Fig 7 Table 1)
The east landfill areas wells were monitored for a five month
period Using a given water-table condition a ground-water map was
developea of the area (Fig 4) This indicates an outflow from
the landfill primarily in a southeasterly direction and partially
in a southwesterly direction
Additional bedrock and water-table information was ootainea by a
seismic refraction survey at several locations along the landfill
perimeter A Bison Model lb70C Signal Enhancement Seismograpn was
used to maxe the surveys Lines were run (to a length of kOO feet)
16
17
w s p bdquo S bdquo s S S a laquolaquo _
s 2 8
V
r bdquo
3 s a
-R s
S
S 3
t
raquobullraquo
S
5
K
r
~
3
K
pound
7
S
bdquo3
C 5 S
shy raquo S s
1 3 s 3 2 5 ^ bull
5 m
s o
^ 3
raquo
--
R bull 5
s pound J O s
5 a 3 7 3 m
5 s a ^
iraquo a s rlaquo
M ^
^ c o 2 5 s 3 a S R
rd 3 y a O =J
^ bdquo
JJ s s 3 bull ~ I
~ s 5 3 a s a
(Ogt (U
2
-t =
r s s in
5 y
a s
5
3
s
5 a
^ a
3 a 51 a bullbull
sj 5 Ml
3 a bull
s raquo
a
0)
0
^ mdash
a j -
-3
C
g S
S
bull a
-
~ 3 o
2 s s 3 a bdquo s s $ Al s
(1) = $ s 3
S
c a a
3 e 5 s N s S a - 3 = s s a 5
a s s - 3 S shy
4
0
a s
bdquo tfH
bdquo
3 a
bdquo
s a
e bullfl s i s s a s a
3 nt
s s 3
g laquo s3 a
~ J s 2 a s o s S s 3 a a j laquo s o s
3 bull laquobull
2 a 7 3 a 3 a ^2
s mdash 5i o
bull bull
mdash
3 o
ss a
fc mdash
3 1-sect m ishy n
18
in both directions to provide a check and permit accurate estimates
of the depth to bedrockThe seismic results allow approximate
interpretations of the depth to the water table and bedrocK thus
permitting an estimation of the saturated thickness Ground
elevations at the location of the seismic surveys were determined
from a topographical map and field siting From this information
water table ana bedrock elevations estimates were made Bedrock
contours are listed in Fig 8 In addition a table which
summarizes the seismic refraction results for the unsaturated
saturated and bedrock layers velocities and depths at each survey
location is presented in Table 2
Scream gauging stations were established on the two streams
bordering the west landfill (Fig 9) Three stations were placed on
the central stream These provide information on the influent or
effluent condition of ground-water flow in the upper sections of the
stream and ground-water baseflow from an area adjacent to the
landfill into the stream (Table 3)
The stream gauging stations used were 90deg V-notch weirs The
weirs located in the SE and SW positions were placed in the
streamoea with a liner of plastic upstream to minimize underflow
The weirs located in the NW and E positions were cut to fit in
recesses of concrete culvert pipes Concrete plywooa interfaces
were coated with roofing cement to minimize bypass flow Upstream
water pressure and a snug fit hold the plywood sections in place
All weirs were implaceo according to AigtTM reouirements and flowrates
calculated using the standard 90deg V-notch formula (3)
19
N
seepage West observat ion Landfill hole
Area
Legend landfill limit excavat ion limit
copyWNWNEECSESC monitoring well locations
= = = unimproved road -- WNES-number
seismic refraction locations
-40shy approximate bedrock contpur elevation
feet
Fig8 Seismte Survey Location
20
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co CM o on on CO CM CTNVO VO co CM o on on Q gt_x rH oj on a oj on a - rH oner
rmdash on sr i i
M z Z
gt gt gt
X-N CO laquomdashv CO CO bull igt gt bull
1 gt fc^gtgt bullbull ^ ^ ^
C 4-gt O t igt O J- 4J O H m o o o 3 bullH CO O rH in 3 bullH co vo o in 3 ~ 1 i-k -i ^trade fj rj ui ij o CO o n o rH =r co o n vo vo vo co o bullv O O O
O raquo On-3 rH O -bull- rH ON in _ IH in oj - rH bull rH VO OrH bull rH On ON pH d)u CO -UCO 4J OJ CO 4-gt gt
C mdashbull gt CM gt CM H-l O CO
v- ^^ N C 0
bull0 N CO
4-5 -0 _c^gt in in CO CO
C x~ c -^ t-oo in i 4J j_gt 41 4J bull 9 bull bull 4J bull
o j ON O O 3 (0 O4J O ON ON QJJ t~-^3- OJ 4-gt L
CO CM trade CO CM rH rH OJ co CM oj on Q ^ _ CO 3~Q-- n 45 Q mdash OJ OJ OJ C (0
1 11 3 nZ 2CO
gti gt gt CO CO CO ^-x m -s CO
rH rH ^ ro^^ bull gt bull ^ igt gt bullgt gtgt bull r O -Q 4Ji JJ O 5- JJ O pound- ^ O 4) oj o on (0 CO
3 bullH CJ O O in 3 bullH CO Cmdash VO on 3 pound-laquo H CO o n in inco co o n ma- r co g^ 5sect^ o
o rH on oj O bull- rH ONCO L O_ rH OJ VO M
rH bull rH =t rH bull - OJ T CO CO M CO 4-gt rH CO -U rH CO 4-) s
uits
CO 4-gt 4-5 T3 gt CM gt CM gt CM cc CO CO CO
3 3gt oa tlp^ CO O CM O gt 4J O 40 i 3 r+ k C pound JS
CO pound
^^ s -bullgt cmdash on poundZ VO CTI trx 4J 4J 4J
) bull bull bull Q Q Q Q4J 3shyc O-JJ CTgt OJ OJ Q-IJ inco on CO CO CO o co CM oj on co CM oj on co CM on
Q Q QON^ Q bullH Q^
rH rH 4J rH
O bullraquo L Z bull CO CO CO
i gtgt rH oj on gt tgtshyCM ^ cO^-s CO ~ CO
CO CO J X fc^_ bull^gt bullgtgt bull gt gtgt bull gt CO
j_ jJ O pound- Jj -P O Li deg =fObullH co on f- ^ 3bullH CO CO O in 3bullH CO
g^ -^2
poundsect HO
eis
mic
3 CO in in in in in in co o n co o n
o -^ r oj in O rHCO CO rH bullrH bull rH =T OrH bull rH OJ f-CO 4J bull- CO 4J rH O0) J-)
gt CM gt CM gt CM 4J
CO N_^ m^
bull OJ
t t poundshyCO CO CO CO rH J3 gt r-t oj on gt r-i oj on gt gt r n o j o n
Time months Flg11 Flucuatlon In Specific Conductance in Wells
26
Table 4 Specific Conductances in Wells (pmhoscm at 25degC)
West East Landfill Landfill
Date NW NE EG SE W SC N E S
81581 851 938 236 2356
102981 171 3268
11381 3268
111081 304 988 1100 258 3800
111481 426 2736 1216 186 4560
111781 304 3610 433 389 4560
121981 380 1406 129 103 380
1982 160 152
31582 274 760 1064 61 334 8000+ 182 53 84
52182 450 1500 1125 112 712 8000+ 175 255 150
52282 425 1320 1200 110 850 180 320 170
27
O
ct c r i c o o o o o c M o m o in CO CM unp^
3bull t- fmdash o^ co tmdash vo co in co cmdash co in a
bull bull1 1-1 trade4 rH rH^ CO 4)2
~ plusmn4J o O CM ^_
o n CO vO J oraquo 0C0M
cu rH rH rH rH rHin tmdash
3 iCM 4J
^j CO CO
E O0 ltU -H n o c E
See
pag
se
rva
t
rH O in 0 0 O O 0
O o x rH Cmdash
0 0n
cu rH mdash O tmdash X o o o o c o o o o r H r H i n o i n i n o O
bull L in oo co oo oo o cy cr o rH CM o cr ONc fcJ bullH on en m m rn c^n rH rH rH0 pound CO 3 CO
t CM0gt s o o o in rA n ^o oo in tmdash oo 0gt zr =r a- JT JT$_
T)C CO
~ E CO ^ _bdquo ltu CO g r H r n c n i n o o r H r H
vgtO ^D O ^^ ^O CO ^^ ^^ JJ 2 4) rH rHCO t
c CO
CO c 9) rH 0
CO -^ C c CO ltuo famp O trade t iH
0
bullo co n ^
oS
o ^^ bullH m
i co rn O CQ O1 CO CO 4) c2Q 3
CO
mdash^ bull cmdash CMin 1 gt rH vO vO O CTgt CO
s CTgt CO OO Ogt Craquo- tmdash cu O CO rH z 0
bull_bulllaquo
H bull L o in r in o oo in 3 rfy ff^ tir f^ CO C^~
4)bull
Z 3
^ ^ ^ ^ H r H r H r H r H rH r H C O r H C O a O C O a O a O C O C O r H i H r H CO OO - gt 0 0 ^ - gt ^ raquo - ^ ^ 1 - gt ~ gt - C O C O O O
U ^ raquo ^ - ~ raquo O ^ ^ O t ~ C O r H - r r ^ - ^ ^ JJ r H C M v O r H r H r H r H r H C M C M r H i n c r gt rH CO CM gt laquolaquo - - -^ bullmdash mdash bullraquoraquobullgt -v -v ^^
~ v O r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H lt M C M C M CM O O r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H rH
Vvraquolaquo IJ1^ raquo CP O 3L 1 Z - i bull j-t-J
1 J
LH Vb T n 0
1 gt fl oo O ~l 2 L - bull 1 P )laquo jn iP IP - OOI L5L mdash shy
-t 84 ^(^^ ^fi P i flja 0 JO II 10 tl tcgt 7 J IV wllaquo
h l2L bull 0 lt -_ shy
-id VJ lt 3C 2 ft OOL -mdash
U 71 C1 Sr 2 13 2 nl JLJraquopound HP r M ltf1- (
IMe 2 ii O It
n jlt dl 1 1 bull o o-il ST i 1 i 25 2-x-1
-
ri
i tlL O mdash gtbull bullgtlt 1ft -o- is Oil So iJK 2-io otv u 31 fil loi 2 il Oll it Of wr is i1raquo -iZ 1 deg|0 01
M IT So - mdash
- 13 1 CT mdash i - mdash 21
shy
Tl Ci av ZUll IMT 0 IM Pe v _ 1) T) S) ii3( dlt Ii 2 lt^2 II li- S1 riivi To 7HX lt3lO 14 ^2- iTi I li 011 -- - -i -^IS no 5^ or i | T Jift laquoV OoH bullla It Va iCO mdash L OIL 11 bullvf poundgtpound lS_ flv oh P-lfe 1 poif _ shy11 IB kl (4 itlaquoT lamp llt0 oot^
mdash -n
It T1 |ir( L1 HI 2 0 oil
U 1M ft go C ICf^ -^2 Z laquo-|o
11 it 5 bulln - TO o abull Li u-i IT1 -- Iw O ltM (I bullbull bdquo-I(K 1mdash -tilltLlA ttfe
i Dgt ac -- U 44 4 11 1 1- ytd i i_i J-K 0 i if -i i i V t Wl raquoOHM 1-1 US D C P A R T M f N T OF COMMfRCE t 4 1 IUII 1 1 ^~) mdash
llaquo- Hi NC bull bullh bull bullJL^V HBl CO 00
11
)jLsVyr^gturv
^ | TKu
|-_t_ bull(
IIMgt I I Mt|UU III- II 11
PNECIPITATIOH
I 1 1 IMX
IMO
bull llfclaquo I UCIUKI) Ur C V A r U M A AHO CLIMATOUOCICAL OBitH
E V A F O R A T I C r i Jttffl laquo amp hMIlaquoJllaquoJIIlaquoBgt
DATE AOOITIOMAL DAIAKMAKk M
bullraquobullmdashlaquo
tp 01 (1 Of Ll OOI ooo
0^1 o-i 10 tl |00 102
OC (1 13 Ofl
it i rc DS os an
(1 SV o
Ul 010
(ISl 101 I on
130
II 5= Otl
ss lt 001 (IK Ml
jt il HIT
7 it
ow Wo 17 Top 2-01 OIO
(0 oov zi oot
u CO ^A 0 to Zoi CLflS
bull50 01 ljtj
nshy 5H LO OIt
50121 IVO QJO
14 Co Ho LO Hl ^pound Jl 1
ltM ool fllc
H Tl 01 II
11 11 Q1
iH OIO
HO 2 llaquol 11 II
lifc
IV-IIM ul OIPAITHINT or COHMIICC NOAA
NAtlOHAL gtIATnlaquoll raquotraquoVlClaquo CD
r~
All TCUMMATUNI ^V UII rgt ITmi 1 Cwphu Obic i gtn t ngir-H 30
rilCiriTATIOH
JJ T I rTJ-rimdashr-iramj|MP CLmATOLOQ
laquolaquo jftilCiii bullIHO
Oi1l ADOITIOHAL DAIAlllu
Ilf4ft
Sii1
(1 2 IO OO
Hl ii SO
us OIM
Q^L
a A3 Hi SZ Sf^ bull 12J2
HI Z-SF OOl 1C t HM IA H ICP fiJA
OOl 10 (310 sn 310
if HI (0 ^01
bullit SO 28H poundJ1 11 006
14 35 TX oon II (bull2 it zr II c-S
rr Zll lo 31 OP an 31 a 31 oor
CSW O-ll Si CC Of 011
Oll _ I |ft
00
u i oerraquolaquoTMiMr of c NOAA
NATIONAL K C A T N C M SCMVlCC
TC^S lk)oiVroTJA
TETT I 7X
1raquolaquolaquo 4 bdquo ir lt er ni I^OV ltqgl j--^ TQ
MICiriTAllOH ITIND
D|mdash
b5NO ctiUATOtoiCAL oeit^
OATI AOOITIOMAL OATAVlHAtt
0-tt
Mlaquoh bullbullbull- rshy laquo
I- ltltriu HI I 4 bulllaquobullbull1
Zii
30 Dfellt otvt
at HA
OOI
62
iJ_S2 HI if
bull- 20 SI 2i So
So
VVfr
OSfc
I (
Jtlt
3aoi
r j -bull ie MA
Irill iiol
in^ 14
Mo
Zll
214
21 1P
00-i
bulliron
17
bullr
11 i ir- I J Ktf^c
US D E P A R T M E N T OF COuMEDCC I | C gt A A
K AIlaquo Ttupf lATuit r
|SlVi AlJ PIICIPITATION
oJud (El
VIM i Uraquo
MIND E
EVAPORATIOH flnrft bull A ftufiifccdll
KECORO OF eVAPllHAtlil bull I CLIHATOLOOCAL OBSERVA ^Hij
14 MM A_M AOOIIIONAL DATA11 MAIM
Mr bullH Oo|
M Si lift
bull221 IHI
ZS Ji 40 IZV
icr KS I
HZ 111
bullT 21
loA UK JA IP
v^ ft
1M 2Sshy IT Tl
71 V |
i I 31 1deg a
uty^ U bull3
ons 1 CiO TxX
HHO (10
3H 19 12 10 IP
raquo3H raquo | 5t io
OP OIT
14
vO UI Of PANTMINI Or COMMCRCf MM O A A
F ngt TIHH
iiicffwiffc 4 rJ (TIM bull Cempltit Obitittiio
AIlaquo TIMHIATUM PHICinTATION I V A f OK ATlPrl
OATI ADDITIONAL DATA KMAlIt
U4laquo4 +
03H Ji
10
rc a 1 16 oi ii
tiiy 10
OI
II i23 or o 13 -y~ou HO
II 3V III i 3 t
V laquop oot
OM1 SS ne
T an -i IP
Olt zr LTV
3T 001
a -11 2T
10 an 31
-1 raquo 131 UP 3H lf 14 Lpoundshy
it 14 30
IS
Ui O I P A K T M f H T OP COWlf ICfM O A A
NATJONAI V C A T M C n f t K M V l C K
bullbullbullbullbullshy -2 o AIlaquo TIMMRATUM f fKICIPITATIOH
OATI poundt- MMINMAL DATAk
ZP 51 lo icr
011 111
OoT IHf
Ut 003 am
3o 13 ao
4A X 05shy
H4 i IjJyiV131 ooc js
IH oi 01 tL 18 13 a
No 11-7
rivgtp OO| M Hi 03 01
It 12
bull I 41 bull7119 14 ^^ raquo 31 15 lampk n M ho i
Jo -j-
-J
I
Ml H^ I _
amp2ampUi^= LS 0 S 0-f bullTTT
-Vmdash gt U_ bull 1 rOHM I- 11 OI OCPARTMlNT OF COMM(NCC
HO NATIONAL W f A T M f H ftfraquoVlCI
98
Appendix B
Boring Logs
99
X iHECT 1 ff 2
OAT American Drilling amp Bor ini I Co Inc
wo WATH smn EAST PR ov IDENC E ft 1 Town of South Kingstown South K ngstown R I MOLENO X-J
TC 100 RCSS bull ujrMonitorinq Well Installation | South Kinqjtown R I UNC a STA Pf KXICCTHJ LOC ATK3N
bull cfrserrr TO above S MPLES S FNTTO _ _ |laquolaquor A-109 SURF ELEV RE PORTSEr
GROUND WATER O6SE RVATC MS 1 CDREraquolaquo m-T nn75 laquo A 256 - 20 mdash Hew y
Instolled 32ofT-l2 PV C - JO- COMPUTE 111275 K toia 3- I-WI 1-38 TOTAL MRS bdquo10 screen BORING FCACUAM J K lanq MAI rraquo HomnwWI 300 140 IampPCCrc Mamlaquor Fall 24 30 lampaaiona SOLS ENGR
LOCATION OF BORING H ONITOKING WELL
Coung Samplt Tjp Blow per 6 Manure SOU IDENTIFICATION Strata SAMPLE ^^^yV Bloot
foot
Otptni
From- To
el
l
on Sampler
0-6 1 -6-13 12-18
Dentity or
Conmt j
Chang Remark include colo^ graaation Type of tod lie Rao-coMr type condition nordshynetiDntotf time leamt and tie No Pen Rtlt
2 No top sample 5 12
1 loamy fine sand
bull)^ 40 30 36
5- 616 0 23 20 16
noist iense
Brown fine to coarse SAND some fine to coarse gravel Trace silt
^
1 18 18
36 8-0shy57 40 30 V 35
|0-||-6 D 14 24 20 Srown medium to coarse SAND Some fine gravel cobbles
7 IRshy 16
27 75 37 3
IS- I- D 5 14 16 3bull
ISshy 15
42 50 I9--0shy50 65 20-2ll-6 D 9 23 26 bull Jrown fine to coarse SAND Tbullwshy 1Z 75 90
22-0 Trace silt trace fine gravel
124 120 74 60 52 41
7S-ltlaquoil-A DX 71 16 13 wet very dense
Gray-brown fine to coarse SANC Some fine to coarse gravel little silt
H IR u
40 30--0
3C-30-IO
3l4-334
334-3314
38 4-434
D
c
C
C
7 IflO
94 6
we tr j
y se
ft irox
30MOshy
31 -4shy
Gray-brown fine to coarse SAND Trace silt
Gray-brown fine SAND some lilt trace fine gravel
Too of Rock 31 -4shy
Gray-pink GRANITE
6 7
amp
CJ
IltJ A
60
601
IQ mdash
2(
4
5 i Hard
ft 5ome seams bull
GROUND SURFACE TO J 4 U3CD_ ^JVrf bullbull( tutu t to 4o 4 SampM Type Proportion UMd MOB Wtx 3 OfaM on 2OD Sampler SUMMARY-
OOry CCartd WltWen4 Hoc OlolO Canmonieraquoi Don any CoKeem CarMWncy Earm Barrlaquoj 11 14
UPgtUnOigtturod Piuon trite (Oto20dego 0-Kgt Loei it 0-4 Sait 3O+Hofd Rock Corng 14 Kgt-30 laquo4 0 rte 4-8 MSHM Samplet TPTtitPit Ai Auger Vvanefett tarn 2Olo39 3O-M Owlt n laquo-lS Strlf rinit nn v 1
UTiUndlshffbed ThrMOll and bull 33to9O 5O Very 0laquo nraquoe 19-30 V-3trraquof - | OLE NO X-l
TOVH rim - iA it raquotoraquo
100
SHEET 2 o_L
WO WATEt STUET [AST ft OVIDENC pound a i American Drilling amp Bor ing Co Inc
MCLl WQ X- 1 Tt AOORCSS i
LIME A STA KXICCTMJ tuf same as 1 | tame as i LOCATION
W PORTSEf mo OB nj urt eflaquo T
illtPLES S
P
CVTTO nlaquo mun orv
^s f^ Tin i GRCVMO WATER OBSERVATONS CASING SAMPLER CORE BAR
START Typi COMPUTE tome at 1 same aiH
TOTAL MRS BORIMG FOR CMAN n bull IT INSPECTOR SOILS EMM
LOCATION OF BORING u HfVJTneTfi UFI _
8
Counf Blo-t
foot
Dtpllo
From To
0( on SampMr
0-6 f 6-IZ
Moittir
Oonuty or
Contilt
Strata Ctnngc
SOIL OCNTiriCATION Rtmorkt ineHifl cotot grqdotion Typlaquo of Mil etc Roo-axtrPlaquo condition Mrdshynlaquot Drog tun ttomt end tic
TPlaquoTraquojraquoPit AAugtr ViVon mini tamt 20to39 UTtundiifir6d TrwMOtf and JSloSO 50-raquobull Vary 0nlaquo [HOLE NO x-2 B-3O V-3Mf lev rim - IAIT raquosectlaquoraquo
102
300 iu 24
1 UMnii ffi 140 laquo 30
CA1INC tf
gt taWCTf
bull 0gtlaquo i R Cook Jr_ R Millineton1 Wttn
I~
1 VAMtl CtMG
1 W HO-t MO
1 Oraquo 1 laquo0~ twt
L 1 laquo-raquo VfcM^lf [wlaquoraquoCI ^ ^ K3Ot III laquo
0-LS D
5-65 D
LlQ 10-115 D
15-16 Tgt
Lraquo 70-51 n
25-26 D
F
I O-O Ci
A Allstate Drill ins Co vi o i
PROVIDING R 1bull raquoraquo uvraquonn~ N M O M I T O P I N G HE1 _^lt -^ PI-Traquo UJU
CUM Town of South Kineraquotown raquoraquo 1 1TA maoer Propolaquolaquod Sit for Slude Disposal nltn
laquo V-449 iampAAtut i a 138 ort STI bull r 42777 CtOuMO IKVtllON
Cill bdquo 258 DA II MN ru 42777 rilaquolaquodO laquoraquoTti rum 1911
AU1TATI
MMUI1 raquolaquogtlaquolaquo laquoKiO itXHHKraquoriOi of sous MUAHI nMTKlion Ot CMlaquoMC|kOraquort tl CO~VH DXltgt raquomlaquo laquotf IMi COIOI C4l II I 1raquo gtlaquo^ Oraquo 1Ol rC t Xgttgt VtfKOe Craquo Mi 1 ft liMraquoK laquo0^tlaquot nfgt
1-2-1 10 TOP SOIL FINE LIGHT BROWN SAND traclaquo of ilt
16-31-17
22-24-21 100 FINE TO MEDIUM LIGHT GRAY SAND trace of fine gravlaquol and raquopoundLt
lfl-37-34 150 LIGHT BROWN FINE TO MEDIUM SAND little poundinlaquo gravel
21-17-15 200 MEDIUM TO COARSE SAND bullomc fine gravel
12-4-10
265
Observation well installed
NOTE No casing blows taktn
bullbull B-23 ow
^w^ 265 I raquo bull raquolaquo bull I W
11 laquot gtbullraquo Vlaquo 14 W gt_ c-shyji bull alaquo bull jraquo VI laquoHshyw bullbull m raquobullbull D-6 raquo Mshy
bull bull laquo Vshy
1
bull bull
I
103
MAMMII Allstate Drilling Co ulaquorr 1 or 1 FftOVIOCKZ H L traquolS mTArm^S MONITOR NR WEL
VNO wr3JJO__raquoraquou_24__ HCU MO P-74 n iu riBwi Town of Slt7H^ Xirpin
mdash^ laquo0J P 1 1 bull ^n^ciit^o TVlaquow^laquott1 bullraquoit wt 140 nu 30 olaquor fBu lkv Waste Disposal Arcai
MUTAH a V-449 R Cook Jr UMlaquoiigti D 1 38 0t| raquoIJ raquo 5277 rlaquo SUMO luvlaquorv-laquow
mdash 5277 fipe -raquoT pfpm 150
H MCIO IMNTlXAflON Of SOU t(kAIlaquoS rrn 0-laquoraquo
5 -SF 01 w in laquobull -raquo ^ lit
D 1-2-2 TOP SOIL V-1-oraquo
15 IPbull FINE TO MEDIUM LIGHT GRAY SAND AND GRAVEL
5-65 D 37-27-35 some silt
10-11 D 20-14-18
15-165 D i 17-14-14 155
BROWN COARSE TO MEDIUM SAND little fine to coarse gravel trace of silt
20-211 D 4-4-2
230 GRAY BROWN VERY FINE SAND
25-26J D 7-8-9 AND SILT 265 fvarvedl
Observation well installed
NOTE No casing blows taken
wta 10 n uuraquo c^imdashbull IgtM laquolaquobull- B-24 ow ~ 14 ltfc laquoraquobull vlaquo^ M laquobull r O 0 fmtt bull W-L 26 5
-0- CgtCmdashgt bull laquolaquobull mdash laquo 1 - raquoraquo 1 gt 1laquo bull 1 gtraquor to bull mdashbull bull bull bulllaquo I t l~laquo 1lt Uraquo mdashbull ) bull 1 gtbull ft 0~ H laquoy bullM ta bull -IN la laquobull OPUM bull($ IMI
mdash H raquo laquo-bull
104
Appendix C
Calibration of Specific Conductance Meters
105
Specific conductance measurements were made using a beckman RB
338 temperature compensating meter and a YSI rtooel 33 salinity
conductivity temperature meter The YSI meter is not
temperature correcting A formula to compensate for temperature
differences to standardize YSI measurements was used (21)
A long probe for the Beckman meter was used to measure conductivity
in the wells Differences in conductivity between the YSI ana
Beckman meters and the Beckman short and long probes exist These
were calibrated in the laboratory using 001 N and 01 N KC1
solutions Values presented are Beckman short probe values The
Beckman long probe values were reduced by 76 and tne YSI values
were multiplied by 11 to adjust to Beckman short probe values The
YSI meter was used in the latter phases of the study for the
stream contamination due to the greater accuracy of the dial readout
scale
Table 7 Specific Conductance Meter Calibration Table
Concentration (KCL) 0001N 001N
Specific Beckman short 145 143 143 1247 1245 12GO
Conductances Beckman long 190 191 188 1639 1650 1665
umhocm 9 25 C YSI 132 131 128 1131 1140 1150
average values Beckman shortBeckman long = 075
Beckman shortYSI = 11
106
Appendix D
Computer program Flow Chart
107
F1g 33 Computer Program Flow Chart-
1TpoundR MAP TCO
NEWPER
WEWSTP CZAX
HEWIT TRANS TCOF ROW COLUMN
Yes
Yes
108 The following is a description of the USGS two-dimensional computer
program Iterative Digital Model for Aquifer Evaluation updated
December 1972 by P C Trescott The program written in Fortran
consists of a MAIN program and six subprograms or subroutines which
themselves are organized into subprogram sections The subroutines and
their sections are listed below
MAIN Program
DATAIN (subroutine) COEF ITER (section) CLAY MAP TRANS NEWPER TCOF
The program begins in the MAIN program which controls the sequence
of passage to the subroutines Sequential steps are described in the
program as shown in the flow chart of Fig 32 Emphasis is placed on the
steady state confined aquifer case as applied in this study First data
input is read in the DATAIN subroutine This data includes transmissivities
or permeabilities starting heads storage coefficients and grid spacings
Nodal transmissivity values are then computed for the water-table problem
in the TRANS section (COEF subroutine) This procedure is necessary here
because the subsequent routine for computing iteration parameters (ITER)
keys on nodal transmissivity values which would not have been input to
the water-table problem In the water-table option these would have been
109
computed from given bedrock and water-table elevations to obtain the
saturated thickness component of the transmissivity calculation In this
study water-table option was not used and the transmissivity values were
input directly The program then passes to the ITER section (DATAIN
subroutine) to compute the iteration parameters which expediate or even
cause convergence Next the MAP section (DATAIN subroutine) is utilized
to initialize data for an alphanumeric map if this was requested in the
input options Transmissivities are then computed for the confined
(artesian) aquifer case (water table not specified with input options)
in the TCOF section (COEF subroutine) These coefficients are harmonic
mean values of adjacent nodal transmissivities weighted by grid sizes
Time parameters and pumping data for a new pumping period are then read
in the NEWPER section (DATAIN subroutine) followed by entry into the
NEWSTP section (COMPUT subroutine) which calculates the size of the
time step Leakage coefficients (hydraulic conductivity of the confining
bed divided by confining bed thickness) are next computed in the CLAY
section (COEF subroutine) if leakage was specified in the input data
which was used in this study
A new iteration is then initiated in sections NEWITO (COMPUT
subroutine) NEWITO saves the current head values and compares them to
the updated head values for determining closure This is followed by
nodal transmissivity values being computed for the water table or water-
table artesian conversion problem Transmissivity coefficients are then
computed for the water-table problem in TCOF (COEF subroutine) Total
head values are then computed with the alternating direction implicit
procedure using the Thomas algorithim first along rows in the ROW section
110 and then along columns in the COLUMN section both in the COMPUT subroutine
Then if a solution is not obtained (because the error criteria for
closure is not satisfied) the MAIN program branches back to NEWIT1 subshy
sequent sections TRANS TCOF ROW and COLUMN repeatedly until a
solution at the particular time step is achieved NEWIT1 increments the
iteration counter and is immediately followed by NEWITO The program then
moves to the STEADY section of the COMPUT subroutine to check if the
closure criteria for steady state has been satisfied Output is then
printed in the OUTPUT section of COMPUT if steady state has been reached
or if the particular time step is designated for output
The program then branches back to NEWSTP (COMPUT subroutine) and
moves through the subsequent routines until the last time step in the
pumping period is reached Output is then promoted in the DRY section
of COMPUT if specified in input data If the last pumping period in
the problem has not been reached the program branches back to the
NEWPER section and moves again through subsequent sections otherwise
the program will terminate or start a new problem if one follows
This study was simulated as a steady state problem which can be
simulated by setting the storage coefficient of the aquifer and the
specific storage of the confining bed to zero and using one time step
of any length
111
Appendix E
Computer Data Sheets
RGSEA
10 ROSE HILL LANDFILL MODEL 20 30 40 LEAKAGE 50 60 70 CHECK 80 90 100 HEAD 110 120 1 23 IQ 100 5 001 37E-OU 0 130 100 001 0 0 1 4 0 - 1 - 1 1 - 1 - 1 i i i i i i 1
ISO 1 10 0 1547E-05 01 10 1 1 160 04642 200 200 1 1 i it
1 Agpar MA and 0 Langmuir Ground-Water Pollution Potential of a Landfill Above tne Water Table Groundwater V 9 No 6 1971 pp 76-96
2 Allen William B Hahn GW and RA Brackley Availability of Ground Water Upper Pawcatuck River Basin Rhode Island USGS US Government Printing-office GS 66-624 19bb
3 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Part 31 Open Channel Flow Measurement of Water and Waste Water by Weirs D 2034-68 1975
4 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Part 19 Infiltration Rate of Soils in Field Using Double-Ring Infiltrameters D 3385-75 1975
5 Baeaecner MJ and W BacK Hyarogeological Processes and Chemical Reactions of a Landfill Ground Water V 17 no 5 1979 pp 429-437
6 Beck WW Dunn AL and Grover H Emrich Leachate Quality Improvements After Top Sealing1 8th SHwRD MERL Symposium 1982
7 Beckman WK Transient Modeling For Estimating Sustained Aauifer Yield master thesis presented to the University of Rhode Island Kingston RI 1978
8 Bhattacharya PK and HP Patra Direct Current Geoelectric Sounding Elsevier Publishing Co New York 1968 135 p
9 Bouwer H Ground Water Hydrology McGraw-Hill Book Co New Yoric 1978 p 378
10 Braids 0 Cocozza pound Fenn D Isbister J Rous P and B Yarc Procedures Manual for Ground Water Monitoring at Solid Waste Disposal Facilities Environmental Protection Agency530SW-611 Cincinnati Ohio 1977
11 Cartwright K and MR McComas Geophysical Surveys in the Vicinity of Sanitary Landfills in Northeastern Illinois Groundwater V 6 no 5 1968 pp 23-30
12 Cartwright K and Fd Sherman Jr Electrical Earth Resistivity Surveying in Landfill Investigations Reprinted from Proceedings of ohe lOtn Annual Engineering and Soils Engineering Symposium Moscow Idaho 1972
122 13 Clark TP Survey of Ground-Water Protection Methods for
Illinois Landfills Groundwater V 13 no 4 1975 pp 321-331
14 Dunne T and LB Leapold Water in Environmental Planning WH Freeman and Company San Francisco 1978
16 Fenn DG Hanley KJ and TV Degeare Use of the Water Balance Method for Predicting Leachate Generation From Solia Waste Disposal Sites US Environmental Protection Agency530SW-lfa8 Cincinnati Ohio 1975
17 Geisser 0 An Electric Analog and Digital Computer Model of the Chipuxet Ground Water^ Aquifer Kingston Rhode Island master thesis presented to the University of Rhode Island Kingston RI 1975
18 Hahn GW Groundwater Map of the Narragansett Pier Quadrangle Rhode Island Rhode Island Water Resources Coordinating Board GWM 5 1959
19 Hemsley William T Koster C Wallace Remedial Technique of Controlling and Treating Low Volume Leachate Discharge USEPA National Conference on Management of Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites Oct 1980
20 Hughes GM RA Landon and RN Farvolden Hydrogeology of Solid Waste Disposal Sites in Northeastern Illinois Final Report to US Environmental Protection Agency PUD SW-l^d Cincinnati Ohio 1971
21 Keller GV and FC Frischknecht Electrical Methods in Geophysical Prospecting Pergamon Press New YorK NY 19bb
22 Kelly WE West Kingston Landfill An Evaluation of Its Effect on Ground-Water Quality Rnoae Island Water Resources Board Water Information Series Report 1975
23 Kelly WE Geoelectric Sounding for Delineating Ground-Water Contamination Groundwater V 14 No 1 1976 pp fa-10
24 Kelly WE Ground-Water Pollution Near a Landfill ASCE Environmental Engineering Division Journal V 10 No EE6 Dec 19b pp nay-nyy
25 Kelly WE personal communication January 1982
123
26 Kelly WE and OW Urish A Study of the Effects of Salt Storage Practices on Surface ana Ground Water Quality in Rhode Island NTIS FHWA-RI-RD-8001 1981 54 p
27 Kimmel GE and OC Braids Leachate Plumes in a Highly Permeable Aauifer Groundwater y 12 no 6 1974 pp 388-393
28 Klefstaa G Senalein LVA ana RC Palmauist Limitations of the Electrical Resistivity Method in Landfill Investigations Groundwater V 13 No 5 1975 pp 418-427
29 Landon RA Application of Hydrogeology to the Selection of Refuse Disposal Sites Groundwater V 7 no b 19b9 pp 9-13
30 Lang SM Bierschenk WH ana WB Allen 1960 Hyaraulic Characteristics of Glacial Outwash in Rhode Island Rhode Islana Water Resources Coordinating Board Bulletin No 3
31 LeGrand HE Patterns of Contaminated Zones of Water in the Ground Water Resources Research v 1 No 1 1965
32 Palmauist R and L Sendlein The Configuration of Contamination Enclaves from Refuse Disposal Sites on Floodplains Grouna Water v 13 no 2 1975 pp 167-181
33 Pinder GF A Digital Model for Aauifer Evaluation Techniaues of Water Resources Investigations of the US Geological Survey Bk 7 Cl 1970
34 Purushattam D Tamxe GR and CM Stoffel Leachate Production at Sanitary Landfill Sites ASCE Environmental Engineering Division Journal V 103 no EE 6 Dec1977 pp 981-988
35 Remson I Fungaroli AA ana AW Lawrence Water Movement in an Unsaturated Sanitary Landfill ASCE Sanitary Engineering Division Journal v 94 no SA2 April1968 pp 307-316
36 Rosenshien JS Gouthier JB and WB Allen Hydrologic Characteristics and Sustained Yield of Principal Ground-Water Units Potowamut-Wickford Area Rhoae Island USGS US Government Printing Office GS 67-324 1968
37 Roux PH and B Vincent Electrical Resistivity Evaluations At Solid Waste Disposal Facilities US Environmental Protection Agency SW-729 Cincinnati Ohio 1978
124
38 Salvato JA Wi lk ie WG and BE Mead Sanitary Landfill Leaching Prevention and Control Water Pollution Control Federation Journal v 43 no 10 Oct 1971 pp 2084-2100
39 Sawyer CN and PL McCarty Chemistry for Environmental Engineering McGraw Hill 1978
40 Stellar RL and P Roux Earth Resist ivi ty Surveys - A Method for Defining Ground-Water Contamination Ground Water v 13 no 2 1975 pp 145-150
41 Todd OK Ground Water Hydrology John Wi ley and Sons Inc New York 1959
42 Tolman AL Ballestero AP Beck WW and GH Emrich Guidance Mannual For Minimizing Pollution From Waste Disposal Sites US Environmental Protection Agency-500SW-677 Cincinnati Ohio 1978
43 Trescott PC Iterative Digital Model for Aauifer Evaluation US Geological Survey Open file report 1972
44 University of Rhode Island Academic Computer Center CalComp Contouring Manual
45 Warner DL Preliminary Field Studies Using Earth Resistivity Measurements for Delineating Zones of Contaminated Ground Water Groundwater v 7 1969 pp 9-16
46 White EF A Report to the Town of S Kingstown Utility Survey Engineering Corp 1967
47 Zohdy AAR A Computer Program for the Calculation of Schlumberger Sounding Curves Over Horizontally Layered Media Using the Method of Convolution US Geological Survey Denver
48 Zohdy AAR Eaton GP and DR Mabey Application of Surface Geophysics to Ground-Water Investigations Technidues of Water-Resources Investigations of the US Geological Survey Book 2 Chapter 01 Washington US Government Printing Office 2401-02543 1974
Vl l
List of Figures
Figure
1 Location Map 2
2 Study Area 3
3 SupplyWel l Locations 4
4 Field Grouna-Water Table Contour Map 5
5 Ground-water Map 12
6 Geology Background Map 13
7 Fluctuation in Water Level in W e l l s 16
8 Seismic Survey Location 19
9 We i r Locations and Water Level Ranges 21
10 Surface Contamination Monitoring Locations 24
11 Fluctuation in Specific Conductance in W e l l s 25
12 Electrical Resist iv i ty Sounding Location 28
1 3 Model Grid 31
14 Simulated Ground Water Table Contour Map 32
1 5 Northern Drainage Area 34
16 Landfill West-East Cross-section between Wells W and EC 39
17 Landfill North-South Cross-section between Wells NW and SC40
18 Natural Conditions 43
19 Excavation without Landfill 45
20 Landfill without Excavation 46
21 Landfill Head Contour Cross-section 47
22 Landfill and Excavation with Dam 49
23 Summer Condition 52
24 Landfill ana Excavation without Dam 54
VI 1
25 Infiltrometer Location and Drainage Feature 57
26 Results of Infiltrometer Tests 59
27 Schlumberger Sounding R-l 71
28 Schlumberger Sounding R-2 72
29 No Recharge over Lanafill 77
30 SI urry Wall 80
31 Slurry Wall without Recnarge Over It or Landfill 81
32 Precipitation Record 87
33 Computer Program Flow Chart 107
Introduction
Ground-water contamination of aauifers from municipal landfills
is a widespread problem Contamination of domestic supply wells and
neighboring streams has occured at the South Kingstown municipal
landfill which is located adjacent to Rose H i l l Road approximately
one mile nortn of Peace Dale Rhode Island (Fig 12) The polluted
neighboring wells have been relocated to their present locations to
remove them from tne leacnate plume (Fig 3) Fig 4 inaicates flow
patterns from the landfill which has contaminated streams to the
east and southwest of it The generation of leachate continues as
precipitation recharge and upgradient ground-water sources
infiltrate the refuse To effectively prevent or minimize
contamination from this landfill several remedial options are
available These w i l l be evaluated relative to the areas geologic
setting and hydraulic properties ground-water flow patterns
recharge characteristics and proximity to supply sources
The rate of ground-water flow out of the landfill into the
adjacent aauifer and flow patterns largely depend on tne hydraulic
gradient of the water table and the hydraulic conductivity of the
landfill and aduifer material The hydraulic gradients were
determined by monitoring water-table fluctuations in several wells
located around the landfill and elevation siting in stream
locations and elevations This information enabled a ground-water
map of the area to be developed from where flow patterns can be
developed assuming flow lines are orthogonal to contour lines The
ground-water map in combination with Knowing aquifer and landfill
0gt -^^ o a5 raquobull bullo o sect 3 mdash laquoo o wcz _
3Ogt c $c o_ X
aw e 05 0 (0 3 bullo
o a 2 2 u
hydraulic properties and the subsurface geometry enable estimates of
ground-water outflow to be made Streamflow measurements were used
to verify these outflows Contamination levels using specific
conductance measurements as an indicator were measured in wells
streams and observation holes to help delineate the extent ana
degree of contamination An electrical resistivity sounding was
conducted in a known contamination zone
The primary objective of tnis study is to determine flow
patterns in the vicinity of the landfill ana recommend possible
actions to contain or minimize the impact of the contamination In
oraer to fully evaluate these goals the aforementioned parameters
were input to a computer model to produce simulated flow patterns
under different conditions The simulated present conditions were
matched with field water table and stream flow measurements to
calibrate the model A series of simulations were then run to
evaluate flow conditions before the excavations anaor landfill
existed Remedial measures such as reducing recharge to the
landfill and implementing a slurry wall to blocx off leachate flow
to endangered wells were simulated to evaluate their effectiveness
Based on this analysis recommendations are made as to how to
minimize leachate production ano best alleviate the immediate danger
of the contaminant plume spreading to unpolluted domestic supply
wells
background
The South Kingstown landfill is in a geologic setting that is
very similiar to the nearby West Kingston landfill This is located
about 3 miles west of the South Kingstown landfill and has been
studied to assess leachate effects on groundwater quality using
specific conductance as an indicator of contamination levels
(222ltt) Both sites were located in abandoned gravel Quarries which
were filled in with refuse to create the landfill
In the literature numerous authors have shown that the character
of contaminant plumes from landfills are largely dependent on the
local geology and geohydrology A study on Long Island (27) in
similiar glacial material illustrates that the Quantity of flow is
dependent on the hydraulic conductivity of tne aauifer the
hydraulic gradient and the vertical cross-sectional area of the
aauifer it flows through This is expressed as Darcys Law (41)
Q = KIA
wnere Q = flow quantity
I = hydraulic gradient
K = hydraulic conductivity of the aauifer
A = vertical cross sectional area of the flow area
Specific conductance was used as a contaminant tracer to show that
the plume from the landfill flowed downgradient and vertically
through the full thickness of the aauifer A study in Iowa (32)
indicates that the size ana shape of the contamination outflow from
a l a n d f i l l can be predicted from existing geohydrologic conditions
and that the horizontal shape of the outflow extends downgradient
8
from the source and parallel to ground-water flow lines Other
parameters which control the extent of the contaminant plume are
dilution and dispersion in the aquifer and the adsorption properties
of the aauifer material (31)
The amount of leachate generated depends largely on the amount
of water that infiltrates through the landfill to increase tne water
content of the refuse in the landfill The precipitation recharge
that percolates down through the unsaturated zone to the water table
moves in a vertical direction (35) Surface runoff soil moisture
storage losses and evapotranspiration account for tne precipitation
that is not transmitted tnrough the unsaturated zone of aeration
(3315) Upon reaching the saturated zone the water enters the
ground-water flow system Ground-water mounding has been reported
in landfills due to the decreased hydraulic conductivity of
compacted refuse relative to surrounding aauifer material (20)
Chemical processes within the landfill leachate outflow and
surrounding soil cation exchange capacity relative to water duality
of the surrounding aduifer have been studied in Pennsylvania (1) anu
in Delaware (5) A procedures manual for ground-water monitoring at
solid waste disposal facilities was developed by the US
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (9)
Several reports have been written that investigate site
selection design criteria and remedial measures to correct
leachate problems (29) A survey of ground-water protection methods
for landfills in Illinois studies relationships to the water table
theory of liner installation and monitoring devices (13) Sanitary
Landfi11-Leaching Prevention and Control presents a review of
preventative methods such as means to minimize infiltration
interception of ground-water and other pollution control measures
(2 37) A study in Pennsylvania on actual measures implemented to
collect and treat a landfills leachate discharge presents a site
specific study (19) Leachate Quality Improvements After Top
Sealing1 shows that by minimizing infiltration at a landfill in
Connecticut the outflow leachate water quality can be improved
dramatically and contamination plume reduced significantly (6) The
most comprehensive reports on remedial approaches to upgrading waste
disposal sites and ground-water protection methods have been
compiled under USEPA contract (1542)
To assist in evaluating remedial measures the US Geological
Survey (USGS) computer model Iterative Digital Model for Aduifer
Evaluation was used It was originally developed as a model for
simulating two-dimensional aauifer problems (33) It had been
updated since its original development to accomodate different
options (43) This model has been applied to glacial outwash
regions in Rhode Island (717)
10
Description of Study Area
A map of tne landfill area (Fig Z) was obtained from tne town
of South Kingstown The excavation to the west of Rose Hill Roaa
the landfill area directly to the east and the presently operating
area to the east of the central stream comprise tne overall study
area This study will concentrate on the west landfill area whicn
has recently reached capacity and been closed to further dumping
This site received mixed refuse for the past 15 years The depth of
the excavation where the landfill presently exists was approximately
to bedrock in some places Tne exact depths of landfill material is
unknown
The landfill cover has been graded and sloped generally eastward
to convey surface runoff to the eastern side A sandy soil that was
excavated locally was used as tne cover material The northern
section has a vegetation cover and the recently filled southern
section has been seeded and mulched The six monitoring wells W
NW NE EC SE SC were placed by the town of South Kingstown to
provide water quality information
Referring to Fig 2 the west excavation stream drains the area
created by the excavation to the west of Rose Hill Road and flows
throughout the year The central stream drains a small watershed
area which lies to the northwest of the landfill and drys up during
part of the year These streams flow into the Saugatucket River
which flows throughout the year and is larger than the west and
central streams combined
11
The USGS Groundwater Map (18) was initially consulted to proviae
information on the ground-water flow patterns (Fig 5) and the
geology of tne area (Fig 6) The surficial geology borings and the
vertical geologic cross-section at the base of the study area
indicate shallow water table and bedrocic and a nearly constant
saturated thickness (18) Boring logs at the W well ana a point
approximately 150 feet south of it indicate glacial outwasn material
which is primarily sana with a trace of gravel over bedrock at a
depth of approximately 33 feet Borings at the east landfill area N
and S monitoring wells indicate the same aquifer material
(Appendix B)
The ground-water map developed by Hahn is taken as
representative of conditions existing prior to the excavation of the
I l andfill (18) This indicates water-table contour lines that run in i
a general northeasterly direction This means tnat flow was
originally in a southeasterly direction However contamination of
domestic supply wells on the west side of Rose Hill Road has
occurred (Fig 3) strongly suggesting that the original flow pattern
has been altered by the excavation to the west of Rose Hill Road and
the landfill to the east of it Domestic supply wells were formerly
located directly to the west of Rose Hill Road but were aoandoned
when they became contaminated from landfill leachate New wells
were located to the south and west away from the contaminant plume
of tne landfill In addition a well located at the northeastern
corner of the landfill was contaminated and a replacement located to
the east of Us former location on tne opposite side of the central
12
Legend scale 124000
mdash-40 mdashground-water contour elevation
Fig 5 Ground-Water Map
13
Legend feet
TILL
Fig 6 Geology Background Map
14
stream This second wel 1 also became contaminated Domestic supply
wells located near tne northwestern corner of tne landfill and
approximately 300 feet south of it nave remained uncontaminated
These well locations serve as an indication of tne extent of the
landfill contamination which is largely dependent on the groundwater
flow patterns To furtner investigate this problem and provide
substantial information on which to base the geohydrologic analysis
field studies of the area were conducted
15
Field Studies ana Procedures
A map of the lanafill and an aerial pnotograph of the area were
obtained A tracing of these maps superimposed upon another
delineates stream landfill and monitor well locations (Fig 2)
The field investigation concentrated on the west landfill area ana
its aajoining streams ana monitor wells The east landfill area and
the three monitor wells in that area are induced in the latter
phase of the study in oraer to expand the model area
A traverse which establishea tne monitor well elevations was run
using a Carl Zeiss level These were originally sitea in by the
town of South Kingstown using a local USGS reference datum number 40
(18) The wells of known elevations then served as benchmarks for
referencing adjacent stream elevations This in combination with
the depth to water table measurements at each well enables tne
water-table surface geometry of the area to oe visualized
Water-table measurements of the west landfills wells were recordea
over a ten month period to record fluctuations (Fig 7 Table 1)
The east landfill areas wells were monitored for a five month
period Using a given water-table condition a ground-water map was
developea of the area (Fig 4) This indicates an outflow from
the landfill primarily in a southeasterly direction and partially
in a southwesterly direction
Additional bedrock and water-table information was ootainea by a
seismic refraction survey at several locations along the landfill
perimeter A Bison Model lb70C Signal Enhancement Seismograpn was
used to maxe the surveys Lines were run (to a length of kOO feet)
16
17
w s p bdquo S bdquo s S S a laquolaquo _
s 2 8
V
r bdquo
3 s a
-R s
S
S 3
t
raquobullraquo
S
5
K
r
~
3
K
pound
7
S
bdquo3
C 5 S
shy raquo S s
1 3 s 3 2 5 ^ bull
5 m
s o
^ 3
raquo
--
R bull 5
s pound J O s
5 a 3 7 3 m
5 s a ^
iraquo a s rlaquo
M ^
^ c o 2 5 s 3 a S R
rd 3 y a O =J
^ bdquo
JJ s s 3 bull ~ I
~ s 5 3 a s a
(Ogt (U
2
-t =
r s s in
5 y
a s
5
3
s
5 a
^ a
3 a 51 a bullbull
sj 5 Ml
3 a bull
s raquo
a
0)
0
^ mdash
a j -
-3
C
g S
S
bull a
-
~ 3 o
2 s s 3 a bdquo s s $ Al s
(1) = $ s 3
S
c a a
3 e 5 s N s S a - 3 = s s a 5
a s s - 3 S shy
4
0
a s
bdquo tfH
bdquo
3 a
bdquo
s a
e bullfl s i s s a s a
3 nt
s s 3
g laquo s3 a
~ J s 2 a s o s S s 3 a a j laquo s o s
3 bull laquobull
2 a 7 3 a 3 a ^2
s mdash 5i o
bull bull
mdash
3 o
ss a
fc mdash
3 1-sect m ishy n
18
in both directions to provide a check and permit accurate estimates
of the depth to bedrockThe seismic results allow approximate
interpretations of the depth to the water table and bedrocK thus
permitting an estimation of the saturated thickness Ground
elevations at the location of the seismic surveys were determined
from a topographical map and field siting From this information
water table ana bedrock elevations estimates were made Bedrock
contours are listed in Fig 8 In addition a table which
summarizes the seismic refraction results for the unsaturated
saturated and bedrock layers velocities and depths at each survey
location is presented in Table 2
Scream gauging stations were established on the two streams
bordering the west landfill (Fig 9) Three stations were placed on
the central stream These provide information on the influent or
effluent condition of ground-water flow in the upper sections of the
stream and ground-water baseflow from an area adjacent to the
landfill into the stream (Table 3)
The stream gauging stations used were 90deg V-notch weirs The
weirs located in the SE and SW positions were placed in the
streamoea with a liner of plastic upstream to minimize underflow
The weirs located in the NW and E positions were cut to fit in
recesses of concrete culvert pipes Concrete plywooa interfaces
were coated with roofing cement to minimize bypass flow Upstream
water pressure and a snug fit hold the plywood sections in place
All weirs were implaceo according to AigtTM reouirements and flowrates
calculated using the standard 90deg V-notch formula (3)
19
N
seepage West observat ion Landfill hole
Area
Legend landfill limit excavat ion limit
copyWNWNEECSESC monitoring well locations
= = = unimproved road -- WNES-number
seismic refraction locations
-40shy approximate bedrock contpur elevation
feet
Fig8 Seismte Survey Location
20
c ^-^ c4j ^laquoc in -=r 3shyjj bull pn f- 4-gt bull in in OjJ bull bull a jo bull bull O JJ
co CM o on on CO CM CTNVO VO co CM o on on Q gt_x rH oj on a oj on a - rH oner
rmdash on sr i i
M z Z
gt gt gt
X-N CO laquomdashv CO CO bull igt gt bull
1 gt fc^gtgt bullbull ^ ^ ^
C 4-gt O t igt O J- 4J O H m o o o 3 bullH CO O rH in 3 bullH co vo o in 3 ~ 1 i-k -i ^trade fj rj ui ij o CO o n o rH =r co o n vo vo vo co o bullv O O O
O raquo On-3 rH O -bull- rH ON in _ IH in oj - rH bull rH VO OrH bull rH On ON pH d)u CO -UCO 4J OJ CO 4-gt gt
C mdashbull gt CM gt CM H-l O CO
v- ^^ N C 0
bull0 N CO
4-5 -0 _c^gt in in CO CO
C x~ c -^ t-oo in i 4J j_gt 41 4J bull 9 bull bull 4J bull
o j ON O O 3 (0 O4J O ON ON QJJ t~-^3- OJ 4-gt L
CO CM trade CO CM rH rH OJ co CM oj on Q ^ _ CO 3~Q-- n 45 Q mdash OJ OJ OJ C (0
1 11 3 nZ 2CO
gti gt gt CO CO CO ^-x m -s CO
rH rH ^ ro^^ bull gt bull ^ igt gt bullgt gtgt bull r O -Q 4Ji JJ O 5- JJ O pound- ^ O 4) oj o on (0 CO
3 bullH CJ O O in 3 bullH CO Cmdash VO on 3 pound-laquo H CO o n in inco co o n ma- r co g^ 5sect^ o
o rH on oj O bull- rH ONCO L O_ rH OJ VO M
rH bull rH =t rH bull - OJ T CO CO M CO 4-gt rH CO -U rH CO 4-) s
uits
CO 4-gt 4-5 T3 gt CM gt CM gt CM cc CO CO CO
3 3gt oa tlp^ CO O CM O gt 4J O 40 i 3 r+ k C pound JS
CO pound
^^ s -bullgt cmdash on poundZ VO CTI trx 4J 4J 4J
) bull bull bull Q Q Q Q4J 3shyc O-JJ CTgt OJ OJ Q-IJ inco on CO CO CO o co CM oj on co CM oj on co CM on
Q Q QON^ Q bullH Q^
rH rH 4J rH
O bullraquo L Z bull CO CO CO
i gtgt rH oj on gt tgtshyCM ^ cO^-s CO ~ CO
CO CO J X fc^_ bull^gt bullgtgt bull gt gtgt bull gt CO
j_ jJ O pound- Jj -P O Li deg =fObullH co on f- ^ 3bullH CO CO O in 3bullH CO
g^ -^2
poundsect HO
eis
mic
3 CO in in in in in in co o n co o n
o -^ r oj in O rHCO CO rH bullrH bull rH =T OrH bull rH OJ f-CO 4J bull- CO 4J rH O0) J-)
gt CM gt CM gt CM 4J
CO N_^ m^
bull OJ
t t poundshyCO CO CO CO rH J3 gt r-t oj on gt r-i oj on gt gt r n o j o n
Time months Flg11 Flucuatlon In Specific Conductance in Wells
26
Table 4 Specific Conductances in Wells (pmhoscm at 25degC)
West East Landfill Landfill
Date NW NE EG SE W SC N E S
81581 851 938 236 2356
102981 171 3268
11381 3268
111081 304 988 1100 258 3800
111481 426 2736 1216 186 4560
111781 304 3610 433 389 4560
121981 380 1406 129 103 380
1982 160 152
31582 274 760 1064 61 334 8000+ 182 53 84
52182 450 1500 1125 112 712 8000+ 175 255 150
52282 425 1320 1200 110 850 180 320 170
27
O
ct c r i c o o o o o c M o m o in CO CM unp^
3bull t- fmdash o^ co tmdash vo co in co cmdash co in a
bull bull1 1-1 trade4 rH rH^ CO 4)2
~ plusmn4J o O CM ^_
o n CO vO J oraquo 0C0M
cu rH rH rH rH rHin tmdash
3 iCM 4J
^j CO CO
E O0 ltU -H n o c E
See
pag
se
rva
t
rH O in 0 0 O O 0
O o x rH Cmdash
0 0n
cu rH mdash O tmdash X o o o o c o o o o r H r H i n o i n i n o O
bull L in oo co oo oo o cy cr o rH CM o cr ONc fcJ bullH on en m m rn c^n rH rH rH0 pound CO 3 CO
t CM0gt s o o o in rA n ^o oo in tmdash oo 0gt zr =r a- JT JT$_
T)C CO
~ E CO ^ _bdquo ltu CO g r H r n c n i n o o r H r H
vgtO ^D O ^^ ^O CO ^^ ^^ JJ 2 4) rH rHCO t
c CO
CO c 9) rH 0
CO -^ C c CO ltuo famp O trade t iH
0
bullo co n ^
oS
o ^^ bullH m
i co rn O CQ O1 CO CO 4) c2Q 3
CO
mdash^ bull cmdash CMin 1 gt rH vO vO O CTgt CO
s CTgt CO OO Ogt Craquo- tmdash cu O CO rH z 0
bull_bulllaquo
H bull L o in r in o oo in 3 rfy ff^ tir f^ CO C^~
4)bull
Z 3
^ ^ ^ ^ H r H r H r H r H rH r H C O r H C O a O C O a O a O C O C O r H i H r H CO OO - gt 0 0 ^ - gt ^ raquo - ^ ^ 1 - gt ~ gt - C O C O O O
U ^ raquo ^ - ~ raquo O ^ ^ O t ~ C O r H - r r ^ - ^ ^ JJ r H C M v O r H r H r H r H r H C M C M r H i n c r gt rH CO CM gt laquolaquo - - -^ bullmdash mdash bullraquoraquobullgt -v -v ^^
~ v O r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H lt M C M C M CM O O r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H rH
Vvraquolaquo IJ1^ raquo CP O 3L 1 Z - i bull j-t-J
1 J
LH Vb T n 0
1 gt fl oo O ~l 2 L - bull 1 P )laquo jn iP IP - OOI L5L mdash shy
-t 84 ^(^^ ^fi P i flja 0 JO II 10 tl tcgt 7 J IV wllaquo
h l2L bull 0 lt -_ shy
-id VJ lt 3C 2 ft OOL -mdash
U 71 C1 Sr 2 13 2 nl JLJraquopound HP r M ltf1- (
IMe 2 ii O It
n jlt dl 1 1 bull o o-il ST i 1 i 25 2-x-1
-
ri
i tlL O mdash gtbull bullgtlt 1ft -o- is Oil So iJK 2-io otv u 31 fil loi 2 il Oll it Of wr is i1raquo -iZ 1 deg|0 01
M IT So - mdash
- 13 1 CT mdash i - mdash 21
shy
Tl Ci av ZUll IMT 0 IM Pe v _ 1) T) S) ii3( dlt Ii 2 lt^2 II li- S1 riivi To 7HX lt3lO 14 ^2- iTi I li 011 -- - -i -^IS no 5^ or i | T Jift laquoV OoH bullla It Va iCO mdash L OIL 11 bullvf poundgtpound lS_ flv oh P-lfe 1 poif _ shy11 IB kl (4 itlaquoT lamp llt0 oot^
mdash -n
It T1 |ir( L1 HI 2 0 oil
U 1M ft go C ICf^ -^2 Z laquo-|o
11 it 5 bulln - TO o abull Li u-i IT1 -- Iw O ltM (I bullbull bdquo-I(K 1mdash -tilltLlA ttfe
i Dgt ac -- U 44 4 11 1 1- ytd i i_i J-K 0 i if -i i i V t Wl raquoOHM 1-1 US D C P A R T M f N T OF COMMfRCE t 4 1 IUII 1 1 ^~) mdash
llaquo- Hi NC bull bullh bull bullJL^V HBl CO 00
11
)jLsVyr^gturv
^ | TKu
|-_t_ bull(
IIMgt I I Mt|UU III- II 11
PNECIPITATIOH
I 1 1 IMX
IMO
bull llfclaquo I UCIUKI) Ur C V A r U M A AHO CLIMATOUOCICAL OBitH
E V A F O R A T I C r i Jttffl laquo amp hMIlaquoJllaquoJIIlaquoBgt
DATE AOOITIOMAL DAIAKMAKk M
bullraquobullmdashlaquo
tp 01 (1 Of Ll OOI ooo
0^1 o-i 10 tl |00 102
OC (1 13 Ofl
it i rc DS os an
(1 SV o
Ul 010
(ISl 101 I on
130
II 5= Otl
ss lt 001 (IK Ml
jt il HIT
7 it
ow Wo 17 Top 2-01 OIO
(0 oov zi oot
u CO ^A 0 to Zoi CLflS
bull50 01 ljtj
nshy 5H LO OIt
50121 IVO QJO
14 Co Ho LO Hl ^pound Jl 1
ltM ool fllc
H Tl 01 II
11 11 Q1
iH OIO
HO 2 llaquol 11 II
lifc
IV-IIM ul OIPAITHINT or COHMIICC NOAA
NAtlOHAL gtIATnlaquoll raquotraquoVlClaquo CD
r~
All TCUMMATUNI ^V UII rgt ITmi 1 Cwphu Obic i gtn t ngir-H 30
rilCiriTATIOH
JJ T I rTJ-rimdashr-iramj|MP CLmATOLOQ
laquolaquo jftilCiii bullIHO
Oi1l ADOITIOHAL DAIAlllu
Ilf4ft
Sii1
(1 2 IO OO
Hl ii SO
us OIM
Q^L
a A3 Hi SZ Sf^ bull 12J2
HI Z-SF OOl 1C t HM IA H ICP fiJA
OOl 10 (310 sn 310
if HI (0 ^01
bullit SO 28H poundJ1 11 006
14 35 TX oon II (bull2 it zr II c-S
rr Zll lo 31 OP an 31 a 31 oor
CSW O-ll Si CC Of 011
Oll _ I |ft
00
u i oerraquolaquoTMiMr of c NOAA
NATIONAL K C A T N C M SCMVlCC
TC^S lk)oiVroTJA
TETT I 7X
1raquolaquolaquo 4 bdquo ir lt er ni I^OV ltqgl j--^ TQ
MICiriTAllOH ITIND
D|mdash
b5NO ctiUATOtoiCAL oeit^
OATI AOOITIOMAL OATAVlHAtt
0-tt
Mlaquoh bullbullbull- rshy laquo
I- ltltriu HI I 4 bulllaquobullbull1
Zii
30 Dfellt otvt
at HA
OOI
62
iJ_S2 HI if
bull- 20 SI 2i So
So
VVfr
OSfc
I (
Jtlt
3aoi
r j -bull ie MA
Irill iiol
in^ 14
Mo
Zll
214
21 1P
00-i
bulliron
17
bullr
11 i ir- I J Ktf^c
US D E P A R T M E N T OF COuMEDCC I | C gt A A
K AIlaquo Ttupf lATuit r
|SlVi AlJ PIICIPITATION
oJud (El
VIM i Uraquo
MIND E
EVAPORATIOH flnrft bull A ftufiifccdll
KECORO OF eVAPllHAtlil bull I CLIHATOLOOCAL OBSERVA ^Hij
14 MM A_M AOOIIIONAL DATA11 MAIM
Mr bullH Oo|
M Si lift
bull221 IHI
ZS Ji 40 IZV
icr KS I
HZ 111
bullT 21
loA UK JA IP
v^ ft
1M 2Sshy IT Tl
71 V |
i I 31 1deg a
uty^ U bull3
ons 1 CiO TxX
HHO (10
3H 19 12 10 IP
raquo3H raquo | 5t io
OP OIT
14
vO UI Of PANTMINI Or COMMCRCf MM O A A
F ngt TIHH
iiicffwiffc 4 rJ (TIM bull Cempltit Obitittiio
AIlaquo TIMHIATUM PHICinTATION I V A f OK ATlPrl
OATI ADDITIONAL DATA KMAlIt
U4laquo4 +
03H Ji
10
rc a 1 16 oi ii
tiiy 10
OI
II i23 or o 13 -y~ou HO
II 3V III i 3 t
V laquop oot
OM1 SS ne
T an -i IP
Olt zr LTV
3T 001
a -11 2T
10 an 31
-1 raquo 131 UP 3H lf 14 Lpoundshy
it 14 30
IS
Ui O I P A K T M f H T OP COWlf ICfM O A A
NATJONAI V C A T M C n f t K M V l C K
bullbullbullbullbullshy -2 o AIlaquo TIMMRATUM f fKICIPITATIOH
OATI poundt- MMINMAL DATAk
ZP 51 lo icr
011 111
OoT IHf
Ut 003 am
3o 13 ao
4A X 05shy
H4 i IjJyiV131 ooc js
IH oi 01 tL 18 13 a
No 11-7
rivgtp OO| M Hi 03 01
It 12
bull I 41 bull7119 14 ^^ raquo 31 15 lampk n M ho i
Jo -j-
-J
I
Ml H^ I _
amp2ampUi^= LS 0 S 0-f bullTTT
-Vmdash gt U_ bull 1 rOHM I- 11 OI OCPARTMlNT OF COMM(NCC
HO NATIONAL W f A T M f H ftfraquoVlCI
98
Appendix B
Boring Logs
99
X iHECT 1 ff 2
OAT American Drilling amp Bor ini I Co Inc
wo WATH smn EAST PR ov IDENC E ft 1 Town of South Kingstown South K ngstown R I MOLENO X-J
TC 100 RCSS bull ujrMonitorinq Well Installation | South Kinqjtown R I UNC a STA Pf KXICCTHJ LOC ATK3N
bull cfrserrr TO above S MPLES S FNTTO _ _ |laquolaquor A-109 SURF ELEV RE PORTSEr
GROUND WATER O6SE RVATC MS 1 CDREraquolaquo m-T nn75 laquo A 256 - 20 mdash Hew y
Instolled 32ofT-l2 PV C - JO- COMPUTE 111275 K toia 3- I-WI 1-38 TOTAL MRS bdquo10 screen BORING FCACUAM J K lanq MAI rraquo HomnwWI 300 140 IampPCCrc Mamlaquor Fall 24 30 lampaaiona SOLS ENGR
LOCATION OF BORING H ONITOKING WELL
Coung Samplt Tjp Blow per 6 Manure SOU IDENTIFICATION Strata SAMPLE ^^^yV Bloot
foot
Otptni
From- To
el
l
on Sampler
0-6 1 -6-13 12-18
Dentity or
Conmt j
Chang Remark include colo^ graaation Type of tod lie Rao-coMr type condition nordshynetiDntotf time leamt and tie No Pen Rtlt
2 No top sample 5 12
1 loamy fine sand
bull)^ 40 30 36
5- 616 0 23 20 16
noist iense
Brown fine to coarse SAND some fine to coarse gravel Trace silt
^
1 18 18
36 8-0shy57 40 30 V 35
|0-||-6 D 14 24 20 Srown medium to coarse SAND Some fine gravel cobbles
7 IRshy 16
27 75 37 3
IS- I- D 5 14 16 3bull
ISshy 15
42 50 I9--0shy50 65 20-2ll-6 D 9 23 26 bull Jrown fine to coarse SAND Tbullwshy 1Z 75 90
22-0 Trace silt trace fine gravel
124 120 74 60 52 41
7S-ltlaquoil-A DX 71 16 13 wet very dense
Gray-brown fine to coarse SANC Some fine to coarse gravel little silt
H IR u
40 30--0
3C-30-IO
3l4-334
334-3314
38 4-434
D
c
C
C
7 IflO
94 6
we tr j
y se
ft irox
30MOshy
31 -4shy
Gray-brown fine to coarse SAND Trace silt
Gray-brown fine SAND some lilt trace fine gravel
Too of Rock 31 -4shy
Gray-pink GRANITE
6 7
amp
CJ
IltJ A
60
601
IQ mdash
2(
4
5 i Hard
ft 5ome seams bull
GROUND SURFACE TO J 4 U3CD_ ^JVrf bullbull( tutu t to 4o 4 SampM Type Proportion UMd MOB Wtx 3 OfaM on 2OD Sampler SUMMARY-
OOry CCartd WltWen4 Hoc OlolO Canmonieraquoi Don any CoKeem CarMWncy Earm Barrlaquoj 11 14
UPgtUnOigtturod Piuon trite (Oto20dego 0-Kgt Loei it 0-4 Sait 3O+Hofd Rock Corng 14 Kgt-30 laquo4 0 rte 4-8 MSHM Samplet TPTtitPit Ai Auger Vvanefett tarn 2Olo39 3O-M Owlt n laquo-lS Strlf rinit nn v 1
UTiUndlshffbed ThrMOll and bull 33to9O 5O Very 0laquo nraquoe 19-30 V-3trraquof - | OLE NO X-l
TOVH rim - iA it raquotoraquo
100
SHEET 2 o_L
WO WATEt STUET [AST ft OVIDENC pound a i American Drilling amp Bor ing Co Inc
MCLl WQ X- 1 Tt AOORCSS i
LIME A STA KXICCTMJ tuf same as 1 | tame as i LOCATION
W PORTSEf mo OB nj urt eflaquo T
illtPLES S
P
CVTTO nlaquo mun orv
^s f^ Tin i GRCVMO WATER OBSERVATONS CASING SAMPLER CORE BAR
START Typi COMPUTE tome at 1 same aiH
TOTAL MRS BORIMG FOR CMAN n bull IT INSPECTOR SOILS EMM
LOCATION OF BORING u HfVJTneTfi UFI _
8
Counf Blo-t
foot
Dtpllo
From To
0( on SampMr
0-6 f 6-IZ
Moittir
Oonuty or
Contilt
Strata Ctnngc
SOIL OCNTiriCATION Rtmorkt ineHifl cotot grqdotion Typlaquo of Mil etc Roo-axtrPlaquo condition Mrdshynlaquot Drog tun ttomt end tic
TPlaquoTraquojraquoPit AAugtr ViVon mini tamt 20to39 UTtundiifir6d TrwMOtf and JSloSO 50-raquobull Vary 0nlaquo [HOLE NO x-2 B-3O V-3Mf lev rim - IAIT raquosectlaquoraquo
102
300 iu 24
1 UMnii ffi 140 laquo 30
CA1INC tf
gt taWCTf
bull 0gtlaquo i R Cook Jr_ R Millineton1 Wttn
I~
1 VAMtl CtMG
1 W HO-t MO
1 Oraquo 1 laquo0~ twt
L 1 laquo-raquo VfcM^lf [wlaquoraquoCI ^ ^ K3Ot III laquo
0-LS D
5-65 D
LlQ 10-115 D
15-16 Tgt
Lraquo 70-51 n
25-26 D
F
I O-O Ci
A Allstate Drill ins Co vi o i
PROVIDING R 1bull raquoraquo uvraquonn~ N M O M I T O P I N G HE1 _^lt -^ PI-Traquo UJU
CUM Town of South Kineraquotown raquoraquo 1 1TA maoer Propolaquolaquod Sit for Slude Disposal nltn
laquo V-449 iampAAtut i a 138 ort STI bull r 42777 CtOuMO IKVtllON
Cill bdquo 258 DA II MN ru 42777 rilaquolaquodO laquoraquoTti rum 1911
AU1TATI
MMUI1 raquolaquogtlaquolaquo laquoKiO itXHHKraquoriOi of sous MUAHI nMTKlion Ot CMlaquoMC|kOraquort tl CO~VH DXltgt raquomlaquo laquotf IMi COIOI C4l II I 1raquo gtlaquo^ Oraquo 1Ol rC t Xgttgt VtfKOe Craquo Mi 1 ft liMraquoK laquo0^tlaquot nfgt
1-2-1 10 TOP SOIL FINE LIGHT BROWN SAND traclaquo of ilt
16-31-17
22-24-21 100 FINE TO MEDIUM LIGHT GRAY SAND trace of fine gravlaquol and raquopoundLt
lfl-37-34 150 LIGHT BROWN FINE TO MEDIUM SAND little poundinlaquo gravel
21-17-15 200 MEDIUM TO COARSE SAND bullomc fine gravel
12-4-10
265
Observation well installed
NOTE No casing blows taktn
bullbull B-23 ow
^w^ 265 I raquo bull raquolaquo bull I W
11 laquot gtbullraquo Vlaquo 14 W gt_ c-shyji bull alaquo bull jraquo VI laquoHshyw bullbull m raquobullbull D-6 raquo Mshy
bull bull laquo Vshy
1
bull bull
I
103
MAMMII Allstate Drilling Co ulaquorr 1 or 1 FftOVIOCKZ H L traquolS mTArm^S MONITOR NR WEL
VNO wr3JJO__raquoraquou_24__ HCU MO P-74 n iu riBwi Town of Slt7H^ Xirpin
mdash^ laquo0J P 1 1 bull ^n^ciit^o TVlaquow^laquott1 bullraquoit wt 140 nu 30 olaquor fBu lkv Waste Disposal Arcai
MUTAH a V-449 R Cook Jr UMlaquoiigti D 1 38 0t| raquoIJ raquo 5277 rlaquo SUMO luvlaquorv-laquow
mdash 5277 fipe -raquoT pfpm 150
H MCIO IMNTlXAflON Of SOU t(kAIlaquoS rrn 0-laquoraquo
5 -SF 01 w in laquobull -raquo ^ lit
D 1-2-2 TOP SOIL V-1-oraquo
15 IPbull FINE TO MEDIUM LIGHT GRAY SAND AND GRAVEL
5-65 D 37-27-35 some silt
10-11 D 20-14-18
15-165 D i 17-14-14 155
BROWN COARSE TO MEDIUM SAND little fine to coarse gravel trace of silt
20-211 D 4-4-2
230 GRAY BROWN VERY FINE SAND
25-26J D 7-8-9 AND SILT 265 fvarvedl
Observation well installed
NOTE No casing blows taken
wta 10 n uuraquo c^imdashbull IgtM laquolaquobull- B-24 ow ~ 14 ltfc laquoraquobull vlaquo^ M laquobull r O 0 fmtt bull W-L 26 5
-0- CgtCmdashgt bull laquolaquobull mdash laquo 1 - raquoraquo 1 gt 1laquo bull 1 gtraquor to bull mdashbull bull bull bulllaquo I t l~laquo 1lt Uraquo mdashbull ) bull 1 gtbull ft 0~ H laquoy bullM ta bull -IN la laquobull OPUM bull($ IMI
mdash H raquo laquo-bull
104
Appendix C
Calibration of Specific Conductance Meters
105
Specific conductance measurements were made using a beckman RB
338 temperature compensating meter and a YSI rtooel 33 salinity
conductivity temperature meter The YSI meter is not
temperature correcting A formula to compensate for temperature
differences to standardize YSI measurements was used (21)
A long probe for the Beckman meter was used to measure conductivity
in the wells Differences in conductivity between the YSI ana
Beckman meters and the Beckman short and long probes exist These
were calibrated in the laboratory using 001 N and 01 N KC1
solutions Values presented are Beckman short probe values The
Beckman long probe values were reduced by 76 and tne YSI values
were multiplied by 11 to adjust to Beckman short probe values The
YSI meter was used in the latter phases of the study for the
stream contamination due to the greater accuracy of the dial readout
scale
Table 7 Specific Conductance Meter Calibration Table
Concentration (KCL) 0001N 001N
Specific Beckman short 145 143 143 1247 1245 12GO
Conductances Beckman long 190 191 188 1639 1650 1665
umhocm 9 25 C YSI 132 131 128 1131 1140 1150
average values Beckman shortBeckman long = 075
Beckman shortYSI = 11
106
Appendix D
Computer program Flow Chart
107
F1g 33 Computer Program Flow Chart-
1TpoundR MAP TCO
NEWPER
WEWSTP CZAX
HEWIT TRANS TCOF ROW COLUMN
Yes
Yes
108 The following is a description of the USGS two-dimensional computer
program Iterative Digital Model for Aquifer Evaluation updated
December 1972 by P C Trescott The program written in Fortran
consists of a MAIN program and six subprograms or subroutines which
themselves are organized into subprogram sections The subroutines and
their sections are listed below
MAIN Program
DATAIN (subroutine) COEF ITER (section) CLAY MAP TRANS NEWPER TCOF
The program begins in the MAIN program which controls the sequence
of passage to the subroutines Sequential steps are described in the
program as shown in the flow chart of Fig 32 Emphasis is placed on the
steady state confined aquifer case as applied in this study First data
input is read in the DATAIN subroutine This data includes transmissivities
or permeabilities starting heads storage coefficients and grid spacings
Nodal transmissivity values are then computed for the water-table problem
in the TRANS section (COEF subroutine) This procedure is necessary here
because the subsequent routine for computing iteration parameters (ITER)
keys on nodal transmissivity values which would not have been input to
the water-table problem In the water-table option these would have been
109
computed from given bedrock and water-table elevations to obtain the
saturated thickness component of the transmissivity calculation In this
study water-table option was not used and the transmissivity values were
input directly The program then passes to the ITER section (DATAIN
subroutine) to compute the iteration parameters which expediate or even
cause convergence Next the MAP section (DATAIN subroutine) is utilized
to initialize data for an alphanumeric map if this was requested in the
input options Transmissivities are then computed for the confined
(artesian) aquifer case (water table not specified with input options)
in the TCOF section (COEF subroutine) These coefficients are harmonic
mean values of adjacent nodal transmissivities weighted by grid sizes
Time parameters and pumping data for a new pumping period are then read
in the NEWPER section (DATAIN subroutine) followed by entry into the
NEWSTP section (COMPUT subroutine) which calculates the size of the
time step Leakage coefficients (hydraulic conductivity of the confining
bed divided by confining bed thickness) are next computed in the CLAY
section (COEF subroutine) if leakage was specified in the input data
which was used in this study
A new iteration is then initiated in sections NEWITO (COMPUT
subroutine) NEWITO saves the current head values and compares them to
the updated head values for determining closure This is followed by
nodal transmissivity values being computed for the water table or water-
table artesian conversion problem Transmissivity coefficients are then
computed for the water-table problem in TCOF (COEF subroutine) Total
head values are then computed with the alternating direction implicit
procedure using the Thomas algorithim first along rows in the ROW section
110 and then along columns in the COLUMN section both in the COMPUT subroutine
Then if a solution is not obtained (because the error criteria for
closure is not satisfied) the MAIN program branches back to NEWIT1 subshy
sequent sections TRANS TCOF ROW and COLUMN repeatedly until a
solution at the particular time step is achieved NEWIT1 increments the
iteration counter and is immediately followed by NEWITO The program then
moves to the STEADY section of the COMPUT subroutine to check if the
closure criteria for steady state has been satisfied Output is then
printed in the OUTPUT section of COMPUT if steady state has been reached
or if the particular time step is designated for output
The program then branches back to NEWSTP (COMPUT subroutine) and
moves through the subsequent routines until the last time step in the
pumping period is reached Output is then promoted in the DRY section
of COMPUT if specified in input data If the last pumping period in
the problem has not been reached the program branches back to the
NEWPER section and moves again through subsequent sections otherwise
the program will terminate or start a new problem if one follows
This study was simulated as a steady state problem which can be
simulated by setting the storage coefficient of the aquifer and the
specific storage of the confining bed to zero and using one time step
of any length
111
Appendix E
Computer Data Sheets
RGSEA
10 ROSE HILL LANDFILL MODEL 20 30 40 LEAKAGE 50 60 70 CHECK 80 90 100 HEAD 110 120 1 23 IQ 100 5 001 37E-OU 0 130 100 001 0 0 1 4 0 - 1 - 1 1 - 1 - 1 i i i i i i 1
ISO 1 10 0 1547E-05 01 10 1 1 160 04642 200 200 1 1 i it
1 Agpar MA and 0 Langmuir Ground-Water Pollution Potential of a Landfill Above tne Water Table Groundwater V 9 No 6 1971 pp 76-96
2 Allen William B Hahn GW and RA Brackley Availability of Ground Water Upper Pawcatuck River Basin Rhode Island USGS US Government Printing-office GS 66-624 19bb
3 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Part 31 Open Channel Flow Measurement of Water and Waste Water by Weirs D 2034-68 1975
4 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Part 19 Infiltration Rate of Soils in Field Using Double-Ring Infiltrameters D 3385-75 1975
5 Baeaecner MJ and W BacK Hyarogeological Processes and Chemical Reactions of a Landfill Ground Water V 17 no 5 1979 pp 429-437
6 Beck WW Dunn AL and Grover H Emrich Leachate Quality Improvements After Top Sealing1 8th SHwRD MERL Symposium 1982
7 Beckman WK Transient Modeling For Estimating Sustained Aauifer Yield master thesis presented to the University of Rhode Island Kingston RI 1978
8 Bhattacharya PK and HP Patra Direct Current Geoelectric Sounding Elsevier Publishing Co New York 1968 135 p
9 Bouwer H Ground Water Hydrology McGraw-Hill Book Co New Yoric 1978 p 378
10 Braids 0 Cocozza pound Fenn D Isbister J Rous P and B Yarc Procedures Manual for Ground Water Monitoring at Solid Waste Disposal Facilities Environmental Protection Agency530SW-611 Cincinnati Ohio 1977
11 Cartwright K and MR McComas Geophysical Surveys in the Vicinity of Sanitary Landfills in Northeastern Illinois Groundwater V 6 no 5 1968 pp 23-30
12 Cartwright K and Fd Sherman Jr Electrical Earth Resistivity Surveying in Landfill Investigations Reprinted from Proceedings of ohe lOtn Annual Engineering and Soils Engineering Symposium Moscow Idaho 1972
122 13 Clark TP Survey of Ground-Water Protection Methods for
Illinois Landfills Groundwater V 13 no 4 1975 pp 321-331
14 Dunne T and LB Leapold Water in Environmental Planning WH Freeman and Company San Francisco 1978
16 Fenn DG Hanley KJ and TV Degeare Use of the Water Balance Method for Predicting Leachate Generation From Solia Waste Disposal Sites US Environmental Protection Agency530SW-lfa8 Cincinnati Ohio 1975
17 Geisser 0 An Electric Analog and Digital Computer Model of the Chipuxet Ground Water^ Aquifer Kingston Rhode Island master thesis presented to the University of Rhode Island Kingston RI 1975
18 Hahn GW Groundwater Map of the Narragansett Pier Quadrangle Rhode Island Rhode Island Water Resources Coordinating Board GWM 5 1959
19 Hemsley William T Koster C Wallace Remedial Technique of Controlling and Treating Low Volume Leachate Discharge USEPA National Conference on Management of Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites Oct 1980
20 Hughes GM RA Landon and RN Farvolden Hydrogeology of Solid Waste Disposal Sites in Northeastern Illinois Final Report to US Environmental Protection Agency PUD SW-l^d Cincinnati Ohio 1971
21 Keller GV and FC Frischknecht Electrical Methods in Geophysical Prospecting Pergamon Press New YorK NY 19bb
22 Kelly WE West Kingston Landfill An Evaluation of Its Effect on Ground-Water Quality Rnoae Island Water Resources Board Water Information Series Report 1975
23 Kelly WE Geoelectric Sounding for Delineating Ground-Water Contamination Groundwater V 14 No 1 1976 pp fa-10
24 Kelly WE Ground-Water Pollution Near a Landfill ASCE Environmental Engineering Division Journal V 10 No EE6 Dec 19b pp nay-nyy
25 Kelly WE personal communication January 1982
123
26 Kelly WE and OW Urish A Study of the Effects of Salt Storage Practices on Surface ana Ground Water Quality in Rhode Island NTIS FHWA-RI-RD-8001 1981 54 p
27 Kimmel GE and OC Braids Leachate Plumes in a Highly Permeable Aauifer Groundwater y 12 no 6 1974 pp 388-393
28 Klefstaa G Senalein LVA ana RC Palmauist Limitations of the Electrical Resistivity Method in Landfill Investigations Groundwater V 13 No 5 1975 pp 418-427
29 Landon RA Application of Hydrogeology to the Selection of Refuse Disposal Sites Groundwater V 7 no b 19b9 pp 9-13
30 Lang SM Bierschenk WH ana WB Allen 1960 Hyaraulic Characteristics of Glacial Outwash in Rhode Island Rhode Islana Water Resources Coordinating Board Bulletin No 3
31 LeGrand HE Patterns of Contaminated Zones of Water in the Ground Water Resources Research v 1 No 1 1965
32 Palmauist R and L Sendlein The Configuration of Contamination Enclaves from Refuse Disposal Sites on Floodplains Grouna Water v 13 no 2 1975 pp 167-181
33 Pinder GF A Digital Model for Aauifer Evaluation Techniaues of Water Resources Investigations of the US Geological Survey Bk 7 Cl 1970
34 Purushattam D Tamxe GR and CM Stoffel Leachate Production at Sanitary Landfill Sites ASCE Environmental Engineering Division Journal V 103 no EE 6 Dec1977 pp 981-988
35 Remson I Fungaroli AA ana AW Lawrence Water Movement in an Unsaturated Sanitary Landfill ASCE Sanitary Engineering Division Journal v 94 no SA2 April1968 pp 307-316
36 Rosenshien JS Gouthier JB and WB Allen Hydrologic Characteristics and Sustained Yield of Principal Ground-Water Units Potowamut-Wickford Area Rhoae Island USGS US Government Printing Office GS 67-324 1968
37 Roux PH and B Vincent Electrical Resistivity Evaluations At Solid Waste Disposal Facilities US Environmental Protection Agency SW-729 Cincinnati Ohio 1978
124
38 Salvato JA Wi lk ie WG and BE Mead Sanitary Landfill Leaching Prevention and Control Water Pollution Control Federation Journal v 43 no 10 Oct 1971 pp 2084-2100
39 Sawyer CN and PL McCarty Chemistry for Environmental Engineering McGraw Hill 1978
40 Stellar RL and P Roux Earth Resist ivi ty Surveys - A Method for Defining Ground-Water Contamination Ground Water v 13 no 2 1975 pp 145-150
41 Todd OK Ground Water Hydrology John Wi ley and Sons Inc New York 1959
42 Tolman AL Ballestero AP Beck WW and GH Emrich Guidance Mannual For Minimizing Pollution From Waste Disposal Sites US Environmental Protection Agency-500SW-677 Cincinnati Ohio 1978
43 Trescott PC Iterative Digital Model for Aauifer Evaluation US Geological Survey Open file report 1972
44 University of Rhode Island Academic Computer Center CalComp Contouring Manual
45 Warner DL Preliminary Field Studies Using Earth Resistivity Measurements for Delineating Zones of Contaminated Ground Water Groundwater v 7 1969 pp 9-16
46 White EF A Report to the Town of S Kingstown Utility Survey Engineering Corp 1967
47 Zohdy AAR A Computer Program for the Calculation of Schlumberger Sounding Curves Over Horizontally Layered Media Using the Method of Convolution US Geological Survey Denver
48 Zohdy AAR Eaton GP and DR Mabey Application of Surface Geophysics to Ground-Water Investigations Technidues of Water-Resources Investigations of the US Geological Survey Book 2 Chapter 01 Washington US Government Printing Office 2401-02543 1974
VI 1
25 Infiltrometer Location and Drainage Feature 57
26 Results of Infiltrometer Tests 59
27 Schlumberger Sounding R-l 71
28 Schlumberger Sounding R-2 72
29 No Recharge over Lanafill 77
30 SI urry Wall 80
31 Slurry Wall without Recnarge Over It or Landfill 81
32 Precipitation Record 87
33 Computer Program Flow Chart 107
Introduction
Ground-water contamination of aauifers from municipal landfills
is a widespread problem Contamination of domestic supply wells and
neighboring streams has occured at the South Kingstown municipal
landfill which is located adjacent to Rose H i l l Road approximately
one mile nortn of Peace Dale Rhode Island (Fig 12) The polluted
neighboring wells have been relocated to their present locations to
remove them from tne leacnate plume (Fig 3) Fig 4 inaicates flow
patterns from the landfill which has contaminated streams to the
east and southwest of it The generation of leachate continues as
precipitation recharge and upgradient ground-water sources
infiltrate the refuse To effectively prevent or minimize
contamination from this landfill several remedial options are
available These w i l l be evaluated relative to the areas geologic
setting and hydraulic properties ground-water flow patterns
recharge characteristics and proximity to supply sources
The rate of ground-water flow out of the landfill into the
adjacent aauifer and flow patterns largely depend on tne hydraulic
gradient of the water table and the hydraulic conductivity of the
landfill and aduifer material The hydraulic gradients were
determined by monitoring water-table fluctuations in several wells
located around the landfill and elevation siting in stream
locations and elevations This information enabled a ground-water
map of the area to be developed from where flow patterns can be
developed assuming flow lines are orthogonal to contour lines The
ground-water map in combination with Knowing aquifer and landfill
0gt -^^ o a5 raquobull bullo o sect 3 mdash laquoo o wcz _
3Ogt c $c o_ X
aw e 05 0 (0 3 bullo
o a 2 2 u
hydraulic properties and the subsurface geometry enable estimates of
ground-water outflow to be made Streamflow measurements were used
to verify these outflows Contamination levels using specific
conductance measurements as an indicator were measured in wells
streams and observation holes to help delineate the extent ana
degree of contamination An electrical resistivity sounding was
conducted in a known contamination zone
The primary objective of tnis study is to determine flow
patterns in the vicinity of the landfill ana recommend possible
actions to contain or minimize the impact of the contamination In
oraer to fully evaluate these goals the aforementioned parameters
were input to a computer model to produce simulated flow patterns
under different conditions The simulated present conditions were
matched with field water table and stream flow measurements to
calibrate the model A series of simulations were then run to
evaluate flow conditions before the excavations anaor landfill
existed Remedial measures such as reducing recharge to the
landfill and implementing a slurry wall to blocx off leachate flow
to endangered wells were simulated to evaluate their effectiveness
Based on this analysis recommendations are made as to how to
minimize leachate production ano best alleviate the immediate danger
of the contaminant plume spreading to unpolluted domestic supply
wells
background
The South Kingstown landfill is in a geologic setting that is
very similiar to the nearby West Kingston landfill This is located
about 3 miles west of the South Kingstown landfill and has been
studied to assess leachate effects on groundwater quality using
specific conductance as an indicator of contamination levels
(222ltt) Both sites were located in abandoned gravel Quarries which
were filled in with refuse to create the landfill
In the literature numerous authors have shown that the character
of contaminant plumes from landfills are largely dependent on the
local geology and geohydrology A study on Long Island (27) in
similiar glacial material illustrates that the Quantity of flow is
dependent on the hydraulic conductivity of tne aauifer the
hydraulic gradient and the vertical cross-sectional area of the
aauifer it flows through This is expressed as Darcys Law (41)
Q = KIA
wnere Q = flow quantity
I = hydraulic gradient
K = hydraulic conductivity of the aauifer
A = vertical cross sectional area of the flow area
Specific conductance was used as a contaminant tracer to show that
the plume from the landfill flowed downgradient and vertically
through the full thickness of the aauifer A study in Iowa (32)
indicates that the size ana shape of the contamination outflow from
a l a n d f i l l can be predicted from existing geohydrologic conditions
and that the horizontal shape of the outflow extends downgradient
8
from the source and parallel to ground-water flow lines Other
parameters which control the extent of the contaminant plume are
dilution and dispersion in the aquifer and the adsorption properties
of the aauifer material (31)
The amount of leachate generated depends largely on the amount
of water that infiltrates through the landfill to increase tne water
content of the refuse in the landfill The precipitation recharge
that percolates down through the unsaturated zone to the water table
moves in a vertical direction (35) Surface runoff soil moisture
storage losses and evapotranspiration account for tne precipitation
that is not transmitted tnrough the unsaturated zone of aeration
(3315) Upon reaching the saturated zone the water enters the
ground-water flow system Ground-water mounding has been reported
in landfills due to the decreased hydraulic conductivity of
compacted refuse relative to surrounding aauifer material (20)
Chemical processes within the landfill leachate outflow and
surrounding soil cation exchange capacity relative to water duality
of the surrounding aduifer have been studied in Pennsylvania (1) anu
in Delaware (5) A procedures manual for ground-water monitoring at
solid waste disposal facilities was developed by the US
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (9)
Several reports have been written that investigate site
selection design criteria and remedial measures to correct
leachate problems (29) A survey of ground-water protection methods
for landfills in Illinois studies relationships to the water table
theory of liner installation and monitoring devices (13) Sanitary
Landfi11-Leaching Prevention and Control presents a review of
preventative methods such as means to minimize infiltration
interception of ground-water and other pollution control measures
(2 37) A study in Pennsylvania on actual measures implemented to
collect and treat a landfills leachate discharge presents a site
specific study (19) Leachate Quality Improvements After Top
Sealing1 shows that by minimizing infiltration at a landfill in
Connecticut the outflow leachate water quality can be improved
dramatically and contamination plume reduced significantly (6) The
most comprehensive reports on remedial approaches to upgrading waste
disposal sites and ground-water protection methods have been
compiled under USEPA contract (1542)
To assist in evaluating remedial measures the US Geological
Survey (USGS) computer model Iterative Digital Model for Aduifer
Evaluation was used It was originally developed as a model for
simulating two-dimensional aauifer problems (33) It had been
updated since its original development to accomodate different
options (43) This model has been applied to glacial outwash
regions in Rhode Island (717)
10
Description of Study Area
A map of tne landfill area (Fig Z) was obtained from tne town
of South Kingstown The excavation to the west of Rose Hill Roaa
the landfill area directly to the east and the presently operating
area to the east of the central stream comprise tne overall study
area This study will concentrate on the west landfill area whicn
has recently reached capacity and been closed to further dumping
This site received mixed refuse for the past 15 years The depth of
the excavation where the landfill presently exists was approximately
to bedrock in some places Tne exact depths of landfill material is
unknown
The landfill cover has been graded and sloped generally eastward
to convey surface runoff to the eastern side A sandy soil that was
excavated locally was used as tne cover material The northern
section has a vegetation cover and the recently filled southern
section has been seeded and mulched The six monitoring wells W
NW NE EC SE SC were placed by the town of South Kingstown to
provide water quality information
Referring to Fig 2 the west excavation stream drains the area
created by the excavation to the west of Rose Hill Road and flows
throughout the year The central stream drains a small watershed
area which lies to the northwest of the landfill and drys up during
part of the year These streams flow into the Saugatucket River
which flows throughout the year and is larger than the west and
central streams combined
11
The USGS Groundwater Map (18) was initially consulted to proviae
information on the ground-water flow patterns (Fig 5) and the
geology of tne area (Fig 6) The surficial geology borings and the
vertical geologic cross-section at the base of the study area
indicate shallow water table and bedrocic and a nearly constant
saturated thickness (18) Boring logs at the W well ana a point
approximately 150 feet south of it indicate glacial outwasn material
which is primarily sana with a trace of gravel over bedrock at a
depth of approximately 33 feet Borings at the east landfill area N
and S monitoring wells indicate the same aquifer material
(Appendix B)
The ground-water map developed by Hahn is taken as
representative of conditions existing prior to the excavation of the
I l andfill (18) This indicates water-table contour lines that run in i
a general northeasterly direction This means tnat flow was
originally in a southeasterly direction However contamination of
domestic supply wells on the west side of Rose Hill Road has
occurred (Fig 3) strongly suggesting that the original flow pattern
has been altered by the excavation to the west of Rose Hill Road and
the landfill to the east of it Domestic supply wells were formerly
located directly to the west of Rose Hill Road but were aoandoned
when they became contaminated from landfill leachate New wells
were located to the south and west away from the contaminant plume
of tne landfill In addition a well located at the northeastern
corner of the landfill was contaminated and a replacement located to
the east of Us former location on tne opposite side of the central
12
Legend scale 124000
mdash-40 mdashground-water contour elevation
Fig 5 Ground-Water Map
13
Legend feet
TILL
Fig 6 Geology Background Map
14
stream This second wel 1 also became contaminated Domestic supply
wells located near tne northwestern corner of tne landfill and
approximately 300 feet south of it nave remained uncontaminated
These well locations serve as an indication of tne extent of the
landfill contamination which is largely dependent on the groundwater
flow patterns To furtner investigate this problem and provide
substantial information on which to base the geohydrologic analysis
field studies of the area were conducted
15
Field Studies ana Procedures
A map of the lanafill and an aerial pnotograph of the area were
obtained A tracing of these maps superimposed upon another
delineates stream landfill and monitor well locations (Fig 2)
The field investigation concentrated on the west landfill area ana
its aajoining streams ana monitor wells The east landfill area and
the three monitor wells in that area are induced in the latter
phase of the study in oraer to expand the model area
A traverse which establishea tne monitor well elevations was run
using a Carl Zeiss level These were originally sitea in by the
town of South Kingstown using a local USGS reference datum number 40
(18) The wells of known elevations then served as benchmarks for
referencing adjacent stream elevations This in combination with
the depth to water table measurements at each well enables tne
water-table surface geometry of the area to oe visualized
Water-table measurements of the west landfills wells were recordea
over a ten month period to record fluctuations (Fig 7 Table 1)
The east landfill areas wells were monitored for a five month
period Using a given water-table condition a ground-water map was
developea of the area (Fig 4) This indicates an outflow from
the landfill primarily in a southeasterly direction and partially
in a southwesterly direction
Additional bedrock and water-table information was ootainea by a
seismic refraction survey at several locations along the landfill
perimeter A Bison Model lb70C Signal Enhancement Seismograpn was
used to maxe the surveys Lines were run (to a length of kOO feet)
16
17
w s p bdquo S bdquo s S S a laquolaquo _
s 2 8
V
r bdquo
3 s a
-R s
S
S 3
t
raquobullraquo
S
5
K
r
~
3
K
pound
7
S
bdquo3
C 5 S
shy raquo S s
1 3 s 3 2 5 ^ bull
5 m
s o
^ 3
raquo
--
R bull 5
s pound J O s
5 a 3 7 3 m
5 s a ^
iraquo a s rlaquo
M ^
^ c o 2 5 s 3 a S R
rd 3 y a O =J
^ bdquo
JJ s s 3 bull ~ I
~ s 5 3 a s a
(Ogt (U
2
-t =
r s s in
5 y
a s
5
3
s
5 a
^ a
3 a 51 a bullbull
sj 5 Ml
3 a bull
s raquo
a
0)
0
^ mdash
a j -
-3
C
g S
S
bull a
-
~ 3 o
2 s s 3 a bdquo s s $ Al s
(1) = $ s 3
S
c a a
3 e 5 s N s S a - 3 = s s a 5
a s s - 3 S shy
4
0
a s
bdquo tfH
bdquo
3 a
bdquo
s a
e bullfl s i s s a s a
3 nt
s s 3
g laquo s3 a
~ J s 2 a s o s S s 3 a a j laquo s o s
3 bull laquobull
2 a 7 3 a 3 a ^2
s mdash 5i o
bull bull
mdash
3 o
ss a
fc mdash
3 1-sect m ishy n
18
in both directions to provide a check and permit accurate estimates
of the depth to bedrockThe seismic results allow approximate
interpretations of the depth to the water table and bedrocK thus
permitting an estimation of the saturated thickness Ground
elevations at the location of the seismic surveys were determined
from a topographical map and field siting From this information
water table ana bedrock elevations estimates were made Bedrock
contours are listed in Fig 8 In addition a table which
summarizes the seismic refraction results for the unsaturated
saturated and bedrock layers velocities and depths at each survey
location is presented in Table 2
Scream gauging stations were established on the two streams
bordering the west landfill (Fig 9) Three stations were placed on
the central stream These provide information on the influent or
effluent condition of ground-water flow in the upper sections of the
stream and ground-water baseflow from an area adjacent to the
landfill into the stream (Table 3)
The stream gauging stations used were 90deg V-notch weirs The
weirs located in the SE and SW positions were placed in the
streamoea with a liner of plastic upstream to minimize underflow
The weirs located in the NW and E positions were cut to fit in
recesses of concrete culvert pipes Concrete plywooa interfaces
were coated with roofing cement to minimize bypass flow Upstream
water pressure and a snug fit hold the plywood sections in place
All weirs were implaceo according to AigtTM reouirements and flowrates
calculated using the standard 90deg V-notch formula (3)
19
N
seepage West observat ion Landfill hole
Area
Legend landfill limit excavat ion limit
copyWNWNEECSESC monitoring well locations
= = = unimproved road -- WNES-number
seismic refraction locations
-40shy approximate bedrock contpur elevation
feet
Fig8 Seismte Survey Location
20
c ^-^ c4j ^laquoc in -=r 3shyjj bull pn f- 4-gt bull in in OjJ bull bull a jo bull bull O JJ
co CM o on on CO CM CTNVO VO co CM o on on Q gt_x rH oj on a oj on a - rH oner
rmdash on sr i i
M z Z
gt gt gt
X-N CO laquomdashv CO CO bull igt gt bull
1 gt fc^gtgt bullbull ^ ^ ^
C 4-gt O t igt O J- 4J O H m o o o 3 bullH CO O rH in 3 bullH co vo o in 3 ~ 1 i-k -i ^trade fj rj ui ij o CO o n o rH =r co o n vo vo vo co o bullv O O O
O raquo On-3 rH O -bull- rH ON in _ IH in oj - rH bull rH VO OrH bull rH On ON pH d)u CO -UCO 4J OJ CO 4-gt gt
C mdashbull gt CM gt CM H-l O CO
v- ^^ N C 0
bull0 N CO
4-5 -0 _c^gt in in CO CO
C x~ c -^ t-oo in i 4J j_gt 41 4J bull 9 bull bull 4J bull
o j ON O O 3 (0 O4J O ON ON QJJ t~-^3- OJ 4-gt L
CO CM trade CO CM rH rH OJ co CM oj on Q ^ _ CO 3~Q-- n 45 Q mdash OJ OJ OJ C (0
1 11 3 nZ 2CO
gti gt gt CO CO CO ^-x m -s CO
rH rH ^ ro^^ bull gt bull ^ igt gt bullgt gtgt bull r O -Q 4Ji JJ O 5- JJ O pound- ^ O 4) oj o on (0 CO
3 bullH CJ O O in 3 bullH CO Cmdash VO on 3 pound-laquo H CO o n in inco co o n ma- r co g^ 5sect^ o
o rH on oj O bull- rH ONCO L O_ rH OJ VO M
rH bull rH =t rH bull - OJ T CO CO M CO 4-gt rH CO -U rH CO 4-) s
uits
CO 4-gt 4-5 T3 gt CM gt CM gt CM cc CO CO CO
3 3gt oa tlp^ CO O CM O gt 4J O 40 i 3 r+ k C pound JS
CO pound
^^ s -bullgt cmdash on poundZ VO CTI trx 4J 4J 4J
) bull bull bull Q Q Q Q4J 3shyc O-JJ CTgt OJ OJ Q-IJ inco on CO CO CO o co CM oj on co CM oj on co CM on
Q Q QON^ Q bullH Q^
rH rH 4J rH
O bullraquo L Z bull CO CO CO
i gtgt rH oj on gt tgtshyCM ^ cO^-s CO ~ CO
CO CO J X fc^_ bull^gt bullgtgt bull gt gtgt bull gt CO
j_ jJ O pound- Jj -P O Li deg =fObullH co on f- ^ 3bullH CO CO O in 3bullH CO
g^ -^2
poundsect HO
eis
mic
3 CO in in in in in in co o n co o n
o -^ r oj in O rHCO CO rH bullrH bull rH =T OrH bull rH OJ f-CO 4J bull- CO 4J rH O0) J-)
gt CM gt CM gt CM 4J
CO N_^ m^
bull OJ
t t poundshyCO CO CO CO rH J3 gt r-t oj on gt r-i oj on gt gt r n o j o n
Time months Flg11 Flucuatlon In Specific Conductance in Wells
26
Table 4 Specific Conductances in Wells (pmhoscm at 25degC)
West East Landfill Landfill
Date NW NE EG SE W SC N E S
81581 851 938 236 2356
102981 171 3268
11381 3268
111081 304 988 1100 258 3800
111481 426 2736 1216 186 4560
111781 304 3610 433 389 4560
121981 380 1406 129 103 380
1982 160 152
31582 274 760 1064 61 334 8000+ 182 53 84
52182 450 1500 1125 112 712 8000+ 175 255 150
52282 425 1320 1200 110 850 180 320 170
27
O
ct c r i c o o o o o c M o m o in CO CM unp^
3bull t- fmdash o^ co tmdash vo co in co cmdash co in a
bull bull1 1-1 trade4 rH rH^ CO 4)2
~ plusmn4J o O CM ^_
o n CO vO J oraquo 0C0M
cu rH rH rH rH rHin tmdash
3 iCM 4J
^j CO CO
E O0 ltU -H n o c E
See
pag
se
rva
t
rH O in 0 0 O O 0
O o x rH Cmdash
0 0n
cu rH mdash O tmdash X o o o o c o o o o r H r H i n o i n i n o O
bull L in oo co oo oo o cy cr o rH CM o cr ONc fcJ bullH on en m m rn c^n rH rH rH0 pound CO 3 CO
t CM0gt s o o o in rA n ^o oo in tmdash oo 0gt zr =r a- JT JT$_
T)C CO
~ E CO ^ _bdquo ltu CO g r H r n c n i n o o r H r H
vgtO ^D O ^^ ^O CO ^^ ^^ JJ 2 4) rH rHCO t
c CO
CO c 9) rH 0
CO -^ C c CO ltuo famp O trade t iH
0
bullo co n ^
oS
o ^^ bullH m
i co rn O CQ O1 CO CO 4) c2Q 3
CO
mdash^ bull cmdash CMin 1 gt rH vO vO O CTgt CO
s CTgt CO OO Ogt Craquo- tmdash cu O CO rH z 0
bull_bulllaquo
H bull L o in r in o oo in 3 rfy ff^ tir f^ CO C^~
4)bull
Z 3
^ ^ ^ ^ H r H r H r H r H rH r H C O r H C O a O C O a O a O C O C O r H i H r H CO OO - gt 0 0 ^ - gt ^ raquo - ^ ^ 1 - gt ~ gt - C O C O O O
U ^ raquo ^ - ~ raquo O ^ ^ O t ~ C O r H - r r ^ - ^ ^ JJ r H C M v O r H r H r H r H r H C M C M r H i n c r gt rH CO CM gt laquolaquo - - -^ bullmdash mdash bullraquoraquobullgt -v -v ^^
~ v O r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H lt M C M C M CM O O r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H rH
Vvraquolaquo IJ1^ raquo CP O 3L 1 Z - i bull j-t-J
1 J
LH Vb T n 0
1 gt fl oo O ~l 2 L - bull 1 P )laquo jn iP IP - OOI L5L mdash shy
-t 84 ^(^^ ^fi P i flja 0 JO II 10 tl tcgt 7 J IV wllaquo
h l2L bull 0 lt -_ shy
-id VJ lt 3C 2 ft OOL -mdash
U 71 C1 Sr 2 13 2 nl JLJraquopound HP r M ltf1- (
IMe 2 ii O It
n jlt dl 1 1 bull o o-il ST i 1 i 25 2-x-1
-
ri
i tlL O mdash gtbull bullgtlt 1ft -o- is Oil So iJK 2-io otv u 31 fil loi 2 il Oll it Of wr is i1raquo -iZ 1 deg|0 01
M IT So - mdash
- 13 1 CT mdash i - mdash 21
shy
Tl Ci av ZUll IMT 0 IM Pe v _ 1) T) S) ii3( dlt Ii 2 lt^2 II li- S1 riivi To 7HX lt3lO 14 ^2- iTi I li 011 -- - -i -^IS no 5^ or i | T Jift laquoV OoH bullla It Va iCO mdash L OIL 11 bullvf poundgtpound lS_ flv oh P-lfe 1 poif _ shy11 IB kl (4 itlaquoT lamp llt0 oot^
mdash -n
It T1 |ir( L1 HI 2 0 oil
U 1M ft go C ICf^ -^2 Z laquo-|o
11 it 5 bulln - TO o abull Li u-i IT1 -- Iw O ltM (I bullbull bdquo-I(K 1mdash -tilltLlA ttfe
i Dgt ac -- U 44 4 11 1 1- ytd i i_i J-K 0 i if -i i i V t Wl raquoOHM 1-1 US D C P A R T M f N T OF COMMfRCE t 4 1 IUII 1 1 ^~) mdash
llaquo- Hi NC bull bullh bull bullJL^V HBl CO 00
11
)jLsVyr^gturv
^ | TKu
|-_t_ bull(
IIMgt I I Mt|UU III- II 11
PNECIPITATIOH
I 1 1 IMX
IMO
bull llfclaquo I UCIUKI) Ur C V A r U M A AHO CLIMATOUOCICAL OBitH
E V A F O R A T I C r i Jttffl laquo amp hMIlaquoJllaquoJIIlaquoBgt
DATE AOOITIOMAL DAIAKMAKk M
bullraquobullmdashlaquo
tp 01 (1 Of Ll OOI ooo
0^1 o-i 10 tl |00 102
OC (1 13 Ofl
it i rc DS os an
(1 SV o
Ul 010
(ISl 101 I on
130
II 5= Otl
ss lt 001 (IK Ml
jt il HIT
7 it
ow Wo 17 Top 2-01 OIO
(0 oov zi oot
u CO ^A 0 to Zoi CLflS
bull50 01 ljtj
nshy 5H LO OIt
50121 IVO QJO
14 Co Ho LO Hl ^pound Jl 1
ltM ool fllc
H Tl 01 II
11 11 Q1
iH OIO
HO 2 llaquol 11 II
lifc
IV-IIM ul OIPAITHINT or COHMIICC NOAA
NAtlOHAL gtIATnlaquoll raquotraquoVlClaquo CD
r~
All TCUMMATUNI ^V UII rgt ITmi 1 Cwphu Obic i gtn t ngir-H 30
rilCiriTATIOH
JJ T I rTJ-rimdashr-iramj|MP CLmATOLOQ
laquolaquo jftilCiii bullIHO
Oi1l ADOITIOHAL DAIAlllu
Ilf4ft
Sii1
(1 2 IO OO
Hl ii SO
us OIM
Q^L
a A3 Hi SZ Sf^ bull 12J2
HI Z-SF OOl 1C t HM IA H ICP fiJA
OOl 10 (310 sn 310
if HI (0 ^01
bullit SO 28H poundJ1 11 006
14 35 TX oon II (bull2 it zr II c-S
rr Zll lo 31 OP an 31 a 31 oor
CSW O-ll Si CC Of 011
Oll _ I |ft
00
u i oerraquolaquoTMiMr of c NOAA
NATIONAL K C A T N C M SCMVlCC
TC^S lk)oiVroTJA
TETT I 7X
1raquolaquolaquo 4 bdquo ir lt er ni I^OV ltqgl j--^ TQ
MICiriTAllOH ITIND
D|mdash
b5NO ctiUATOtoiCAL oeit^
OATI AOOITIOMAL OATAVlHAtt
0-tt
Mlaquoh bullbullbull- rshy laquo
I- ltltriu HI I 4 bulllaquobullbull1
Zii
30 Dfellt otvt
at HA
OOI
62
iJ_S2 HI if
bull- 20 SI 2i So
So
VVfr
OSfc
I (
Jtlt
3aoi
r j -bull ie MA
Irill iiol
in^ 14
Mo
Zll
214
21 1P
00-i
bulliron
17
bullr
11 i ir- I J Ktf^c
US D E P A R T M E N T OF COuMEDCC I | C gt A A
K AIlaquo Ttupf lATuit r
|SlVi AlJ PIICIPITATION
oJud (El
VIM i Uraquo
MIND E
EVAPORATIOH flnrft bull A ftufiifccdll
KECORO OF eVAPllHAtlil bull I CLIHATOLOOCAL OBSERVA ^Hij
14 MM A_M AOOIIIONAL DATA11 MAIM
Mr bullH Oo|
M Si lift
bull221 IHI
ZS Ji 40 IZV
icr KS I
HZ 111
bullT 21
loA UK JA IP
v^ ft
1M 2Sshy IT Tl
71 V |
i I 31 1deg a
uty^ U bull3
ons 1 CiO TxX
HHO (10
3H 19 12 10 IP
raquo3H raquo | 5t io
OP OIT
14
vO UI Of PANTMINI Or COMMCRCf MM O A A
F ngt TIHH
iiicffwiffc 4 rJ (TIM bull Cempltit Obitittiio
AIlaquo TIMHIATUM PHICinTATION I V A f OK ATlPrl
OATI ADDITIONAL DATA KMAlIt
U4laquo4 +
03H Ji
10
rc a 1 16 oi ii
tiiy 10
OI
II i23 or o 13 -y~ou HO
II 3V III i 3 t
V laquop oot
OM1 SS ne
T an -i IP
Olt zr LTV
3T 001
a -11 2T
10 an 31
-1 raquo 131 UP 3H lf 14 Lpoundshy
it 14 30
IS
Ui O I P A K T M f H T OP COWlf ICfM O A A
NATJONAI V C A T M C n f t K M V l C K
bullbullbullbullbullshy -2 o AIlaquo TIMMRATUM f fKICIPITATIOH
OATI poundt- MMINMAL DATAk
ZP 51 lo icr
011 111
OoT IHf
Ut 003 am
3o 13 ao
4A X 05shy
H4 i IjJyiV131 ooc js
IH oi 01 tL 18 13 a
No 11-7
rivgtp OO| M Hi 03 01
It 12
bull I 41 bull7119 14 ^^ raquo 31 15 lampk n M ho i
Jo -j-
-J
I
Ml H^ I _
amp2ampUi^= LS 0 S 0-f bullTTT
-Vmdash gt U_ bull 1 rOHM I- 11 OI OCPARTMlNT OF COMM(NCC
HO NATIONAL W f A T M f H ftfraquoVlCI
98
Appendix B
Boring Logs
99
X iHECT 1 ff 2
OAT American Drilling amp Bor ini I Co Inc
wo WATH smn EAST PR ov IDENC E ft 1 Town of South Kingstown South K ngstown R I MOLENO X-J
TC 100 RCSS bull ujrMonitorinq Well Installation | South Kinqjtown R I UNC a STA Pf KXICCTHJ LOC ATK3N
bull cfrserrr TO above S MPLES S FNTTO _ _ |laquolaquor A-109 SURF ELEV RE PORTSEr
GROUND WATER O6SE RVATC MS 1 CDREraquolaquo m-T nn75 laquo A 256 - 20 mdash Hew y
Instolled 32ofT-l2 PV C - JO- COMPUTE 111275 K toia 3- I-WI 1-38 TOTAL MRS bdquo10 screen BORING FCACUAM J K lanq MAI rraquo HomnwWI 300 140 IampPCCrc Mamlaquor Fall 24 30 lampaaiona SOLS ENGR
LOCATION OF BORING H ONITOKING WELL
Coung Samplt Tjp Blow per 6 Manure SOU IDENTIFICATION Strata SAMPLE ^^^yV Bloot
foot
Otptni
From- To
el
l
on Sampler
0-6 1 -6-13 12-18
Dentity or
Conmt j
Chang Remark include colo^ graaation Type of tod lie Rao-coMr type condition nordshynetiDntotf time leamt and tie No Pen Rtlt
2 No top sample 5 12
1 loamy fine sand
bull)^ 40 30 36
5- 616 0 23 20 16
noist iense
Brown fine to coarse SAND some fine to coarse gravel Trace silt
^
1 18 18
36 8-0shy57 40 30 V 35
|0-||-6 D 14 24 20 Srown medium to coarse SAND Some fine gravel cobbles
7 IRshy 16
27 75 37 3
IS- I- D 5 14 16 3bull
ISshy 15
42 50 I9--0shy50 65 20-2ll-6 D 9 23 26 bull Jrown fine to coarse SAND Tbullwshy 1Z 75 90
22-0 Trace silt trace fine gravel
124 120 74 60 52 41
7S-ltlaquoil-A DX 71 16 13 wet very dense
Gray-brown fine to coarse SANC Some fine to coarse gravel little silt
H IR u
40 30--0
3C-30-IO
3l4-334
334-3314
38 4-434
D
c
C
C
7 IflO
94 6
we tr j
y se
ft irox
30MOshy
31 -4shy
Gray-brown fine to coarse SAND Trace silt
Gray-brown fine SAND some lilt trace fine gravel
Too of Rock 31 -4shy
Gray-pink GRANITE
6 7
amp
CJ
IltJ A
60
601
IQ mdash
2(
4
5 i Hard
ft 5ome seams bull
GROUND SURFACE TO J 4 U3CD_ ^JVrf bullbull( tutu t to 4o 4 SampM Type Proportion UMd MOB Wtx 3 OfaM on 2OD Sampler SUMMARY-
OOry CCartd WltWen4 Hoc OlolO Canmonieraquoi Don any CoKeem CarMWncy Earm Barrlaquoj 11 14
UPgtUnOigtturod Piuon trite (Oto20dego 0-Kgt Loei it 0-4 Sait 3O+Hofd Rock Corng 14 Kgt-30 laquo4 0 rte 4-8 MSHM Samplet TPTtitPit Ai Auger Vvanefett tarn 2Olo39 3O-M Owlt n laquo-lS Strlf rinit nn v 1
UTiUndlshffbed ThrMOll and bull 33to9O 5O Very 0laquo nraquoe 19-30 V-3trraquof - | OLE NO X-l
TOVH rim - iA it raquotoraquo
100
SHEET 2 o_L
WO WATEt STUET [AST ft OVIDENC pound a i American Drilling amp Bor ing Co Inc
MCLl WQ X- 1 Tt AOORCSS i
LIME A STA KXICCTMJ tuf same as 1 | tame as i LOCATION
W PORTSEf mo OB nj urt eflaquo T
illtPLES S
P
CVTTO nlaquo mun orv
^s f^ Tin i GRCVMO WATER OBSERVATONS CASING SAMPLER CORE BAR
START Typi COMPUTE tome at 1 same aiH
TOTAL MRS BORIMG FOR CMAN n bull IT INSPECTOR SOILS EMM
LOCATION OF BORING u HfVJTneTfi UFI _
8
Counf Blo-t
foot
Dtpllo
From To
0( on SampMr
0-6 f 6-IZ
Moittir
Oonuty or
Contilt
Strata Ctnngc
SOIL OCNTiriCATION Rtmorkt ineHifl cotot grqdotion Typlaquo of Mil etc Roo-axtrPlaquo condition Mrdshynlaquot Drog tun ttomt end tic
TPlaquoTraquojraquoPit AAugtr ViVon mini tamt 20to39 UTtundiifir6d TrwMOtf and JSloSO 50-raquobull Vary 0nlaquo [HOLE NO x-2 B-3O V-3Mf lev rim - IAIT raquosectlaquoraquo
102
300 iu 24
1 UMnii ffi 140 laquo 30
CA1INC tf
gt taWCTf
bull 0gtlaquo i R Cook Jr_ R Millineton1 Wttn
I~
1 VAMtl CtMG
1 W HO-t MO
1 Oraquo 1 laquo0~ twt
L 1 laquo-raquo VfcM^lf [wlaquoraquoCI ^ ^ K3Ot III laquo
0-LS D
5-65 D
LlQ 10-115 D
15-16 Tgt
Lraquo 70-51 n
25-26 D
F
I O-O Ci
A Allstate Drill ins Co vi o i
PROVIDING R 1bull raquoraquo uvraquonn~ N M O M I T O P I N G HE1 _^lt -^ PI-Traquo UJU
CUM Town of South Kineraquotown raquoraquo 1 1TA maoer Propolaquolaquod Sit for Slude Disposal nltn
laquo V-449 iampAAtut i a 138 ort STI bull r 42777 CtOuMO IKVtllON
Cill bdquo 258 DA II MN ru 42777 rilaquolaquodO laquoraquoTti rum 1911
AU1TATI
MMUI1 raquolaquogtlaquolaquo laquoKiO itXHHKraquoriOi of sous MUAHI nMTKlion Ot CMlaquoMC|kOraquort tl CO~VH DXltgt raquomlaquo laquotf IMi COIOI C4l II I 1raquo gtlaquo^ Oraquo 1Ol rC t Xgttgt VtfKOe Craquo Mi 1 ft liMraquoK laquo0^tlaquot nfgt
1-2-1 10 TOP SOIL FINE LIGHT BROWN SAND traclaquo of ilt
16-31-17
22-24-21 100 FINE TO MEDIUM LIGHT GRAY SAND trace of fine gravlaquol and raquopoundLt
lfl-37-34 150 LIGHT BROWN FINE TO MEDIUM SAND little poundinlaquo gravel
21-17-15 200 MEDIUM TO COARSE SAND bullomc fine gravel
12-4-10
265
Observation well installed
NOTE No casing blows taktn
bullbull B-23 ow
^w^ 265 I raquo bull raquolaquo bull I W
11 laquot gtbullraquo Vlaquo 14 W gt_ c-shyji bull alaquo bull jraquo VI laquoHshyw bullbull m raquobullbull D-6 raquo Mshy
bull bull laquo Vshy
1
bull bull
I
103
MAMMII Allstate Drilling Co ulaquorr 1 or 1 FftOVIOCKZ H L traquolS mTArm^S MONITOR NR WEL
VNO wr3JJO__raquoraquou_24__ HCU MO P-74 n iu riBwi Town of Slt7H^ Xirpin
mdash^ laquo0J P 1 1 bull ^n^ciit^o TVlaquow^laquott1 bullraquoit wt 140 nu 30 olaquor fBu lkv Waste Disposal Arcai
MUTAH a V-449 R Cook Jr UMlaquoiigti D 1 38 0t| raquoIJ raquo 5277 rlaquo SUMO luvlaquorv-laquow
mdash 5277 fipe -raquoT pfpm 150
H MCIO IMNTlXAflON Of SOU t(kAIlaquoS rrn 0-laquoraquo
5 -SF 01 w in laquobull -raquo ^ lit
D 1-2-2 TOP SOIL V-1-oraquo
15 IPbull FINE TO MEDIUM LIGHT GRAY SAND AND GRAVEL
5-65 D 37-27-35 some silt
10-11 D 20-14-18
15-165 D i 17-14-14 155
BROWN COARSE TO MEDIUM SAND little fine to coarse gravel trace of silt
20-211 D 4-4-2
230 GRAY BROWN VERY FINE SAND
25-26J D 7-8-9 AND SILT 265 fvarvedl
Observation well installed
NOTE No casing blows taken
wta 10 n uuraquo c^imdashbull IgtM laquolaquobull- B-24 ow ~ 14 ltfc laquoraquobull vlaquo^ M laquobull r O 0 fmtt bull W-L 26 5
-0- CgtCmdashgt bull laquolaquobull mdash laquo 1 - raquoraquo 1 gt 1laquo bull 1 gtraquor to bull mdashbull bull bull bulllaquo I t l~laquo 1lt Uraquo mdashbull ) bull 1 gtbull ft 0~ H laquoy bullM ta bull -IN la laquobull OPUM bull($ IMI
mdash H raquo laquo-bull
104
Appendix C
Calibration of Specific Conductance Meters
105
Specific conductance measurements were made using a beckman RB
338 temperature compensating meter and a YSI rtooel 33 salinity
conductivity temperature meter The YSI meter is not
temperature correcting A formula to compensate for temperature
differences to standardize YSI measurements was used (21)
A long probe for the Beckman meter was used to measure conductivity
in the wells Differences in conductivity between the YSI ana
Beckman meters and the Beckman short and long probes exist These
were calibrated in the laboratory using 001 N and 01 N KC1
solutions Values presented are Beckman short probe values The
Beckman long probe values were reduced by 76 and tne YSI values
were multiplied by 11 to adjust to Beckman short probe values The
YSI meter was used in the latter phases of the study for the
stream contamination due to the greater accuracy of the dial readout
scale
Table 7 Specific Conductance Meter Calibration Table
Concentration (KCL) 0001N 001N
Specific Beckman short 145 143 143 1247 1245 12GO
Conductances Beckman long 190 191 188 1639 1650 1665
umhocm 9 25 C YSI 132 131 128 1131 1140 1150
average values Beckman shortBeckman long = 075
Beckman shortYSI = 11
106
Appendix D
Computer program Flow Chart
107
F1g 33 Computer Program Flow Chart-
1TpoundR MAP TCO
NEWPER
WEWSTP CZAX
HEWIT TRANS TCOF ROW COLUMN
Yes
Yes
108 The following is a description of the USGS two-dimensional computer
program Iterative Digital Model for Aquifer Evaluation updated
December 1972 by P C Trescott The program written in Fortran
consists of a MAIN program and six subprograms or subroutines which
themselves are organized into subprogram sections The subroutines and
their sections are listed below
MAIN Program
DATAIN (subroutine) COEF ITER (section) CLAY MAP TRANS NEWPER TCOF
The program begins in the MAIN program which controls the sequence
of passage to the subroutines Sequential steps are described in the
program as shown in the flow chart of Fig 32 Emphasis is placed on the
steady state confined aquifer case as applied in this study First data
input is read in the DATAIN subroutine This data includes transmissivities
or permeabilities starting heads storage coefficients and grid spacings
Nodal transmissivity values are then computed for the water-table problem
in the TRANS section (COEF subroutine) This procedure is necessary here
because the subsequent routine for computing iteration parameters (ITER)
keys on nodal transmissivity values which would not have been input to
the water-table problem In the water-table option these would have been
109
computed from given bedrock and water-table elevations to obtain the
saturated thickness component of the transmissivity calculation In this
study water-table option was not used and the transmissivity values were
input directly The program then passes to the ITER section (DATAIN
subroutine) to compute the iteration parameters which expediate or even
cause convergence Next the MAP section (DATAIN subroutine) is utilized
to initialize data for an alphanumeric map if this was requested in the
input options Transmissivities are then computed for the confined
(artesian) aquifer case (water table not specified with input options)
in the TCOF section (COEF subroutine) These coefficients are harmonic
mean values of adjacent nodal transmissivities weighted by grid sizes
Time parameters and pumping data for a new pumping period are then read
in the NEWPER section (DATAIN subroutine) followed by entry into the
NEWSTP section (COMPUT subroutine) which calculates the size of the
time step Leakage coefficients (hydraulic conductivity of the confining
bed divided by confining bed thickness) are next computed in the CLAY
section (COEF subroutine) if leakage was specified in the input data
which was used in this study
A new iteration is then initiated in sections NEWITO (COMPUT
subroutine) NEWITO saves the current head values and compares them to
the updated head values for determining closure This is followed by
nodal transmissivity values being computed for the water table or water-
table artesian conversion problem Transmissivity coefficients are then
computed for the water-table problem in TCOF (COEF subroutine) Total
head values are then computed with the alternating direction implicit
procedure using the Thomas algorithim first along rows in the ROW section
110 and then along columns in the COLUMN section both in the COMPUT subroutine
Then if a solution is not obtained (because the error criteria for
closure is not satisfied) the MAIN program branches back to NEWIT1 subshy
sequent sections TRANS TCOF ROW and COLUMN repeatedly until a
solution at the particular time step is achieved NEWIT1 increments the
iteration counter and is immediately followed by NEWITO The program then
moves to the STEADY section of the COMPUT subroutine to check if the
closure criteria for steady state has been satisfied Output is then
printed in the OUTPUT section of COMPUT if steady state has been reached
or if the particular time step is designated for output
The program then branches back to NEWSTP (COMPUT subroutine) and
moves through the subsequent routines until the last time step in the
pumping period is reached Output is then promoted in the DRY section
of COMPUT if specified in input data If the last pumping period in
the problem has not been reached the program branches back to the
NEWPER section and moves again through subsequent sections otherwise
the program will terminate or start a new problem if one follows
This study was simulated as a steady state problem which can be
simulated by setting the storage coefficient of the aquifer and the
specific storage of the confining bed to zero and using one time step
of any length
111
Appendix E
Computer Data Sheets
RGSEA
10 ROSE HILL LANDFILL MODEL 20 30 40 LEAKAGE 50 60 70 CHECK 80 90 100 HEAD 110 120 1 23 IQ 100 5 001 37E-OU 0 130 100 001 0 0 1 4 0 - 1 - 1 1 - 1 - 1 i i i i i i 1
ISO 1 10 0 1547E-05 01 10 1 1 160 04642 200 200 1 1 i it
1 Agpar MA and 0 Langmuir Ground-Water Pollution Potential of a Landfill Above tne Water Table Groundwater V 9 No 6 1971 pp 76-96
2 Allen William B Hahn GW and RA Brackley Availability of Ground Water Upper Pawcatuck River Basin Rhode Island USGS US Government Printing-office GS 66-624 19bb
3 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Part 31 Open Channel Flow Measurement of Water and Waste Water by Weirs D 2034-68 1975
4 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Part 19 Infiltration Rate of Soils in Field Using Double-Ring Infiltrameters D 3385-75 1975
5 Baeaecner MJ and W BacK Hyarogeological Processes and Chemical Reactions of a Landfill Ground Water V 17 no 5 1979 pp 429-437
6 Beck WW Dunn AL and Grover H Emrich Leachate Quality Improvements After Top Sealing1 8th SHwRD MERL Symposium 1982
7 Beckman WK Transient Modeling For Estimating Sustained Aauifer Yield master thesis presented to the University of Rhode Island Kingston RI 1978
8 Bhattacharya PK and HP Patra Direct Current Geoelectric Sounding Elsevier Publishing Co New York 1968 135 p
9 Bouwer H Ground Water Hydrology McGraw-Hill Book Co New Yoric 1978 p 378
10 Braids 0 Cocozza pound Fenn D Isbister J Rous P and B Yarc Procedures Manual for Ground Water Monitoring at Solid Waste Disposal Facilities Environmental Protection Agency530SW-611 Cincinnati Ohio 1977
11 Cartwright K and MR McComas Geophysical Surveys in the Vicinity of Sanitary Landfills in Northeastern Illinois Groundwater V 6 no 5 1968 pp 23-30
12 Cartwright K and Fd Sherman Jr Electrical Earth Resistivity Surveying in Landfill Investigations Reprinted from Proceedings of ohe lOtn Annual Engineering and Soils Engineering Symposium Moscow Idaho 1972
122 13 Clark TP Survey of Ground-Water Protection Methods for
Illinois Landfills Groundwater V 13 no 4 1975 pp 321-331
14 Dunne T and LB Leapold Water in Environmental Planning WH Freeman and Company San Francisco 1978
16 Fenn DG Hanley KJ and TV Degeare Use of the Water Balance Method for Predicting Leachate Generation From Solia Waste Disposal Sites US Environmental Protection Agency530SW-lfa8 Cincinnati Ohio 1975
17 Geisser 0 An Electric Analog and Digital Computer Model of the Chipuxet Ground Water^ Aquifer Kingston Rhode Island master thesis presented to the University of Rhode Island Kingston RI 1975
18 Hahn GW Groundwater Map of the Narragansett Pier Quadrangle Rhode Island Rhode Island Water Resources Coordinating Board GWM 5 1959
19 Hemsley William T Koster C Wallace Remedial Technique of Controlling and Treating Low Volume Leachate Discharge USEPA National Conference on Management of Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites Oct 1980
20 Hughes GM RA Landon and RN Farvolden Hydrogeology of Solid Waste Disposal Sites in Northeastern Illinois Final Report to US Environmental Protection Agency PUD SW-l^d Cincinnati Ohio 1971
21 Keller GV and FC Frischknecht Electrical Methods in Geophysical Prospecting Pergamon Press New YorK NY 19bb
22 Kelly WE West Kingston Landfill An Evaluation of Its Effect on Ground-Water Quality Rnoae Island Water Resources Board Water Information Series Report 1975
23 Kelly WE Geoelectric Sounding for Delineating Ground-Water Contamination Groundwater V 14 No 1 1976 pp fa-10
24 Kelly WE Ground-Water Pollution Near a Landfill ASCE Environmental Engineering Division Journal V 10 No EE6 Dec 19b pp nay-nyy
25 Kelly WE personal communication January 1982
123
26 Kelly WE and OW Urish A Study of the Effects of Salt Storage Practices on Surface ana Ground Water Quality in Rhode Island NTIS FHWA-RI-RD-8001 1981 54 p
27 Kimmel GE and OC Braids Leachate Plumes in a Highly Permeable Aauifer Groundwater y 12 no 6 1974 pp 388-393
28 Klefstaa G Senalein LVA ana RC Palmauist Limitations of the Electrical Resistivity Method in Landfill Investigations Groundwater V 13 No 5 1975 pp 418-427
29 Landon RA Application of Hydrogeology to the Selection of Refuse Disposal Sites Groundwater V 7 no b 19b9 pp 9-13
30 Lang SM Bierschenk WH ana WB Allen 1960 Hyaraulic Characteristics of Glacial Outwash in Rhode Island Rhode Islana Water Resources Coordinating Board Bulletin No 3
31 LeGrand HE Patterns of Contaminated Zones of Water in the Ground Water Resources Research v 1 No 1 1965
32 Palmauist R and L Sendlein The Configuration of Contamination Enclaves from Refuse Disposal Sites on Floodplains Grouna Water v 13 no 2 1975 pp 167-181
33 Pinder GF A Digital Model for Aauifer Evaluation Techniaues of Water Resources Investigations of the US Geological Survey Bk 7 Cl 1970
34 Purushattam D Tamxe GR and CM Stoffel Leachate Production at Sanitary Landfill Sites ASCE Environmental Engineering Division Journal V 103 no EE 6 Dec1977 pp 981-988
35 Remson I Fungaroli AA ana AW Lawrence Water Movement in an Unsaturated Sanitary Landfill ASCE Sanitary Engineering Division Journal v 94 no SA2 April1968 pp 307-316
36 Rosenshien JS Gouthier JB and WB Allen Hydrologic Characteristics and Sustained Yield of Principal Ground-Water Units Potowamut-Wickford Area Rhoae Island USGS US Government Printing Office GS 67-324 1968
37 Roux PH and B Vincent Electrical Resistivity Evaluations At Solid Waste Disposal Facilities US Environmental Protection Agency SW-729 Cincinnati Ohio 1978
124
38 Salvato JA Wi lk ie WG and BE Mead Sanitary Landfill Leaching Prevention and Control Water Pollution Control Federation Journal v 43 no 10 Oct 1971 pp 2084-2100
39 Sawyer CN and PL McCarty Chemistry for Environmental Engineering McGraw Hill 1978
40 Stellar RL and P Roux Earth Resist ivi ty Surveys - A Method for Defining Ground-Water Contamination Ground Water v 13 no 2 1975 pp 145-150
41 Todd OK Ground Water Hydrology John Wi ley and Sons Inc New York 1959
42 Tolman AL Ballestero AP Beck WW and GH Emrich Guidance Mannual For Minimizing Pollution From Waste Disposal Sites US Environmental Protection Agency-500SW-677 Cincinnati Ohio 1978
43 Trescott PC Iterative Digital Model for Aauifer Evaluation US Geological Survey Open file report 1972
44 University of Rhode Island Academic Computer Center CalComp Contouring Manual
45 Warner DL Preliminary Field Studies Using Earth Resistivity Measurements for Delineating Zones of Contaminated Ground Water Groundwater v 7 1969 pp 9-16
46 White EF A Report to the Town of S Kingstown Utility Survey Engineering Corp 1967
47 Zohdy AAR A Computer Program for the Calculation of Schlumberger Sounding Curves Over Horizontally Layered Media Using the Method of Convolution US Geological Survey Denver
48 Zohdy AAR Eaton GP and DR Mabey Application of Surface Geophysics to Ground-Water Investigations Technidues of Water-Resources Investigations of the US Geological Survey Book 2 Chapter 01 Washington US Government Printing Office 2401-02543 1974
Introduction
Ground-water contamination of aauifers from municipal landfills
is a widespread problem Contamination of domestic supply wells and
neighboring streams has occured at the South Kingstown municipal
landfill which is located adjacent to Rose H i l l Road approximately
one mile nortn of Peace Dale Rhode Island (Fig 12) The polluted
neighboring wells have been relocated to their present locations to
remove them from tne leacnate plume (Fig 3) Fig 4 inaicates flow
patterns from the landfill which has contaminated streams to the
east and southwest of it The generation of leachate continues as
precipitation recharge and upgradient ground-water sources
infiltrate the refuse To effectively prevent or minimize
contamination from this landfill several remedial options are
available These w i l l be evaluated relative to the areas geologic
setting and hydraulic properties ground-water flow patterns
recharge characteristics and proximity to supply sources
The rate of ground-water flow out of the landfill into the
adjacent aauifer and flow patterns largely depend on tne hydraulic
gradient of the water table and the hydraulic conductivity of the
landfill and aduifer material The hydraulic gradients were
determined by monitoring water-table fluctuations in several wells
located around the landfill and elevation siting in stream
locations and elevations This information enabled a ground-water
map of the area to be developed from where flow patterns can be
developed assuming flow lines are orthogonal to contour lines The
ground-water map in combination with Knowing aquifer and landfill
0gt -^^ o a5 raquobull bullo o sect 3 mdash laquoo o wcz _
3Ogt c $c o_ X
aw e 05 0 (0 3 bullo
o a 2 2 u
hydraulic properties and the subsurface geometry enable estimates of
ground-water outflow to be made Streamflow measurements were used
to verify these outflows Contamination levels using specific
conductance measurements as an indicator were measured in wells
streams and observation holes to help delineate the extent ana
degree of contamination An electrical resistivity sounding was
conducted in a known contamination zone
The primary objective of tnis study is to determine flow
patterns in the vicinity of the landfill ana recommend possible
actions to contain or minimize the impact of the contamination In
oraer to fully evaluate these goals the aforementioned parameters
were input to a computer model to produce simulated flow patterns
under different conditions The simulated present conditions were
matched with field water table and stream flow measurements to
calibrate the model A series of simulations were then run to
evaluate flow conditions before the excavations anaor landfill
existed Remedial measures such as reducing recharge to the
landfill and implementing a slurry wall to blocx off leachate flow
to endangered wells were simulated to evaluate their effectiveness
Based on this analysis recommendations are made as to how to
minimize leachate production ano best alleviate the immediate danger
of the contaminant plume spreading to unpolluted domestic supply
wells
background
The South Kingstown landfill is in a geologic setting that is
very similiar to the nearby West Kingston landfill This is located
about 3 miles west of the South Kingstown landfill and has been
studied to assess leachate effects on groundwater quality using
specific conductance as an indicator of contamination levels
(222ltt) Both sites were located in abandoned gravel Quarries which
were filled in with refuse to create the landfill
In the literature numerous authors have shown that the character
of contaminant plumes from landfills are largely dependent on the
local geology and geohydrology A study on Long Island (27) in
similiar glacial material illustrates that the Quantity of flow is
dependent on the hydraulic conductivity of tne aauifer the
hydraulic gradient and the vertical cross-sectional area of the
aauifer it flows through This is expressed as Darcys Law (41)
Q = KIA
wnere Q = flow quantity
I = hydraulic gradient
K = hydraulic conductivity of the aauifer
A = vertical cross sectional area of the flow area
Specific conductance was used as a contaminant tracer to show that
the plume from the landfill flowed downgradient and vertically
through the full thickness of the aauifer A study in Iowa (32)
indicates that the size ana shape of the contamination outflow from
a l a n d f i l l can be predicted from existing geohydrologic conditions
and that the horizontal shape of the outflow extends downgradient
8
from the source and parallel to ground-water flow lines Other
parameters which control the extent of the contaminant plume are
dilution and dispersion in the aquifer and the adsorption properties
of the aauifer material (31)
The amount of leachate generated depends largely on the amount
of water that infiltrates through the landfill to increase tne water
content of the refuse in the landfill The precipitation recharge
that percolates down through the unsaturated zone to the water table
moves in a vertical direction (35) Surface runoff soil moisture
storage losses and evapotranspiration account for tne precipitation
that is not transmitted tnrough the unsaturated zone of aeration
(3315) Upon reaching the saturated zone the water enters the
ground-water flow system Ground-water mounding has been reported
in landfills due to the decreased hydraulic conductivity of
compacted refuse relative to surrounding aauifer material (20)
Chemical processes within the landfill leachate outflow and
surrounding soil cation exchange capacity relative to water duality
of the surrounding aduifer have been studied in Pennsylvania (1) anu
in Delaware (5) A procedures manual for ground-water monitoring at
solid waste disposal facilities was developed by the US
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (9)
Several reports have been written that investigate site
selection design criteria and remedial measures to correct
leachate problems (29) A survey of ground-water protection methods
for landfills in Illinois studies relationships to the water table
theory of liner installation and monitoring devices (13) Sanitary
Landfi11-Leaching Prevention and Control presents a review of
preventative methods such as means to minimize infiltration
interception of ground-water and other pollution control measures
(2 37) A study in Pennsylvania on actual measures implemented to
collect and treat a landfills leachate discharge presents a site
specific study (19) Leachate Quality Improvements After Top
Sealing1 shows that by minimizing infiltration at a landfill in
Connecticut the outflow leachate water quality can be improved
dramatically and contamination plume reduced significantly (6) The
most comprehensive reports on remedial approaches to upgrading waste
disposal sites and ground-water protection methods have been
compiled under USEPA contract (1542)
To assist in evaluating remedial measures the US Geological
Survey (USGS) computer model Iterative Digital Model for Aduifer
Evaluation was used It was originally developed as a model for
simulating two-dimensional aauifer problems (33) It had been
updated since its original development to accomodate different
options (43) This model has been applied to glacial outwash
regions in Rhode Island (717)
10
Description of Study Area
A map of tne landfill area (Fig Z) was obtained from tne town
of South Kingstown The excavation to the west of Rose Hill Roaa
the landfill area directly to the east and the presently operating
area to the east of the central stream comprise tne overall study
area This study will concentrate on the west landfill area whicn
has recently reached capacity and been closed to further dumping
This site received mixed refuse for the past 15 years The depth of
the excavation where the landfill presently exists was approximately
to bedrock in some places Tne exact depths of landfill material is
unknown
The landfill cover has been graded and sloped generally eastward
to convey surface runoff to the eastern side A sandy soil that was
excavated locally was used as tne cover material The northern
section has a vegetation cover and the recently filled southern
section has been seeded and mulched The six monitoring wells W
NW NE EC SE SC were placed by the town of South Kingstown to
provide water quality information
Referring to Fig 2 the west excavation stream drains the area
created by the excavation to the west of Rose Hill Road and flows
throughout the year The central stream drains a small watershed
area which lies to the northwest of the landfill and drys up during
part of the year These streams flow into the Saugatucket River
which flows throughout the year and is larger than the west and
central streams combined
11
The USGS Groundwater Map (18) was initially consulted to proviae
information on the ground-water flow patterns (Fig 5) and the
geology of tne area (Fig 6) The surficial geology borings and the
vertical geologic cross-section at the base of the study area
indicate shallow water table and bedrocic and a nearly constant
saturated thickness (18) Boring logs at the W well ana a point
approximately 150 feet south of it indicate glacial outwasn material
which is primarily sana with a trace of gravel over bedrock at a
depth of approximately 33 feet Borings at the east landfill area N
and S monitoring wells indicate the same aquifer material
(Appendix B)
The ground-water map developed by Hahn is taken as
representative of conditions existing prior to the excavation of the
I l andfill (18) This indicates water-table contour lines that run in i
a general northeasterly direction This means tnat flow was
originally in a southeasterly direction However contamination of
domestic supply wells on the west side of Rose Hill Road has
occurred (Fig 3) strongly suggesting that the original flow pattern
has been altered by the excavation to the west of Rose Hill Road and
the landfill to the east of it Domestic supply wells were formerly
located directly to the west of Rose Hill Road but were aoandoned
when they became contaminated from landfill leachate New wells
were located to the south and west away from the contaminant plume
of tne landfill In addition a well located at the northeastern
corner of the landfill was contaminated and a replacement located to
the east of Us former location on tne opposite side of the central
12
Legend scale 124000
mdash-40 mdashground-water contour elevation
Fig 5 Ground-Water Map
13
Legend feet
TILL
Fig 6 Geology Background Map
14
stream This second wel 1 also became contaminated Domestic supply
wells located near tne northwestern corner of tne landfill and
approximately 300 feet south of it nave remained uncontaminated
These well locations serve as an indication of tne extent of the
landfill contamination which is largely dependent on the groundwater
flow patterns To furtner investigate this problem and provide
substantial information on which to base the geohydrologic analysis
field studies of the area were conducted
15
Field Studies ana Procedures
A map of the lanafill and an aerial pnotograph of the area were
obtained A tracing of these maps superimposed upon another
delineates stream landfill and monitor well locations (Fig 2)
The field investigation concentrated on the west landfill area ana
its aajoining streams ana monitor wells The east landfill area and
the three monitor wells in that area are induced in the latter
phase of the study in oraer to expand the model area
A traverse which establishea tne monitor well elevations was run
using a Carl Zeiss level These were originally sitea in by the
town of South Kingstown using a local USGS reference datum number 40
(18) The wells of known elevations then served as benchmarks for
referencing adjacent stream elevations This in combination with
the depth to water table measurements at each well enables tne
water-table surface geometry of the area to oe visualized
Water-table measurements of the west landfills wells were recordea
over a ten month period to record fluctuations (Fig 7 Table 1)
The east landfill areas wells were monitored for a five month
period Using a given water-table condition a ground-water map was
developea of the area (Fig 4) This indicates an outflow from
the landfill primarily in a southeasterly direction and partially
in a southwesterly direction
Additional bedrock and water-table information was ootainea by a
seismic refraction survey at several locations along the landfill
perimeter A Bison Model lb70C Signal Enhancement Seismograpn was
used to maxe the surveys Lines were run (to a length of kOO feet)
16
17
w s p bdquo S bdquo s S S a laquolaquo _
s 2 8
V
r bdquo
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pound
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5 a 3 7 3 m
5 s a ^
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rd 3 y a O =J
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5 y
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bull a
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2 s s 3 a bdquo s s $ Al s
(1) = $ s 3
S
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3 e 5 s N s S a - 3 = s s a 5
a s s - 3 S shy
4
0
a s
bdquo tfH
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3 a
bdquo
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3 nt
s s 3
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3 bull laquobull
2 a 7 3 a 3 a ^2
s mdash 5i o
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3 1-sect m ishy n
18
in both directions to provide a check and permit accurate estimates
of the depth to bedrockThe seismic results allow approximate
interpretations of the depth to the water table and bedrocK thus
permitting an estimation of the saturated thickness Ground
elevations at the location of the seismic surveys were determined
from a topographical map and field siting From this information
water table ana bedrock elevations estimates were made Bedrock
contours are listed in Fig 8 In addition a table which
summarizes the seismic refraction results for the unsaturated
saturated and bedrock layers velocities and depths at each survey
location is presented in Table 2
Scream gauging stations were established on the two streams
bordering the west landfill (Fig 9) Three stations were placed on
the central stream These provide information on the influent or
effluent condition of ground-water flow in the upper sections of the
stream and ground-water baseflow from an area adjacent to the
landfill into the stream (Table 3)
The stream gauging stations used were 90deg V-notch weirs The
weirs located in the SE and SW positions were placed in the
streamoea with a liner of plastic upstream to minimize underflow
The weirs located in the NW and E positions were cut to fit in
recesses of concrete culvert pipes Concrete plywooa interfaces
were coated with roofing cement to minimize bypass flow Upstream
water pressure and a snug fit hold the plywood sections in place
All weirs were implaceo according to AigtTM reouirements and flowrates
calculated using the standard 90deg V-notch formula (3)
19
N
seepage West observat ion Landfill hole
Area
Legend landfill limit excavat ion limit
copyWNWNEECSESC monitoring well locations
= = = unimproved road -- WNES-number
seismic refraction locations
-40shy approximate bedrock contpur elevation
feet
Fig8 Seismte Survey Location
20
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co CM o on on CO CM CTNVO VO co CM o on on Q gt_x rH oj on a oj on a - rH oner
rmdash on sr i i
M z Z
gt gt gt
X-N CO laquomdashv CO CO bull igt gt bull
1 gt fc^gtgt bullbull ^ ^ ^
C 4-gt O t igt O J- 4J O H m o o o 3 bullH CO O rH in 3 bullH co vo o in 3 ~ 1 i-k -i ^trade fj rj ui ij o CO o n o rH =r co o n vo vo vo co o bullv O O O
O raquo On-3 rH O -bull- rH ON in _ IH in oj - rH bull rH VO OrH bull rH On ON pH d)u CO -UCO 4J OJ CO 4-gt gt
C mdashbull gt CM gt CM H-l O CO
v- ^^ N C 0
bull0 N CO
4-5 -0 _c^gt in in CO CO
C x~ c -^ t-oo in i 4J j_gt 41 4J bull 9 bull bull 4J bull
o j ON O O 3 (0 O4J O ON ON QJJ t~-^3- OJ 4-gt L
CO CM trade CO CM rH rH OJ co CM oj on Q ^ _ CO 3~Q-- n 45 Q mdash OJ OJ OJ C (0
1 11 3 nZ 2CO
gti gt gt CO CO CO ^-x m -s CO
rH rH ^ ro^^ bull gt bull ^ igt gt bullgt gtgt bull r O -Q 4Ji JJ O 5- JJ O pound- ^ O 4) oj o on (0 CO
3 bullH CJ O O in 3 bullH CO Cmdash VO on 3 pound-laquo H CO o n in inco co o n ma- r co g^ 5sect^ o
o rH on oj O bull- rH ONCO L O_ rH OJ VO M
rH bull rH =t rH bull - OJ T CO CO M CO 4-gt rH CO -U rH CO 4-) s
uits
CO 4-gt 4-5 T3 gt CM gt CM gt CM cc CO CO CO
3 3gt oa tlp^ CO O CM O gt 4J O 40 i 3 r+ k C pound JS
CO pound
^^ s -bullgt cmdash on poundZ VO CTI trx 4J 4J 4J
) bull bull bull Q Q Q Q4J 3shyc O-JJ CTgt OJ OJ Q-IJ inco on CO CO CO o co CM oj on co CM oj on co CM on
Q Q QON^ Q bullH Q^
rH rH 4J rH
O bullraquo L Z bull CO CO CO
i gtgt rH oj on gt tgtshyCM ^ cO^-s CO ~ CO
CO CO J X fc^_ bull^gt bullgtgt bull gt gtgt bull gt CO
j_ jJ O pound- Jj -P O Li deg =fObullH co on f- ^ 3bullH CO CO O in 3bullH CO
g^ -^2
poundsect HO
eis
mic
3 CO in in in in in in co o n co o n
o -^ r oj in O rHCO CO rH bullrH bull rH =T OrH bull rH OJ f-CO 4J bull- CO 4J rH O0) J-)
gt CM gt CM gt CM 4J
CO N_^ m^
bull OJ
t t poundshyCO CO CO CO rH J3 gt r-t oj on gt r-i oj on gt gt r n o j o n
Time months Flg11 Flucuatlon In Specific Conductance in Wells
26
Table 4 Specific Conductances in Wells (pmhoscm at 25degC)
West East Landfill Landfill
Date NW NE EG SE W SC N E S
81581 851 938 236 2356
102981 171 3268
11381 3268
111081 304 988 1100 258 3800
111481 426 2736 1216 186 4560
111781 304 3610 433 389 4560
121981 380 1406 129 103 380
1982 160 152
31582 274 760 1064 61 334 8000+ 182 53 84
52182 450 1500 1125 112 712 8000+ 175 255 150
52282 425 1320 1200 110 850 180 320 170
27
O
ct c r i c o o o o o c M o m o in CO CM unp^
3bull t- fmdash o^ co tmdash vo co in co cmdash co in a
bull bull1 1-1 trade4 rH rH^ CO 4)2
~ plusmn4J o O CM ^_
o n CO vO J oraquo 0C0M
cu rH rH rH rH rHin tmdash
3 iCM 4J
^j CO CO
E O0 ltU -H n o c E
See
pag
se
rva
t
rH O in 0 0 O O 0
O o x rH Cmdash
0 0n
cu rH mdash O tmdash X o o o o c o o o o r H r H i n o i n i n o O
bull L in oo co oo oo o cy cr o rH CM o cr ONc fcJ bullH on en m m rn c^n rH rH rH0 pound CO 3 CO
t CM0gt s o o o in rA n ^o oo in tmdash oo 0gt zr =r a- JT JT$_
T)C CO
~ E CO ^ _bdquo ltu CO g r H r n c n i n o o r H r H
vgtO ^D O ^^ ^O CO ^^ ^^ JJ 2 4) rH rHCO t
c CO
CO c 9) rH 0
CO -^ C c CO ltuo famp O trade t iH
0
bullo co n ^
oS
o ^^ bullH m
i co rn O CQ O1 CO CO 4) c2Q 3
CO
mdash^ bull cmdash CMin 1 gt rH vO vO O CTgt CO
s CTgt CO OO Ogt Craquo- tmdash cu O CO rH z 0
bull_bulllaquo
H bull L o in r in o oo in 3 rfy ff^ tir f^ CO C^~
4)bull
Z 3
^ ^ ^ ^ H r H r H r H r H rH r H C O r H C O a O C O a O a O C O C O r H i H r H CO OO - gt 0 0 ^ - gt ^ raquo - ^ ^ 1 - gt ~ gt - C O C O O O
U ^ raquo ^ - ~ raquo O ^ ^ O t ~ C O r H - r r ^ - ^ ^ JJ r H C M v O r H r H r H r H r H C M C M r H i n c r gt rH CO CM gt laquolaquo - - -^ bullmdash mdash bullraquoraquobullgt -v -v ^^
~ v O r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H lt M C M C M CM O O r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H rH
Vvraquolaquo IJ1^ raquo CP O 3L 1 Z - i bull j-t-J
1 J
LH Vb T n 0
1 gt fl oo O ~l 2 L - bull 1 P )laquo jn iP IP - OOI L5L mdash shy
-t 84 ^(^^ ^fi P i flja 0 JO II 10 tl tcgt 7 J IV wllaquo
h l2L bull 0 lt -_ shy
-id VJ lt 3C 2 ft OOL -mdash
U 71 C1 Sr 2 13 2 nl JLJraquopound HP r M ltf1- (
IMe 2 ii O It
n jlt dl 1 1 bull o o-il ST i 1 i 25 2-x-1
-
ri
i tlL O mdash gtbull bullgtlt 1ft -o- is Oil So iJK 2-io otv u 31 fil loi 2 il Oll it Of wr is i1raquo -iZ 1 deg|0 01
M IT So - mdash
- 13 1 CT mdash i - mdash 21
shy
Tl Ci av ZUll IMT 0 IM Pe v _ 1) T) S) ii3( dlt Ii 2 lt^2 II li- S1 riivi To 7HX lt3lO 14 ^2- iTi I li 011 -- - -i -^IS no 5^ or i | T Jift laquoV OoH bullla It Va iCO mdash L OIL 11 bullvf poundgtpound lS_ flv oh P-lfe 1 poif _ shy11 IB kl (4 itlaquoT lamp llt0 oot^
mdash -n
It T1 |ir( L1 HI 2 0 oil
U 1M ft go C ICf^ -^2 Z laquo-|o
11 it 5 bulln - TO o abull Li u-i IT1 -- Iw O ltM (I bullbull bdquo-I(K 1mdash -tilltLlA ttfe
i Dgt ac -- U 44 4 11 1 1- ytd i i_i J-K 0 i if -i i i V t Wl raquoOHM 1-1 US D C P A R T M f N T OF COMMfRCE t 4 1 IUII 1 1 ^~) mdash
llaquo- Hi NC bull bullh bull bullJL^V HBl CO 00
11
)jLsVyr^gturv
^ | TKu
|-_t_ bull(
IIMgt I I Mt|UU III- II 11
PNECIPITATIOH
I 1 1 IMX
IMO
bull llfclaquo I UCIUKI) Ur C V A r U M A AHO CLIMATOUOCICAL OBitH
E V A F O R A T I C r i Jttffl laquo amp hMIlaquoJllaquoJIIlaquoBgt
DATE AOOITIOMAL DAIAKMAKk M
bullraquobullmdashlaquo
tp 01 (1 Of Ll OOI ooo
0^1 o-i 10 tl |00 102
OC (1 13 Ofl
it i rc DS os an
(1 SV o
Ul 010
(ISl 101 I on
130
II 5= Otl
ss lt 001 (IK Ml
jt il HIT
7 it
ow Wo 17 Top 2-01 OIO
(0 oov zi oot
u CO ^A 0 to Zoi CLflS
bull50 01 ljtj
nshy 5H LO OIt
50121 IVO QJO
14 Co Ho LO Hl ^pound Jl 1
ltM ool fllc
H Tl 01 II
11 11 Q1
iH OIO
HO 2 llaquol 11 II
lifc
IV-IIM ul OIPAITHINT or COHMIICC NOAA
NAtlOHAL gtIATnlaquoll raquotraquoVlClaquo CD
r~
All TCUMMATUNI ^V UII rgt ITmi 1 Cwphu Obic i gtn t ngir-H 30
rilCiriTATIOH
JJ T I rTJ-rimdashr-iramj|MP CLmATOLOQ
laquolaquo jftilCiii bullIHO
Oi1l ADOITIOHAL DAIAlllu
Ilf4ft
Sii1
(1 2 IO OO
Hl ii SO
us OIM
Q^L
a A3 Hi SZ Sf^ bull 12J2
HI Z-SF OOl 1C t HM IA H ICP fiJA
OOl 10 (310 sn 310
if HI (0 ^01
bullit SO 28H poundJ1 11 006
14 35 TX oon II (bull2 it zr II c-S
rr Zll lo 31 OP an 31 a 31 oor
CSW O-ll Si CC Of 011
Oll _ I |ft
00
u i oerraquolaquoTMiMr of c NOAA
NATIONAL K C A T N C M SCMVlCC
TC^S lk)oiVroTJA
TETT I 7X
1raquolaquolaquo 4 bdquo ir lt er ni I^OV ltqgl j--^ TQ
MICiriTAllOH ITIND
D|mdash
b5NO ctiUATOtoiCAL oeit^
OATI AOOITIOMAL OATAVlHAtt
0-tt
Mlaquoh bullbullbull- rshy laquo
I- ltltriu HI I 4 bulllaquobullbull1
Zii
30 Dfellt otvt
at HA
OOI
62
iJ_S2 HI if
bull- 20 SI 2i So
So
VVfr
OSfc
I (
Jtlt
3aoi
r j -bull ie MA
Irill iiol
in^ 14
Mo
Zll
214
21 1P
00-i
bulliron
17
bullr
11 i ir- I J Ktf^c
US D E P A R T M E N T OF COuMEDCC I | C gt A A
K AIlaquo Ttupf lATuit r
|SlVi AlJ PIICIPITATION
oJud (El
VIM i Uraquo
MIND E
EVAPORATIOH flnrft bull A ftufiifccdll
KECORO OF eVAPllHAtlil bull I CLIHATOLOOCAL OBSERVA ^Hij
14 MM A_M AOOIIIONAL DATA11 MAIM
Mr bullH Oo|
M Si lift
bull221 IHI
ZS Ji 40 IZV
icr KS I
HZ 111
bullT 21
loA UK JA IP
v^ ft
1M 2Sshy IT Tl
71 V |
i I 31 1deg a
uty^ U bull3
ons 1 CiO TxX
HHO (10
3H 19 12 10 IP
raquo3H raquo | 5t io
OP OIT
14
vO UI Of PANTMINI Or COMMCRCf MM O A A
F ngt TIHH
iiicffwiffc 4 rJ (TIM bull Cempltit Obitittiio
AIlaquo TIMHIATUM PHICinTATION I V A f OK ATlPrl
OATI ADDITIONAL DATA KMAlIt
U4laquo4 +
03H Ji
10
rc a 1 16 oi ii
tiiy 10
OI
II i23 or o 13 -y~ou HO
II 3V III i 3 t
V laquop oot
OM1 SS ne
T an -i IP
Olt zr LTV
3T 001
a -11 2T
10 an 31
-1 raquo 131 UP 3H lf 14 Lpoundshy
it 14 30
IS
Ui O I P A K T M f H T OP COWlf ICfM O A A
NATJONAI V C A T M C n f t K M V l C K
bullbullbullbullbullshy -2 o AIlaquo TIMMRATUM f fKICIPITATIOH
OATI poundt- MMINMAL DATAk
ZP 51 lo icr
011 111
OoT IHf
Ut 003 am
3o 13 ao
4A X 05shy
H4 i IjJyiV131 ooc js
IH oi 01 tL 18 13 a
No 11-7
rivgtp OO| M Hi 03 01
It 12
bull I 41 bull7119 14 ^^ raquo 31 15 lampk n M ho i
Jo -j-
-J
I
Ml H^ I _
amp2ampUi^= LS 0 S 0-f bullTTT
-Vmdash gt U_ bull 1 rOHM I- 11 OI OCPARTMlNT OF COMM(NCC
HO NATIONAL W f A T M f H ftfraquoVlCI
98
Appendix B
Boring Logs
99
X iHECT 1 ff 2
OAT American Drilling amp Bor ini I Co Inc
wo WATH smn EAST PR ov IDENC E ft 1 Town of South Kingstown South K ngstown R I MOLENO X-J
TC 100 RCSS bull ujrMonitorinq Well Installation | South Kinqjtown R I UNC a STA Pf KXICCTHJ LOC ATK3N
bull cfrserrr TO above S MPLES S FNTTO _ _ |laquolaquor A-109 SURF ELEV RE PORTSEr
GROUND WATER O6SE RVATC MS 1 CDREraquolaquo m-T nn75 laquo A 256 - 20 mdash Hew y
Instolled 32ofT-l2 PV C - JO- COMPUTE 111275 K toia 3- I-WI 1-38 TOTAL MRS bdquo10 screen BORING FCACUAM J K lanq MAI rraquo HomnwWI 300 140 IampPCCrc Mamlaquor Fall 24 30 lampaaiona SOLS ENGR
LOCATION OF BORING H ONITOKING WELL
Coung Samplt Tjp Blow per 6 Manure SOU IDENTIFICATION Strata SAMPLE ^^^yV Bloot
foot
Otptni
From- To
el
l
on Sampler
0-6 1 -6-13 12-18
Dentity or
Conmt j
Chang Remark include colo^ graaation Type of tod lie Rao-coMr type condition nordshynetiDntotf time leamt and tie No Pen Rtlt
2 No top sample 5 12
1 loamy fine sand
bull)^ 40 30 36
5- 616 0 23 20 16
noist iense
Brown fine to coarse SAND some fine to coarse gravel Trace silt
^
1 18 18
36 8-0shy57 40 30 V 35
|0-||-6 D 14 24 20 Srown medium to coarse SAND Some fine gravel cobbles
7 IRshy 16
27 75 37 3
IS- I- D 5 14 16 3bull
ISshy 15
42 50 I9--0shy50 65 20-2ll-6 D 9 23 26 bull Jrown fine to coarse SAND Tbullwshy 1Z 75 90
22-0 Trace silt trace fine gravel
124 120 74 60 52 41
7S-ltlaquoil-A DX 71 16 13 wet very dense
Gray-brown fine to coarse SANC Some fine to coarse gravel little silt
H IR u
40 30--0
3C-30-IO
3l4-334
334-3314
38 4-434
D
c
C
C
7 IflO
94 6
we tr j
y se
ft irox
30MOshy
31 -4shy
Gray-brown fine to coarse SAND Trace silt
Gray-brown fine SAND some lilt trace fine gravel
Too of Rock 31 -4shy
Gray-pink GRANITE
6 7
amp
CJ
IltJ A
60
601
IQ mdash
2(
4
5 i Hard
ft 5ome seams bull
GROUND SURFACE TO J 4 U3CD_ ^JVrf bullbull( tutu t to 4o 4 SampM Type Proportion UMd MOB Wtx 3 OfaM on 2OD Sampler SUMMARY-
OOry CCartd WltWen4 Hoc OlolO Canmonieraquoi Don any CoKeem CarMWncy Earm Barrlaquoj 11 14
UPgtUnOigtturod Piuon trite (Oto20dego 0-Kgt Loei it 0-4 Sait 3O+Hofd Rock Corng 14 Kgt-30 laquo4 0 rte 4-8 MSHM Samplet TPTtitPit Ai Auger Vvanefett tarn 2Olo39 3O-M Owlt n laquo-lS Strlf rinit nn v 1
UTiUndlshffbed ThrMOll and bull 33to9O 5O Very 0laquo nraquoe 19-30 V-3trraquof - | OLE NO X-l
TOVH rim - iA it raquotoraquo
100
SHEET 2 o_L
WO WATEt STUET [AST ft OVIDENC pound a i American Drilling amp Bor ing Co Inc
MCLl WQ X- 1 Tt AOORCSS i
LIME A STA KXICCTMJ tuf same as 1 | tame as i LOCATION
W PORTSEf mo OB nj urt eflaquo T
illtPLES S
P
CVTTO nlaquo mun orv
^s f^ Tin i GRCVMO WATER OBSERVATONS CASING SAMPLER CORE BAR
START Typi COMPUTE tome at 1 same aiH
TOTAL MRS BORIMG FOR CMAN n bull IT INSPECTOR SOILS EMM
LOCATION OF BORING u HfVJTneTfi UFI _
8
Counf Blo-t
foot
Dtpllo
From To
0( on SampMr
0-6 f 6-IZ
Moittir
Oonuty or
Contilt
Strata Ctnngc
SOIL OCNTiriCATION Rtmorkt ineHifl cotot grqdotion Typlaquo of Mil etc Roo-axtrPlaquo condition Mrdshynlaquot Drog tun ttomt end tic
TPlaquoTraquojraquoPit AAugtr ViVon mini tamt 20to39 UTtundiifir6d TrwMOtf and JSloSO 50-raquobull Vary 0nlaquo [HOLE NO x-2 B-3O V-3Mf lev rim - IAIT raquosectlaquoraquo
102
300 iu 24
1 UMnii ffi 140 laquo 30
CA1INC tf
gt taWCTf
bull 0gtlaquo i R Cook Jr_ R Millineton1 Wttn
I~
1 VAMtl CtMG
1 W HO-t MO
1 Oraquo 1 laquo0~ twt
L 1 laquo-raquo VfcM^lf [wlaquoraquoCI ^ ^ K3Ot III laquo
0-LS D
5-65 D
LlQ 10-115 D
15-16 Tgt
Lraquo 70-51 n
25-26 D
F
I O-O Ci
A Allstate Drill ins Co vi o i
PROVIDING R 1bull raquoraquo uvraquonn~ N M O M I T O P I N G HE1 _^lt -^ PI-Traquo UJU
CUM Town of South Kineraquotown raquoraquo 1 1TA maoer Propolaquolaquod Sit for Slude Disposal nltn
laquo V-449 iampAAtut i a 138 ort STI bull r 42777 CtOuMO IKVtllON
Cill bdquo 258 DA II MN ru 42777 rilaquolaquodO laquoraquoTti rum 1911
AU1TATI
MMUI1 raquolaquogtlaquolaquo laquoKiO itXHHKraquoriOi of sous MUAHI nMTKlion Ot CMlaquoMC|kOraquort tl CO~VH DXltgt raquomlaquo laquotf IMi COIOI C4l II I 1raquo gtlaquo^ Oraquo 1Ol rC t Xgttgt VtfKOe Craquo Mi 1 ft liMraquoK laquo0^tlaquot nfgt
1-2-1 10 TOP SOIL FINE LIGHT BROWN SAND traclaquo of ilt
16-31-17
22-24-21 100 FINE TO MEDIUM LIGHT GRAY SAND trace of fine gravlaquol and raquopoundLt
lfl-37-34 150 LIGHT BROWN FINE TO MEDIUM SAND little poundinlaquo gravel
21-17-15 200 MEDIUM TO COARSE SAND bullomc fine gravel
12-4-10
265
Observation well installed
NOTE No casing blows taktn
bullbull B-23 ow
^w^ 265 I raquo bull raquolaquo bull I W
11 laquot gtbullraquo Vlaquo 14 W gt_ c-shyji bull alaquo bull jraquo VI laquoHshyw bullbull m raquobullbull D-6 raquo Mshy
bull bull laquo Vshy
1
bull bull
I
103
MAMMII Allstate Drilling Co ulaquorr 1 or 1 FftOVIOCKZ H L traquolS mTArm^S MONITOR NR WEL
VNO wr3JJO__raquoraquou_24__ HCU MO P-74 n iu riBwi Town of Slt7H^ Xirpin
mdash^ laquo0J P 1 1 bull ^n^ciit^o TVlaquow^laquott1 bullraquoit wt 140 nu 30 olaquor fBu lkv Waste Disposal Arcai
MUTAH a V-449 R Cook Jr UMlaquoiigti D 1 38 0t| raquoIJ raquo 5277 rlaquo SUMO luvlaquorv-laquow
mdash 5277 fipe -raquoT pfpm 150
H MCIO IMNTlXAflON Of SOU t(kAIlaquoS rrn 0-laquoraquo
5 -SF 01 w in laquobull -raquo ^ lit
D 1-2-2 TOP SOIL V-1-oraquo
15 IPbull FINE TO MEDIUM LIGHT GRAY SAND AND GRAVEL
5-65 D 37-27-35 some silt
10-11 D 20-14-18
15-165 D i 17-14-14 155
BROWN COARSE TO MEDIUM SAND little fine to coarse gravel trace of silt
20-211 D 4-4-2
230 GRAY BROWN VERY FINE SAND
25-26J D 7-8-9 AND SILT 265 fvarvedl
Observation well installed
NOTE No casing blows taken
wta 10 n uuraquo c^imdashbull IgtM laquolaquobull- B-24 ow ~ 14 ltfc laquoraquobull vlaquo^ M laquobull r O 0 fmtt bull W-L 26 5
-0- CgtCmdashgt bull laquolaquobull mdash laquo 1 - raquoraquo 1 gt 1laquo bull 1 gtraquor to bull mdashbull bull bull bulllaquo I t l~laquo 1lt Uraquo mdashbull ) bull 1 gtbull ft 0~ H laquoy bullM ta bull -IN la laquobull OPUM bull($ IMI
mdash H raquo laquo-bull
104
Appendix C
Calibration of Specific Conductance Meters
105
Specific conductance measurements were made using a beckman RB
338 temperature compensating meter and a YSI rtooel 33 salinity
conductivity temperature meter The YSI meter is not
temperature correcting A formula to compensate for temperature
differences to standardize YSI measurements was used (21)
A long probe for the Beckman meter was used to measure conductivity
in the wells Differences in conductivity between the YSI ana
Beckman meters and the Beckman short and long probes exist These
were calibrated in the laboratory using 001 N and 01 N KC1
solutions Values presented are Beckman short probe values The
Beckman long probe values were reduced by 76 and tne YSI values
were multiplied by 11 to adjust to Beckman short probe values The
YSI meter was used in the latter phases of the study for the
stream contamination due to the greater accuracy of the dial readout
scale
Table 7 Specific Conductance Meter Calibration Table
Concentration (KCL) 0001N 001N
Specific Beckman short 145 143 143 1247 1245 12GO
Conductances Beckman long 190 191 188 1639 1650 1665
umhocm 9 25 C YSI 132 131 128 1131 1140 1150
average values Beckman shortBeckman long = 075
Beckman shortYSI = 11
106
Appendix D
Computer program Flow Chart
107
F1g 33 Computer Program Flow Chart-
1TpoundR MAP TCO
NEWPER
WEWSTP CZAX
HEWIT TRANS TCOF ROW COLUMN
Yes
Yes
108 The following is a description of the USGS two-dimensional computer
program Iterative Digital Model for Aquifer Evaluation updated
December 1972 by P C Trescott The program written in Fortran
consists of a MAIN program and six subprograms or subroutines which
themselves are organized into subprogram sections The subroutines and
their sections are listed below
MAIN Program
DATAIN (subroutine) COEF ITER (section) CLAY MAP TRANS NEWPER TCOF
The program begins in the MAIN program which controls the sequence
of passage to the subroutines Sequential steps are described in the
program as shown in the flow chart of Fig 32 Emphasis is placed on the
steady state confined aquifer case as applied in this study First data
input is read in the DATAIN subroutine This data includes transmissivities
or permeabilities starting heads storage coefficients and grid spacings
Nodal transmissivity values are then computed for the water-table problem
in the TRANS section (COEF subroutine) This procedure is necessary here
because the subsequent routine for computing iteration parameters (ITER)
keys on nodal transmissivity values which would not have been input to
the water-table problem In the water-table option these would have been
109
computed from given bedrock and water-table elevations to obtain the
saturated thickness component of the transmissivity calculation In this
study water-table option was not used and the transmissivity values were
input directly The program then passes to the ITER section (DATAIN
subroutine) to compute the iteration parameters which expediate or even
cause convergence Next the MAP section (DATAIN subroutine) is utilized
to initialize data for an alphanumeric map if this was requested in the
input options Transmissivities are then computed for the confined
(artesian) aquifer case (water table not specified with input options)
in the TCOF section (COEF subroutine) These coefficients are harmonic
mean values of adjacent nodal transmissivities weighted by grid sizes
Time parameters and pumping data for a new pumping period are then read
in the NEWPER section (DATAIN subroutine) followed by entry into the
NEWSTP section (COMPUT subroutine) which calculates the size of the
time step Leakage coefficients (hydraulic conductivity of the confining
bed divided by confining bed thickness) are next computed in the CLAY
section (COEF subroutine) if leakage was specified in the input data
which was used in this study
A new iteration is then initiated in sections NEWITO (COMPUT
subroutine) NEWITO saves the current head values and compares them to
the updated head values for determining closure This is followed by
nodal transmissivity values being computed for the water table or water-
table artesian conversion problem Transmissivity coefficients are then
computed for the water-table problem in TCOF (COEF subroutine) Total
head values are then computed with the alternating direction implicit
procedure using the Thomas algorithim first along rows in the ROW section
110 and then along columns in the COLUMN section both in the COMPUT subroutine
Then if a solution is not obtained (because the error criteria for
closure is not satisfied) the MAIN program branches back to NEWIT1 subshy
sequent sections TRANS TCOF ROW and COLUMN repeatedly until a
solution at the particular time step is achieved NEWIT1 increments the
iteration counter and is immediately followed by NEWITO The program then
moves to the STEADY section of the COMPUT subroutine to check if the
closure criteria for steady state has been satisfied Output is then
printed in the OUTPUT section of COMPUT if steady state has been reached
or if the particular time step is designated for output
The program then branches back to NEWSTP (COMPUT subroutine) and
moves through the subsequent routines until the last time step in the
pumping period is reached Output is then promoted in the DRY section
of COMPUT if specified in input data If the last pumping period in
the problem has not been reached the program branches back to the
NEWPER section and moves again through subsequent sections otherwise
the program will terminate or start a new problem if one follows
This study was simulated as a steady state problem which can be
simulated by setting the storage coefficient of the aquifer and the
specific storage of the confining bed to zero and using one time step
of any length
111
Appendix E
Computer Data Sheets
RGSEA
10 ROSE HILL LANDFILL MODEL 20 30 40 LEAKAGE 50 60 70 CHECK 80 90 100 HEAD 110 120 1 23 IQ 100 5 001 37E-OU 0 130 100 001 0 0 1 4 0 - 1 - 1 1 - 1 - 1 i i i i i i 1
ISO 1 10 0 1547E-05 01 10 1 1 160 04642 200 200 1 1 i it
1 Agpar MA and 0 Langmuir Ground-Water Pollution Potential of a Landfill Above tne Water Table Groundwater V 9 No 6 1971 pp 76-96
2 Allen William B Hahn GW and RA Brackley Availability of Ground Water Upper Pawcatuck River Basin Rhode Island USGS US Government Printing-office GS 66-624 19bb
3 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Part 31 Open Channel Flow Measurement of Water and Waste Water by Weirs D 2034-68 1975
4 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Part 19 Infiltration Rate of Soils in Field Using Double-Ring Infiltrameters D 3385-75 1975
5 Baeaecner MJ and W BacK Hyarogeological Processes and Chemical Reactions of a Landfill Ground Water V 17 no 5 1979 pp 429-437
6 Beck WW Dunn AL and Grover H Emrich Leachate Quality Improvements After Top Sealing1 8th SHwRD MERL Symposium 1982
7 Beckman WK Transient Modeling For Estimating Sustained Aauifer Yield master thesis presented to the University of Rhode Island Kingston RI 1978
8 Bhattacharya PK and HP Patra Direct Current Geoelectric Sounding Elsevier Publishing Co New York 1968 135 p
9 Bouwer H Ground Water Hydrology McGraw-Hill Book Co New Yoric 1978 p 378
10 Braids 0 Cocozza pound Fenn D Isbister J Rous P and B Yarc Procedures Manual for Ground Water Monitoring at Solid Waste Disposal Facilities Environmental Protection Agency530SW-611 Cincinnati Ohio 1977
11 Cartwright K and MR McComas Geophysical Surveys in the Vicinity of Sanitary Landfills in Northeastern Illinois Groundwater V 6 no 5 1968 pp 23-30
12 Cartwright K and Fd Sherman Jr Electrical Earth Resistivity Surveying in Landfill Investigations Reprinted from Proceedings of ohe lOtn Annual Engineering and Soils Engineering Symposium Moscow Idaho 1972
122 13 Clark TP Survey of Ground-Water Protection Methods for
Illinois Landfills Groundwater V 13 no 4 1975 pp 321-331
14 Dunne T and LB Leapold Water in Environmental Planning WH Freeman and Company San Francisco 1978
16 Fenn DG Hanley KJ and TV Degeare Use of the Water Balance Method for Predicting Leachate Generation From Solia Waste Disposal Sites US Environmental Protection Agency530SW-lfa8 Cincinnati Ohio 1975
17 Geisser 0 An Electric Analog and Digital Computer Model of the Chipuxet Ground Water^ Aquifer Kingston Rhode Island master thesis presented to the University of Rhode Island Kingston RI 1975
18 Hahn GW Groundwater Map of the Narragansett Pier Quadrangle Rhode Island Rhode Island Water Resources Coordinating Board GWM 5 1959
19 Hemsley William T Koster C Wallace Remedial Technique of Controlling and Treating Low Volume Leachate Discharge USEPA National Conference on Management of Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites Oct 1980
20 Hughes GM RA Landon and RN Farvolden Hydrogeology of Solid Waste Disposal Sites in Northeastern Illinois Final Report to US Environmental Protection Agency PUD SW-l^d Cincinnati Ohio 1971
21 Keller GV and FC Frischknecht Electrical Methods in Geophysical Prospecting Pergamon Press New YorK NY 19bb
22 Kelly WE West Kingston Landfill An Evaluation of Its Effect on Ground-Water Quality Rnoae Island Water Resources Board Water Information Series Report 1975
23 Kelly WE Geoelectric Sounding for Delineating Ground-Water Contamination Groundwater V 14 No 1 1976 pp fa-10
24 Kelly WE Ground-Water Pollution Near a Landfill ASCE Environmental Engineering Division Journal V 10 No EE6 Dec 19b pp nay-nyy
25 Kelly WE personal communication January 1982
123
26 Kelly WE and OW Urish A Study of the Effects of Salt Storage Practices on Surface ana Ground Water Quality in Rhode Island NTIS FHWA-RI-RD-8001 1981 54 p
27 Kimmel GE and OC Braids Leachate Plumes in a Highly Permeable Aauifer Groundwater y 12 no 6 1974 pp 388-393
28 Klefstaa G Senalein LVA ana RC Palmauist Limitations of the Electrical Resistivity Method in Landfill Investigations Groundwater V 13 No 5 1975 pp 418-427
29 Landon RA Application of Hydrogeology to the Selection of Refuse Disposal Sites Groundwater V 7 no b 19b9 pp 9-13
30 Lang SM Bierschenk WH ana WB Allen 1960 Hyaraulic Characteristics of Glacial Outwash in Rhode Island Rhode Islana Water Resources Coordinating Board Bulletin No 3
31 LeGrand HE Patterns of Contaminated Zones of Water in the Ground Water Resources Research v 1 No 1 1965
32 Palmauist R and L Sendlein The Configuration of Contamination Enclaves from Refuse Disposal Sites on Floodplains Grouna Water v 13 no 2 1975 pp 167-181
33 Pinder GF A Digital Model for Aauifer Evaluation Techniaues of Water Resources Investigations of the US Geological Survey Bk 7 Cl 1970
34 Purushattam D Tamxe GR and CM Stoffel Leachate Production at Sanitary Landfill Sites ASCE Environmental Engineering Division Journal V 103 no EE 6 Dec1977 pp 981-988
35 Remson I Fungaroli AA ana AW Lawrence Water Movement in an Unsaturated Sanitary Landfill ASCE Sanitary Engineering Division Journal v 94 no SA2 April1968 pp 307-316
36 Rosenshien JS Gouthier JB and WB Allen Hydrologic Characteristics and Sustained Yield of Principal Ground-Water Units Potowamut-Wickford Area Rhoae Island USGS US Government Printing Office GS 67-324 1968
37 Roux PH and B Vincent Electrical Resistivity Evaluations At Solid Waste Disposal Facilities US Environmental Protection Agency SW-729 Cincinnati Ohio 1978
124
38 Salvato JA Wi lk ie WG and BE Mead Sanitary Landfill Leaching Prevention and Control Water Pollution Control Federation Journal v 43 no 10 Oct 1971 pp 2084-2100
39 Sawyer CN and PL McCarty Chemistry for Environmental Engineering McGraw Hill 1978
40 Stellar RL and P Roux Earth Resist ivi ty Surveys - A Method for Defining Ground-Water Contamination Ground Water v 13 no 2 1975 pp 145-150
41 Todd OK Ground Water Hydrology John Wi ley and Sons Inc New York 1959
42 Tolman AL Ballestero AP Beck WW and GH Emrich Guidance Mannual For Minimizing Pollution From Waste Disposal Sites US Environmental Protection Agency-500SW-677 Cincinnati Ohio 1978
43 Trescott PC Iterative Digital Model for Aauifer Evaluation US Geological Survey Open file report 1972
44 University of Rhode Island Academic Computer Center CalComp Contouring Manual
45 Warner DL Preliminary Field Studies Using Earth Resistivity Measurements for Delineating Zones of Contaminated Ground Water Groundwater v 7 1969 pp 9-16
46 White EF A Report to the Town of S Kingstown Utility Survey Engineering Corp 1967
47 Zohdy AAR A Computer Program for the Calculation of Schlumberger Sounding Curves Over Horizontally Layered Media Using the Method of Convolution US Geological Survey Denver
48 Zohdy AAR Eaton GP and DR Mabey Application of Surface Geophysics to Ground-Water Investigations Technidues of Water-Resources Investigations of the US Geological Survey Book 2 Chapter 01 Washington US Government Printing Office 2401-02543 1974
0gt -^^ o a5 raquobull bullo o sect 3 mdash laquoo o wcz _
3Ogt c $c o_ X
aw e 05 0 (0 3 bullo
o a 2 2 u
hydraulic properties and the subsurface geometry enable estimates of
ground-water outflow to be made Streamflow measurements were used
to verify these outflows Contamination levels using specific
conductance measurements as an indicator were measured in wells
streams and observation holes to help delineate the extent ana
degree of contamination An electrical resistivity sounding was
conducted in a known contamination zone
The primary objective of tnis study is to determine flow
patterns in the vicinity of the landfill ana recommend possible
actions to contain or minimize the impact of the contamination In
oraer to fully evaluate these goals the aforementioned parameters
were input to a computer model to produce simulated flow patterns
under different conditions The simulated present conditions were
matched with field water table and stream flow measurements to
calibrate the model A series of simulations were then run to
evaluate flow conditions before the excavations anaor landfill
existed Remedial measures such as reducing recharge to the
landfill and implementing a slurry wall to blocx off leachate flow
to endangered wells were simulated to evaluate their effectiveness
Based on this analysis recommendations are made as to how to
minimize leachate production ano best alleviate the immediate danger
of the contaminant plume spreading to unpolluted domestic supply
wells
background
The South Kingstown landfill is in a geologic setting that is
very similiar to the nearby West Kingston landfill This is located
about 3 miles west of the South Kingstown landfill and has been
studied to assess leachate effects on groundwater quality using
specific conductance as an indicator of contamination levels
(222ltt) Both sites were located in abandoned gravel Quarries which
were filled in with refuse to create the landfill
In the literature numerous authors have shown that the character
of contaminant plumes from landfills are largely dependent on the
local geology and geohydrology A study on Long Island (27) in
similiar glacial material illustrates that the Quantity of flow is
dependent on the hydraulic conductivity of tne aauifer the
hydraulic gradient and the vertical cross-sectional area of the
aauifer it flows through This is expressed as Darcys Law (41)
Q = KIA
wnere Q = flow quantity
I = hydraulic gradient
K = hydraulic conductivity of the aauifer
A = vertical cross sectional area of the flow area
Specific conductance was used as a contaminant tracer to show that
the plume from the landfill flowed downgradient and vertically
through the full thickness of the aauifer A study in Iowa (32)
indicates that the size ana shape of the contamination outflow from
a l a n d f i l l can be predicted from existing geohydrologic conditions
and that the horizontal shape of the outflow extends downgradient
8
from the source and parallel to ground-water flow lines Other
parameters which control the extent of the contaminant plume are
dilution and dispersion in the aquifer and the adsorption properties
of the aauifer material (31)
The amount of leachate generated depends largely on the amount
of water that infiltrates through the landfill to increase tne water
content of the refuse in the landfill The precipitation recharge
that percolates down through the unsaturated zone to the water table
moves in a vertical direction (35) Surface runoff soil moisture
storage losses and evapotranspiration account for tne precipitation
that is not transmitted tnrough the unsaturated zone of aeration
(3315) Upon reaching the saturated zone the water enters the
ground-water flow system Ground-water mounding has been reported
in landfills due to the decreased hydraulic conductivity of
compacted refuse relative to surrounding aauifer material (20)
Chemical processes within the landfill leachate outflow and
surrounding soil cation exchange capacity relative to water duality
of the surrounding aduifer have been studied in Pennsylvania (1) anu
in Delaware (5) A procedures manual for ground-water monitoring at
solid waste disposal facilities was developed by the US
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (9)
Several reports have been written that investigate site
selection design criteria and remedial measures to correct
leachate problems (29) A survey of ground-water protection methods
for landfills in Illinois studies relationships to the water table
theory of liner installation and monitoring devices (13) Sanitary
Landfi11-Leaching Prevention and Control presents a review of
preventative methods such as means to minimize infiltration
interception of ground-water and other pollution control measures
(2 37) A study in Pennsylvania on actual measures implemented to
collect and treat a landfills leachate discharge presents a site
specific study (19) Leachate Quality Improvements After Top
Sealing1 shows that by minimizing infiltration at a landfill in
Connecticut the outflow leachate water quality can be improved
dramatically and contamination plume reduced significantly (6) The
most comprehensive reports on remedial approaches to upgrading waste
disposal sites and ground-water protection methods have been
compiled under USEPA contract (1542)
To assist in evaluating remedial measures the US Geological
Survey (USGS) computer model Iterative Digital Model for Aduifer
Evaluation was used It was originally developed as a model for
simulating two-dimensional aauifer problems (33) It had been
updated since its original development to accomodate different
options (43) This model has been applied to glacial outwash
regions in Rhode Island (717)
10
Description of Study Area
A map of tne landfill area (Fig Z) was obtained from tne town
of South Kingstown The excavation to the west of Rose Hill Roaa
the landfill area directly to the east and the presently operating
area to the east of the central stream comprise tne overall study
area This study will concentrate on the west landfill area whicn
has recently reached capacity and been closed to further dumping
This site received mixed refuse for the past 15 years The depth of
the excavation where the landfill presently exists was approximately
to bedrock in some places Tne exact depths of landfill material is
unknown
The landfill cover has been graded and sloped generally eastward
to convey surface runoff to the eastern side A sandy soil that was
excavated locally was used as tne cover material The northern
section has a vegetation cover and the recently filled southern
section has been seeded and mulched The six monitoring wells W
NW NE EC SE SC were placed by the town of South Kingstown to
provide water quality information
Referring to Fig 2 the west excavation stream drains the area
created by the excavation to the west of Rose Hill Road and flows
throughout the year The central stream drains a small watershed
area which lies to the northwest of the landfill and drys up during
part of the year These streams flow into the Saugatucket River
which flows throughout the year and is larger than the west and
central streams combined
11
The USGS Groundwater Map (18) was initially consulted to proviae
information on the ground-water flow patterns (Fig 5) and the
geology of tne area (Fig 6) The surficial geology borings and the
vertical geologic cross-section at the base of the study area
indicate shallow water table and bedrocic and a nearly constant
saturated thickness (18) Boring logs at the W well ana a point
approximately 150 feet south of it indicate glacial outwasn material
which is primarily sana with a trace of gravel over bedrock at a
depth of approximately 33 feet Borings at the east landfill area N
and S monitoring wells indicate the same aquifer material
(Appendix B)
The ground-water map developed by Hahn is taken as
representative of conditions existing prior to the excavation of the
I l andfill (18) This indicates water-table contour lines that run in i
a general northeasterly direction This means tnat flow was
originally in a southeasterly direction However contamination of
domestic supply wells on the west side of Rose Hill Road has
occurred (Fig 3) strongly suggesting that the original flow pattern
has been altered by the excavation to the west of Rose Hill Road and
the landfill to the east of it Domestic supply wells were formerly
located directly to the west of Rose Hill Road but were aoandoned
when they became contaminated from landfill leachate New wells
were located to the south and west away from the contaminant plume
of tne landfill In addition a well located at the northeastern
corner of the landfill was contaminated and a replacement located to
the east of Us former location on tne opposite side of the central
12
Legend scale 124000
mdash-40 mdashground-water contour elevation
Fig 5 Ground-Water Map
13
Legend feet
TILL
Fig 6 Geology Background Map
14
stream This second wel 1 also became contaminated Domestic supply
wells located near tne northwestern corner of tne landfill and
approximately 300 feet south of it nave remained uncontaminated
These well locations serve as an indication of tne extent of the
landfill contamination which is largely dependent on the groundwater
flow patterns To furtner investigate this problem and provide
substantial information on which to base the geohydrologic analysis
field studies of the area were conducted
15
Field Studies ana Procedures
A map of the lanafill and an aerial pnotograph of the area were
obtained A tracing of these maps superimposed upon another
delineates stream landfill and monitor well locations (Fig 2)
The field investigation concentrated on the west landfill area ana
its aajoining streams ana monitor wells The east landfill area and
the three monitor wells in that area are induced in the latter
phase of the study in oraer to expand the model area
A traverse which establishea tne monitor well elevations was run
using a Carl Zeiss level These were originally sitea in by the
town of South Kingstown using a local USGS reference datum number 40
(18) The wells of known elevations then served as benchmarks for
referencing adjacent stream elevations This in combination with
the depth to water table measurements at each well enables tne
water-table surface geometry of the area to oe visualized
Water-table measurements of the west landfills wells were recordea
over a ten month period to record fluctuations (Fig 7 Table 1)
The east landfill areas wells were monitored for a five month
period Using a given water-table condition a ground-water map was
developea of the area (Fig 4) This indicates an outflow from
the landfill primarily in a southeasterly direction and partially
in a southwesterly direction
Additional bedrock and water-table information was ootainea by a
seismic refraction survey at several locations along the landfill
perimeter A Bison Model lb70C Signal Enhancement Seismograpn was
used to maxe the surveys Lines were run (to a length of kOO feet)
16
17
w s p bdquo S bdquo s S S a laquolaquo _
s 2 8
V
r bdquo
3 s a
-R s
S
S 3
t
raquobullraquo
S
5
K
r
~
3
K
pound
7
S
bdquo3
C 5 S
shy raquo S s
1 3 s 3 2 5 ^ bull
5 m
s o
^ 3
raquo
--
R bull 5
s pound J O s
5 a 3 7 3 m
5 s a ^
iraquo a s rlaquo
M ^
^ c o 2 5 s 3 a S R
rd 3 y a O =J
^ bdquo
JJ s s 3 bull ~ I
~ s 5 3 a s a
(Ogt (U
2
-t =
r s s in
5 y
a s
5
3
s
5 a
^ a
3 a 51 a bullbull
sj 5 Ml
3 a bull
s raquo
a
0)
0
^ mdash
a j -
-3
C
g S
S
bull a
-
~ 3 o
2 s s 3 a bdquo s s $ Al s
(1) = $ s 3
S
c a a
3 e 5 s N s S a - 3 = s s a 5
a s s - 3 S shy
4
0
a s
bdquo tfH
bdquo
3 a
bdquo
s a
e bullfl s i s s a s a
3 nt
s s 3
g laquo s3 a
~ J s 2 a s o s S s 3 a a j laquo s o s
3 bull laquobull
2 a 7 3 a 3 a ^2
s mdash 5i o
bull bull
mdash
3 o
ss a
fc mdash
3 1-sect m ishy n
18
in both directions to provide a check and permit accurate estimates
of the depth to bedrockThe seismic results allow approximate
interpretations of the depth to the water table and bedrocK thus
permitting an estimation of the saturated thickness Ground
elevations at the location of the seismic surveys were determined
from a topographical map and field siting From this information
water table ana bedrock elevations estimates were made Bedrock
contours are listed in Fig 8 In addition a table which
summarizes the seismic refraction results for the unsaturated
saturated and bedrock layers velocities and depths at each survey
location is presented in Table 2
Scream gauging stations were established on the two streams
bordering the west landfill (Fig 9) Three stations were placed on
the central stream These provide information on the influent or
effluent condition of ground-water flow in the upper sections of the
stream and ground-water baseflow from an area adjacent to the
landfill into the stream (Table 3)
The stream gauging stations used were 90deg V-notch weirs The
weirs located in the SE and SW positions were placed in the
streamoea with a liner of plastic upstream to minimize underflow
The weirs located in the NW and E positions were cut to fit in
recesses of concrete culvert pipes Concrete plywooa interfaces
were coated with roofing cement to minimize bypass flow Upstream
water pressure and a snug fit hold the plywood sections in place
All weirs were implaceo according to AigtTM reouirements and flowrates
calculated using the standard 90deg V-notch formula (3)
19
N
seepage West observat ion Landfill hole
Area
Legend landfill limit excavat ion limit
copyWNWNEECSESC monitoring well locations
= = = unimproved road -- WNES-number
seismic refraction locations
-40shy approximate bedrock contpur elevation
feet
Fig8 Seismte Survey Location
20
c ^-^ c4j ^laquoc in -=r 3shyjj bull pn f- 4-gt bull in in OjJ bull bull a jo bull bull O JJ
co CM o on on CO CM CTNVO VO co CM o on on Q gt_x rH oj on a oj on a - rH oner
rmdash on sr i i
M z Z
gt gt gt
X-N CO laquomdashv CO CO bull igt gt bull
1 gt fc^gtgt bullbull ^ ^ ^
C 4-gt O t igt O J- 4J O H m o o o 3 bullH CO O rH in 3 bullH co vo o in 3 ~ 1 i-k -i ^trade fj rj ui ij o CO o n o rH =r co o n vo vo vo co o bullv O O O
O raquo On-3 rH O -bull- rH ON in _ IH in oj - rH bull rH VO OrH bull rH On ON pH d)u CO -UCO 4J OJ CO 4-gt gt
C mdashbull gt CM gt CM H-l O CO
v- ^^ N C 0
bull0 N CO
4-5 -0 _c^gt in in CO CO
C x~ c -^ t-oo in i 4J j_gt 41 4J bull 9 bull bull 4J bull
o j ON O O 3 (0 O4J O ON ON QJJ t~-^3- OJ 4-gt L
CO CM trade CO CM rH rH OJ co CM oj on Q ^ _ CO 3~Q-- n 45 Q mdash OJ OJ OJ C (0
1 11 3 nZ 2CO
gti gt gt CO CO CO ^-x m -s CO
rH rH ^ ro^^ bull gt bull ^ igt gt bullgt gtgt bull r O -Q 4Ji JJ O 5- JJ O pound- ^ O 4) oj o on (0 CO
3 bullH CJ O O in 3 bullH CO Cmdash VO on 3 pound-laquo H CO o n in inco co o n ma- r co g^ 5sect^ o
o rH on oj O bull- rH ONCO L O_ rH OJ VO M
rH bull rH =t rH bull - OJ T CO CO M CO 4-gt rH CO -U rH CO 4-) s
uits
CO 4-gt 4-5 T3 gt CM gt CM gt CM cc CO CO CO
3 3gt oa tlp^ CO O CM O gt 4J O 40 i 3 r+ k C pound JS
CO pound
^^ s -bullgt cmdash on poundZ VO CTI trx 4J 4J 4J
) bull bull bull Q Q Q Q4J 3shyc O-JJ CTgt OJ OJ Q-IJ inco on CO CO CO o co CM oj on co CM oj on co CM on
Q Q QON^ Q bullH Q^
rH rH 4J rH
O bullraquo L Z bull CO CO CO
i gtgt rH oj on gt tgtshyCM ^ cO^-s CO ~ CO
CO CO J X fc^_ bull^gt bullgtgt bull gt gtgt bull gt CO
j_ jJ O pound- Jj -P O Li deg =fObullH co on f- ^ 3bullH CO CO O in 3bullH CO
g^ -^2
poundsect HO
eis
mic
3 CO in in in in in in co o n co o n
o -^ r oj in O rHCO CO rH bullrH bull rH =T OrH bull rH OJ f-CO 4J bull- CO 4J rH O0) J-)
gt CM gt CM gt CM 4J
CO N_^ m^
bull OJ
t t poundshyCO CO CO CO rH J3 gt r-t oj on gt r-i oj on gt gt r n o j o n
Time months Flg11 Flucuatlon In Specific Conductance in Wells
26
Table 4 Specific Conductances in Wells (pmhoscm at 25degC)
West East Landfill Landfill
Date NW NE EG SE W SC N E S
81581 851 938 236 2356
102981 171 3268
11381 3268
111081 304 988 1100 258 3800
111481 426 2736 1216 186 4560
111781 304 3610 433 389 4560
121981 380 1406 129 103 380
1982 160 152
31582 274 760 1064 61 334 8000+ 182 53 84
52182 450 1500 1125 112 712 8000+ 175 255 150
52282 425 1320 1200 110 850 180 320 170
27
O
ct c r i c o o o o o c M o m o in CO CM unp^
3bull t- fmdash o^ co tmdash vo co in co cmdash co in a
bull bull1 1-1 trade4 rH rH^ CO 4)2
~ plusmn4J o O CM ^_
o n CO vO J oraquo 0C0M
cu rH rH rH rH rHin tmdash
3 iCM 4J
^j CO CO
E O0 ltU -H n o c E
See
pag
se
rva
t
rH O in 0 0 O O 0
O o x rH Cmdash
0 0n
cu rH mdash O tmdash X o o o o c o o o o r H r H i n o i n i n o O
bull L in oo co oo oo o cy cr o rH CM o cr ONc fcJ bullH on en m m rn c^n rH rH rH0 pound CO 3 CO
t CM0gt s o o o in rA n ^o oo in tmdash oo 0gt zr =r a- JT JT$_
T)C CO
~ E CO ^ _bdquo ltu CO g r H r n c n i n o o r H r H
vgtO ^D O ^^ ^O CO ^^ ^^ JJ 2 4) rH rHCO t
c CO
CO c 9) rH 0
CO -^ C c CO ltuo famp O trade t iH
0
bullo co n ^
oS
o ^^ bullH m
i co rn O CQ O1 CO CO 4) c2Q 3
CO
mdash^ bull cmdash CMin 1 gt rH vO vO O CTgt CO
s CTgt CO OO Ogt Craquo- tmdash cu O CO rH z 0
bull_bulllaquo
H bull L o in r in o oo in 3 rfy ff^ tir f^ CO C^~
4)bull
Z 3
^ ^ ^ ^ H r H r H r H r H rH r H C O r H C O a O C O a O a O C O C O r H i H r H CO OO - gt 0 0 ^ - gt ^ raquo - ^ ^ 1 - gt ~ gt - C O C O O O
U ^ raquo ^ - ~ raquo O ^ ^ O t ~ C O r H - r r ^ - ^ ^ JJ r H C M v O r H r H r H r H r H C M C M r H i n c r gt rH CO CM gt laquolaquo - - -^ bullmdash mdash bullraquoraquobullgt -v -v ^^
~ v O r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H lt M C M C M CM O O r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H rH
Vvraquolaquo IJ1^ raquo CP O 3L 1 Z - i bull j-t-J
1 J
LH Vb T n 0
1 gt fl oo O ~l 2 L - bull 1 P )laquo jn iP IP - OOI L5L mdash shy
-t 84 ^(^^ ^fi P i flja 0 JO II 10 tl tcgt 7 J IV wllaquo
h l2L bull 0 lt -_ shy
-id VJ lt 3C 2 ft OOL -mdash
U 71 C1 Sr 2 13 2 nl JLJraquopound HP r M ltf1- (
IMe 2 ii O It
n jlt dl 1 1 bull o o-il ST i 1 i 25 2-x-1
-
ri
i tlL O mdash gtbull bullgtlt 1ft -o- is Oil So iJK 2-io otv u 31 fil loi 2 il Oll it Of wr is i1raquo -iZ 1 deg|0 01
M IT So - mdash
- 13 1 CT mdash i - mdash 21
shy
Tl Ci av ZUll IMT 0 IM Pe v _ 1) T) S) ii3( dlt Ii 2 lt^2 II li- S1 riivi To 7HX lt3lO 14 ^2- iTi I li 011 -- - -i -^IS no 5^ or i | T Jift laquoV OoH bullla It Va iCO mdash L OIL 11 bullvf poundgtpound lS_ flv oh P-lfe 1 poif _ shy11 IB kl (4 itlaquoT lamp llt0 oot^
mdash -n
It T1 |ir( L1 HI 2 0 oil
U 1M ft go C ICf^ -^2 Z laquo-|o
11 it 5 bulln - TO o abull Li u-i IT1 -- Iw O ltM (I bullbull bdquo-I(K 1mdash -tilltLlA ttfe
i Dgt ac -- U 44 4 11 1 1- ytd i i_i J-K 0 i if -i i i V t Wl raquoOHM 1-1 US D C P A R T M f N T OF COMMfRCE t 4 1 IUII 1 1 ^~) mdash
llaquo- Hi NC bull bullh bull bullJL^V HBl CO 00
11
)jLsVyr^gturv
^ | TKu
|-_t_ bull(
IIMgt I I Mt|UU III- II 11
PNECIPITATIOH
I 1 1 IMX
IMO
bull llfclaquo I UCIUKI) Ur C V A r U M A AHO CLIMATOUOCICAL OBitH
E V A F O R A T I C r i Jttffl laquo amp hMIlaquoJllaquoJIIlaquoBgt
DATE AOOITIOMAL DAIAKMAKk M
bullraquobullmdashlaquo
tp 01 (1 Of Ll OOI ooo
0^1 o-i 10 tl |00 102
OC (1 13 Ofl
it i rc DS os an
(1 SV o
Ul 010
(ISl 101 I on
130
II 5= Otl
ss lt 001 (IK Ml
jt il HIT
7 it
ow Wo 17 Top 2-01 OIO
(0 oov zi oot
u CO ^A 0 to Zoi CLflS
bull50 01 ljtj
nshy 5H LO OIt
50121 IVO QJO
14 Co Ho LO Hl ^pound Jl 1
ltM ool fllc
H Tl 01 II
11 11 Q1
iH OIO
HO 2 llaquol 11 II
lifc
IV-IIM ul OIPAITHINT or COHMIICC NOAA
NAtlOHAL gtIATnlaquoll raquotraquoVlClaquo CD
r~
All TCUMMATUNI ^V UII rgt ITmi 1 Cwphu Obic i gtn t ngir-H 30
rilCiriTATIOH
JJ T I rTJ-rimdashr-iramj|MP CLmATOLOQ
laquolaquo jftilCiii bullIHO
Oi1l ADOITIOHAL DAIAlllu
Ilf4ft
Sii1
(1 2 IO OO
Hl ii SO
us OIM
Q^L
a A3 Hi SZ Sf^ bull 12J2
HI Z-SF OOl 1C t HM IA H ICP fiJA
OOl 10 (310 sn 310
if HI (0 ^01
bullit SO 28H poundJ1 11 006
14 35 TX oon II (bull2 it zr II c-S
rr Zll lo 31 OP an 31 a 31 oor
CSW O-ll Si CC Of 011
Oll _ I |ft
00
u i oerraquolaquoTMiMr of c NOAA
NATIONAL K C A T N C M SCMVlCC
TC^S lk)oiVroTJA
TETT I 7X
1raquolaquolaquo 4 bdquo ir lt er ni I^OV ltqgl j--^ TQ
MICiriTAllOH ITIND
D|mdash
b5NO ctiUATOtoiCAL oeit^
OATI AOOITIOMAL OATAVlHAtt
0-tt
Mlaquoh bullbullbull- rshy laquo
I- ltltriu HI I 4 bulllaquobullbull1
Zii
30 Dfellt otvt
at HA
OOI
62
iJ_S2 HI if
bull- 20 SI 2i So
So
VVfr
OSfc
I (
Jtlt
3aoi
r j -bull ie MA
Irill iiol
in^ 14
Mo
Zll
214
21 1P
00-i
bulliron
17
bullr
11 i ir- I J Ktf^c
US D E P A R T M E N T OF COuMEDCC I | C gt A A
K AIlaquo Ttupf lATuit r
|SlVi AlJ PIICIPITATION
oJud (El
VIM i Uraquo
MIND E
EVAPORATIOH flnrft bull A ftufiifccdll
KECORO OF eVAPllHAtlil bull I CLIHATOLOOCAL OBSERVA ^Hij
14 MM A_M AOOIIIONAL DATA11 MAIM
Mr bullH Oo|
M Si lift
bull221 IHI
ZS Ji 40 IZV
icr KS I
HZ 111
bullT 21
loA UK JA IP
v^ ft
1M 2Sshy IT Tl
71 V |
i I 31 1deg a
uty^ U bull3
ons 1 CiO TxX
HHO (10
3H 19 12 10 IP
raquo3H raquo | 5t io
OP OIT
14
vO UI Of PANTMINI Or COMMCRCf MM O A A
F ngt TIHH
iiicffwiffc 4 rJ (TIM bull Cempltit Obitittiio
AIlaquo TIMHIATUM PHICinTATION I V A f OK ATlPrl
OATI ADDITIONAL DATA KMAlIt
U4laquo4 +
03H Ji
10
rc a 1 16 oi ii
tiiy 10
OI
II i23 or o 13 -y~ou HO
II 3V III i 3 t
V laquop oot
OM1 SS ne
T an -i IP
Olt zr LTV
3T 001
a -11 2T
10 an 31
-1 raquo 131 UP 3H lf 14 Lpoundshy
it 14 30
IS
Ui O I P A K T M f H T OP COWlf ICfM O A A
NATJONAI V C A T M C n f t K M V l C K
bullbullbullbullbullshy -2 o AIlaquo TIMMRATUM f fKICIPITATIOH
OATI poundt- MMINMAL DATAk
ZP 51 lo icr
011 111
OoT IHf
Ut 003 am
3o 13 ao
4A X 05shy
H4 i IjJyiV131 ooc js
IH oi 01 tL 18 13 a
No 11-7
rivgtp OO| M Hi 03 01
It 12
bull I 41 bull7119 14 ^^ raquo 31 15 lampk n M ho i
Jo -j-
-J
I
Ml H^ I _
amp2ampUi^= LS 0 S 0-f bullTTT
-Vmdash gt U_ bull 1 rOHM I- 11 OI OCPARTMlNT OF COMM(NCC
HO NATIONAL W f A T M f H ftfraquoVlCI
98
Appendix B
Boring Logs
99
X iHECT 1 ff 2
OAT American Drilling amp Bor ini I Co Inc
wo WATH smn EAST PR ov IDENC E ft 1 Town of South Kingstown South K ngstown R I MOLENO X-J
TC 100 RCSS bull ujrMonitorinq Well Installation | South Kinqjtown R I UNC a STA Pf KXICCTHJ LOC ATK3N
bull cfrserrr TO above S MPLES S FNTTO _ _ |laquolaquor A-109 SURF ELEV RE PORTSEr
GROUND WATER O6SE RVATC MS 1 CDREraquolaquo m-T nn75 laquo A 256 - 20 mdash Hew y
Instolled 32ofT-l2 PV C - JO- COMPUTE 111275 K toia 3- I-WI 1-38 TOTAL MRS bdquo10 screen BORING FCACUAM J K lanq MAI rraquo HomnwWI 300 140 IampPCCrc Mamlaquor Fall 24 30 lampaaiona SOLS ENGR
LOCATION OF BORING H ONITOKING WELL
Coung Samplt Tjp Blow per 6 Manure SOU IDENTIFICATION Strata SAMPLE ^^^yV Bloot
foot
Otptni
From- To
el
l
on Sampler
0-6 1 -6-13 12-18
Dentity or
Conmt j
Chang Remark include colo^ graaation Type of tod lie Rao-coMr type condition nordshynetiDntotf time leamt and tie No Pen Rtlt
2 No top sample 5 12
1 loamy fine sand
bull)^ 40 30 36
5- 616 0 23 20 16
noist iense
Brown fine to coarse SAND some fine to coarse gravel Trace silt
^
1 18 18
36 8-0shy57 40 30 V 35
|0-||-6 D 14 24 20 Srown medium to coarse SAND Some fine gravel cobbles
7 IRshy 16
27 75 37 3
IS- I- D 5 14 16 3bull
ISshy 15
42 50 I9--0shy50 65 20-2ll-6 D 9 23 26 bull Jrown fine to coarse SAND Tbullwshy 1Z 75 90
22-0 Trace silt trace fine gravel
124 120 74 60 52 41
7S-ltlaquoil-A DX 71 16 13 wet very dense
Gray-brown fine to coarse SANC Some fine to coarse gravel little silt
H IR u
40 30--0
3C-30-IO
3l4-334
334-3314
38 4-434
D
c
C
C
7 IflO
94 6
we tr j
y se
ft irox
30MOshy
31 -4shy
Gray-brown fine to coarse SAND Trace silt
Gray-brown fine SAND some lilt trace fine gravel
Too of Rock 31 -4shy
Gray-pink GRANITE
6 7
amp
CJ
IltJ A
60
601
IQ mdash
2(
4
5 i Hard
ft 5ome seams bull
GROUND SURFACE TO J 4 U3CD_ ^JVrf bullbull( tutu t to 4o 4 SampM Type Proportion UMd MOB Wtx 3 OfaM on 2OD Sampler SUMMARY-
OOry CCartd WltWen4 Hoc OlolO Canmonieraquoi Don any CoKeem CarMWncy Earm Barrlaquoj 11 14
UPgtUnOigtturod Piuon trite (Oto20dego 0-Kgt Loei it 0-4 Sait 3O+Hofd Rock Corng 14 Kgt-30 laquo4 0 rte 4-8 MSHM Samplet TPTtitPit Ai Auger Vvanefett tarn 2Olo39 3O-M Owlt n laquo-lS Strlf rinit nn v 1
UTiUndlshffbed ThrMOll and bull 33to9O 5O Very 0laquo nraquoe 19-30 V-3trraquof - | OLE NO X-l
TOVH rim - iA it raquotoraquo
100
SHEET 2 o_L
WO WATEt STUET [AST ft OVIDENC pound a i American Drilling amp Bor ing Co Inc
MCLl WQ X- 1 Tt AOORCSS i
LIME A STA KXICCTMJ tuf same as 1 | tame as i LOCATION
W PORTSEf mo OB nj urt eflaquo T
illtPLES S
P
CVTTO nlaquo mun orv
^s f^ Tin i GRCVMO WATER OBSERVATONS CASING SAMPLER CORE BAR
START Typi COMPUTE tome at 1 same aiH
TOTAL MRS BORIMG FOR CMAN n bull IT INSPECTOR SOILS EMM
LOCATION OF BORING u HfVJTneTfi UFI _
8
Counf Blo-t
foot
Dtpllo
From To
0( on SampMr
0-6 f 6-IZ
Moittir
Oonuty or
Contilt
Strata Ctnngc
SOIL OCNTiriCATION Rtmorkt ineHifl cotot grqdotion Typlaquo of Mil etc Roo-axtrPlaquo condition Mrdshynlaquot Drog tun ttomt end tic
TPlaquoTraquojraquoPit AAugtr ViVon mini tamt 20to39 UTtundiifir6d TrwMOtf and JSloSO 50-raquobull Vary 0nlaquo [HOLE NO x-2 B-3O V-3Mf lev rim - IAIT raquosectlaquoraquo
102
300 iu 24
1 UMnii ffi 140 laquo 30
CA1INC tf
gt taWCTf
bull 0gtlaquo i R Cook Jr_ R Millineton1 Wttn
I~
1 VAMtl CtMG
1 W HO-t MO
1 Oraquo 1 laquo0~ twt
L 1 laquo-raquo VfcM^lf [wlaquoraquoCI ^ ^ K3Ot III laquo
0-LS D
5-65 D
LlQ 10-115 D
15-16 Tgt
Lraquo 70-51 n
25-26 D
F
I O-O Ci
A Allstate Drill ins Co vi o i
PROVIDING R 1bull raquoraquo uvraquonn~ N M O M I T O P I N G HE1 _^lt -^ PI-Traquo UJU
CUM Town of South Kineraquotown raquoraquo 1 1TA maoer Propolaquolaquod Sit for Slude Disposal nltn
laquo V-449 iampAAtut i a 138 ort STI bull r 42777 CtOuMO IKVtllON
Cill bdquo 258 DA II MN ru 42777 rilaquolaquodO laquoraquoTti rum 1911
AU1TATI
MMUI1 raquolaquogtlaquolaquo laquoKiO itXHHKraquoriOi of sous MUAHI nMTKlion Ot CMlaquoMC|kOraquort tl CO~VH DXltgt raquomlaquo laquotf IMi COIOI C4l II I 1raquo gtlaquo^ Oraquo 1Ol rC t Xgttgt VtfKOe Craquo Mi 1 ft liMraquoK laquo0^tlaquot nfgt
1-2-1 10 TOP SOIL FINE LIGHT BROWN SAND traclaquo of ilt
16-31-17
22-24-21 100 FINE TO MEDIUM LIGHT GRAY SAND trace of fine gravlaquol and raquopoundLt
lfl-37-34 150 LIGHT BROWN FINE TO MEDIUM SAND little poundinlaquo gravel
21-17-15 200 MEDIUM TO COARSE SAND bullomc fine gravel
12-4-10
265
Observation well installed
NOTE No casing blows taktn
bullbull B-23 ow
^w^ 265 I raquo bull raquolaquo bull I W
11 laquot gtbullraquo Vlaquo 14 W gt_ c-shyji bull alaquo bull jraquo VI laquoHshyw bullbull m raquobullbull D-6 raquo Mshy
bull bull laquo Vshy
1
bull bull
I
103
MAMMII Allstate Drilling Co ulaquorr 1 or 1 FftOVIOCKZ H L traquolS mTArm^S MONITOR NR WEL
VNO wr3JJO__raquoraquou_24__ HCU MO P-74 n iu riBwi Town of Slt7H^ Xirpin
mdash^ laquo0J P 1 1 bull ^n^ciit^o TVlaquow^laquott1 bullraquoit wt 140 nu 30 olaquor fBu lkv Waste Disposal Arcai
MUTAH a V-449 R Cook Jr UMlaquoiigti D 1 38 0t| raquoIJ raquo 5277 rlaquo SUMO luvlaquorv-laquow
mdash 5277 fipe -raquoT pfpm 150
H MCIO IMNTlXAflON Of SOU t(kAIlaquoS rrn 0-laquoraquo
5 -SF 01 w in laquobull -raquo ^ lit
D 1-2-2 TOP SOIL V-1-oraquo
15 IPbull FINE TO MEDIUM LIGHT GRAY SAND AND GRAVEL
5-65 D 37-27-35 some silt
10-11 D 20-14-18
15-165 D i 17-14-14 155
BROWN COARSE TO MEDIUM SAND little fine to coarse gravel trace of silt
20-211 D 4-4-2
230 GRAY BROWN VERY FINE SAND
25-26J D 7-8-9 AND SILT 265 fvarvedl
Observation well installed
NOTE No casing blows taken
wta 10 n uuraquo c^imdashbull IgtM laquolaquobull- B-24 ow ~ 14 ltfc laquoraquobull vlaquo^ M laquobull r O 0 fmtt bull W-L 26 5
-0- CgtCmdashgt bull laquolaquobull mdash laquo 1 - raquoraquo 1 gt 1laquo bull 1 gtraquor to bull mdashbull bull bull bulllaquo I t l~laquo 1lt Uraquo mdashbull ) bull 1 gtbull ft 0~ H laquoy bullM ta bull -IN la laquobull OPUM bull($ IMI
mdash H raquo laquo-bull
104
Appendix C
Calibration of Specific Conductance Meters
105
Specific conductance measurements were made using a beckman RB
338 temperature compensating meter and a YSI rtooel 33 salinity
conductivity temperature meter The YSI meter is not
temperature correcting A formula to compensate for temperature
differences to standardize YSI measurements was used (21)
A long probe for the Beckman meter was used to measure conductivity
in the wells Differences in conductivity between the YSI ana
Beckman meters and the Beckman short and long probes exist These
were calibrated in the laboratory using 001 N and 01 N KC1
solutions Values presented are Beckman short probe values The
Beckman long probe values were reduced by 76 and tne YSI values
were multiplied by 11 to adjust to Beckman short probe values The
YSI meter was used in the latter phases of the study for the
stream contamination due to the greater accuracy of the dial readout
scale
Table 7 Specific Conductance Meter Calibration Table
Concentration (KCL) 0001N 001N
Specific Beckman short 145 143 143 1247 1245 12GO
Conductances Beckman long 190 191 188 1639 1650 1665
umhocm 9 25 C YSI 132 131 128 1131 1140 1150
average values Beckman shortBeckman long = 075
Beckman shortYSI = 11
106
Appendix D
Computer program Flow Chart
107
F1g 33 Computer Program Flow Chart-
1TpoundR MAP TCO
NEWPER
WEWSTP CZAX
HEWIT TRANS TCOF ROW COLUMN
Yes
Yes
108 The following is a description of the USGS two-dimensional computer
program Iterative Digital Model for Aquifer Evaluation updated
December 1972 by P C Trescott The program written in Fortran
consists of a MAIN program and six subprograms or subroutines which
themselves are organized into subprogram sections The subroutines and
their sections are listed below
MAIN Program
DATAIN (subroutine) COEF ITER (section) CLAY MAP TRANS NEWPER TCOF
The program begins in the MAIN program which controls the sequence
of passage to the subroutines Sequential steps are described in the
program as shown in the flow chart of Fig 32 Emphasis is placed on the
steady state confined aquifer case as applied in this study First data
input is read in the DATAIN subroutine This data includes transmissivities
or permeabilities starting heads storage coefficients and grid spacings
Nodal transmissivity values are then computed for the water-table problem
in the TRANS section (COEF subroutine) This procedure is necessary here
because the subsequent routine for computing iteration parameters (ITER)
keys on nodal transmissivity values which would not have been input to
the water-table problem In the water-table option these would have been
109
computed from given bedrock and water-table elevations to obtain the
saturated thickness component of the transmissivity calculation In this
study water-table option was not used and the transmissivity values were
input directly The program then passes to the ITER section (DATAIN
subroutine) to compute the iteration parameters which expediate or even
cause convergence Next the MAP section (DATAIN subroutine) is utilized
to initialize data for an alphanumeric map if this was requested in the
input options Transmissivities are then computed for the confined
(artesian) aquifer case (water table not specified with input options)
in the TCOF section (COEF subroutine) These coefficients are harmonic
mean values of adjacent nodal transmissivities weighted by grid sizes
Time parameters and pumping data for a new pumping period are then read
in the NEWPER section (DATAIN subroutine) followed by entry into the
NEWSTP section (COMPUT subroutine) which calculates the size of the
time step Leakage coefficients (hydraulic conductivity of the confining
bed divided by confining bed thickness) are next computed in the CLAY
section (COEF subroutine) if leakage was specified in the input data
which was used in this study
A new iteration is then initiated in sections NEWITO (COMPUT
subroutine) NEWITO saves the current head values and compares them to
the updated head values for determining closure This is followed by
nodal transmissivity values being computed for the water table or water-
table artesian conversion problem Transmissivity coefficients are then
computed for the water-table problem in TCOF (COEF subroutine) Total
head values are then computed with the alternating direction implicit
procedure using the Thomas algorithim first along rows in the ROW section
110 and then along columns in the COLUMN section both in the COMPUT subroutine
Then if a solution is not obtained (because the error criteria for
closure is not satisfied) the MAIN program branches back to NEWIT1 subshy
sequent sections TRANS TCOF ROW and COLUMN repeatedly until a
solution at the particular time step is achieved NEWIT1 increments the
iteration counter and is immediately followed by NEWITO The program then
moves to the STEADY section of the COMPUT subroutine to check if the
closure criteria for steady state has been satisfied Output is then
printed in the OUTPUT section of COMPUT if steady state has been reached
or if the particular time step is designated for output
The program then branches back to NEWSTP (COMPUT subroutine) and
moves through the subsequent routines until the last time step in the
pumping period is reached Output is then promoted in the DRY section
of COMPUT if specified in input data If the last pumping period in
the problem has not been reached the program branches back to the
NEWPER section and moves again through subsequent sections otherwise
the program will terminate or start a new problem if one follows
This study was simulated as a steady state problem which can be
simulated by setting the storage coefficient of the aquifer and the
specific storage of the confining bed to zero and using one time step
of any length
111
Appendix E
Computer Data Sheets
RGSEA
10 ROSE HILL LANDFILL MODEL 20 30 40 LEAKAGE 50 60 70 CHECK 80 90 100 HEAD 110 120 1 23 IQ 100 5 001 37E-OU 0 130 100 001 0 0 1 4 0 - 1 - 1 1 - 1 - 1 i i i i i i 1
ISO 1 10 0 1547E-05 01 10 1 1 160 04642 200 200 1 1 i it
1 Agpar MA and 0 Langmuir Ground-Water Pollution Potential of a Landfill Above tne Water Table Groundwater V 9 No 6 1971 pp 76-96
2 Allen William B Hahn GW and RA Brackley Availability of Ground Water Upper Pawcatuck River Basin Rhode Island USGS US Government Printing-office GS 66-624 19bb
3 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Part 31 Open Channel Flow Measurement of Water and Waste Water by Weirs D 2034-68 1975
4 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Part 19 Infiltration Rate of Soils in Field Using Double-Ring Infiltrameters D 3385-75 1975
5 Baeaecner MJ and W BacK Hyarogeological Processes and Chemical Reactions of a Landfill Ground Water V 17 no 5 1979 pp 429-437
6 Beck WW Dunn AL and Grover H Emrich Leachate Quality Improvements After Top Sealing1 8th SHwRD MERL Symposium 1982
7 Beckman WK Transient Modeling For Estimating Sustained Aauifer Yield master thesis presented to the University of Rhode Island Kingston RI 1978
8 Bhattacharya PK and HP Patra Direct Current Geoelectric Sounding Elsevier Publishing Co New York 1968 135 p
9 Bouwer H Ground Water Hydrology McGraw-Hill Book Co New Yoric 1978 p 378
10 Braids 0 Cocozza pound Fenn D Isbister J Rous P and B Yarc Procedures Manual for Ground Water Monitoring at Solid Waste Disposal Facilities Environmental Protection Agency530SW-611 Cincinnati Ohio 1977
11 Cartwright K and MR McComas Geophysical Surveys in the Vicinity of Sanitary Landfills in Northeastern Illinois Groundwater V 6 no 5 1968 pp 23-30
12 Cartwright K and Fd Sherman Jr Electrical Earth Resistivity Surveying in Landfill Investigations Reprinted from Proceedings of ohe lOtn Annual Engineering and Soils Engineering Symposium Moscow Idaho 1972
122 13 Clark TP Survey of Ground-Water Protection Methods for
Illinois Landfills Groundwater V 13 no 4 1975 pp 321-331
14 Dunne T and LB Leapold Water in Environmental Planning WH Freeman and Company San Francisco 1978
16 Fenn DG Hanley KJ and TV Degeare Use of the Water Balance Method for Predicting Leachate Generation From Solia Waste Disposal Sites US Environmental Protection Agency530SW-lfa8 Cincinnati Ohio 1975
17 Geisser 0 An Electric Analog and Digital Computer Model of the Chipuxet Ground Water^ Aquifer Kingston Rhode Island master thesis presented to the University of Rhode Island Kingston RI 1975
18 Hahn GW Groundwater Map of the Narragansett Pier Quadrangle Rhode Island Rhode Island Water Resources Coordinating Board GWM 5 1959
19 Hemsley William T Koster C Wallace Remedial Technique of Controlling and Treating Low Volume Leachate Discharge USEPA National Conference on Management of Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites Oct 1980
20 Hughes GM RA Landon and RN Farvolden Hydrogeology of Solid Waste Disposal Sites in Northeastern Illinois Final Report to US Environmental Protection Agency PUD SW-l^d Cincinnati Ohio 1971
21 Keller GV and FC Frischknecht Electrical Methods in Geophysical Prospecting Pergamon Press New YorK NY 19bb
22 Kelly WE West Kingston Landfill An Evaluation of Its Effect on Ground-Water Quality Rnoae Island Water Resources Board Water Information Series Report 1975
23 Kelly WE Geoelectric Sounding for Delineating Ground-Water Contamination Groundwater V 14 No 1 1976 pp fa-10
24 Kelly WE Ground-Water Pollution Near a Landfill ASCE Environmental Engineering Division Journal V 10 No EE6 Dec 19b pp nay-nyy
25 Kelly WE personal communication January 1982
123
26 Kelly WE and OW Urish A Study of the Effects of Salt Storage Practices on Surface ana Ground Water Quality in Rhode Island NTIS FHWA-RI-RD-8001 1981 54 p
27 Kimmel GE and OC Braids Leachate Plumes in a Highly Permeable Aauifer Groundwater y 12 no 6 1974 pp 388-393
28 Klefstaa G Senalein LVA ana RC Palmauist Limitations of the Electrical Resistivity Method in Landfill Investigations Groundwater V 13 No 5 1975 pp 418-427
29 Landon RA Application of Hydrogeology to the Selection of Refuse Disposal Sites Groundwater V 7 no b 19b9 pp 9-13
30 Lang SM Bierschenk WH ana WB Allen 1960 Hyaraulic Characteristics of Glacial Outwash in Rhode Island Rhode Islana Water Resources Coordinating Board Bulletin No 3
31 LeGrand HE Patterns of Contaminated Zones of Water in the Ground Water Resources Research v 1 No 1 1965
32 Palmauist R and L Sendlein The Configuration of Contamination Enclaves from Refuse Disposal Sites on Floodplains Grouna Water v 13 no 2 1975 pp 167-181
33 Pinder GF A Digital Model for Aauifer Evaluation Techniaues of Water Resources Investigations of the US Geological Survey Bk 7 Cl 1970
34 Purushattam D Tamxe GR and CM Stoffel Leachate Production at Sanitary Landfill Sites ASCE Environmental Engineering Division Journal V 103 no EE 6 Dec1977 pp 981-988
35 Remson I Fungaroli AA ana AW Lawrence Water Movement in an Unsaturated Sanitary Landfill ASCE Sanitary Engineering Division Journal v 94 no SA2 April1968 pp 307-316
36 Rosenshien JS Gouthier JB and WB Allen Hydrologic Characteristics and Sustained Yield of Principal Ground-Water Units Potowamut-Wickford Area Rhoae Island USGS US Government Printing Office GS 67-324 1968
37 Roux PH and B Vincent Electrical Resistivity Evaluations At Solid Waste Disposal Facilities US Environmental Protection Agency SW-729 Cincinnati Ohio 1978
124
38 Salvato JA Wi lk ie WG and BE Mead Sanitary Landfill Leaching Prevention and Control Water Pollution Control Federation Journal v 43 no 10 Oct 1971 pp 2084-2100
39 Sawyer CN and PL McCarty Chemistry for Environmental Engineering McGraw Hill 1978
40 Stellar RL and P Roux Earth Resist ivi ty Surveys - A Method for Defining Ground-Water Contamination Ground Water v 13 no 2 1975 pp 145-150
41 Todd OK Ground Water Hydrology John Wi ley and Sons Inc New York 1959
42 Tolman AL Ballestero AP Beck WW and GH Emrich Guidance Mannual For Minimizing Pollution From Waste Disposal Sites US Environmental Protection Agency-500SW-677 Cincinnati Ohio 1978
43 Trescott PC Iterative Digital Model for Aauifer Evaluation US Geological Survey Open file report 1972
44 University of Rhode Island Academic Computer Center CalComp Contouring Manual
45 Warner DL Preliminary Field Studies Using Earth Resistivity Measurements for Delineating Zones of Contaminated Ground Water Groundwater v 7 1969 pp 9-16
46 White EF A Report to the Town of S Kingstown Utility Survey Engineering Corp 1967
47 Zohdy AAR A Computer Program for the Calculation of Schlumberger Sounding Curves Over Horizontally Layered Media Using the Method of Convolution US Geological Survey Denver
48 Zohdy AAR Eaton GP and DR Mabey Application of Surface Geophysics to Ground-Water Investigations Technidues of Water-Resources Investigations of the US Geological Survey Book 2 Chapter 01 Washington US Government Printing Office 2401-02543 1974
0gt -^^ o a5 raquobull bullo o sect 3 mdash laquoo o wcz _
3Ogt c $c o_ X
aw e 05 0 (0 3 bullo
o a 2 2 u
hydraulic properties and the subsurface geometry enable estimates of
ground-water outflow to be made Streamflow measurements were used
to verify these outflows Contamination levels using specific
conductance measurements as an indicator were measured in wells
streams and observation holes to help delineate the extent ana
degree of contamination An electrical resistivity sounding was
conducted in a known contamination zone
The primary objective of tnis study is to determine flow
patterns in the vicinity of the landfill ana recommend possible
actions to contain or minimize the impact of the contamination In
oraer to fully evaluate these goals the aforementioned parameters
were input to a computer model to produce simulated flow patterns
under different conditions The simulated present conditions were
matched with field water table and stream flow measurements to
calibrate the model A series of simulations were then run to
evaluate flow conditions before the excavations anaor landfill
existed Remedial measures such as reducing recharge to the
landfill and implementing a slurry wall to blocx off leachate flow
to endangered wells were simulated to evaluate their effectiveness
Based on this analysis recommendations are made as to how to
minimize leachate production ano best alleviate the immediate danger
of the contaminant plume spreading to unpolluted domestic supply
wells
background
The South Kingstown landfill is in a geologic setting that is
very similiar to the nearby West Kingston landfill This is located
about 3 miles west of the South Kingstown landfill and has been
studied to assess leachate effects on groundwater quality using
specific conductance as an indicator of contamination levels
(222ltt) Both sites were located in abandoned gravel Quarries which
were filled in with refuse to create the landfill
In the literature numerous authors have shown that the character
of contaminant plumes from landfills are largely dependent on the
local geology and geohydrology A study on Long Island (27) in
similiar glacial material illustrates that the Quantity of flow is
dependent on the hydraulic conductivity of tne aauifer the
hydraulic gradient and the vertical cross-sectional area of the
aauifer it flows through This is expressed as Darcys Law (41)
Q = KIA
wnere Q = flow quantity
I = hydraulic gradient
K = hydraulic conductivity of the aauifer
A = vertical cross sectional area of the flow area
Specific conductance was used as a contaminant tracer to show that
the plume from the landfill flowed downgradient and vertically
through the full thickness of the aauifer A study in Iowa (32)
indicates that the size ana shape of the contamination outflow from
a l a n d f i l l can be predicted from existing geohydrologic conditions
and that the horizontal shape of the outflow extends downgradient
8
from the source and parallel to ground-water flow lines Other
parameters which control the extent of the contaminant plume are
dilution and dispersion in the aquifer and the adsorption properties
of the aauifer material (31)
The amount of leachate generated depends largely on the amount
of water that infiltrates through the landfill to increase tne water
content of the refuse in the landfill The precipitation recharge
that percolates down through the unsaturated zone to the water table
moves in a vertical direction (35) Surface runoff soil moisture
storage losses and evapotranspiration account for tne precipitation
that is not transmitted tnrough the unsaturated zone of aeration
(3315) Upon reaching the saturated zone the water enters the
ground-water flow system Ground-water mounding has been reported
in landfills due to the decreased hydraulic conductivity of
compacted refuse relative to surrounding aauifer material (20)
Chemical processes within the landfill leachate outflow and
surrounding soil cation exchange capacity relative to water duality
of the surrounding aduifer have been studied in Pennsylvania (1) anu
in Delaware (5) A procedures manual for ground-water monitoring at
solid waste disposal facilities was developed by the US
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (9)
Several reports have been written that investigate site
selection design criteria and remedial measures to correct
leachate problems (29) A survey of ground-water protection methods
for landfills in Illinois studies relationships to the water table
theory of liner installation and monitoring devices (13) Sanitary
Landfi11-Leaching Prevention and Control presents a review of
preventative methods such as means to minimize infiltration
interception of ground-water and other pollution control measures
(2 37) A study in Pennsylvania on actual measures implemented to
collect and treat a landfills leachate discharge presents a site
specific study (19) Leachate Quality Improvements After Top
Sealing1 shows that by minimizing infiltration at a landfill in
Connecticut the outflow leachate water quality can be improved
dramatically and contamination plume reduced significantly (6) The
most comprehensive reports on remedial approaches to upgrading waste
disposal sites and ground-water protection methods have been
compiled under USEPA contract (1542)
To assist in evaluating remedial measures the US Geological
Survey (USGS) computer model Iterative Digital Model for Aduifer
Evaluation was used It was originally developed as a model for
simulating two-dimensional aauifer problems (33) It had been
updated since its original development to accomodate different
options (43) This model has been applied to glacial outwash
regions in Rhode Island (717)
10
Description of Study Area
A map of tne landfill area (Fig Z) was obtained from tne town
of South Kingstown The excavation to the west of Rose Hill Roaa
the landfill area directly to the east and the presently operating
area to the east of the central stream comprise tne overall study
area This study will concentrate on the west landfill area whicn
has recently reached capacity and been closed to further dumping
This site received mixed refuse for the past 15 years The depth of
the excavation where the landfill presently exists was approximately
to bedrock in some places Tne exact depths of landfill material is
unknown
The landfill cover has been graded and sloped generally eastward
to convey surface runoff to the eastern side A sandy soil that was
excavated locally was used as tne cover material The northern
section has a vegetation cover and the recently filled southern
section has been seeded and mulched The six monitoring wells W
NW NE EC SE SC were placed by the town of South Kingstown to
provide water quality information
Referring to Fig 2 the west excavation stream drains the area
created by the excavation to the west of Rose Hill Road and flows
throughout the year The central stream drains a small watershed
area which lies to the northwest of the landfill and drys up during
part of the year These streams flow into the Saugatucket River
which flows throughout the year and is larger than the west and
central streams combined
11
The USGS Groundwater Map (18) was initially consulted to proviae
information on the ground-water flow patterns (Fig 5) and the
geology of tne area (Fig 6) The surficial geology borings and the
vertical geologic cross-section at the base of the study area
indicate shallow water table and bedrocic and a nearly constant
saturated thickness (18) Boring logs at the W well ana a point
approximately 150 feet south of it indicate glacial outwasn material
which is primarily sana with a trace of gravel over bedrock at a
depth of approximately 33 feet Borings at the east landfill area N
and S monitoring wells indicate the same aquifer material
(Appendix B)
The ground-water map developed by Hahn is taken as
representative of conditions existing prior to the excavation of the
I l andfill (18) This indicates water-table contour lines that run in i
a general northeasterly direction This means tnat flow was
originally in a southeasterly direction However contamination of
domestic supply wells on the west side of Rose Hill Road has
occurred (Fig 3) strongly suggesting that the original flow pattern
has been altered by the excavation to the west of Rose Hill Road and
the landfill to the east of it Domestic supply wells were formerly
located directly to the west of Rose Hill Road but were aoandoned
when they became contaminated from landfill leachate New wells
were located to the south and west away from the contaminant plume
of tne landfill In addition a well located at the northeastern
corner of the landfill was contaminated and a replacement located to
the east of Us former location on tne opposite side of the central
12
Legend scale 124000
mdash-40 mdashground-water contour elevation
Fig 5 Ground-Water Map
13
Legend feet
TILL
Fig 6 Geology Background Map
14
stream This second wel 1 also became contaminated Domestic supply
wells located near tne northwestern corner of tne landfill and
approximately 300 feet south of it nave remained uncontaminated
These well locations serve as an indication of tne extent of the
landfill contamination which is largely dependent on the groundwater
flow patterns To furtner investigate this problem and provide
substantial information on which to base the geohydrologic analysis
field studies of the area were conducted
15
Field Studies ana Procedures
A map of the lanafill and an aerial pnotograph of the area were
obtained A tracing of these maps superimposed upon another
delineates stream landfill and monitor well locations (Fig 2)
The field investigation concentrated on the west landfill area ana
its aajoining streams ana monitor wells The east landfill area and
the three monitor wells in that area are induced in the latter
phase of the study in oraer to expand the model area
A traverse which establishea tne monitor well elevations was run
using a Carl Zeiss level These were originally sitea in by the
town of South Kingstown using a local USGS reference datum number 40
(18) The wells of known elevations then served as benchmarks for
referencing adjacent stream elevations This in combination with
the depth to water table measurements at each well enables tne
water-table surface geometry of the area to oe visualized
Water-table measurements of the west landfills wells were recordea
over a ten month period to record fluctuations (Fig 7 Table 1)
The east landfill areas wells were monitored for a five month
period Using a given water-table condition a ground-water map was
developea of the area (Fig 4) This indicates an outflow from
the landfill primarily in a southeasterly direction and partially
in a southwesterly direction
Additional bedrock and water-table information was ootainea by a
seismic refraction survey at several locations along the landfill
perimeter A Bison Model lb70C Signal Enhancement Seismograpn was
used to maxe the surveys Lines were run (to a length of kOO feet)
16
17
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2 s s 3 a bdquo s s $ Al s
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s s 3
g laquo s3 a
~ J s 2 a s o s S s 3 a a j laquo s o s
3 bull laquobull
2 a 7 3 a 3 a ^2
s mdash 5i o
bull bull
mdash
3 o
ss a
fc mdash
3 1-sect m ishy n
18
in both directions to provide a check and permit accurate estimates
of the depth to bedrockThe seismic results allow approximate
interpretations of the depth to the water table and bedrocK thus
permitting an estimation of the saturated thickness Ground
elevations at the location of the seismic surveys were determined
from a topographical map and field siting From this information
water table ana bedrock elevations estimates were made Bedrock
contours are listed in Fig 8 In addition a table which
summarizes the seismic refraction results for the unsaturated
saturated and bedrock layers velocities and depths at each survey
location is presented in Table 2
Scream gauging stations were established on the two streams
bordering the west landfill (Fig 9) Three stations were placed on
the central stream These provide information on the influent or
effluent condition of ground-water flow in the upper sections of the
stream and ground-water baseflow from an area adjacent to the
landfill into the stream (Table 3)
The stream gauging stations used were 90deg V-notch weirs The
weirs located in the SE and SW positions were placed in the
streamoea with a liner of plastic upstream to minimize underflow
The weirs located in the NW and E positions were cut to fit in
recesses of concrete culvert pipes Concrete plywooa interfaces
were coated with roofing cement to minimize bypass flow Upstream
water pressure and a snug fit hold the plywood sections in place
All weirs were implaceo according to AigtTM reouirements and flowrates
calculated using the standard 90deg V-notch formula (3)
19
N
seepage West observat ion Landfill hole
Area
Legend landfill limit excavat ion limit
copyWNWNEECSESC monitoring well locations
= = = unimproved road -- WNES-number
seismic refraction locations
-40shy approximate bedrock contpur elevation
feet
Fig8 Seismte Survey Location
20
c ^-^ c4j ^laquoc in -=r 3shyjj bull pn f- 4-gt bull in in OjJ bull bull a jo bull bull O JJ
co CM o on on CO CM CTNVO VO co CM o on on Q gt_x rH oj on a oj on a - rH oner
rmdash on sr i i
M z Z
gt gt gt
X-N CO laquomdashv CO CO bull igt gt bull
1 gt fc^gtgt bullbull ^ ^ ^
C 4-gt O t igt O J- 4J O H m o o o 3 bullH CO O rH in 3 bullH co vo o in 3 ~ 1 i-k -i ^trade fj rj ui ij o CO o n o rH =r co o n vo vo vo co o bullv O O O
O raquo On-3 rH O -bull- rH ON in _ IH in oj - rH bull rH VO OrH bull rH On ON pH d)u CO -UCO 4J OJ CO 4-gt gt
C mdashbull gt CM gt CM H-l O CO
v- ^^ N C 0
bull0 N CO
4-5 -0 _c^gt in in CO CO
C x~ c -^ t-oo in i 4J j_gt 41 4J bull 9 bull bull 4J bull
o j ON O O 3 (0 O4J O ON ON QJJ t~-^3- OJ 4-gt L
CO CM trade CO CM rH rH OJ co CM oj on Q ^ _ CO 3~Q-- n 45 Q mdash OJ OJ OJ C (0
1 11 3 nZ 2CO
gti gt gt CO CO CO ^-x m -s CO
rH rH ^ ro^^ bull gt bull ^ igt gt bullgt gtgt bull r O -Q 4Ji JJ O 5- JJ O pound- ^ O 4) oj o on (0 CO
3 bullH CJ O O in 3 bullH CO Cmdash VO on 3 pound-laquo H CO o n in inco co o n ma- r co g^ 5sect^ o
o rH on oj O bull- rH ONCO L O_ rH OJ VO M
rH bull rH =t rH bull - OJ T CO CO M CO 4-gt rH CO -U rH CO 4-) s
uits
CO 4-gt 4-5 T3 gt CM gt CM gt CM cc CO CO CO
3 3gt oa tlp^ CO O CM O gt 4J O 40 i 3 r+ k C pound JS
CO pound
^^ s -bullgt cmdash on poundZ VO CTI trx 4J 4J 4J
) bull bull bull Q Q Q Q4J 3shyc O-JJ CTgt OJ OJ Q-IJ inco on CO CO CO o co CM oj on co CM oj on co CM on
Q Q QON^ Q bullH Q^
rH rH 4J rH
O bullraquo L Z bull CO CO CO
i gtgt rH oj on gt tgtshyCM ^ cO^-s CO ~ CO
CO CO J X fc^_ bull^gt bullgtgt bull gt gtgt bull gt CO
j_ jJ O pound- Jj -P O Li deg =fObullH co on f- ^ 3bullH CO CO O in 3bullH CO
g^ -^2
poundsect HO
eis
mic
3 CO in in in in in in co o n co o n
o -^ r oj in O rHCO CO rH bullrH bull rH =T OrH bull rH OJ f-CO 4J bull- CO 4J rH O0) J-)
gt CM gt CM gt CM 4J
CO N_^ m^
bull OJ
t t poundshyCO CO CO CO rH J3 gt r-t oj on gt r-i oj on gt gt r n o j o n
Time months Flg11 Flucuatlon In Specific Conductance in Wells
26
Table 4 Specific Conductances in Wells (pmhoscm at 25degC)
West East Landfill Landfill
Date NW NE EG SE W SC N E S
81581 851 938 236 2356
102981 171 3268
11381 3268
111081 304 988 1100 258 3800
111481 426 2736 1216 186 4560
111781 304 3610 433 389 4560
121981 380 1406 129 103 380
1982 160 152
31582 274 760 1064 61 334 8000+ 182 53 84
52182 450 1500 1125 112 712 8000+ 175 255 150
52282 425 1320 1200 110 850 180 320 170
27
O
ct c r i c o o o o o c M o m o in CO CM unp^
3bull t- fmdash o^ co tmdash vo co in co cmdash co in a
bull bull1 1-1 trade4 rH rH^ CO 4)2
~ plusmn4J o O CM ^_
o n CO vO J oraquo 0C0M
cu rH rH rH rH rHin tmdash
3 iCM 4J
^j CO CO
E O0 ltU -H n o c E
See
pag
se
rva
t
rH O in 0 0 O O 0
O o x rH Cmdash
0 0n
cu rH mdash O tmdash X o o o o c o o o o r H r H i n o i n i n o O
bull L in oo co oo oo o cy cr o rH CM o cr ONc fcJ bullH on en m m rn c^n rH rH rH0 pound CO 3 CO
t CM0gt s o o o in rA n ^o oo in tmdash oo 0gt zr =r a- JT JT$_
T)C CO
~ E CO ^ _bdquo ltu CO g r H r n c n i n o o r H r H
vgtO ^D O ^^ ^O CO ^^ ^^ JJ 2 4) rH rHCO t
c CO
CO c 9) rH 0
CO -^ C c CO ltuo famp O trade t iH
0
bullo co n ^
oS
o ^^ bullH m
i co rn O CQ O1 CO CO 4) c2Q 3
CO
mdash^ bull cmdash CMin 1 gt rH vO vO O CTgt CO
s CTgt CO OO Ogt Craquo- tmdash cu O CO rH z 0
bull_bulllaquo
H bull L o in r in o oo in 3 rfy ff^ tir f^ CO C^~
4)bull
Z 3
^ ^ ^ ^ H r H r H r H r H rH r H C O r H C O a O C O a O a O C O C O r H i H r H CO OO - gt 0 0 ^ - gt ^ raquo - ^ ^ 1 - gt ~ gt - C O C O O O
U ^ raquo ^ - ~ raquo O ^ ^ O t ~ C O r H - r r ^ - ^ ^ JJ r H C M v O r H r H r H r H r H C M C M r H i n c r gt rH CO CM gt laquolaquo - - -^ bullmdash mdash bullraquoraquobullgt -v -v ^^
~ v O r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H lt M C M C M CM O O r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H rH
Vvraquolaquo IJ1^ raquo CP O 3L 1 Z - i bull j-t-J
1 J
LH Vb T n 0
1 gt fl oo O ~l 2 L - bull 1 P )laquo jn iP IP - OOI L5L mdash shy
-t 84 ^(^^ ^fi P i flja 0 JO II 10 tl tcgt 7 J IV wllaquo
h l2L bull 0 lt -_ shy
-id VJ lt 3C 2 ft OOL -mdash
U 71 C1 Sr 2 13 2 nl JLJraquopound HP r M ltf1- (
IMe 2 ii O It
n jlt dl 1 1 bull o o-il ST i 1 i 25 2-x-1
-
ri
i tlL O mdash gtbull bullgtlt 1ft -o- is Oil So iJK 2-io otv u 31 fil loi 2 il Oll it Of wr is i1raquo -iZ 1 deg|0 01
M IT So - mdash
- 13 1 CT mdash i - mdash 21
shy
Tl Ci av ZUll IMT 0 IM Pe v _ 1) T) S) ii3( dlt Ii 2 lt^2 II li- S1 riivi To 7HX lt3lO 14 ^2- iTi I li 011 -- - -i -^IS no 5^ or i | T Jift laquoV OoH bullla It Va iCO mdash L OIL 11 bullvf poundgtpound lS_ flv oh P-lfe 1 poif _ shy11 IB kl (4 itlaquoT lamp llt0 oot^
mdash -n
It T1 |ir( L1 HI 2 0 oil
U 1M ft go C ICf^ -^2 Z laquo-|o
11 it 5 bulln - TO o abull Li u-i IT1 -- Iw O ltM (I bullbull bdquo-I(K 1mdash -tilltLlA ttfe
i Dgt ac -- U 44 4 11 1 1- ytd i i_i J-K 0 i if -i i i V t Wl raquoOHM 1-1 US D C P A R T M f N T OF COMMfRCE t 4 1 IUII 1 1 ^~) mdash
llaquo- Hi NC bull bullh bull bullJL^V HBl CO 00
11
)jLsVyr^gturv
^ | TKu
|-_t_ bull(
IIMgt I I Mt|UU III- II 11
PNECIPITATIOH
I 1 1 IMX
IMO
bull llfclaquo I UCIUKI) Ur C V A r U M A AHO CLIMATOUOCICAL OBitH
E V A F O R A T I C r i Jttffl laquo amp hMIlaquoJllaquoJIIlaquoBgt
DATE AOOITIOMAL DAIAKMAKk M
bullraquobullmdashlaquo
tp 01 (1 Of Ll OOI ooo
0^1 o-i 10 tl |00 102
OC (1 13 Ofl
it i rc DS os an
(1 SV o
Ul 010
(ISl 101 I on
130
II 5= Otl
ss lt 001 (IK Ml
jt il HIT
7 it
ow Wo 17 Top 2-01 OIO
(0 oov zi oot
u CO ^A 0 to Zoi CLflS
bull50 01 ljtj
nshy 5H LO OIt
50121 IVO QJO
14 Co Ho LO Hl ^pound Jl 1
ltM ool fllc
H Tl 01 II
11 11 Q1
iH OIO
HO 2 llaquol 11 II
lifc
IV-IIM ul OIPAITHINT or COHMIICC NOAA
NAtlOHAL gtIATnlaquoll raquotraquoVlClaquo CD
r~
All TCUMMATUNI ^V UII rgt ITmi 1 Cwphu Obic i gtn t ngir-H 30
rilCiriTATIOH
JJ T I rTJ-rimdashr-iramj|MP CLmATOLOQ
laquolaquo jftilCiii bullIHO
Oi1l ADOITIOHAL DAIAlllu
Ilf4ft
Sii1
(1 2 IO OO
Hl ii SO
us OIM
Q^L
a A3 Hi SZ Sf^ bull 12J2
HI Z-SF OOl 1C t HM IA H ICP fiJA
OOl 10 (310 sn 310
if HI (0 ^01
bullit SO 28H poundJ1 11 006
14 35 TX oon II (bull2 it zr II c-S
rr Zll lo 31 OP an 31 a 31 oor
CSW O-ll Si CC Of 011
Oll _ I |ft
00
u i oerraquolaquoTMiMr of c NOAA
NATIONAL K C A T N C M SCMVlCC
TC^S lk)oiVroTJA
TETT I 7X
1raquolaquolaquo 4 bdquo ir lt er ni I^OV ltqgl j--^ TQ
MICiriTAllOH ITIND
D|mdash
b5NO ctiUATOtoiCAL oeit^
OATI AOOITIOMAL OATAVlHAtt
0-tt
Mlaquoh bullbullbull- rshy laquo
I- ltltriu HI I 4 bulllaquobullbull1
Zii
30 Dfellt otvt
at HA
OOI
62
iJ_S2 HI if
bull- 20 SI 2i So
So
VVfr
OSfc
I (
Jtlt
3aoi
r j -bull ie MA
Irill iiol
in^ 14
Mo
Zll
214
21 1P
00-i
bulliron
17
bullr
11 i ir- I J Ktf^c
US D E P A R T M E N T OF COuMEDCC I | C gt A A
K AIlaquo Ttupf lATuit r
|SlVi AlJ PIICIPITATION
oJud (El
VIM i Uraquo
MIND E
EVAPORATIOH flnrft bull A ftufiifccdll
KECORO OF eVAPllHAtlil bull I CLIHATOLOOCAL OBSERVA ^Hij
14 MM A_M AOOIIIONAL DATA11 MAIM
Mr bullH Oo|
M Si lift
bull221 IHI
ZS Ji 40 IZV
icr KS I
HZ 111
bullT 21
loA UK JA IP
v^ ft
1M 2Sshy IT Tl
71 V |
i I 31 1deg a
uty^ U bull3
ons 1 CiO TxX
HHO (10
3H 19 12 10 IP
raquo3H raquo | 5t io
OP OIT
14
vO UI Of PANTMINI Or COMMCRCf MM O A A
F ngt TIHH
iiicffwiffc 4 rJ (TIM bull Cempltit Obitittiio
AIlaquo TIMHIATUM PHICinTATION I V A f OK ATlPrl
OATI ADDITIONAL DATA KMAlIt
U4laquo4 +
03H Ji
10
rc a 1 16 oi ii
tiiy 10
OI
II i23 or o 13 -y~ou HO
II 3V III i 3 t
V laquop oot
OM1 SS ne
T an -i IP
Olt zr LTV
3T 001
a -11 2T
10 an 31
-1 raquo 131 UP 3H lf 14 Lpoundshy
it 14 30
IS
Ui O I P A K T M f H T OP COWlf ICfM O A A
NATJONAI V C A T M C n f t K M V l C K
bullbullbullbullbullshy -2 o AIlaquo TIMMRATUM f fKICIPITATIOH
OATI poundt- MMINMAL DATAk
ZP 51 lo icr
011 111
OoT IHf
Ut 003 am
3o 13 ao
4A X 05shy
H4 i IjJyiV131 ooc js
IH oi 01 tL 18 13 a
No 11-7
rivgtp OO| M Hi 03 01
It 12
bull I 41 bull7119 14 ^^ raquo 31 15 lampk n M ho i
Jo -j-
-J
I
Ml H^ I _
amp2ampUi^= LS 0 S 0-f bullTTT
-Vmdash gt U_ bull 1 rOHM I- 11 OI OCPARTMlNT OF COMM(NCC
HO NATIONAL W f A T M f H ftfraquoVlCI
98
Appendix B
Boring Logs
99
X iHECT 1 ff 2
OAT American Drilling amp Bor ini I Co Inc
wo WATH smn EAST PR ov IDENC E ft 1 Town of South Kingstown South K ngstown R I MOLENO X-J
TC 100 RCSS bull ujrMonitorinq Well Installation | South Kinqjtown R I UNC a STA Pf KXICCTHJ LOC ATK3N
bull cfrserrr TO above S MPLES S FNTTO _ _ |laquolaquor A-109 SURF ELEV RE PORTSEr
GROUND WATER O6SE RVATC MS 1 CDREraquolaquo m-T nn75 laquo A 256 - 20 mdash Hew y
Instolled 32ofT-l2 PV C - JO- COMPUTE 111275 K toia 3- I-WI 1-38 TOTAL MRS bdquo10 screen BORING FCACUAM J K lanq MAI rraquo HomnwWI 300 140 IampPCCrc Mamlaquor Fall 24 30 lampaaiona SOLS ENGR
LOCATION OF BORING H ONITOKING WELL
Coung Samplt Tjp Blow per 6 Manure SOU IDENTIFICATION Strata SAMPLE ^^^yV Bloot
foot
Otptni
From- To
el
l
on Sampler
0-6 1 -6-13 12-18
Dentity or
Conmt j
Chang Remark include colo^ graaation Type of tod lie Rao-coMr type condition nordshynetiDntotf time leamt and tie No Pen Rtlt
2 No top sample 5 12
1 loamy fine sand
bull)^ 40 30 36
5- 616 0 23 20 16
noist iense
Brown fine to coarse SAND some fine to coarse gravel Trace silt
^
1 18 18
36 8-0shy57 40 30 V 35
|0-||-6 D 14 24 20 Srown medium to coarse SAND Some fine gravel cobbles
7 IRshy 16
27 75 37 3
IS- I- D 5 14 16 3bull
ISshy 15
42 50 I9--0shy50 65 20-2ll-6 D 9 23 26 bull Jrown fine to coarse SAND Tbullwshy 1Z 75 90
22-0 Trace silt trace fine gravel
124 120 74 60 52 41
7S-ltlaquoil-A DX 71 16 13 wet very dense
Gray-brown fine to coarse SANC Some fine to coarse gravel little silt
H IR u
40 30--0
3C-30-IO
3l4-334
334-3314
38 4-434
D
c
C
C
7 IflO
94 6
we tr j
y se
ft irox
30MOshy
31 -4shy
Gray-brown fine to coarse SAND Trace silt
Gray-brown fine SAND some lilt trace fine gravel
Too of Rock 31 -4shy
Gray-pink GRANITE
6 7
amp
CJ
IltJ A
60
601
IQ mdash
2(
4
5 i Hard
ft 5ome seams bull
GROUND SURFACE TO J 4 U3CD_ ^JVrf bullbull( tutu t to 4o 4 SampM Type Proportion UMd MOB Wtx 3 OfaM on 2OD Sampler SUMMARY-
OOry CCartd WltWen4 Hoc OlolO Canmonieraquoi Don any CoKeem CarMWncy Earm Barrlaquoj 11 14
UPgtUnOigtturod Piuon trite (Oto20dego 0-Kgt Loei it 0-4 Sait 3O+Hofd Rock Corng 14 Kgt-30 laquo4 0 rte 4-8 MSHM Samplet TPTtitPit Ai Auger Vvanefett tarn 2Olo39 3O-M Owlt n laquo-lS Strlf rinit nn v 1
UTiUndlshffbed ThrMOll and bull 33to9O 5O Very 0laquo nraquoe 19-30 V-3trraquof - | OLE NO X-l
TOVH rim - iA it raquotoraquo
100
SHEET 2 o_L
WO WATEt STUET [AST ft OVIDENC pound a i American Drilling amp Bor ing Co Inc
MCLl WQ X- 1 Tt AOORCSS i
LIME A STA KXICCTMJ tuf same as 1 | tame as i LOCATION
W PORTSEf mo OB nj urt eflaquo T
illtPLES S
P
CVTTO nlaquo mun orv
^s f^ Tin i GRCVMO WATER OBSERVATONS CASING SAMPLER CORE BAR
START Typi COMPUTE tome at 1 same aiH
TOTAL MRS BORIMG FOR CMAN n bull IT INSPECTOR SOILS EMM
LOCATION OF BORING u HfVJTneTfi UFI _
8
Counf Blo-t
foot
Dtpllo
From To
0( on SampMr
0-6 f 6-IZ
Moittir
Oonuty or
Contilt
Strata Ctnngc
SOIL OCNTiriCATION Rtmorkt ineHifl cotot grqdotion Typlaquo of Mil etc Roo-axtrPlaquo condition Mrdshynlaquot Drog tun ttomt end tic
TPlaquoTraquojraquoPit AAugtr ViVon mini tamt 20to39 UTtundiifir6d TrwMOtf and JSloSO 50-raquobull Vary 0nlaquo [HOLE NO x-2 B-3O V-3Mf lev rim - IAIT raquosectlaquoraquo
102
300 iu 24
1 UMnii ffi 140 laquo 30
CA1INC tf
gt taWCTf
bull 0gtlaquo i R Cook Jr_ R Millineton1 Wttn
I~
1 VAMtl CtMG
1 W HO-t MO
1 Oraquo 1 laquo0~ twt
L 1 laquo-raquo VfcM^lf [wlaquoraquoCI ^ ^ K3Ot III laquo
0-LS D
5-65 D
LlQ 10-115 D
15-16 Tgt
Lraquo 70-51 n
25-26 D
F
I O-O Ci
A Allstate Drill ins Co vi o i
PROVIDING R 1bull raquoraquo uvraquonn~ N M O M I T O P I N G HE1 _^lt -^ PI-Traquo UJU
CUM Town of South Kineraquotown raquoraquo 1 1TA maoer Propolaquolaquod Sit for Slude Disposal nltn
laquo V-449 iampAAtut i a 138 ort STI bull r 42777 CtOuMO IKVtllON
Cill bdquo 258 DA II MN ru 42777 rilaquolaquodO laquoraquoTti rum 1911
AU1TATI
MMUI1 raquolaquogtlaquolaquo laquoKiO itXHHKraquoriOi of sous MUAHI nMTKlion Ot CMlaquoMC|kOraquort tl CO~VH DXltgt raquomlaquo laquotf IMi COIOI C4l II I 1raquo gtlaquo^ Oraquo 1Ol rC t Xgttgt VtfKOe Craquo Mi 1 ft liMraquoK laquo0^tlaquot nfgt
1-2-1 10 TOP SOIL FINE LIGHT BROWN SAND traclaquo of ilt
16-31-17
22-24-21 100 FINE TO MEDIUM LIGHT GRAY SAND trace of fine gravlaquol and raquopoundLt
lfl-37-34 150 LIGHT BROWN FINE TO MEDIUM SAND little poundinlaquo gravel
21-17-15 200 MEDIUM TO COARSE SAND bullomc fine gravel
12-4-10
265
Observation well installed
NOTE No casing blows taktn
bullbull B-23 ow
^w^ 265 I raquo bull raquolaquo bull I W
11 laquot gtbullraquo Vlaquo 14 W gt_ c-shyji bull alaquo bull jraquo VI laquoHshyw bullbull m raquobullbull D-6 raquo Mshy
bull bull laquo Vshy
1
bull bull
I
103
MAMMII Allstate Drilling Co ulaquorr 1 or 1 FftOVIOCKZ H L traquolS mTArm^S MONITOR NR WEL
VNO wr3JJO__raquoraquou_24__ HCU MO P-74 n iu riBwi Town of Slt7H^ Xirpin
mdash^ laquo0J P 1 1 bull ^n^ciit^o TVlaquow^laquott1 bullraquoit wt 140 nu 30 olaquor fBu lkv Waste Disposal Arcai
MUTAH a V-449 R Cook Jr UMlaquoiigti D 1 38 0t| raquoIJ raquo 5277 rlaquo SUMO luvlaquorv-laquow
mdash 5277 fipe -raquoT pfpm 150
H MCIO IMNTlXAflON Of SOU t(kAIlaquoS rrn 0-laquoraquo
5 -SF 01 w in laquobull -raquo ^ lit
D 1-2-2 TOP SOIL V-1-oraquo
15 IPbull FINE TO MEDIUM LIGHT GRAY SAND AND GRAVEL
5-65 D 37-27-35 some silt
10-11 D 20-14-18
15-165 D i 17-14-14 155
BROWN COARSE TO MEDIUM SAND little fine to coarse gravel trace of silt
20-211 D 4-4-2
230 GRAY BROWN VERY FINE SAND
25-26J D 7-8-9 AND SILT 265 fvarvedl
Observation well installed
NOTE No casing blows taken
wta 10 n uuraquo c^imdashbull IgtM laquolaquobull- B-24 ow ~ 14 ltfc laquoraquobull vlaquo^ M laquobull r O 0 fmtt bull W-L 26 5
-0- CgtCmdashgt bull laquolaquobull mdash laquo 1 - raquoraquo 1 gt 1laquo bull 1 gtraquor to bull mdashbull bull bull bulllaquo I t l~laquo 1lt Uraquo mdashbull ) bull 1 gtbull ft 0~ H laquoy bullM ta bull -IN la laquobull OPUM bull($ IMI
mdash H raquo laquo-bull
104
Appendix C
Calibration of Specific Conductance Meters
105
Specific conductance measurements were made using a beckman RB
338 temperature compensating meter and a YSI rtooel 33 salinity
conductivity temperature meter The YSI meter is not
temperature correcting A formula to compensate for temperature
differences to standardize YSI measurements was used (21)
A long probe for the Beckman meter was used to measure conductivity
in the wells Differences in conductivity between the YSI ana
Beckman meters and the Beckman short and long probes exist These
were calibrated in the laboratory using 001 N and 01 N KC1
solutions Values presented are Beckman short probe values The
Beckman long probe values were reduced by 76 and tne YSI values
were multiplied by 11 to adjust to Beckman short probe values The
YSI meter was used in the latter phases of the study for the
stream contamination due to the greater accuracy of the dial readout
scale
Table 7 Specific Conductance Meter Calibration Table
Concentration (KCL) 0001N 001N
Specific Beckman short 145 143 143 1247 1245 12GO
Conductances Beckman long 190 191 188 1639 1650 1665
umhocm 9 25 C YSI 132 131 128 1131 1140 1150
average values Beckman shortBeckman long = 075
Beckman shortYSI = 11
106
Appendix D
Computer program Flow Chart
107
F1g 33 Computer Program Flow Chart-
1TpoundR MAP TCO
NEWPER
WEWSTP CZAX
HEWIT TRANS TCOF ROW COLUMN
Yes
Yes
108 The following is a description of the USGS two-dimensional computer
program Iterative Digital Model for Aquifer Evaluation updated
December 1972 by P C Trescott The program written in Fortran
consists of a MAIN program and six subprograms or subroutines which
themselves are organized into subprogram sections The subroutines and
their sections are listed below
MAIN Program
DATAIN (subroutine) COEF ITER (section) CLAY MAP TRANS NEWPER TCOF
The program begins in the MAIN program which controls the sequence
of passage to the subroutines Sequential steps are described in the
program as shown in the flow chart of Fig 32 Emphasis is placed on the
steady state confined aquifer case as applied in this study First data
input is read in the DATAIN subroutine This data includes transmissivities
or permeabilities starting heads storage coefficients and grid spacings
Nodal transmissivity values are then computed for the water-table problem
in the TRANS section (COEF subroutine) This procedure is necessary here
because the subsequent routine for computing iteration parameters (ITER)
keys on nodal transmissivity values which would not have been input to
the water-table problem In the water-table option these would have been
109
computed from given bedrock and water-table elevations to obtain the
saturated thickness component of the transmissivity calculation In this
study water-table option was not used and the transmissivity values were
input directly The program then passes to the ITER section (DATAIN
subroutine) to compute the iteration parameters which expediate or even
cause convergence Next the MAP section (DATAIN subroutine) is utilized
to initialize data for an alphanumeric map if this was requested in the
input options Transmissivities are then computed for the confined
(artesian) aquifer case (water table not specified with input options)
in the TCOF section (COEF subroutine) These coefficients are harmonic
mean values of adjacent nodal transmissivities weighted by grid sizes
Time parameters and pumping data for a new pumping period are then read
in the NEWPER section (DATAIN subroutine) followed by entry into the
NEWSTP section (COMPUT subroutine) which calculates the size of the
time step Leakage coefficients (hydraulic conductivity of the confining
bed divided by confining bed thickness) are next computed in the CLAY
section (COEF subroutine) if leakage was specified in the input data
which was used in this study
A new iteration is then initiated in sections NEWITO (COMPUT
subroutine) NEWITO saves the current head values and compares them to
the updated head values for determining closure This is followed by
nodal transmissivity values being computed for the water table or water-
table artesian conversion problem Transmissivity coefficients are then
computed for the water-table problem in TCOF (COEF subroutine) Total
head values are then computed with the alternating direction implicit
procedure using the Thomas algorithim first along rows in the ROW section
110 and then along columns in the COLUMN section both in the COMPUT subroutine
Then if a solution is not obtained (because the error criteria for
closure is not satisfied) the MAIN program branches back to NEWIT1 subshy
sequent sections TRANS TCOF ROW and COLUMN repeatedly until a
solution at the particular time step is achieved NEWIT1 increments the
iteration counter and is immediately followed by NEWITO The program then
moves to the STEADY section of the COMPUT subroutine to check if the
closure criteria for steady state has been satisfied Output is then
printed in the OUTPUT section of COMPUT if steady state has been reached
or if the particular time step is designated for output
The program then branches back to NEWSTP (COMPUT subroutine) and
moves through the subsequent routines until the last time step in the
pumping period is reached Output is then promoted in the DRY section
of COMPUT if specified in input data If the last pumping period in
the problem has not been reached the program branches back to the
NEWPER section and moves again through subsequent sections otherwise
the program will terminate or start a new problem if one follows
This study was simulated as a steady state problem which can be
simulated by setting the storage coefficient of the aquifer and the
specific storage of the confining bed to zero and using one time step
of any length
111
Appendix E
Computer Data Sheets
RGSEA
10 ROSE HILL LANDFILL MODEL 20 30 40 LEAKAGE 50 60 70 CHECK 80 90 100 HEAD 110 120 1 23 IQ 100 5 001 37E-OU 0 130 100 001 0 0 1 4 0 - 1 - 1 1 - 1 - 1 i i i i i i 1
ISO 1 10 0 1547E-05 01 10 1 1 160 04642 200 200 1 1 i it
1 Agpar MA and 0 Langmuir Ground-Water Pollution Potential of a Landfill Above tne Water Table Groundwater V 9 No 6 1971 pp 76-96
2 Allen William B Hahn GW and RA Brackley Availability of Ground Water Upper Pawcatuck River Basin Rhode Island USGS US Government Printing-office GS 66-624 19bb
3 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Part 31 Open Channel Flow Measurement of Water and Waste Water by Weirs D 2034-68 1975
4 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Part 19 Infiltration Rate of Soils in Field Using Double-Ring Infiltrameters D 3385-75 1975
5 Baeaecner MJ and W BacK Hyarogeological Processes and Chemical Reactions of a Landfill Ground Water V 17 no 5 1979 pp 429-437
6 Beck WW Dunn AL and Grover H Emrich Leachate Quality Improvements After Top Sealing1 8th SHwRD MERL Symposium 1982
7 Beckman WK Transient Modeling For Estimating Sustained Aauifer Yield master thesis presented to the University of Rhode Island Kingston RI 1978
8 Bhattacharya PK and HP Patra Direct Current Geoelectric Sounding Elsevier Publishing Co New York 1968 135 p
9 Bouwer H Ground Water Hydrology McGraw-Hill Book Co New Yoric 1978 p 378
10 Braids 0 Cocozza pound Fenn D Isbister J Rous P and B Yarc Procedures Manual for Ground Water Monitoring at Solid Waste Disposal Facilities Environmental Protection Agency530SW-611 Cincinnati Ohio 1977
11 Cartwright K and MR McComas Geophysical Surveys in the Vicinity of Sanitary Landfills in Northeastern Illinois Groundwater V 6 no 5 1968 pp 23-30
12 Cartwright K and Fd Sherman Jr Electrical Earth Resistivity Surveying in Landfill Investigations Reprinted from Proceedings of ohe lOtn Annual Engineering and Soils Engineering Symposium Moscow Idaho 1972
122 13 Clark TP Survey of Ground-Water Protection Methods for
Illinois Landfills Groundwater V 13 no 4 1975 pp 321-331
14 Dunne T and LB Leapold Water in Environmental Planning WH Freeman and Company San Francisco 1978
16 Fenn DG Hanley KJ and TV Degeare Use of the Water Balance Method for Predicting Leachate Generation From Solia Waste Disposal Sites US Environmental Protection Agency530SW-lfa8 Cincinnati Ohio 1975
17 Geisser 0 An Electric Analog and Digital Computer Model of the Chipuxet Ground Water^ Aquifer Kingston Rhode Island master thesis presented to the University of Rhode Island Kingston RI 1975
18 Hahn GW Groundwater Map of the Narragansett Pier Quadrangle Rhode Island Rhode Island Water Resources Coordinating Board GWM 5 1959
19 Hemsley William T Koster C Wallace Remedial Technique of Controlling and Treating Low Volume Leachate Discharge USEPA National Conference on Management of Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites Oct 1980
20 Hughes GM RA Landon and RN Farvolden Hydrogeology of Solid Waste Disposal Sites in Northeastern Illinois Final Report to US Environmental Protection Agency PUD SW-l^d Cincinnati Ohio 1971
21 Keller GV and FC Frischknecht Electrical Methods in Geophysical Prospecting Pergamon Press New YorK NY 19bb
22 Kelly WE West Kingston Landfill An Evaluation of Its Effect on Ground-Water Quality Rnoae Island Water Resources Board Water Information Series Report 1975
23 Kelly WE Geoelectric Sounding for Delineating Ground-Water Contamination Groundwater V 14 No 1 1976 pp fa-10
24 Kelly WE Ground-Water Pollution Near a Landfill ASCE Environmental Engineering Division Journal V 10 No EE6 Dec 19b pp nay-nyy
25 Kelly WE personal communication January 1982
123
26 Kelly WE and OW Urish A Study of the Effects of Salt Storage Practices on Surface ana Ground Water Quality in Rhode Island NTIS FHWA-RI-RD-8001 1981 54 p
27 Kimmel GE and OC Braids Leachate Plumes in a Highly Permeable Aauifer Groundwater y 12 no 6 1974 pp 388-393
28 Klefstaa G Senalein LVA ana RC Palmauist Limitations of the Electrical Resistivity Method in Landfill Investigations Groundwater V 13 No 5 1975 pp 418-427
29 Landon RA Application of Hydrogeology to the Selection of Refuse Disposal Sites Groundwater V 7 no b 19b9 pp 9-13
30 Lang SM Bierschenk WH ana WB Allen 1960 Hyaraulic Characteristics of Glacial Outwash in Rhode Island Rhode Islana Water Resources Coordinating Board Bulletin No 3
31 LeGrand HE Patterns of Contaminated Zones of Water in the Ground Water Resources Research v 1 No 1 1965
32 Palmauist R and L Sendlein The Configuration of Contamination Enclaves from Refuse Disposal Sites on Floodplains Grouna Water v 13 no 2 1975 pp 167-181
33 Pinder GF A Digital Model for Aauifer Evaluation Techniaues of Water Resources Investigations of the US Geological Survey Bk 7 Cl 1970
34 Purushattam D Tamxe GR and CM Stoffel Leachate Production at Sanitary Landfill Sites ASCE Environmental Engineering Division Journal V 103 no EE 6 Dec1977 pp 981-988
35 Remson I Fungaroli AA ana AW Lawrence Water Movement in an Unsaturated Sanitary Landfill ASCE Sanitary Engineering Division Journal v 94 no SA2 April1968 pp 307-316
36 Rosenshien JS Gouthier JB and WB Allen Hydrologic Characteristics and Sustained Yield of Principal Ground-Water Units Potowamut-Wickford Area Rhoae Island USGS US Government Printing Office GS 67-324 1968
37 Roux PH and B Vincent Electrical Resistivity Evaluations At Solid Waste Disposal Facilities US Environmental Protection Agency SW-729 Cincinnati Ohio 1978
124
38 Salvato JA Wi lk ie WG and BE Mead Sanitary Landfill Leaching Prevention and Control Water Pollution Control Federation Journal v 43 no 10 Oct 1971 pp 2084-2100
39 Sawyer CN and PL McCarty Chemistry for Environmental Engineering McGraw Hill 1978
40 Stellar RL and P Roux Earth Resist ivi ty Surveys - A Method for Defining Ground-Water Contamination Ground Water v 13 no 2 1975 pp 145-150
41 Todd OK Ground Water Hydrology John Wi ley and Sons Inc New York 1959
42 Tolman AL Ballestero AP Beck WW and GH Emrich Guidance Mannual For Minimizing Pollution From Waste Disposal Sites US Environmental Protection Agency-500SW-677 Cincinnati Ohio 1978
43 Trescott PC Iterative Digital Model for Aauifer Evaluation US Geological Survey Open file report 1972
44 University of Rhode Island Academic Computer Center CalComp Contouring Manual
45 Warner DL Preliminary Field Studies Using Earth Resistivity Measurements for Delineating Zones of Contaminated Ground Water Groundwater v 7 1969 pp 9-16
46 White EF A Report to the Town of S Kingstown Utility Survey Engineering Corp 1967
47 Zohdy AAR A Computer Program for the Calculation of Schlumberger Sounding Curves Over Horizontally Layered Media Using the Method of Convolution US Geological Survey Denver
48 Zohdy AAR Eaton GP and DR Mabey Application of Surface Geophysics to Ground-Water Investigations Technidues of Water-Resources Investigations of the US Geological Survey Book 2 Chapter 01 Washington US Government Printing Office 2401-02543 1974
0gt -^^ o a5 raquobull bullo o sect 3 mdash laquoo o wcz _
3Ogt c $c o_ X
aw e 05 0 (0 3 bullo
o a 2 2 u
hydraulic properties and the subsurface geometry enable estimates of
ground-water outflow to be made Streamflow measurements were used
to verify these outflows Contamination levels using specific
conductance measurements as an indicator were measured in wells
streams and observation holes to help delineate the extent ana
degree of contamination An electrical resistivity sounding was
conducted in a known contamination zone
The primary objective of tnis study is to determine flow
patterns in the vicinity of the landfill ana recommend possible
actions to contain or minimize the impact of the contamination In
oraer to fully evaluate these goals the aforementioned parameters
were input to a computer model to produce simulated flow patterns
under different conditions The simulated present conditions were
matched with field water table and stream flow measurements to
calibrate the model A series of simulations were then run to
evaluate flow conditions before the excavations anaor landfill
existed Remedial measures such as reducing recharge to the
landfill and implementing a slurry wall to blocx off leachate flow
to endangered wells were simulated to evaluate their effectiveness
Based on this analysis recommendations are made as to how to
minimize leachate production ano best alleviate the immediate danger
of the contaminant plume spreading to unpolluted domestic supply
wells
background
The South Kingstown landfill is in a geologic setting that is
very similiar to the nearby West Kingston landfill This is located
about 3 miles west of the South Kingstown landfill and has been
studied to assess leachate effects on groundwater quality using
specific conductance as an indicator of contamination levels
(222ltt) Both sites were located in abandoned gravel Quarries which
were filled in with refuse to create the landfill
In the literature numerous authors have shown that the character
of contaminant plumes from landfills are largely dependent on the
local geology and geohydrology A study on Long Island (27) in
similiar glacial material illustrates that the Quantity of flow is
dependent on the hydraulic conductivity of tne aauifer the
hydraulic gradient and the vertical cross-sectional area of the
aauifer it flows through This is expressed as Darcys Law (41)
Q = KIA
wnere Q = flow quantity
I = hydraulic gradient
K = hydraulic conductivity of the aauifer
A = vertical cross sectional area of the flow area
Specific conductance was used as a contaminant tracer to show that
the plume from the landfill flowed downgradient and vertically
through the full thickness of the aauifer A study in Iowa (32)
indicates that the size ana shape of the contamination outflow from
a l a n d f i l l can be predicted from existing geohydrologic conditions
and that the horizontal shape of the outflow extends downgradient
8
from the source and parallel to ground-water flow lines Other
parameters which control the extent of the contaminant plume are
dilution and dispersion in the aquifer and the adsorption properties
of the aauifer material (31)
The amount of leachate generated depends largely on the amount
of water that infiltrates through the landfill to increase tne water
content of the refuse in the landfill The precipitation recharge
that percolates down through the unsaturated zone to the water table
moves in a vertical direction (35) Surface runoff soil moisture
storage losses and evapotranspiration account for tne precipitation
that is not transmitted tnrough the unsaturated zone of aeration
(3315) Upon reaching the saturated zone the water enters the
ground-water flow system Ground-water mounding has been reported
in landfills due to the decreased hydraulic conductivity of
compacted refuse relative to surrounding aauifer material (20)
Chemical processes within the landfill leachate outflow and
surrounding soil cation exchange capacity relative to water duality
of the surrounding aduifer have been studied in Pennsylvania (1) anu
in Delaware (5) A procedures manual for ground-water monitoring at
solid waste disposal facilities was developed by the US
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (9)
Several reports have been written that investigate site
selection design criteria and remedial measures to correct
leachate problems (29) A survey of ground-water protection methods
for landfills in Illinois studies relationships to the water table
theory of liner installation and monitoring devices (13) Sanitary
Landfi11-Leaching Prevention and Control presents a review of
preventative methods such as means to minimize infiltration
interception of ground-water and other pollution control measures
(2 37) A study in Pennsylvania on actual measures implemented to
collect and treat a landfills leachate discharge presents a site
specific study (19) Leachate Quality Improvements After Top
Sealing1 shows that by minimizing infiltration at a landfill in
Connecticut the outflow leachate water quality can be improved
dramatically and contamination plume reduced significantly (6) The
most comprehensive reports on remedial approaches to upgrading waste
disposal sites and ground-water protection methods have been
compiled under USEPA contract (1542)
To assist in evaluating remedial measures the US Geological
Survey (USGS) computer model Iterative Digital Model for Aduifer
Evaluation was used It was originally developed as a model for
simulating two-dimensional aauifer problems (33) It had been
updated since its original development to accomodate different
options (43) This model has been applied to glacial outwash
regions in Rhode Island (717)
10
Description of Study Area
A map of tne landfill area (Fig Z) was obtained from tne town
of South Kingstown The excavation to the west of Rose Hill Roaa
the landfill area directly to the east and the presently operating
area to the east of the central stream comprise tne overall study
area This study will concentrate on the west landfill area whicn
has recently reached capacity and been closed to further dumping
This site received mixed refuse for the past 15 years The depth of
the excavation where the landfill presently exists was approximately
to bedrock in some places Tne exact depths of landfill material is
unknown
The landfill cover has been graded and sloped generally eastward
to convey surface runoff to the eastern side A sandy soil that was
excavated locally was used as tne cover material The northern
section has a vegetation cover and the recently filled southern
section has been seeded and mulched The six monitoring wells W
NW NE EC SE SC were placed by the town of South Kingstown to
provide water quality information
Referring to Fig 2 the west excavation stream drains the area
created by the excavation to the west of Rose Hill Road and flows
throughout the year The central stream drains a small watershed
area which lies to the northwest of the landfill and drys up during
part of the year These streams flow into the Saugatucket River
which flows throughout the year and is larger than the west and
central streams combined
11
The USGS Groundwater Map (18) was initially consulted to proviae
information on the ground-water flow patterns (Fig 5) and the
geology of tne area (Fig 6) The surficial geology borings and the
vertical geologic cross-section at the base of the study area
indicate shallow water table and bedrocic and a nearly constant
saturated thickness (18) Boring logs at the W well ana a point
approximately 150 feet south of it indicate glacial outwasn material
which is primarily sana with a trace of gravel over bedrock at a
depth of approximately 33 feet Borings at the east landfill area N
and S monitoring wells indicate the same aquifer material
(Appendix B)
The ground-water map developed by Hahn is taken as
representative of conditions existing prior to the excavation of the
I l andfill (18) This indicates water-table contour lines that run in i
a general northeasterly direction This means tnat flow was
originally in a southeasterly direction However contamination of
domestic supply wells on the west side of Rose Hill Road has
occurred (Fig 3) strongly suggesting that the original flow pattern
has been altered by the excavation to the west of Rose Hill Road and
the landfill to the east of it Domestic supply wells were formerly
located directly to the west of Rose Hill Road but were aoandoned
when they became contaminated from landfill leachate New wells
were located to the south and west away from the contaminant plume
of tne landfill In addition a well located at the northeastern
corner of the landfill was contaminated and a replacement located to
the east of Us former location on tne opposite side of the central
12
Legend scale 124000
mdash-40 mdashground-water contour elevation
Fig 5 Ground-Water Map
13
Legend feet
TILL
Fig 6 Geology Background Map
14
stream This second wel 1 also became contaminated Domestic supply
wells located near tne northwestern corner of tne landfill and
approximately 300 feet south of it nave remained uncontaminated
These well locations serve as an indication of tne extent of the
landfill contamination which is largely dependent on the groundwater
flow patterns To furtner investigate this problem and provide
substantial information on which to base the geohydrologic analysis
field studies of the area were conducted
15
Field Studies ana Procedures
A map of the lanafill and an aerial pnotograph of the area were
obtained A tracing of these maps superimposed upon another
delineates stream landfill and monitor well locations (Fig 2)
The field investigation concentrated on the west landfill area ana
its aajoining streams ana monitor wells The east landfill area and
the three monitor wells in that area are induced in the latter
phase of the study in oraer to expand the model area
A traverse which establishea tne monitor well elevations was run
using a Carl Zeiss level These were originally sitea in by the
town of South Kingstown using a local USGS reference datum number 40
(18) The wells of known elevations then served as benchmarks for
referencing adjacent stream elevations This in combination with
the depth to water table measurements at each well enables tne
water-table surface geometry of the area to oe visualized
Water-table measurements of the west landfills wells were recordea
over a ten month period to record fluctuations (Fig 7 Table 1)
The east landfill areas wells were monitored for a five month
period Using a given water-table condition a ground-water map was
developea of the area (Fig 4) This indicates an outflow from
the landfill primarily in a southeasterly direction and partially
in a southwesterly direction
Additional bedrock and water-table information was ootainea by a
seismic refraction survey at several locations along the landfill
perimeter A Bison Model lb70C Signal Enhancement Seismograpn was
used to maxe the surveys Lines were run (to a length of kOO feet)
16
17
w s p bdquo S bdquo s S S a laquolaquo _
s 2 8
V
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pound
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S
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5 m
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5 a 3 7 3 m
5 s a ^
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rd 3 y a O =J
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a j -
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g S
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bull a
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2 s s 3 a bdquo s s $ Al s
(1) = $ s 3
S
c a a
3 e 5 s N s S a - 3 = s s a 5
a s s - 3 S shy
4
0
a s
bdquo tfH
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3 a
bdquo
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e bullfl s i s s a s a
3 nt
s s 3
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3 bull laquobull
2 a 7 3 a 3 a ^2
s mdash 5i o
bull bull
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3 1-sect m ishy n
18
in both directions to provide a check and permit accurate estimates
of the depth to bedrockThe seismic results allow approximate
interpretations of the depth to the water table and bedrocK thus
permitting an estimation of the saturated thickness Ground
elevations at the location of the seismic surveys were determined
from a topographical map and field siting From this information
water table ana bedrock elevations estimates were made Bedrock
contours are listed in Fig 8 In addition a table which
summarizes the seismic refraction results for the unsaturated
saturated and bedrock layers velocities and depths at each survey
location is presented in Table 2
Scream gauging stations were established on the two streams
bordering the west landfill (Fig 9) Three stations were placed on
the central stream These provide information on the influent or
effluent condition of ground-water flow in the upper sections of the
stream and ground-water baseflow from an area adjacent to the
landfill into the stream (Table 3)
The stream gauging stations used were 90deg V-notch weirs The
weirs located in the SE and SW positions were placed in the
streamoea with a liner of plastic upstream to minimize underflow
The weirs located in the NW and E positions were cut to fit in
recesses of concrete culvert pipes Concrete plywooa interfaces
were coated with roofing cement to minimize bypass flow Upstream
water pressure and a snug fit hold the plywood sections in place
All weirs were implaceo according to AigtTM reouirements and flowrates
calculated using the standard 90deg V-notch formula (3)
19
N
seepage West observat ion Landfill hole
Area
Legend landfill limit excavat ion limit
copyWNWNEECSESC monitoring well locations
= = = unimproved road -- WNES-number
seismic refraction locations
-40shy approximate bedrock contpur elevation
feet
Fig8 Seismte Survey Location
20
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co CM o on on CO CM CTNVO VO co CM o on on Q gt_x rH oj on a oj on a - rH oner
rmdash on sr i i
M z Z
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1 gt fc^gtgt bullbull ^ ^ ^
C 4-gt O t igt O J- 4J O H m o o o 3 bullH CO O rH in 3 bullH co vo o in 3 ~ 1 i-k -i ^trade fj rj ui ij o CO o n o rH =r co o n vo vo vo co o bullv O O O
O raquo On-3 rH O -bull- rH ON in _ IH in oj - rH bull rH VO OrH bull rH On ON pH d)u CO -UCO 4J OJ CO 4-gt gt
C mdashbull gt CM gt CM H-l O CO
v- ^^ N C 0
bull0 N CO
4-5 -0 _c^gt in in CO CO
C x~ c -^ t-oo in i 4J j_gt 41 4J bull 9 bull bull 4J bull
o j ON O O 3 (0 O4J O ON ON QJJ t~-^3- OJ 4-gt L
CO CM trade CO CM rH rH OJ co CM oj on Q ^ _ CO 3~Q-- n 45 Q mdash OJ OJ OJ C (0
1 11 3 nZ 2CO
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3 bullH CJ O O in 3 bullH CO Cmdash VO on 3 pound-laquo H CO o n in inco co o n ma- r co g^ 5sect^ o
o rH on oj O bull- rH ONCO L O_ rH OJ VO M
rH bull rH =t rH bull - OJ T CO CO M CO 4-gt rH CO -U rH CO 4-) s
uits
CO 4-gt 4-5 T3 gt CM gt CM gt CM cc CO CO CO
3 3gt oa tlp^ CO O CM O gt 4J O 40 i 3 r+ k C pound JS
CO pound
^^ s -bullgt cmdash on poundZ VO CTI trx 4J 4J 4J
) bull bull bull Q Q Q Q4J 3shyc O-JJ CTgt OJ OJ Q-IJ inco on CO CO CO o co CM oj on co CM oj on co CM on
Q Q QON^ Q bullH Q^
rH rH 4J rH
O bullraquo L Z bull CO CO CO
i gtgt rH oj on gt tgtshyCM ^ cO^-s CO ~ CO
CO CO J X fc^_ bull^gt bullgtgt bull gt gtgt bull gt CO
j_ jJ O pound- Jj -P O Li deg =fObullH co on f- ^ 3bullH CO CO O in 3bullH CO
g^ -^2
poundsect HO
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3 CO in in in in in in co o n co o n
o -^ r oj in O rHCO CO rH bullrH bull rH =T OrH bull rH OJ f-CO 4J bull- CO 4J rH O0) J-)
gt CM gt CM gt CM 4J
CO N_^ m^
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t t poundshyCO CO CO CO rH J3 gt r-t oj on gt r-i oj on gt gt r n o j o n
Time months Flg11 Flucuatlon In Specific Conductance in Wells
26
Table 4 Specific Conductances in Wells (pmhoscm at 25degC)
West East Landfill Landfill
Date NW NE EG SE W SC N E S
81581 851 938 236 2356
102981 171 3268
11381 3268
111081 304 988 1100 258 3800
111481 426 2736 1216 186 4560
111781 304 3610 433 389 4560
121981 380 1406 129 103 380
1982 160 152
31582 274 760 1064 61 334 8000+ 182 53 84
52182 450 1500 1125 112 712 8000+ 175 255 150
52282 425 1320 1200 110 850 180 320 170
27
O
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~ plusmn4J o O CM ^_
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cu rH rH rH rH rHin tmdash
3 iCM 4J
^j CO CO
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se
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t
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0 0n
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bull L in oo co oo oo o cy cr o rH CM o cr ONc fcJ bullH on en m m rn c^n rH rH rH0 pound CO 3 CO
t CM0gt s o o o in rA n ^o oo in tmdash oo 0gt zr =r a- JT JT$_
T)C CO
~ E CO ^ _bdquo ltu CO g r H r n c n i n o o r H r H
vgtO ^D O ^^ ^O CO ^^ ^^ JJ 2 4) rH rHCO t
c CO
CO c 9) rH 0
CO -^ C c CO ltuo famp O trade t iH
0
bullo co n ^
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o ^^ bullH m
i co rn O CQ O1 CO CO 4) c2Q 3
CO
mdash^ bull cmdash CMin 1 gt rH vO vO O CTgt CO
s CTgt CO OO Ogt Craquo- tmdash cu O CO rH z 0
bull_bulllaquo
H bull L o in r in o oo in 3 rfy ff^ tir f^ CO C^~
4)bull
Z 3
^ ^ ^ ^ H r H r H r H r H rH r H C O r H C O a O C O a O a O C O C O r H i H r H CO OO - gt 0 0 ^ - gt ^ raquo - ^ ^ 1 - gt ~ gt - C O C O O O
U ^ raquo ^ - ~ raquo O ^ ^ O t ~ C O r H - r r ^ - ^ ^ JJ r H C M v O r H r H r H r H r H C M C M r H i n c r gt rH CO CM gt laquolaquo - - -^ bullmdash mdash bullraquoraquobullgt -v -v ^^
~ v O r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H lt M C M C M CM O O r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H rH
Vvraquolaquo IJ1^ raquo CP O 3L 1 Z - i bull j-t-J
1 J
LH Vb T n 0
1 gt fl oo O ~l 2 L - bull 1 P )laquo jn iP IP - OOI L5L mdash shy
-t 84 ^(^^ ^fi P i flja 0 JO II 10 tl tcgt 7 J IV wllaquo
h l2L bull 0 lt -_ shy
-id VJ lt 3C 2 ft OOL -mdash
U 71 C1 Sr 2 13 2 nl JLJraquopound HP r M ltf1- (
IMe 2 ii O It
n jlt dl 1 1 bull o o-il ST i 1 i 25 2-x-1
-
ri
i tlL O mdash gtbull bullgtlt 1ft -o- is Oil So iJK 2-io otv u 31 fil loi 2 il Oll it Of wr is i1raquo -iZ 1 deg|0 01
M IT So - mdash
- 13 1 CT mdash i - mdash 21
shy
Tl Ci av ZUll IMT 0 IM Pe v _ 1) T) S) ii3( dlt Ii 2 lt^2 II li- S1 riivi To 7HX lt3lO 14 ^2- iTi I li 011 -- - -i -^IS no 5^ or i | T Jift laquoV OoH bullla It Va iCO mdash L OIL 11 bullvf poundgtpound lS_ flv oh P-lfe 1 poif _ shy11 IB kl (4 itlaquoT lamp llt0 oot^
mdash -n
It T1 |ir( L1 HI 2 0 oil
U 1M ft go C ICf^ -^2 Z laquo-|o
11 it 5 bulln - TO o abull Li u-i IT1 -- Iw O ltM (I bullbull bdquo-I(K 1mdash -tilltLlA ttfe
i Dgt ac -- U 44 4 11 1 1- ytd i i_i J-K 0 i if -i i i V t Wl raquoOHM 1-1 US D C P A R T M f N T OF COMMfRCE t 4 1 IUII 1 1 ^~) mdash
llaquo- Hi NC bull bullh bull bullJL^V HBl CO 00
11
)jLsVyr^gturv
^ | TKu
|-_t_ bull(
IIMgt I I Mt|UU III- II 11
PNECIPITATIOH
I 1 1 IMX
IMO
bull llfclaquo I UCIUKI) Ur C V A r U M A AHO CLIMATOUOCICAL OBitH
E V A F O R A T I C r i Jttffl laquo amp hMIlaquoJllaquoJIIlaquoBgt
DATE AOOITIOMAL DAIAKMAKk M
bullraquobullmdashlaquo
tp 01 (1 Of Ll OOI ooo
0^1 o-i 10 tl |00 102
OC (1 13 Ofl
it i rc DS os an
(1 SV o
Ul 010
(ISl 101 I on
130
II 5= Otl
ss lt 001 (IK Ml
jt il HIT
7 it
ow Wo 17 Top 2-01 OIO
(0 oov zi oot
u CO ^A 0 to Zoi CLflS
bull50 01 ljtj
nshy 5H LO OIt
50121 IVO QJO
14 Co Ho LO Hl ^pound Jl 1
ltM ool fllc
H Tl 01 II
11 11 Q1
iH OIO
HO 2 llaquol 11 II
lifc
IV-IIM ul OIPAITHINT or COHMIICC NOAA
NAtlOHAL gtIATnlaquoll raquotraquoVlClaquo CD
r~
All TCUMMATUNI ^V UII rgt ITmi 1 Cwphu Obic i gtn t ngir-H 30
rilCiriTATIOH
JJ T I rTJ-rimdashr-iramj|MP CLmATOLOQ
laquolaquo jftilCiii bullIHO
Oi1l ADOITIOHAL DAIAlllu
Ilf4ft
Sii1
(1 2 IO OO
Hl ii SO
us OIM
Q^L
a A3 Hi SZ Sf^ bull 12J2
HI Z-SF OOl 1C t HM IA H ICP fiJA
OOl 10 (310 sn 310
if HI (0 ^01
bullit SO 28H poundJ1 11 006
14 35 TX oon II (bull2 it zr II c-S
rr Zll lo 31 OP an 31 a 31 oor
CSW O-ll Si CC Of 011
Oll _ I |ft
00
u i oerraquolaquoTMiMr of c NOAA
NATIONAL K C A T N C M SCMVlCC
TC^S lk)oiVroTJA
TETT I 7X
1raquolaquolaquo 4 bdquo ir lt er ni I^OV ltqgl j--^ TQ
MICiriTAllOH ITIND
D|mdash
b5NO ctiUATOtoiCAL oeit^
OATI AOOITIOMAL OATAVlHAtt
0-tt
Mlaquoh bullbullbull- rshy laquo
I- ltltriu HI I 4 bulllaquobullbull1
Zii
30 Dfellt otvt
at HA
OOI
62
iJ_S2 HI if
bull- 20 SI 2i So
So
VVfr
OSfc
I (
Jtlt
3aoi
r j -bull ie MA
Irill iiol
in^ 14
Mo
Zll
214
21 1P
00-i
bulliron
17
bullr
11 i ir- I J Ktf^c
US D E P A R T M E N T OF COuMEDCC I | C gt A A
K AIlaquo Ttupf lATuit r
|SlVi AlJ PIICIPITATION
oJud (El
VIM i Uraquo
MIND E
EVAPORATIOH flnrft bull A ftufiifccdll
KECORO OF eVAPllHAtlil bull I CLIHATOLOOCAL OBSERVA ^Hij
14 MM A_M AOOIIIONAL DATA11 MAIM
Mr bullH Oo|
M Si lift
bull221 IHI
ZS Ji 40 IZV
icr KS I
HZ 111
bullT 21
loA UK JA IP
v^ ft
1M 2Sshy IT Tl
71 V |
i I 31 1deg a
uty^ U bull3
ons 1 CiO TxX
HHO (10
3H 19 12 10 IP
raquo3H raquo | 5t io
OP OIT
14
vO UI Of PANTMINI Or COMMCRCf MM O A A
F ngt TIHH
iiicffwiffc 4 rJ (TIM bull Cempltit Obitittiio
AIlaquo TIMHIATUM PHICinTATION I V A f OK ATlPrl
OATI ADDITIONAL DATA KMAlIt
U4laquo4 +
03H Ji
10
rc a 1 16 oi ii
tiiy 10
OI
II i23 or o 13 -y~ou HO
II 3V III i 3 t
V laquop oot
OM1 SS ne
T an -i IP
Olt zr LTV
3T 001
a -11 2T
10 an 31
-1 raquo 131 UP 3H lf 14 Lpoundshy
it 14 30
IS
Ui O I P A K T M f H T OP COWlf ICfM O A A
NATJONAI V C A T M C n f t K M V l C K
bullbullbullbullbullshy -2 o AIlaquo TIMMRATUM f fKICIPITATIOH
OATI poundt- MMINMAL DATAk
ZP 51 lo icr
011 111
OoT IHf
Ut 003 am
3o 13 ao
4A X 05shy
H4 i IjJyiV131 ooc js
IH oi 01 tL 18 13 a
No 11-7
rivgtp OO| M Hi 03 01
It 12
bull I 41 bull7119 14 ^^ raquo 31 15 lampk n M ho i
Jo -j-
-J
I
Ml H^ I _
amp2ampUi^= LS 0 S 0-f bullTTT
-Vmdash gt U_ bull 1 rOHM I- 11 OI OCPARTMlNT OF COMM(NCC
HO NATIONAL W f A T M f H ftfraquoVlCI
98
Appendix B
Boring Logs
99
X iHECT 1 ff 2
OAT American Drilling amp Bor ini I Co Inc
wo WATH smn EAST PR ov IDENC E ft 1 Town of South Kingstown South K ngstown R I MOLENO X-J
TC 100 RCSS bull ujrMonitorinq Well Installation | South Kinqjtown R I UNC a STA Pf KXICCTHJ LOC ATK3N
bull cfrserrr TO above S MPLES S FNTTO _ _ |laquolaquor A-109 SURF ELEV RE PORTSEr
GROUND WATER O6SE RVATC MS 1 CDREraquolaquo m-T nn75 laquo A 256 - 20 mdash Hew y
Instolled 32ofT-l2 PV C - JO- COMPUTE 111275 K toia 3- I-WI 1-38 TOTAL MRS bdquo10 screen BORING FCACUAM J K lanq MAI rraquo HomnwWI 300 140 IampPCCrc Mamlaquor Fall 24 30 lampaaiona SOLS ENGR
LOCATION OF BORING H ONITOKING WELL
Coung Samplt Tjp Blow per 6 Manure SOU IDENTIFICATION Strata SAMPLE ^^^yV Bloot
foot
Otptni
From- To
el
l
on Sampler
0-6 1 -6-13 12-18
Dentity or
Conmt j
Chang Remark include colo^ graaation Type of tod lie Rao-coMr type condition nordshynetiDntotf time leamt and tie No Pen Rtlt
2 No top sample 5 12
1 loamy fine sand
bull)^ 40 30 36
5- 616 0 23 20 16
noist iense
Brown fine to coarse SAND some fine to coarse gravel Trace silt
^
1 18 18
36 8-0shy57 40 30 V 35
|0-||-6 D 14 24 20 Srown medium to coarse SAND Some fine gravel cobbles
7 IRshy 16
27 75 37 3
IS- I- D 5 14 16 3bull
ISshy 15
42 50 I9--0shy50 65 20-2ll-6 D 9 23 26 bull Jrown fine to coarse SAND Tbullwshy 1Z 75 90
22-0 Trace silt trace fine gravel
124 120 74 60 52 41
7S-ltlaquoil-A DX 71 16 13 wet very dense
Gray-brown fine to coarse SANC Some fine to coarse gravel little silt
H IR u
40 30--0
3C-30-IO
3l4-334
334-3314
38 4-434
D
c
C
C
7 IflO
94 6
we tr j
y se
ft irox
30MOshy
31 -4shy
Gray-brown fine to coarse SAND Trace silt
Gray-brown fine SAND some lilt trace fine gravel
Too of Rock 31 -4shy
Gray-pink GRANITE
6 7
amp
CJ
IltJ A
60
601
IQ mdash
2(
4
5 i Hard
ft 5ome seams bull
GROUND SURFACE TO J 4 U3CD_ ^JVrf bullbull( tutu t to 4o 4 SampM Type Proportion UMd MOB Wtx 3 OfaM on 2OD Sampler SUMMARY-
OOry CCartd WltWen4 Hoc OlolO Canmonieraquoi Don any CoKeem CarMWncy Earm Barrlaquoj 11 14
UPgtUnOigtturod Piuon trite (Oto20dego 0-Kgt Loei it 0-4 Sait 3O+Hofd Rock Corng 14 Kgt-30 laquo4 0 rte 4-8 MSHM Samplet TPTtitPit Ai Auger Vvanefett tarn 2Olo39 3O-M Owlt n laquo-lS Strlf rinit nn v 1
UTiUndlshffbed ThrMOll and bull 33to9O 5O Very 0laquo nraquoe 19-30 V-3trraquof - | OLE NO X-l
TOVH rim - iA it raquotoraquo
100
SHEET 2 o_L
WO WATEt STUET [AST ft OVIDENC pound a i American Drilling amp Bor ing Co Inc
MCLl WQ X- 1 Tt AOORCSS i
LIME A STA KXICCTMJ tuf same as 1 | tame as i LOCATION
W PORTSEf mo OB nj urt eflaquo T
illtPLES S
P
CVTTO nlaquo mun orv
^s f^ Tin i GRCVMO WATER OBSERVATONS CASING SAMPLER CORE BAR
START Typi COMPUTE tome at 1 same aiH
TOTAL MRS BORIMG FOR CMAN n bull IT INSPECTOR SOILS EMM
LOCATION OF BORING u HfVJTneTfi UFI _
8
Counf Blo-t
foot
Dtpllo
From To
0( on SampMr
0-6 f 6-IZ
Moittir
Oonuty or
Contilt
Strata Ctnngc
SOIL OCNTiriCATION Rtmorkt ineHifl cotot grqdotion Typlaquo of Mil etc Roo-axtrPlaquo condition Mrdshynlaquot Drog tun ttomt end tic
TPlaquoTraquojraquoPit AAugtr ViVon mini tamt 20to39 UTtundiifir6d TrwMOtf and JSloSO 50-raquobull Vary 0nlaquo [HOLE NO x-2 B-3O V-3Mf lev rim - IAIT raquosectlaquoraquo
102
300 iu 24
1 UMnii ffi 140 laquo 30
CA1INC tf
gt taWCTf
bull 0gtlaquo i R Cook Jr_ R Millineton1 Wttn
I~
1 VAMtl CtMG
1 W HO-t MO
1 Oraquo 1 laquo0~ twt
L 1 laquo-raquo VfcM^lf [wlaquoraquoCI ^ ^ K3Ot III laquo
0-LS D
5-65 D
LlQ 10-115 D
15-16 Tgt
Lraquo 70-51 n
25-26 D
F
I O-O Ci
A Allstate Drill ins Co vi o i
PROVIDING R 1bull raquoraquo uvraquonn~ N M O M I T O P I N G HE1 _^lt -^ PI-Traquo UJU
CUM Town of South Kineraquotown raquoraquo 1 1TA maoer Propolaquolaquod Sit for Slude Disposal nltn
laquo V-449 iampAAtut i a 138 ort STI bull r 42777 CtOuMO IKVtllON
Cill bdquo 258 DA II MN ru 42777 rilaquolaquodO laquoraquoTti rum 1911
AU1TATI
MMUI1 raquolaquogtlaquolaquo laquoKiO itXHHKraquoriOi of sous MUAHI nMTKlion Ot CMlaquoMC|kOraquort tl CO~VH DXltgt raquomlaquo laquotf IMi COIOI C4l II I 1raquo gtlaquo^ Oraquo 1Ol rC t Xgttgt VtfKOe Craquo Mi 1 ft liMraquoK laquo0^tlaquot nfgt
1-2-1 10 TOP SOIL FINE LIGHT BROWN SAND traclaquo of ilt
16-31-17
22-24-21 100 FINE TO MEDIUM LIGHT GRAY SAND trace of fine gravlaquol and raquopoundLt
lfl-37-34 150 LIGHT BROWN FINE TO MEDIUM SAND little poundinlaquo gravel
21-17-15 200 MEDIUM TO COARSE SAND bullomc fine gravel
12-4-10
265
Observation well installed
NOTE No casing blows taktn
bullbull B-23 ow
^w^ 265 I raquo bull raquolaquo bull I W
11 laquot gtbullraquo Vlaquo 14 W gt_ c-shyji bull alaquo bull jraquo VI laquoHshyw bullbull m raquobullbull D-6 raquo Mshy
bull bull laquo Vshy
1
bull bull
I
103
MAMMII Allstate Drilling Co ulaquorr 1 or 1 FftOVIOCKZ H L traquolS mTArm^S MONITOR NR WEL
VNO wr3JJO__raquoraquou_24__ HCU MO P-74 n iu riBwi Town of Slt7H^ Xirpin
mdash^ laquo0J P 1 1 bull ^n^ciit^o TVlaquow^laquott1 bullraquoit wt 140 nu 30 olaquor fBu lkv Waste Disposal Arcai
MUTAH a V-449 R Cook Jr UMlaquoiigti D 1 38 0t| raquoIJ raquo 5277 rlaquo SUMO luvlaquorv-laquow
mdash 5277 fipe -raquoT pfpm 150
H MCIO IMNTlXAflON Of SOU t(kAIlaquoS rrn 0-laquoraquo
5 -SF 01 w in laquobull -raquo ^ lit
D 1-2-2 TOP SOIL V-1-oraquo
15 IPbull FINE TO MEDIUM LIGHT GRAY SAND AND GRAVEL
5-65 D 37-27-35 some silt
10-11 D 20-14-18
15-165 D i 17-14-14 155
BROWN COARSE TO MEDIUM SAND little fine to coarse gravel trace of silt
20-211 D 4-4-2
230 GRAY BROWN VERY FINE SAND
25-26J D 7-8-9 AND SILT 265 fvarvedl
Observation well installed
NOTE No casing blows taken
wta 10 n uuraquo c^imdashbull IgtM laquolaquobull- B-24 ow ~ 14 ltfc laquoraquobull vlaquo^ M laquobull r O 0 fmtt bull W-L 26 5
-0- CgtCmdashgt bull laquolaquobull mdash laquo 1 - raquoraquo 1 gt 1laquo bull 1 gtraquor to bull mdashbull bull bull bulllaquo I t l~laquo 1lt Uraquo mdashbull ) bull 1 gtbull ft 0~ H laquoy bullM ta bull -IN la laquobull OPUM bull($ IMI
mdash H raquo laquo-bull
104
Appendix C
Calibration of Specific Conductance Meters
105
Specific conductance measurements were made using a beckman RB
338 temperature compensating meter and a YSI rtooel 33 salinity
conductivity temperature meter The YSI meter is not
temperature correcting A formula to compensate for temperature
differences to standardize YSI measurements was used (21)
A long probe for the Beckman meter was used to measure conductivity
in the wells Differences in conductivity between the YSI ana
Beckman meters and the Beckman short and long probes exist These
were calibrated in the laboratory using 001 N and 01 N KC1
solutions Values presented are Beckman short probe values The
Beckman long probe values were reduced by 76 and tne YSI values
were multiplied by 11 to adjust to Beckman short probe values The
YSI meter was used in the latter phases of the study for the
stream contamination due to the greater accuracy of the dial readout
scale
Table 7 Specific Conductance Meter Calibration Table
Concentration (KCL) 0001N 001N
Specific Beckman short 145 143 143 1247 1245 12GO
Conductances Beckman long 190 191 188 1639 1650 1665
umhocm 9 25 C YSI 132 131 128 1131 1140 1150
average values Beckman shortBeckman long = 075
Beckman shortYSI = 11
106
Appendix D
Computer program Flow Chart
107
F1g 33 Computer Program Flow Chart-
1TpoundR MAP TCO
NEWPER
WEWSTP CZAX
HEWIT TRANS TCOF ROW COLUMN
Yes
Yes
108 The following is a description of the USGS two-dimensional computer
program Iterative Digital Model for Aquifer Evaluation updated
December 1972 by P C Trescott The program written in Fortran
consists of a MAIN program and six subprograms or subroutines which
themselves are organized into subprogram sections The subroutines and
their sections are listed below
MAIN Program
DATAIN (subroutine) COEF ITER (section) CLAY MAP TRANS NEWPER TCOF
The program begins in the MAIN program which controls the sequence
of passage to the subroutines Sequential steps are described in the
program as shown in the flow chart of Fig 32 Emphasis is placed on the
steady state confined aquifer case as applied in this study First data
input is read in the DATAIN subroutine This data includes transmissivities
or permeabilities starting heads storage coefficients and grid spacings
Nodal transmissivity values are then computed for the water-table problem
in the TRANS section (COEF subroutine) This procedure is necessary here
because the subsequent routine for computing iteration parameters (ITER)
keys on nodal transmissivity values which would not have been input to
the water-table problem In the water-table option these would have been
109
computed from given bedrock and water-table elevations to obtain the
saturated thickness component of the transmissivity calculation In this
study water-table option was not used and the transmissivity values were
input directly The program then passes to the ITER section (DATAIN
subroutine) to compute the iteration parameters which expediate or even
cause convergence Next the MAP section (DATAIN subroutine) is utilized
to initialize data for an alphanumeric map if this was requested in the
input options Transmissivities are then computed for the confined
(artesian) aquifer case (water table not specified with input options)
in the TCOF section (COEF subroutine) These coefficients are harmonic
mean values of adjacent nodal transmissivities weighted by grid sizes
Time parameters and pumping data for a new pumping period are then read
in the NEWPER section (DATAIN subroutine) followed by entry into the
NEWSTP section (COMPUT subroutine) which calculates the size of the
time step Leakage coefficients (hydraulic conductivity of the confining
bed divided by confining bed thickness) are next computed in the CLAY
section (COEF subroutine) if leakage was specified in the input data
which was used in this study
A new iteration is then initiated in sections NEWITO (COMPUT
subroutine) NEWITO saves the current head values and compares them to
the updated head values for determining closure This is followed by
nodal transmissivity values being computed for the water table or water-
table artesian conversion problem Transmissivity coefficients are then
computed for the water-table problem in TCOF (COEF subroutine) Total
head values are then computed with the alternating direction implicit
procedure using the Thomas algorithim first along rows in the ROW section
110 and then along columns in the COLUMN section both in the COMPUT subroutine
Then if a solution is not obtained (because the error criteria for
closure is not satisfied) the MAIN program branches back to NEWIT1 subshy
sequent sections TRANS TCOF ROW and COLUMN repeatedly until a
solution at the particular time step is achieved NEWIT1 increments the
iteration counter and is immediately followed by NEWITO The program then
moves to the STEADY section of the COMPUT subroutine to check if the
closure criteria for steady state has been satisfied Output is then
printed in the OUTPUT section of COMPUT if steady state has been reached
or if the particular time step is designated for output
The program then branches back to NEWSTP (COMPUT subroutine) and
moves through the subsequent routines until the last time step in the
pumping period is reached Output is then promoted in the DRY section
of COMPUT if specified in input data If the last pumping period in
the problem has not been reached the program branches back to the
NEWPER section and moves again through subsequent sections otherwise
the program will terminate or start a new problem if one follows
This study was simulated as a steady state problem which can be
simulated by setting the storage coefficient of the aquifer and the
specific storage of the confining bed to zero and using one time step
of any length
111
Appendix E
Computer Data Sheets
RGSEA
10 ROSE HILL LANDFILL MODEL 20 30 40 LEAKAGE 50 60 70 CHECK 80 90 100 HEAD 110 120 1 23 IQ 100 5 001 37E-OU 0 130 100 001 0 0 1 4 0 - 1 - 1 1 - 1 - 1 i i i i i i 1
ISO 1 10 0 1547E-05 01 10 1 1 160 04642 200 200 1 1 i it
1 Agpar MA and 0 Langmuir Ground-Water Pollution Potential of a Landfill Above tne Water Table Groundwater V 9 No 6 1971 pp 76-96
2 Allen William B Hahn GW and RA Brackley Availability of Ground Water Upper Pawcatuck River Basin Rhode Island USGS US Government Printing-office GS 66-624 19bb
3 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Part 31 Open Channel Flow Measurement of Water and Waste Water by Weirs D 2034-68 1975
4 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Part 19 Infiltration Rate of Soils in Field Using Double-Ring Infiltrameters D 3385-75 1975
5 Baeaecner MJ and W BacK Hyarogeological Processes and Chemical Reactions of a Landfill Ground Water V 17 no 5 1979 pp 429-437
6 Beck WW Dunn AL and Grover H Emrich Leachate Quality Improvements After Top Sealing1 8th SHwRD MERL Symposium 1982
7 Beckman WK Transient Modeling For Estimating Sustained Aauifer Yield master thesis presented to the University of Rhode Island Kingston RI 1978
8 Bhattacharya PK and HP Patra Direct Current Geoelectric Sounding Elsevier Publishing Co New York 1968 135 p
9 Bouwer H Ground Water Hydrology McGraw-Hill Book Co New Yoric 1978 p 378
10 Braids 0 Cocozza pound Fenn D Isbister J Rous P and B Yarc Procedures Manual for Ground Water Monitoring at Solid Waste Disposal Facilities Environmental Protection Agency530SW-611 Cincinnati Ohio 1977
11 Cartwright K and MR McComas Geophysical Surveys in the Vicinity of Sanitary Landfills in Northeastern Illinois Groundwater V 6 no 5 1968 pp 23-30
12 Cartwright K and Fd Sherman Jr Electrical Earth Resistivity Surveying in Landfill Investigations Reprinted from Proceedings of ohe lOtn Annual Engineering and Soils Engineering Symposium Moscow Idaho 1972
122 13 Clark TP Survey of Ground-Water Protection Methods for
Illinois Landfills Groundwater V 13 no 4 1975 pp 321-331
14 Dunne T and LB Leapold Water in Environmental Planning WH Freeman and Company San Francisco 1978
16 Fenn DG Hanley KJ and TV Degeare Use of the Water Balance Method for Predicting Leachate Generation From Solia Waste Disposal Sites US Environmental Protection Agency530SW-lfa8 Cincinnati Ohio 1975
17 Geisser 0 An Electric Analog and Digital Computer Model of the Chipuxet Ground Water^ Aquifer Kingston Rhode Island master thesis presented to the University of Rhode Island Kingston RI 1975
18 Hahn GW Groundwater Map of the Narragansett Pier Quadrangle Rhode Island Rhode Island Water Resources Coordinating Board GWM 5 1959
19 Hemsley William T Koster C Wallace Remedial Technique of Controlling and Treating Low Volume Leachate Discharge USEPA National Conference on Management of Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites Oct 1980
20 Hughes GM RA Landon and RN Farvolden Hydrogeology of Solid Waste Disposal Sites in Northeastern Illinois Final Report to US Environmental Protection Agency PUD SW-l^d Cincinnati Ohio 1971
21 Keller GV and FC Frischknecht Electrical Methods in Geophysical Prospecting Pergamon Press New YorK NY 19bb
22 Kelly WE West Kingston Landfill An Evaluation of Its Effect on Ground-Water Quality Rnoae Island Water Resources Board Water Information Series Report 1975
23 Kelly WE Geoelectric Sounding for Delineating Ground-Water Contamination Groundwater V 14 No 1 1976 pp fa-10
24 Kelly WE Ground-Water Pollution Near a Landfill ASCE Environmental Engineering Division Journal V 10 No EE6 Dec 19b pp nay-nyy
25 Kelly WE personal communication January 1982
123
26 Kelly WE and OW Urish A Study of the Effects of Salt Storage Practices on Surface ana Ground Water Quality in Rhode Island NTIS FHWA-RI-RD-8001 1981 54 p
27 Kimmel GE and OC Braids Leachate Plumes in a Highly Permeable Aauifer Groundwater y 12 no 6 1974 pp 388-393
28 Klefstaa G Senalein LVA ana RC Palmauist Limitations of the Electrical Resistivity Method in Landfill Investigations Groundwater V 13 No 5 1975 pp 418-427
29 Landon RA Application of Hydrogeology to the Selection of Refuse Disposal Sites Groundwater V 7 no b 19b9 pp 9-13
30 Lang SM Bierschenk WH ana WB Allen 1960 Hyaraulic Characteristics of Glacial Outwash in Rhode Island Rhode Islana Water Resources Coordinating Board Bulletin No 3
31 LeGrand HE Patterns of Contaminated Zones of Water in the Ground Water Resources Research v 1 No 1 1965
32 Palmauist R and L Sendlein The Configuration of Contamination Enclaves from Refuse Disposal Sites on Floodplains Grouna Water v 13 no 2 1975 pp 167-181
33 Pinder GF A Digital Model for Aauifer Evaluation Techniaues of Water Resources Investigations of the US Geological Survey Bk 7 Cl 1970
34 Purushattam D Tamxe GR and CM Stoffel Leachate Production at Sanitary Landfill Sites ASCE Environmental Engineering Division Journal V 103 no EE 6 Dec1977 pp 981-988
35 Remson I Fungaroli AA ana AW Lawrence Water Movement in an Unsaturated Sanitary Landfill ASCE Sanitary Engineering Division Journal v 94 no SA2 April1968 pp 307-316
36 Rosenshien JS Gouthier JB and WB Allen Hydrologic Characteristics and Sustained Yield of Principal Ground-Water Units Potowamut-Wickford Area Rhoae Island USGS US Government Printing Office GS 67-324 1968
37 Roux PH and B Vincent Electrical Resistivity Evaluations At Solid Waste Disposal Facilities US Environmental Protection Agency SW-729 Cincinnati Ohio 1978
124
38 Salvato JA Wi lk ie WG and BE Mead Sanitary Landfill Leaching Prevention and Control Water Pollution Control Federation Journal v 43 no 10 Oct 1971 pp 2084-2100
39 Sawyer CN and PL McCarty Chemistry for Environmental Engineering McGraw Hill 1978
40 Stellar RL and P Roux Earth Resist ivi ty Surveys - A Method for Defining Ground-Water Contamination Ground Water v 13 no 2 1975 pp 145-150
41 Todd OK Ground Water Hydrology John Wi ley and Sons Inc New York 1959
42 Tolman AL Ballestero AP Beck WW and GH Emrich Guidance Mannual For Minimizing Pollution From Waste Disposal Sites US Environmental Protection Agency-500SW-677 Cincinnati Ohio 1978
43 Trescott PC Iterative Digital Model for Aauifer Evaluation US Geological Survey Open file report 1972
44 University of Rhode Island Academic Computer Center CalComp Contouring Manual
45 Warner DL Preliminary Field Studies Using Earth Resistivity Measurements for Delineating Zones of Contaminated Ground Water Groundwater v 7 1969 pp 9-16
46 White EF A Report to the Town of S Kingstown Utility Survey Engineering Corp 1967
47 Zohdy AAR A Computer Program for the Calculation of Schlumberger Sounding Curves Over Horizontally Layered Media Using the Method of Convolution US Geological Survey Denver
48 Zohdy AAR Eaton GP and DR Mabey Application of Surface Geophysics to Ground-Water Investigations Technidues of Water-Resources Investigations of the US Geological Survey Book 2 Chapter 01 Washington US Government Printing Office 2401-02543 1974
5
a 03
N lo ^ gt
laquo c 2
mdash w
3
X o ^
3 O L
o CO
0 opound E bullo
0
co
c
o0
uj ^
0 o o c
o $ bullA
E c o
w
bullo t_hraquo9 O
_OplusmnJ ca
u
pro
ve I 51 H
bullo 0gt
UJ _c e poundbullo Mzbull w gt 0
laquorege cc
0gt -^^ o a5 raquobull bullo o sect 3 mdash laquoo o wcz _
3Ogt c $c o_ X
aw e 05 0 (0 3 bullo
o a 2 2 u
hydraulic properties and the subsurface geometry enable estimates of
ground-water outflow to be made Streamflow measurements were used
to verify these outflows Contamination levels using specific
conductance measurements as an indicator were measured in wells
streams and observation holes to help delineate the extent ana
degree of contamination An electrical resistivity sounding was
conducted in a known contamination zone
The primary objective of tnis study is to determine flow
patterns in the vicinity of the landfill ana recommend possible
actions to contain or minimize the impact of the contamination In
oraer to fully evaluate these goals the aforementioned parameters
were input to a computer model to produce simulated flow patterns
under different conditions The simulated present conditions were
matched with field water table and stream flow measurements to
calibrate the model A series of simulations were then run to
evaluate flow conditions before the excavations anaor landfill
existed Remedial measures such as reducing recharge to the
landfill and implementing a slurry wall to blocx off leachate flow
to endangered wells were simulated to evaluate their effectiveness
Based on this analysis recommendations are made as to how to
minimize leachate production ano best alleviate the immediate danger
of the contaminant plume spreading to unpolluted domestic supply
wells
background
The South Kingstown landfill is in a geologic setting that is
very similiar to the nearby West Kingston landfill This is located
about 3 miles west of the South Kingstown landfill and has been
studied to assess leachate effects on groundwater quality using
specific conductance as an indicator of contamination levels
(222ltt) Both sites were located in abandoned gravel Quarries which
were filled in with refuse to create the landfill
In the literature numerous authors have shown that the character
of contaminant plumes from landfills are largely dependent on the
local geology and geohydrology A study on Long Island (27) in
similiar glacial material illustrates that the Quantity of flow is
dependent on the hydraulic conductivity of tne aauifer the
hydraulic gradient and the vertical cross-sectional area of the
aauifer it flows through This is expressed as Darcys Law (41)
Q = KIA
wnere Q = flow quantity
I = hydraulic gradient
K = hydraulic conductivity of the aauifer
A = vertical cross sectional area of the flow area
Specific conductance was used as a contaminant tracer to show that
the plume from the landfill flowed downgradient and vertically
through the full thickness of the aauifer A study in Iowa (32)
indicates that the size ana shape of the contamination outflow from
a l a n d f i l l can be predicted from existing geohydrologic conditions
and that the horizontal shape of the outflow extends downgradient
8
from the source and parallel to ground-water flow lines Other
parameters which control the extent of the contaminant plume are
dilution and dispersion in the aquifer and the adsorption properties
of the aauifer material (31)
The amount of leachate generated depends largely on the amount
of water that infiltrates through the landfill to increase tne water
content of the refuse in the landfill The precipitation recharge
that percolates down through the unsaturated zone to the water table
moves in a vertical direction (35) Surface runoff soil moisture
storage losses and evapotranspiration account for tne precipitation
that is not transmitted tnrough the unsaturated zone of aeration
(3315) Upon reaching the saturated zone the water enters the
ground-water flow system Ground-water mounding has been reported
in landfills due to the decreased hydraulic conductivity of
compacted refuse relative to surrounding aauifer material (20)
Chemical processes within the landfill leachate outflow and
surrounding soil cation exchange capacity relative to water duality
of the surrounding aduifer have been studied in Pennsylvania (1) anu
in Delaware (5) A procedures manual for ground-water monitoring at
solid waste disposal facilities was developed by the US
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (9)
Several reports have been written that investigate site
selection design criteria and remedial measures to correct
leachate problems (29) A survey of ground-water protection methods
for landfills in Illinois studies relationships to the water table
theory of liner installation and monitoring devices (13) Sanitary
Landfi11-Leaching Prevention and Control presents a review of
preventative methods such as means to minimize infiltration
interception of ground-water and other pollution control measures
(2 37) A study in Pennsylvania on actual measures implemented to
collect and treat a landfills leachate discharge presents a site
specific study (19) Leachate Quality Improvements After Top
Sealing1 shows that by minimizing infiltration at a landfill in
Connecticut the outflow leachate water quality can be improved
dramatically and contamination plume reduced significantly (6) The
most comprehensive reports on remedial approaches to upgrading waste
disposal sites and ground-water protection methods have been
compiled under USEPA contract (1542)
To assist in evaluating remedial measures the US Geological
Survey (USGS) computer model Iterative Digital Model for Aduifer
Evaluation was used It was originally developed as a model for
simulating two-dimensional aauifer problems (33) It had been
updated since its original development to accomodate different
options (43) This model has been applied to glacial outwash
regions in Rhode Island (717)
10
Description of Study Area
A map of tne landfill area (Fig Z) was obtained from tne town
of South Kingstown The excavation to the west of Rose Hill Roaa
the landfill area directly to the east and the presently operating
area to the east of the central stream comprise tne overall study
area This study will concentrate on the west landfill area whicn
has recently reached capacity and been closed to further dumping
This site received mixed refuse for the past 15 years The depth of
the excavation where the landfill presently exists was approximately
to bedrock in some places Tne exact depths of landfill material is
unknown
The landfill cover has been graded and sloped generally eastward
to convey surface runoff to the eastern side A sandy soil that was
excavated locally was used as tne cover material The northern
section has a vegetation cover and the recently filled southern
section has been seeded and mulched The six monitoring wells W
NW NE EC SE SC were placed by the town of South Kingstown to
provide water quality information
Referring to Fig 2 the west excavation stream drains the area
created by the excavation to the west of Rose Hill Road and flows
throughout the year The central stream drains a small watershed
area which lies to the northwest of the landfill and drys up during
part of the year These streams flow into the Saugatucket River
which flows throughout the year and is larger than the west and
central streams combined
11
The USGS Groundwater Map (18) was initially consulted to proviae
information on the ground-water flow patterns (Fig 5) and the
geology of tne area (Fig 6) The surficial geology borings and the
vertical geologic cross-section at the base of the study area
indicate shallow water table and bedrocic and a nearly constant
saturated thickness (18) Boring logs at the W well ana a point
approximately 150 feet south of it indicate glacial outwasn material
which is primarily sana with a trace of gravel over bedrock at a
depth of approximately 33 feet Borings at the east landfill area N
and S monitoring wells indicate the same aquifer material
(Appendix B)
The ground-water map developed by Hahn is taken as
representative of conditions existing prior to the excavation of the
I l andfill (18) This indicates water-table contour lines that run in i
a general northeasterly direction This means tnat flow was
originally in a southeasterly direction However contamination of
domestic supply wells on the west side of Rose Hill Road has
occurred (Fig 3) strongly suggesting that the original flow pattern
has been altered by the excavation to the west of Rose Hill Road and
the landfill to the east of it Domestic supply wells were formerly
located directly to the west of Rose Hill Road but were aoandoned
when they became contaminated from landfill leachate New wells
were located to the south and west away from the contaminant plume
of tne landfill In addition a well located at the northeastern
corner of the landfill was contaminated and a replacement located to
the east of Us former location on tne opposite side of the central
12
Legend scale 124000
mdash-40 mdashground-water contour elevation
Fig 5 Ground-Water Map
13
Legend feet
TILL
Fig 6 Geology Background Map
14
stream This second wel 1 also became contaminated Domestic supply
wells located near tne northwestern corner of tne landfill and
approximately 300 feet south of it nave remained uncontaminated
These well locations serve as an indication of tne extent of the
landfill contamination which is largely dependent on the groundwater
flow patterns To furtner investigate this problem and provide
substantial information on which to base the geohydrologic analysis
field studies of the area were conducted
15
Field Studies ana Procedures
A map of the lanafill and an aerial pnotograph of the area were
obtained A tracing of these maps superimposed upon another
delineates stream landfill and monitor well locations (Fig 2)
The field investigation concentrated on the west landfill area ana
its aajoining streams ana monitor wells The east landfill area and
the three monitor wells in that area are induced in the latter
phase of the study in oraer to expand the model area
A traverse which establishea tne monitor well elevations was run
using a Carl Zeiss level These were originally sitea in by the
town of South Kingstown using a local USGS reference datum number 40
(18) The wells of known elevations then served as benchmarks for
referencing adjacent stream elevations This in combination with
the depth to water table measurements at each well enables tne
water-table surface geometry of the area to oe visualized
Water-table measurements of the west landfills wells were recordea
over a ten month period to record fluctuations (Fig 7 Table 1)
The east landfill areas wells were monitored for a five month
period Using a given water-table condition a ground-water map was
developea of the area (Fig 4) This indicates an outflow from
the landfill primarily in a southeasterly direction and partially
in a southwesterly direction
Additional bedrock and water-table information was ootainea by a
seismic refraction survey at several locations along the landfill
perimeter A Bison Model lb70C Signal Enhancement Seismograpn was
used to maxe the surveys Lines were run (to a length of kOO feet)
16
17
w s p bdquo S bdquo s S S a laquolaquo _
s 2 8
V
r bdquo
3 s a
-R s
S
S 3
t
raquobullraquo
S
5
K
r
~
3
K
pound
7
S
bdquo3
C 5 S
shy raquo S s
1 3 s 3 2 5 ^ bull
5 m
s o
^ 3
raquo
--
R bull 5
s pound J O s
5 a 3 7 3 m
5 s a ^
iraquo a s rlaquo
M ^
^ c o 2 5 s 3 a S R
rd 3 y a O =J
^ bdquo
JJ s s 3 bull ~ I
~ s 5 3 a s a
(Ogt (U
2
-t =
r s s in
5 y
a s
5
3
s
5 a
^ a
3 a 51 a bullbull
sj 5 Ml
3 a bull
s raquo
a
0)
0
^ mdash
a j -
-3
C
g S
S
bull a
-
~ 3 o
2 s s 3 a bdquo s s $ Al s
(1) = $ s 3
S
c a a
3 e 5 s N s S a - 3 = s s a 5
a s s - 3 S shy
4
0
a s
bdquo tfH
bdquo
3 a
bdquo
s a
e bullfl s i s s a s a
3 nt
s s 3
g laquo s3 a
~ J s 2 a s o s S s 3 a a j laquo s o s
3 bull laquobull
2 a 7 3 a 3 a ^2
s mdash 5i o
bull bull
mdash
3 o
ss a
fc mdash
3 1-sect m ishy n
18
in both directions to provide a check and permit accurate estimates
of the depth to bedrockThe seismic results allow approximate
interpretations of the depth to the water table and bedrocK thus
permitting an estimation of the saturated thickness Ground
elevations at the location of the seismic surveys were determined
from a topographical map and field siting From this information
water table ana bedrock elevations estimates were made Bedrock
contours are listed in Fig 8 In addition a table which
summarizes the seismic refraction results for the unsaturated
saturated and bedrock layers velocities and depths at each survey
location is presented in Table 2
Scream gauging stations were established on the two streams
bordering the west landfill (Fig 9) Three stations were placed on
the central stream These provide information on the influent or
effluent condition of ground-water flow in the upper sections of the
stream and ground-water baseflow from an area adjacent to the
landfill into the stream (Table 3)
The stream gauging stations used were 90deg V-notch weirs The
weirs located in the SE and SW positions were placed in the
streamoea with a liner of plastic upstream to minimize underflow
The weirs located in the NW and E positions were cut to fit in
recesses of concrete culvert pipes Concrete plywooa interfaces
were coated with roofing cement to minimize bypass flow Upstream
water pressure and a snug fit hold the plywood sections in place
All weirs were implaceo according to AigtTM reouirements and flowrates
calculated using the standard 90deg V-notch formula (3)
19
N
seepage West observat ion Landfill hole
Area
Legend landfill limit excavat ion limit
copyWNWNEECSESC monitoring well locations
= = = unimproved road -- WNES-number
seismic refraction locations
-40shy approximate bedrock contpur elevation
feet
Fig8 Seismte Survey Location
20
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co CM o on on CO CM CTNVO VO co CM o on on Q gt_x rH oj on a oj on a - rH oner
rmdash on sr i i
M z Z
gt gt gt
X-N CO laquomdashv CO CO bull igt gt bull
1 gt fc^gtgt bullbull ^ ^ ^
C 4-gt O t igt O J- 4J O H m o o o 3 bullH CO O rH in 3 bullH co vo o in 3 ~ 1 i-k -i ^trade fj rj ui ij o CO o n o rH =r co o n vo vo vo co o bullv O O O
O raquo On-3 rH O -bull- rH ON in _ IH in oj - rH bull rH VO OrH bull rH On ON pH d)u CO -UCO 4J OJ CO 4-gt gt
C mdashbull gt CM gt CM H-l O CO
v- ^^ N C 0
bull0 N CO
4-5 -0 _c^gt in in CO CO
C x~ c -^ t-oo in i 4J j_gt 41 4J bull 9 bull bull 4J bull
o j ON O O 3 (0 O4J O ON ON QJJ t~-^3- OJ 4-gt L
CO CM trade CO CM rH rH OJ co CM oj on Q ^ _ CO 3~Q-- n 45 Q mdash OJ OJ OJ C (0
1 11 3 nZ 2CO
gti gt gt CO CO CO ^-x m -s CO
rH rH ^ ro^^ bull gt bull ^ igt gt bullgt gtgt bull r O -Q 4Ji JJ O 5- JJ O pound- ^ O 4) oj o on (0 CO
3 bullH CJ O O in 3 bullH CO Cmdash VO on 3 pound-laquo H CO o n in inco co o n ma- r co g^ 5sect^ o
o rH on oj O bull- rH ONCO L O_ rH OJ VO M
rH bull rH =t rH bull - OJ T CO CO M CO 4-gt rH CO -U rH CO 4-) s
uits
CO 4-gt 4-5 T3 gt CM gt CM gt CM cc CO CO CO
3 3gt oa tlp^ CO O CM O gt 4J O 40 i 3 r+ k C pound JS
CO pound
^^ s -bullgt cmdash on poundZ VO CTI trx 4J 4J 4J
) bull bull bull Q Q Q Q4J 3shyc O-JJ CTgt OJ OJ Q-IJ inco on CO CO CO o co CM oj on co CM oj on co CM on
Q Q QON^ Q bullH Q^
rH rH 4J rH
O bullraquo L Z bull CO CO CO
i gtgt rH oj on gt tgtshyCM ^ cO^-s CO ~ CO
CO CO J X fc^_ bull^gt bullgtgt bull gt gtgt bull gt CO
j_ jJ O pound- Jj -P O Li deg =fObullH co on f- ^ 3bullH CO CO O in 3bullH CO
g^ -^2
poundsect HO
eis
mic
3 CO in in in in in in co o n co o n
o -^ r oj in O rHCO CO rH bullrH bull rH =T OrH bull rH OJ f-CO 4J bull- CO 4J rH O0) J-)
gt CM gt CM gt CM 4J
CO N_^ m^
bull OJ
t t poundshyCO CO CO CO rH J3 gt r-t oj on gt r-i oj on gt gt r n o j o n
Time months Flg11 Flucuatlon In Specific Conductance in Wells
26
Table 4 Specific Conductances in Wells (pmhoscm at 25degC)
West East Landfill Landfill
Date NW NE EG SE W SC N E S
81581 851 938 236 2356
102981 171 3268
11381 3268
111081 304 988 1100 258 3800
111481 426 2736 1216 186 4560
111781 304 3610 433 389 4560
121981 380 1406 129 103 380
1982 160 152
31582 274 760 1064 61 334 8000+ 182 53 84
52182 450 1500 1125 112 712 8000+ 175 255 150
52282 425 1320 1200 110 850 180 320 170
27
O
ct c r i c o o o o o c M o m o in CO CM unp^
3bull t- fmdash o^ co tmdash vo co in co cmdash co in a
bull bull1 1-1 trade4 rH rH^ CO 4)2
~ plusmn4J o O CM ^_
o n CO vO J oraquo 0C0M
cu rH rH rH rH rHin tmdash
3 iCM 4J
^j CO CO
E O0 ltU -H n o c E
See
pag
se
rva
t
rH O in 0 0 O O 0
O o x rH Cmdash
0 0n
cu rH mdash O tmdash X o o o o c o o o o r H r H i n o i n i n o O
bull L in oo co oo oo o cy cr o rH CM o cr ONc fcJ bullH on en m m rn c^n rH rH rH0 pound CO 3 CO
t CM0gt s o o o in rA n ^o oo in tmdash oo 0gt zr =r a- JT JT$_
T)C CO
~ E CO ^ _bdquo ltu CO g r H r n c n i n o o r H r H
vgtO ^D O ^^ ^O CO ^^ ^^ JJ 2 4) rH rHCO t
c CO
CO c 9) rH 0
CO -^ C c CO ltuo famp O trade t iH
0
bullo co n ^
oS
o ^^ bullH m
i co rn O CQ O1 CO CO 4) c2Q 3
CO
mdash^ bull cmdash CMin 1 gt rH vO vO O CTgt CO
s CTgt CO OO Ogt Craquo- tmdash cu O CO rH z 0
bull_bulllaquo
H bull L o in r in o oo in 3 rfy ff^ tir f^ CO C^~
4)bull
Z 3
^ ^ ^ ^ H r H r H r H r H rH r H C O r H C O a O C O a O a O C O C O r H i H r H CO OO - gt 0 0 ^ - gt ^ raquo - ^ ^ 1 - gt ~ gt - C O C O O O
U ^ raquo ^ - ~ raquo O ^ ^ O t ~ C O r H - r r ^ - ^ ^ JJ r H C M v O r H r H r H r H r H C M C M r H i n c r gt rH CO CM gt laquolaquo - - -^ bullmdash mdash bullraquoraquobullgt -v -v ^^
~ v O r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H lt M C M C M CM O O r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H rH
Vvraquolaquo IJ1^ raquo CP O 3L 1 Z - i bull j-t-J
1 J
LH Vb T n 0
1 gt fl oo O ~l 2 L - bull 1 P )laquo jn iP IP - OOI L5L mdash shy
-t 84 ^(^^ ^fi P i flja 0 JO II 10 tl tcgt 7 J IV wllaquo
h l2L bull 0 lt -_ shy
-id VJ lt 3C 2 ft OOL -mdash
U 71 C1 Sr 2 13 2 nl JLJraquopound HP r M ltf1- (
IMe 2 ii O It
n jlt dl 1 1 bull o o-il ST i 1 i 25 2-x-1
-
ri
i tlL O mdash gtbull bullgtlt 1ft -o- is Oil So iJK 2-io otv u 31 fil loi 2 il Oll it Of wr is i1raquo -iZ 1 deg|0 01
M IT So - mdash
- 13 1 CT mdash i - mdash 21
shy
Tl Ci av ZUll IMT 0 IM Pe v _ 1) T) S) ii3( dlt Ii 2 lt^2 II li- S1 riivi To 7HX lt3lO 14 ^2- iTi I li 011 -- - -i -^IS no 5^ or i | T Jift laquoV OoH bullla It Va iCO mdash L OIL 11 bullvf poundgtpound lS_ flv oh P-lfe 1 poif _ shy11 IB kl (4 itlaquoT lamp llt0 oot^
mdash -n
It T1 |ir( L1 HI 2 0 oil
U 1M ft go C ICf^ -^2 Z laquo-|o
11 it 5 bulln - TO o abull Li u-i IT1 -- Iw O ltM (I bullbull bdquo-I(K 1mdash -tilltLlA ttfe
i Dgt ac -- U 44 4 11 1 1- ytd i i_i J-K 0 i if -i i i V t Wl raquoOHM 1-1 US D C P A R T M f N T OF COMMfRCE t 4 1 IUII 1 1 ^~) mdash
llaquo- Hi NC bull bullh bull bullJL^V HBl CO 00
11
)jLsVyr^gturv
^ | TKu
|-_t_ bull(
IIMgt I I Mt|UU III- II 11
PNECIPITATIOH
I 1 1 IMX
IMO
bull llfclaquo I UCIUKI) Ur C V A r U M A AHO CLIMATOUOCICAL OBitH
E V A F O R A T I C r i Jttffl laquo amp hMIlaquoJllaquoJIIlaquoBgt
DATE AOOITIOMAL DAIAKMAKk M
bullraquobullmdashlaquo
tp 01 (1 Of Ll OOI ooo
0^1 o-i 10 tl |00 102
OC (1 13 Ofl
it i rc DS os an
(1 SV o
Ul 010
(ISl 101 I on
130
II 5= Otl
ss lt 001 (IK Ml
jt il HIT
7 it
ow Wo 17 Top 2-01 OIO
(0 oov zi oot
u CO ^A 0 to Zoi CLflS
bull50 01 ljtj
nshy 5H LO OIt
50121 IVO QJO
14 Co Ho LO Hl ^pound Jl 1
ltM ool fllc
H Tl 01 II
11 11 Q1
iH OIO
HO 2 llaquol 11 II
lifc
IV-IIM ul OIPAITHINT or COHMIICC NOAA
NAtlOHAL gtIATnlaquoll raquotraquoVlClaquo CD
r~
All TCUMMATUNI ^V UII rgt ITmi 1 Cwphu Obic i gtn t ngir-H 30
rilCiriTATIOH
JJ T I rTJ-rimdashr-iramj|MP CLmATOLOQ
laquolaquo jftilCiii bullIHO
Oi1l ADOITIOHAL DAIAlllu
Ilf4ft
Sii1
(1 2 IO OO
Hl ii SO
us OIM
Q^L
a A3 Hi SZ Sf^ bull 12J2
HI Z-SF OOl 1C t HM IA H ICP fiJA
OOl 10 (310 sn 310
if HI (0 ^01
bullit SO 28H poundJ1 11 006
14 35 TX oon II (bull2 it zr II c-S
rr Zll lo 31 OP an 31 a 31 oor
CSW O-ll Si CC Of 011
Oll _ I |ft
00
u i oerraquolaquoTMiMr of c NOAA
NATIONAL K C A T N C M SCMVlCC
TC^S lk)oiVroTJA
TETT I 7X
1raquolaquolaquo 4 bdquo ir lt er ni I^OV ltqgl j--^ TQ
MICiriTAllOH ITIND
D|mdash
b5NO ctiUATOtoiCAL oeit^
OATI AOOITIOMAL OATAVlHAtt
0-tt
Mlaquoh bullbullbull- rshy laquo
I- ltltriu HI I 4 bulllaquobullbull1
Zii
30 Dfellt otvt
at HA
OOI
62
iJ_S2 HI if
bull- 20 SI 2i So
So
VVfr
OSfc
I (
Jtlt
3aoi
r j -bull ie MA
Irill iiol
in^ 14
Mo
Zll
214
21 1P
00-i
bulliron
17
bullr
11 i ir- I J Ktf^c
US D E P A R T M E N T OF COuMEDCC I | C gt A A
K AIlaquo Ttupf lATuit r
|SlVi AlJ PIICIPITATION
oJud (El
VIM i Uraquo
MIND E
EVAPORATIOH flnrft bull A ftufiifccdll
KECORO OF eVAPllHAtlil bull I CLIHATOLOOCAL OBSERVA ^Hij
14 MM A_M AOOIIIONAL DATA11 MAIM
Mr bullH Oo|
M Si lift
bull221 IHI
ZS Ji 40 IZV
icr KS I
HZ 111
bullT 21
loA UK JA IP
v^ ft
1M 2Sshy IT Tl
71 V |
i I 31 1deg a
uty^ U bull3
ons 1 CiO TxX
HHO (10
3H 19 12 10 IP
raquo3H raquo | 5t io
OP OIT
14
vO UI Of PANTMINI Or COMMCRCf MM O A A
F ngt TIHH
iiicffwiffc 4 rJ (TIM bull Cempltit Obitittiio
AIlaquo TIMHIATUM PHICinTATION I V A f OK ATlPrl
OATI ADDITIONAL DATA KMAlIt
U4laquo4 +
03H Ji
10
rc a 1 16 oi ii
tiiy 10
OI
II i23 or o 13 -y~ou HO
II 3V III i 3 t
V laquop oot
OM1 SS ne
T an -i IP
Olt zr LTV
3T 001
a -11 2T
10 an 31
-1 raquo 131 UP 3H lf 14 Lpoundshy
it 14 30
IS
Ui O I P A K T M f H T OP COWlf ICfM O A A
NATJONAI V C A T M C n f t K M V l C K
bullbullbullbullbullshy -2 o AIlaquo TIMMRATUM f fKICIPITATIOH
OATI poundt- MMINMAL DATAk
ZP 51 lo icr
011 111
OoT IHf
Ut 003 am
3o 13 ao
4A X 05shy
H4 i IjJyiV131 ooc js
IH oi 01 tL 18 13 a
No 11-7
rivgtp OO| M Hi 03 01
It 12
bull I 41 bull7119 14 ^^ raquo 31 15 lampk n M ho i
Jo -j-
-J
I
Ml H^ I _
amp2ampUi^= LS 0 S 0-f bullTTT
-Vmdash gt U_ bull 1 rOHM I- 11 OI OCPARTMlNT OF COMM(NCC
HO NATIONAL W f A T M f H ftfraquoVlCI
98
Appendix B
Boring Logs
99
X iHECT 1 ff 2
OAT American Drilling amp Bor ini I Co Inc
wo WATH smn EAST PR ov IDENC E ft 1 Town of South Kingstown South K ngstown R I MOLENO X-J
TC 100 RCSS bull ujrMonitorinq Well Installation | South Kinqjtown R I UNC a STA Pf KXICCTHJ LOC ATK3N
bull cfrserrr TO above S MPLES S FNTTO _ _ |laquolaquor A-109 SURF ELEV RE PORTSEr
GROUND WATER O6SE RVATC MS 1 CDREraquolaquo m-T nn75 laquo A 256 - 20 mdash Hew y
Instolled 32ofT-l2 PV C - JO- COMPUTE 111275 K toia 3- I-WI 1-38 TOTAL MRS bdquo10 screen BORING FCACUAM J K lanq MAI rraquo HomnwWI 300 140 IampPCCrc Mamlaquor Fall 24 30 lampaaiona SOLS ENGR
LOCATION OF BORING H ONITOKING WELL
Coung Samplt Tjp Blow per 6 Manure SOU IDENTIFICATION Strata SAMPLE ^^^yV Bloot
foot
Otptni
From- To
el
l
on Sampler
0-6 1 -6-13 12-18
Dentity or
Conmt j
Chang Remark include colo^ graaation Type of tod lie Rao-coMr type condition nordshynetiDntotf time leamt and tie No Pen Rtlt
2 No top sample 5 12
1 loamy fine sand
bull)^ 40 30 36
5- 616 0 23 20 16
noist iense
Brown fine to coarse SAND some fine to coarse gravel Trace silt
^
1 18 18
36 8-0shy57 40 30 V 35
|0-||-6 D 14 24 20 Srown medium to coarse SAND Some fine gravel cobbles
7 IRshy 16
27 75 37 3
IS- I- D 5 14 16 3bull
ISshy 15
42 50 I9--0shy50 65 20-2ll-6 D 9 23 26 bull Jrown fine to coarse SAND Tbullwshy 1Z 75 90
22-0 Trace silt trace fine gravel
124 120 74 60 52 41
7S-ltlaquoil-A DX 71 16 13 wet very dense
Gray-brown fine to coarse SANC Some fine to coarse gravel little silt
H IR u
40 30--0
3C-30-IO
3l4-334
334-3314
38 4-434
D
c
C
C
7 IflO
94 6
we tr j
y se
ft irox
30MOshy
31 -4shy
Gray-brown fine to coarse SAND Trace silt
Gray-brown fine SAND some lilt trace fine gravel
Too of Rock 31 -4shy
Gray-pink GRANITE
6 7
amp
CJ
IltJ A
60
601
IQ mdash
2(
4
5 i Hard
ft 5ome seams bull
GROUND SURFACE TO J 4 U3CD_ ^JVrf bullbull( tutu t to 4o 4 SampM Type Proportion UMd MOB Wtx 3 OfaM on 2OD Sampler SUMMARY-
OOry CCartd WltWen4 Hoc OlolO Canmonieraquoi Don any CoKeem CarMWncy Earm Barrlaquoj 11 14
UPgtUnOigtturod Piuon trite (Oto20dego 0-Kgt Loei it 0-4 Sait 3O+Hofd Rock Corng 14 Kgt-30 laquo4 0 rte 4-8 MSHM Samplet TPTtitPit Ai Auger Vvanefett tarn 2Olo39 3O-M Owlt n laquo-lS Strlf rinit nn v 1
UTiUndlshffbed ThrMOll and bull 33to9O 5O Very 0laquo nraquoe 19-30 V-3trraquof - | OLE NO X-l
TOVH rim - iA it raquotoraquo
100
SHEET 2 o_L
WO WATEt STUET [AST ft OVIDENC pound a i American Drilling amp Bor ing Co Inc
MCLl WQ X- 1 Tt AOORCSS i
LIME A STA KXICCTMJ tuf same as 1 | tame as i LOCATION
W PORTSEf mo OB nj urt eflaquo T
illtPLES S
P
CVTTO nlaquo mun orv
^s f^ Tin i GRCVMO WATER OBSERVATONS CASING SAMPLER CORE BAR
START Typi COMPUTE tome at 1 same aiH
TOTAL MRS BORIMG FOR CMAN n bull IT INSPECTOR SOILS EMM
LOCATION OF BORING u HfVJTneTfi UFI _
8
Counf Blo-t
foot
Dtpllo
From To
0( on SampMr
0-6 f 6-IZ
Moittir
Oonuty or
Contilt
Strata Ctnngc
SOIL OCNTiriCATION Rtmorkt ineHifl cotot grqdotion Typlaquo of Mil etc Roo-axtrPlaquo condition Mrdshynlaquot Drog tun ttomt end tic
TPlaquoTraquojraquoPit AAugtr ViVon mini tamt 20to39 UTtundiifir6d TrwMOtf and JSloSO 50-raquobull Vary 0nlaquo [HOLE NO x-2 B-3O V-3Mf lev rim - IAIT raquosectlaquoraquo
102
300 iu 24
1 UMnii ffi 140 laquo 30
CA1INC tf
gt taWCTf
bull 0gtlaquo i R Cook Jr_ R Millineton1 Wttn
I~
1 VAMtl CtMG
1 W HO-t MO
1 Oraquo 1 laquo0~ twt
L 1 laquo-raquo VfcM^lf [wlaquoraquoCI ^ ^ K3Ot III laquo
0-LS D
5-65 D
LlQ 10-115 D
15-16 Tgt
Lraquo 70-51 n
25-26 D
F
I O-O Ci
A Allstate Drill ins Co vi o i
PROVIDING R 1bull raquoraquo uvraquonn~ N M O M I T O P I N G HE1 _^lt -^ PI-Traquo UJU
CUM Town of South Kineraquotown raquoraquo 1 1TA maoer Propolaquolaquod Sit for Slude Disposal nltn
laquo V-449 iampAAtut i a 138 ort STI bull r 42777 CtOuMO IKVtllON
Cill bdquo 258 DA II MN ru 42777 rilaquolaquodO laquoraquoTti rum 1911
AU1TATI
MMUI1 raquolaquogtlaquolaquo laquoKiO itXHHKraquoriOi of sous MUAHI nMTKlion Ot CMlaquoMC|kOraquort tl CO~VH DXltgt raquomlaquo laquotf IMi COIOI C4l II I 1raquo gtlaquo^ Oraquo 1Ol rC t Xgttgt VtfKOe Craquo Mi 1 ft liMraquoK laquo0^tlaquot nfgt
1-2-1 10 TOP SOIL FINE LIGHT BROWN SAND traclaquo of ilt
16-31-17
22-24-21 100 FINE TO MEDIUM LIGHT GRAY SAND trace of fine gravlaquol and raquopoundLt
lfl-37-34 150 LIGHT BROWN FINE TO MEDIUM SAND little poundinlaquo gravel
21-17-15 200 MEDIUM TO COARSE SAND bullomc fine gravel
12-4-10
265
Observation well installed
NOTE No casing blows taktn
bullbull B-23 ow
^w^ 265 I raquo bull raquolaquo bull I W
11 laquot gtbullraquo Vlaquo 14 W gt_ c-shyji bull alaquo bull jraquo VI laquoHshyw bullbull m raquobullbull D-6 raquo Mshy
bull bull laquo Vshy
1
bull bull
I
103
MAMMII Allstate Drilling Co ulaquorr 1 or 1 FftOVIOCKZ H L traquolS mTArm^S MONITOR NR WEL
VNO wr3JJO__raquoraquou_24__ HCU MO P-74 n iu riBwi Town of Slt7H^ Xirpin
mdash^ laquo0J P 1 1 bull ^n^ciit^o TVlaquow^laquott1 bullraquoit wt 140 nu 30 olaquor fBu lkv Waste Disposal Arcai
MUTAH a V-449 R Cook Jr UMlaquoiigti D 1 38 0t| raquoIJ raquo 5277 rlaquo SUMO luvlaquorv-laquow
mdash 5277 fipe -raquoT pfpm 150
H MCIO IMNTlXAflON Of SOU t(kAIlaquoS rrn 0-laquoraquo
5 -SF 01 w in laquobull -raquo ^ lit
D 1-2-2 TOP SOIL V-1-oraquo
15 IPbull FINE TO MEDIUM LIGHT GRAY SAND AND GRAVEL
5-65 D 37-27-35 some silt
10-11 D 20-14-18
15-165 D i 17-14-14 155
BROWN COARSE TO MEDIUM SAND little fine to coarse gravel trace of silt
20-211 D 4-4-2
230 GRAY BROWN VERY FINE SAND
25-26J D 7-8-9 AND SILT 265 fvarvedl
Observation well installed
NOTE No casing blows taken
wta 10 n uuraquo c^imdashbull IgtM laquolaquobull- B-24 ow ~ 14 ltfc laquoraquobull vlaquo^ M laquobull r O 0 fmtt bull W-L 26 5
-0- CgtCmdashgt bull laquolaquobull mdash laquo 1 - raquoraquo 1 gt 1laquo bull 1 gtraquor to bull mdashbull bull bull bulllaquo I t l~laquo 1lt Uraquo mdashbull ) bull 1 gtbull ft 0~ H laquoy bullM ta bull -IN la laquobull OPUM bull($ IMI
mdash H raquo laquo-bull
104
Appendix C
Calibration of Specific Conductance Meters
105
Specific conductance measurements were made using a beckman RB
338 temperature compensating meter and a YSI rtooel 33 salinity
conductivity temperature meter The YSI meter is not
temperature correcting A formula to compensate for temperature
differences to standardize YSI measurements was used (21)
A long probe for the Beckman meter was used to measure conductivity
in the wells Differences in conductivity between the YSI ana
Beckman meters and the Beckman short and long probes exist These
were calibrated in the laboratory using 001 N and 01 N KC1
solutions Values presented are Beckman short probe values The
Beckman long probe values were reduced by 76 and tne YSI values
were multiplied by 11 to adjust to Beckman short probe values The
YSI meter was used in the latter phases of the study for the
stream contamination due to the greater accuracy of the dial readout
scale
Table 7 Specific Conductance Meter Calibration Table
Concentration (KCL) 0001N 001N
Specific Beckman short 145 143 143 1247 1245 12GO
Conductances Beckman long 190 191 188 1639 1650 1665
umhocm 9 25 C YSI 132 131 128 1131 1140 1150
average values Beckman shortBeckman long = 075
Beckman shortYSI = 11
106
Appendix D
Computer program Flow Chart
107
F1g 33 Computer Program Flow Chart-
1TpoundR MAP TCO
NEWPER
WEWSTP CZAX
HEWIT TRANS TCOF ROW COLUMN
Yes
Yes
108 The following is a description of the USGS two-dimensional computer
program Iterative Digital Model for Aquifer Evaluation updated
December 1972 by P C Trescott The program written in Fortran
consists of a MAIN program and six subprograms or subroutines which
themselves are organized into subprogram sections The subroutines and
their sections are listed below
MAIN Program
DATAIN (subroutine) COEF ITER (section) CLAY MAP TRANS NEWPER TCOF
The program begins in the MAIN program which controls the sequence
of passage to the subroutines Sequential steps are described in the
program as shown in the flow chart of Fig 32 Emphasis is placed on the
steady state confined aquifer case as applied in this study First data
input is read in the DATAIN subroutine This data includes transmissivities
or permeabilities starting heads storage coefficients and grid spacings
Nodal transmissivity values are then computed for the water-table problem
in the TRANS section (COEF subroutine) This procedure is necessary here
because the subsequent routine for computing iteration parameters (ITER)
keys on nodal transmissivity values which would not have been input to
the water-table problem In the water-table option these would have been
109
computed from given bedrock and water-table elevations to obtain the
saturated thickness component of the transmissivity calculation In this
study water-table option was not used and the transmissivity values were
input directly The program then passes to the ITER section (DATAIN
subroutine) to compute the iteration parameters which expediate or even
cause convergence Next the MAP section (DATAIN subroutine) is utilized
to initialize data for an alphanumeric map if this was requested in the
input options Transmissivities are then computed for the confined
(artesian) aquifer case (water table not specified with input options)
in the TCOF section (COEF subroutine) These coefficients are harmonic
mean values of adjacent nodal transmissivities weighted by grid sizes
Time parameters and pumping data for a new pumping period are then read
in the NEWPER section (DATAIN subroutine) followed by entry into the
NEWSTP section (COMPUT subroutine) which calculates the size of the
time step Leakage coefficients (hydraulic conductivity of the confining
bed divided by confining bed thickness) are next computed in the CLAY
section (COEF subroutine) if leakage was specified in the input data
which was used in this study
A new iteration is then initiated in sections NEWITO (COMPUT
subroutine) NEWITO saves the current head values and compares them to
the updated head values for determining closure This is followed by
nodal transmissivity values being computed for the water table or water-
table artesian conversion problem Transmissivity coefficients are then
computed for the water-table problem in TCOF (COEF subroutine) Total
head values are then computed with the alternating direction implicit
procedure using the Thomas algorithim first along rows in the ROW section
110 and then along columns in the COLUMN section both in the COMPUT subroutine
Then if a solution is not obtained (because the error criteria for
closure is not satisfied) the MAIN program branches back to NEWIT1 subshy
sequent sections TRANS TCOF ROW and COLUMN repeatedly until a
solution at the particular time step is achieved NEWIT1 increments the
iteration counter and is immediately followed by NEWITO The program then
moves to the STEADY section of the COMPUT subroutine to check if the
closure criteria for steady state has been satisfied Output is then
printed in the OUTPUT section of COMPUT if steady state has been reached
or if the particular time step is designated for output
The program then branches back to NEWSTP (COMPUT subroutine) and
moves through the subsequent routines until the last time step in the
pumping period is reached Output is then promoted in the DRY section
of COMPUT if specified in input data If the last pumping period in
the problem has not been reached the program branches back to the
NEWPER section and moves again through subsequent sections otherwise
the program will terminate or start a new problem if one follows
This study was simulated as a steady state problem which can be
simulated by setting the storage coefficient of the aquifer and the
specific storage of the confining bed to zero and using one time step
of any length
111
Appendix E
Computer Data Sheets
RGSEA
10 ROSE HILL LANDFILL MODEL 20 30 40 LEAKAGE 50 60 70 CHECK 80 90 100 HEAD 110 120 1 23 IQ 100 5 001 37E-OU 0 130 100 001 0 0 1 4 0 - 1 - 1 1 - 1 - 1 i i i i i i 1
ISO 1 10 0 1547E-05 01 10 1 1 160 04642 200 200 1 1 i it
1 Agpar MA and 0 Langmuir Ground-Water Pollution Potential of a Landfill Above tne Water Table Groundwater V 9 No 6 1971 pp 76-96
2 Allen William B Hahn GW and RA Brackley Availability of Ground Water Upper Pawcatuck River Basin Rhode Island USGS US Government Printing-office GS 66-624 19bb
3 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Part 31 Open Channel Flow Measurement of Water and Waste Water by Weirs D 2034-68 1975
4 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Part 19 Infiltration Rate of Soils in Field Using Double-Ring Infiltrameters D 3385-75 1975
5 Baeaecner MJ and W BacK Hyarogeological Processes and Chemical Reactions of a Landfill Ground Water V 17 no 5 1979 pp 429-437
6 Beck WW Dunn AL and Grover H Emrich Leachate Quality Improvements After Top Sealing1 8th SHwRD MERL Symposium 1982
7 Beckman WK Transient Modeling For Estimating Sustained Aauifer Yield master thesis presented to the University of Rhode Island Kingston RI 1978
8 Bhattacharya PK and HP Patra Direct Current Geoelectric Sounding Elsevier Publishing Co New York 1968 135 p
9 Bouwer H Ground Water Hydrology McGraw-Hill Book Co New Yoric 1978 p 378
10 Braids 0 Cocozza pound Fenn D Isbister J Rous P and B Yarc Procedures Manual for Ground Water Monitoring at Solid Waste Disposal Facilities Environmental Protection Agency530SW-611 Cincinnati Ohio 1977
11 Cartwright K and MR McComas Geophysical Surveys in the Vicinity of Sanitary Landfills in Northeastern Illinois Groundwater V 6 no 5 1968 pp 23-30
12 Cartwright K and Fd Sherman Jr Electrical Earth Resistivity Surveying in Landfill Investigations Reprinted from Proceedings of ohe lOtn Annual Engineering and Soils Engineering Symposium Moscow Idaho 1972
122 13 Clark TP Survey of Ground-Water Protection Methods for
Illinois Landfills Groundwater V 13 no 4 1975 pp 321-331
14 Dunne T and LB Leapold Water in Environmental Planning WH Freeman and Company San Francisco 1978
16 Fenn DG Hanley KJ and TV Degeare Use of the Water Balance Method for Predicting Leachate Generation From Solia Waste Disposal Sites US Environmental Protection Agency530SW-lfa8 Cincinnati Ohio 1975
17 Geisser 0 An Electric Analog and Digital Computer Model of the Chipuxet Ground Water^ Aquifer Kingston Rhode Island master thesis presented to the University of Rhode Island Kingston RI 1975
18 Hahn GW Groundwater Map of the Narragansett Pier Quadrangle Rhode Island Rhode Island Water Resources Coordinating Board GWM 5 1959
19 Hemsley William T Koster C Wallace Remedial Technique of Controlling and Treating Low Volume Leachate Discharge USEPA National Conference on Management of Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites Oct 1980
20 Hughes GM RA Landon and RN Farvolden Hydrogeology of Solid Waste Disposal Sites in Northeastern Illinois Final Report to US Environmental Protection Agency PUD SW-l^d Cincinnati Ohio 1971
21 Keller GV and FC Frischknecht Electrical Methods in Geophysical Prospecting Pergamon Press New YorK NY 19bb
22 Kelly WE West Kingston Landfill An Evaluation of Its Effect on Ground-Water Quality Rnoae Island Water Resources Board Water Information Series Report 1975
23 Kelly WE Geoelectric Sounding for Delineating Ground-Water Contamination Groundwater V 14 No 1 1976 pp fa-10
24 Kelly WE Ground-Water Pollution Near a Landfill ASCE Environmental Engineering Division Journal V 10 No EE6 Dec 19b pp nay-nyy
25 Kelly WE personal communication January 1982
123
26 Kelly WE and OW Urish A Study of the Effects of Salt Storage Practices on Surface ana Ground Water Quality in Rhode Island NTIS FHWA-RI-RD-8001 1981 54 p
27 Kimmel GE and OC Braids Leachate Plumes in a Highly Permeable Aauifer Groundwater y 12 no 6 1974 pp 388-393
28 Klefstaa G Senalein LVA ana RC Palmauist Limitations of the Electrical Resistivity Method in Landfill Investigations Groundwater V 13 No 5 1975 pp 418-427
29 Landon RA Application of Hydrogeology to the Selection of Refuse Disposal Sites Groundwater V 7 no b 19b9 pp 9-13
30 Lang SM Bierschenk WH ana WB Allen 1960 Hyaraulic Characteristics of Glacial Outwash in Rhode Island Rhode Islana Water Resources Coordinating Board Bulletin No 3
31 LeGrand HE Patterns of Contaminated Zones of Water in the Ground Water Resources Research v 1 No 1 1965
32 Palmauist R and L Sendlein The Configuration of Contamination Enclaves from Refuse Disposal Sites on Floodplains Grouna Water v 13 no 2 1975 pp 167-181
33 Pinder GF A Digital Model for Aauifer Evaluation Techniaues of Water Resources Investigations of the US Geological Survey Bk 7 Cl 1970
34 Purushattam D Tamxe GR and CM Stoffel Leachate Production at Sanitary Landfill Sites ASCE Environmental Engineering Division Journal V 103 no EE 6 Dec1977 pp 981-988
35 Remson I Fungaroli AA ana AW Lawrence Water Movement in an Unsaturated Sanitary Landfill ASCE Sanitary Engineering Division Journal v 94 no SA2 April1968 pp 307-316
36 Rosenshien JS Gouthier JB and WB Allen Hydrologic Characteristics and Sustained Yield of Principal Ground-Water Units Potowamut-Wickford Area Rhoae Island USGS US Government Printing Office GS 67-324 1968
37 Roux PH and B Vincent Electrical Resistivity Evaluations At Solid Waste Disposal Facilities US Environmental Protection Agency SW-729 Cincinnati Ohio 1978
124
38 Salvato JA Wi lk ie WG and BE Mead Sanitary Landfill Leaching Prevention and Control Water Pollution Control Federation Journal v 43 no 10 Oct 1971 pp 2084-2100
39 Sawyer CN and PL McCarty Chemistry for Environmental Engineering McGraw Hill 1978
40 Stellar RL and P Roux Earth Resist ivi ty Surveys - A Method for Defining Ground-Water Contamination Ground Water v 13 no 2 1975 pp 145-150
41 Todd OK Ground Water Hydrology John Wi ley and Sons Inc New York 1959
42 Tolman AL Ballestero AP Beck WW and GH Emrich Guidance Mannual For Minimizing Pollution From Waste Disposal Sites US Environmental Protection Agency-500SW-677 Cincinnati Ohio 1978
43 Trescott PC Iterative Digital Model for Aauifer Evaluation US Geological Survey Open file report 1972
44 University of Rhode Island Academic Computer Center CalComp Contouring Manual
45 Warner DL Preliminary Field Studies Using Earth Resistivity Measurements for Delineating Zones of Contaminated Ground Water Groundwater v 7 1969 pp 9-16
46 White EF A Report to the Town of S Kingstown Utility Survey Engineering Corp 1967
47 Zohdy AAR A Computer Program for the Calculation of Schlumberger Sounding Curves Over Horizontally Layered Media Using the Method of Convolution US Geological Survey Denver
48 Zohdy AAR Eaton GP and DR Mabey Application of Surface Geophysics to Ground-Water Investigations Technidues of Water-Resources Investigations of the US Geological Survey Book 2 Chapter 01 Washington US Government Printing Office 2401-02543 1974
hydraulic properties and the subsurface geometry enable estimates of
ground-water outflow to be made Streamflow measurements were used
to verify these outflows Contamination levels using specific
conductance measurements as an indicator were measured in wells
streams and observation holes to help delineate the extent ana
degree of contamination An electrical resistivity sounding was
conducted in a known contamination zone
The primary objective of tnis study is to determine flow
patterns in the vicinity of the landfill ana recommend possible
actions to contain or minimize the impact of the contamination In
oraer to fully evaluate these goals the aforementioned parameters
were input to a computer model to produce simulated flow patterns
under different conditions The simulated present conditions were
matched with field water table and stream flow measurements to
calibrate the model A series of simulations were then run to
evaluate flow conditions before the excavations anaor landfill
existed Remedial measures such as reducing recharge to the
landfill and implementing a slurry wall to blocx off leachate flow
to endangered wells were simulated to evaluate their effectiveness
Based on this analysis recommendations are made as to how to
minimize leachate production ano best alleviate the immediate danger
of the contaminant plume spreading to unpolluted domestic supply
wells
background
The South Kingstown landfill is in a geologic setting that is
very similiar to the nearby West Kingston landfill This is located
about 3 miles west of the South Kingstown landfill and has been
studied to assess leachate effects on groundwater quality using
specific conductance as an indicator of contamination levels
(222ltt) Both sites were located in abandoned gravel Quarries which
were filled in with refuse to create the landfill
In the literature numerous authors have shown that the character
of contaminant plumes from landfills are largely dependent on the
local geology and geohydrology A study on Long Island (27) in
similiar glacial material illustrates that the Quantity of flow is
dependent on the hydraulic conductivity of tne aauifer the
hydraulic gradient and the vertical cross-sectional area of the
aauifer it flows through This is expressed as Darcys Law (41)
Q = KIA
wnere Q = flow quantity
I = hydraulic gradient
K = hydraulic conductivity of the aauifer
A = vertical cross sectional area of the flow area
Specific conductance was used as a contaminant tracer to show that
the plume from the landfill flowed downgradient and vertically
through the full thickness of the aauifer A study in Iowa (32)
indicates that the size ana shape of the contamination outflow from
a l a n d f i l l can be predicted from existing geohydrologic conditions
and that the horizontal shape of the outflow extends downgradient
8
from the source and parallel to ground-water flow lines Other
parameters which control the extent of the contaminant plume are
dilution and dispersion in the aquifer and the adsorption properties
of the aauifer material (31)
The amount of leachate generated depends largely on the amount
of water that infiltrates through the landfill to increase tne water
content of the refuse in the landfill The precipitation recharge
that percolates down through the unsaturated zone to the water table
moves in a vertical direction (35) Surface runoff soil moisture
storage losses and evapotranspiration account for tne precipitation
that is not transmitted tnrough the unsaturated zone of aeration
(3315) Upon reaching the saturated zone the water enters the
ground-water flow system Ground-water mounding has been reported
in landfills due to the decreased hydraulic conductivity of
compacted refuse relative to surrounding aauifer material (20)
Chemical processes within the landfill leachate outflow and
surrounding soil cation exchange capacity relative to water duality
of the surrounding aduifer have been studied in Pennsylvania (1) anu
in Delaware (5) A procedures manual for ground-water monitoring at
solid waste disposal facilities was developed by the US
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (9)
Several reports have been written that investigate site
selection design criteria and remedial measures to correct
leachate problems (29) A survey of ground-water protection methods
for landfills in Illinois studies relationships to the water table
theory of liner installation and monitoring devices (13) Sanitary
Landfi11-Leaching Prevention and Control presents a review of
preventative methods such as means to minimize infiltration
interception of ground-water and other pollution control measures
(2 37) A study in Pennsylvania on actual measures implemented to
collect and treat a landfills leachate discharge presents a site
specific study (19) Leachate Quality Improvements After Top
Sealing1 shows that by minimizing infiltration at a landfill in
Connecticut the outflow leachate water quality can be improved
dramatically and contamination plume reduced significantly (6) The
most comprehensive reports on remedial approaches to upgrading waste
disposal sites and ground-water protection methods have been
compiled under USEPA contract (1542)
To assist in evaluating remedial measures the US Geological
Survey (USGS) computer model Iterative Digital Model for Aduifer
Evaluation was used It was originally developed as a model for
simulating two-dimensional aauifer problems (33) It had been
updated since its original development to accomodate different
options (43) This model has been applied to glacial outwash
regions in Rhode Island (717)
10
Description of Study Area
A map of tne landfill area (Fig Z) was obtained from tne town
of South Kingstown The excavation to the west of Rose Hill Roaa
the landfill area directly to the east and the presently operating
area to the east of the central stream comprise tne overall study
area This study will concentrate on the west landfill area whicn
has recently reached capacity and been closed to further dumping
This site received mixed refuse for the past 15 years The depth of
the excavation where the landfill presently exists was approximately
to bedrock in some places Tne exact depths of landfill material is
unknown
The landfill cover has been graded and sloped generally eastward
to convey surface runoff to the eastern side A sandy soil that was
excavated locally was used as tne cover material The northern
section has a vegetation cover and the recently filled southern
section has been seeded and mulched The six monitoring wells W
NW NE EC SE SC were placed by the town of South Kingstown to
provide water quality information
Referring to Fig 2 the west excavation stream drains the area
created by the excavation to the west of Rose Hill Road and flows
throughout the year The central stream drains a small watershed
area which lies to the northwest of the landfill and drys up during
part of the year These streams flow into the Saugatucket River
which flows throughout the year and is larger than the west and
central streams combined
11
The USGS Groundwater Map (18) was initially consulted to proviae
information on the ground-water flow patterns (Fig 5) and the
geology of tne area (Fig 6) The surficial geology borings and the
vertical geologic cross-section at the base of the study area
indicate shallow water table and bedrocic and a nearly constant
saturated thickness (18) Boring logs at the W well ana a point
approximately 150 feet south of it indicate glacial outwasn material
which is primarily sana with a trace of gravel over bedrock at a
depth of approximately 33 feet Borings at the east landfill area N
and S monitoring wells indicate the same aquifer material
(Appendix B)
The ground-water map developed by Hahn is taken as
representative of conditions existing prior to the excavation of the
I l andfill (18) This indicates water-table contour lines that run in i
a general northeasterly direction This means tnat flow was
originally in a southeasterly direction However contamination of
domestic supply wells on the west side of Rose Hill Road has
occurred (Fig 3) strongly suggesting that the original flow pattern
has been altered by the excavation to the west of Rose Hill Road and
the landfill to the east of it Domestic supply wells were formerly
located directly to the west of Rose Hill Road but were aoandoned
when they became contaminated from landfill leachate New wells
were located to the south and west away from the contaminant plume
of tne landfill In addition a well located at the northeastern
corner of the landfill was contaminated and a replacement located to
the east of Us former location on tne opposite side of the central
12
Legend scale 124000
mdash-40 mdashground-water contour elevation
Fig 5 Ground-Water Map
13
Legend feet
TILL
Fig 6 Geology Background Map
14
stream This second wel 1 also became contaminated Domestic supply
wells located near tne northwestern corner of tne landfill and
approximately 300 feet south of it nave remained uncontaminated
These well locations serve as an indication of tne extent of the
landfill contamination which is largely dependent on the groundwater
flow patterns To furtner investigate this problem and provide
substantial information on which to base the geohydrologic analysis
field studies of the area were conducted
15
Field Studies ana Procedures
A map of the lanafill and an aerial pnotograph of the area were
obtained A tracing of these maps superimposed upon another
delineates stream landfill and monitor well locations (Fig 2)
The field investigation concentrated on the west landfill area ana
its aajoining streams ana monitor wells The east landfill area and
the three monitor wells in that area are induced in the latter
phase of the study in oraer to expand the model area
A traverse which establishea tne monitor well elevations was run
using a Carl Zeiss level These were originally sitea in by the
town of South Kingstown using a local USGS reference datum number 40
(18) The wells of known elevations then served as benchmarks for
referencing adjacent stream elevations This in combination with
the depth to water table measurements at each well enables tne
water-table surface geometry of the area to oe visualized
Water-table measurements of the west landfills wells were recordea
over a ten month period to record fluctuations (Fig 7 Table 1)
The east landfill areas wells were monitored for a five month
period Using a given water-table condition a ground-water map was
developea of the area (Fig 4) This indicates an outflow from
the landfill primarily in a southeasterly direction and partially
in a southwesterly direction
Additional bedrock and water-table information was ootainea by a
seismic refraction survey at several locations along the landfill
perimeter A Bison Model lb70C Signal Enhancement Seismograpn was
used to maxe the surveys Lines were run (to a length of kOO feet)
16
17
w s p bdquo S bdquo s S S a laquolaquo _
s 2 8
V
r bdquo
3 s a
-R s
S
S 3
t
raquobullraquo
S
5
K
r
~
3
K
pound
7
S
bdquo3
C 5 S
shy raquo S s
1 3 s 3 2 5 ^ bull
5 m
s o
^ 3
raquo
--
R bull 5
s pound J O s
5 a 3 7 3 m
5 s a ^
iraquo a s rlaquo
M ^
^ c o 2 5 s 3 a S R
rd 3 y a O =J
^ bdquo
JJ s s 3 bull ~ I
~ s 5 3 a s a
(Ogt (U
2
-t =
r s s in
5 y
a s
5
3
s
5 a
^ a
3 a 51 a bullbull
sj 5 Ml
3 a bull
s raquo
a
0)
0
^ mdash
a j -
-3
C
g S
S
bull a
-
~ 3 o
2 s s 3 a bdquo s s $ Al s
(1) = $ s 3
S
c a a
3 e 5 s N s S a - 3 = s s a 5
a s s - 3 S shy
4
0
a s
bdquo tfH
bdquo
3 a
bdquo
s a
e bullfl s i s s a s a
3 nt
s s 3
g laquo s3 a
~ J s 2 a s o s S s 3 a a j laquo s o s
3 bull laquobull
2 a 7 3 a 3 a ^2
s mdash 5i o
bull bull
mdash
3 o
ss a
fc mdash
3 1-sect m ishy n
18
in both directions to provide a check and permit accurate estimates
of the depth to bedrockThe seismic results allow approximate
interpretations of the depth to the water table and bedrocK thus
permitting an estimation of the saturated thickness Ground
elevations at the location of the seismic surveys were determined
from a topographical map and field siting From this information
water table ana bedrock elevations estimates were made Bedrock
contours are listed in Fig 8 In addition a table which
summarizes the seismic refraction results for the unsaturated
saturated and bedrock layers velocities and depths at each survey
location is presented in Table 2
Scream gauging stations were established on the two streams
bordering the west landfill (Fig 9) Three stations were placed on
the central stream These provide information on the influent or
effluent condition of ground-water flow in the upper sections of the
stream and ground-water baseflow from an area adjacent to the
landfill into the stream (Table 3)
The stream gauging stations used were 90deg V-notch weirs The
weirs located in the SE and SW positions were placed in the
streamoea with a liner of plastic upstream to minimize underflow
The weirs located in the NW and E positions were cut to fit in
recesses of concrete culvert pipes Concrete plywooa interfaces
were coated with roofing cement to minimize bypass flow Upstream
water pressure and a snug fit hold the plywood sections in place
All weirs were implaceo according to AigtTM reouirements and flowrates
calculated using the standard 90deg V-notch formula (3)
19
N
seepage West observat ion Landfill hole
Area
Legend landfill limit excavat ion limit
copyWNWNEECSESC monitoring well locations
= = = unimproved road -- WNES-number
seismic refraction locations
-40shy approximate bedrock contpur elevation
feet
Fig8 Seismte Survey Location
20
c ^-^ c4j ^laquoc in -=r 3shyjj bull pn f- 4-gt bull in in OjJ bull bull a jo bull bull O JJ
co CM o on on CO CM CTNVO VO co CM o on on Q gt_x rH oj on a oj on a - rH oner
rmdash on sr i i
M z Z
gt gt gt
X-N CO laquomdashv CO CO bull igt gt bull
1 gt fc^gtgt bullbull ^ ^ ^
C 4-gt O t igt O J- 4J O H m o o o 3 bullH CO O rH in 3 bullH co vo o in 3 ~ 1 i-k -i ^trade fj rj ui ij o CO o n o rH =r co o n vo vo vo co o bullv O O O
O raquo On-3 rH O -bull- rH ON in _ IH in oj - rH bull rH VO OrH bull rH On ON pH d)u CO -UCO 4J OJ CO 4-gt gt
C mdashbull gt CM gt CM H-l O CO
v- ^^ N C 0
bull0 N CO
4-5 -0 _c^gt in in CO CO
C x~ c -^ t-oo in i 4J j_gt 41 4J bull 9 bull bull 4J bull
o j ON O O 3 (0 O4J O ON ON QJJ t~-^3- OJ 4-gt L
CO CM trade CO CM rH rH OJ co CM oj on Q ^ _ CO 3~Q-- n 45 Q mdash OJ OJ OJ C (0
1 11 3 nZ 2CO
gti gt gt CO CO CO ^-x m -s CO
rH rH ^ ro^^ bull gt bull ^ igt gt bullgt gtgt bull r O -Q 4Ji JJ O 5- JJ O pound- ^ O 4) oj o on (0 CO
3 bullH CJ O O in 3 bullH CO Cmdash VO on 3 pound-laquo H CO o n in inco co o n ma- r co g^ 5sect^ o
o rH on oj O bull- rH ONCO L O_ rH OJ VO M
rH bull rH =t rH bull - OJ T CO CO M CO 4-gt rH CO -U rH CO 4-) s
uits
CO 4-gt 4-5 T3 gt CM gt CM gt CM cc CO CO CO
3 3gt oa tlp^ CO O CM O gt 4J O 40 i 3 r+ k C pound JS
CO pound
^^ s -bullgt cmdash on poundZ VO CTI trx 4J 4J 4J
) bull bull bull Q Q Q Q4J 3shyc O-JJ CTgt OJ OJ Q-IJ inco on CO CO CO o co CM oj on co CM oj on co CM on
Q Q QON^ Q bullH Q^
rH rH 4J rH
O bullraquo L Z bull CO CO CO
i gtgt rH oj on gt tgtshyCM ^ cO^-s CO ~ CO
CO CO J X fc^_ bull^gt bullgtgt bull gt gtgt bull gt CO
j_ jJ O pound- Jj -P O Li deg =fObullH co on f- ^ 3bullH CO CO O in 3bullH CO
g^ -^2
poundsect HO
eis
mic
3 CO in in in in in in co o n co o n
o -^ r oj in O rHCO CO rH bullrH bull rH =T OrH bull rH OJ f-CO 4J bull- CO 4J rH O0) J-)
gt CM gt CM gt CM 4J
CO N_^ m^
bull OJ
t t poundshyCO CO CO CO rH J3 gt r-t oj on gt r-i oj on gt gt r n o j o n
Time months Flg11 Flucuatlon In Specific Conductance in Wells
26
Table 4 Specific Conductances in Wells (pmhoscm at 25degC)
West East Landfill Landfill
Date NW NE EG SE W SC N E S
81581 851 938 236 2356
102981 171 3268
11381 3268
111081 304 988 1100 258 3800
111481 426 2736 1216 186 4560
111781 304 3610 433 389 4560
121981 380 1406 129 103 380
1982 160 152
31582 274 760 1064 61 334 8000+ 182 53 84
52182 450 1500 1125 112 712 8000+ 175 255 150
52282 425 1320 1200 110 850 180 320 170
27
O
ct c r i c o o o o o c M o m o in CO CM unp^
3bull t- fmdash o^ co tmdash vo co in co cmdash co in a
bull bull1 1-1 trade4 rH rH^ CO 4)2
~ plusmn4J o O CM ^_
o n CO vO J oraquo 0C0M
cu rH rH rH rH rHin tmdash
3 iCM 4J
^j CO CO
E O0 ltU -H n o c E
See
pag
se
rva
t
rH O in 0 0 O O 0
O o x rH Cmdash
0 0n
cu rH mdash O tmdash X o o o o c o o o o r H r H i n o i n i n o O
bull L in oo co oo oo o cy cr o rH CM o cr ONc fcJ bullH on en m m rn c^n rH rH rH0 pound CO 3 CO
t CM0gt s o o o in rA n ^o oo in tmdash oo 0gt zr =r a- JT JT$_
T)C CO
~ E CO ^ _bdquo ltu CO g r H r n c n i n o o r H r H
vgtO ^D O ^^ ^O CO ^^ ^^ JJ 2 4) rH rHCO t
c CO
CO c 9) rH 0
CO -^ C c CO ltuo famp O trade t iH
0
bullo co n ^
oS
o ^^ bullH m
i co rn O CQ O1 CO CO 4) c2Q 3
CO
mdash^ bull cmdash CMin 1 gt rH vO vO O CTgt CO
s CTgt CO OO Ogt Craquo- tmdash cu O CO rH z 0
bull_bulllaquo
H bull L o in r in o oo in 3 rfy ff^ tir f^ CO C^~
4)bull
Z 3
^ ^ ^ ^ H r H r H r H r H rH r H C O r H C O a O C O a O a O C O C O r H i H r H CO OO - gt 0 0 ^ - gt ^ raquo - ^ ^ 1 - gt ~ gt - C O C O O O
U ^ raquo ^ - ~ raquo O ^ ^ O t ~ C O r H - r r ^ - ^ ^ JJ r H C M v O r H r H r H r H r H C M C M r H i n c r gt rH CO CM gt laquolaquo - - -^ bullmdash mdash bullraquoraquobullgt -v -v ^^
~ v O r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H lt M C M C M CM O O r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H rH
Vvraquolaquo IJ1^ raquo CP O 3L 1 Z - i bull j-t-J
1 J
LH Vb T n 0
1 gt fl oo O ~l 2 L - bull 1 P )laquo jn iP IP - OOI L5L mdash shy
-t 84 ^(^^ ^fi P i flja 0 JO II 10 tl tcgt 7 J IV wllaquo
h l2L bull 0 lt -_ shy
-id VJ lt 3C 2 ft OOL -mdash
U 71 C1 Sr 2 13 2 nl JLJraquopound HP r M ltf1- (
IMe 2 ii O It
n jlt dl 1 1 bull o o-il ST i 1 i 25 2-x-1
-
ri
i tlL O mdash gtbull bullgtlt 1ft -o- is Oil So iJK 2-io otv u 31 fil loi 2 il Oll it Of wr is i1raquo -iZ 1 deg|0 01
M IT So - mdash
- 13 1 CT mdash i - mdash 21
shy
Tl Ci av ZUll IMT 0 IM Pe v _ 1) T) S) ii3( dlt Ii 2 lt^2 II li- S1 riivi To 7HX lt3lO 14 ^2- iTi I li 011 -- - -i -^IS no 5^ or i | T Jift laquoV OoH bullla It Va iCO mdash L OIL 11 bullvf poundgtpound lS_ flv oh P-lfe 1 poif _ shy11 IB kl (4 itlaquoT lamp llt0 oot^
mdash -n
It T1 |ir( L1 HI 2 0 oil
U 1M ft go C ICf^ -^2 Z laquo-|o
11 it 5 bulln - TO o abull Li u-i IT1 -- Iw O ltM (I bullbull bdquo-I(K 1mdash -tilltLlA ttfe
i Dgt ac -- U 44 4 11 1 1- ytd i i_i J-K 0 i if -i i i V t Wl raquoOHM 1-1 US D C P A R T M f N T OF COMMfRCE t 4 1 IUII 1 1 ^~) mdash
llaquo- Hi NC bull bullh bull bullJL^V HBl CO 00
11
)jLsVyr^gturv
^ | TKu
|-_t_ bull(
IIMgt I I Mt|UU III- II 11
PNECIPITATIOH
I 1 1 IMX
IMO
bull llfclaquo I UCIUKI) Ur C V A r U M A AHO CLIMATOUOCICAL OBitH
E V A F O R A T I C r i Jttffl laquo amp hMIlaquoJllaquoJIIlaquoBgt
DATE AOOITIOMAL DAIAKMAKk M
bullraquobullmdashlaquo
tp 01 (1 Of Ll OOI ooo
0^1 o-i 10 tl |00 102
OC (1 13 Ofl
it i rc DS os an
(1 SV o
Ul 010
(ISl 101 I on
130
II 5= Otl
ss lt 001 (IK Ml
jt il HIT
7 it
ow Wo 17 Top 2-01 OIO
(0 oov zi oot
u CO ^A 0 to Zoi CLflS
bull50 01 ljtj
nshy 5H LO OIt
50121 IVO QJO
14 Co Ho LO Hl ^pound Jl 1
ltM ool fllc
H Tl 01 II
11 11 Q1
iH OIO
HO 2 llaquol 11 II
lifc
IV-IIM ul OIPAITHINT or COHMIICC NOAA
NAtlOHAL gtIATnlaquoll raquotraquoVlClaquo CD
r~
All TCUMMATUNI ^V UII rgt ITmi 1 Cwphu Obic i gtn t ngir-H 30
rilCiriTATIOH
JJ T I rTJ-rimdashr-iramj|MP CLmATOLOQ
laquolaquo jftilCiii bullIHO
Oi1l ADOITIOHAL DAIAlllu
Ilf4ft
Sii1
(1 2 IO OO
Hl ii SO
us OIM
Q^L
a A3 Hi SZ Sf^ bull 12J2
HI Z-SF OOl 1C t HM IA H ICP fiJA
OOl 10 (310 sn 310
if HI (0 ^01
bullit SO 28H poundJ1 11 006
14 35 TX oon II (bull2 it zr II c-S
rr Zll lo 31 OP an 31 a 31 oor
CSW O-ll Si CC Of 011
Oll _ I |ft
00
u i oerraquolaquoTMiMr of c NOAA
NATIONAL K C A T N C M SCMVlCC
TC^S lk)oiVroTJA
TETT I 7X
1raquolaquolaquo 4 bdquo ir lt er ni I^OV ltqgl j--^ TQ
MICiriTAllOH ITIND
D|mdash
b5NO ctiUATOtoiCAL oeit^
OATI AOOITIOMAL OATAVlHAtt
0-tt
Mlaquoh bullbullbull- rshy laquo
I- ltltriu HI I 4 bulllaquobullbull1
Zii
30 Dfellt otvt
at HA
OOI
62
iJ_S2 HI if
bull- 20 SI 2i So
So
VVfr
OSfc
I (
Jtlt
3aoi
r j -bull ie MA
Irill iiol
in^ 14
Mo
Zll
214
21 1P
00-i
bulliron
17
bullr
11 i ir- I J Ktf^c
US D E P A R T M E N T OF COuMEDCC I | C gt A A
K AIlaquo Ttupf lATuit r
|SlVi AlJ PIICIPITATION
oJud (El
VIM i Uraquo
MIND E
EVAPORATIOH flnrft bull A ftufiifccdll
KECORO OF eVAPllHAtlil bull I CLIHATOLOOCAL OBSERVA ^Hij
14 MM A_M AOOIIIONAL DATA11 MAIM
Mr bullH Oo|
M Si lift
bull221 IHI
ZS Ji 40 IZV
icr KS I
HZ 111
bullT 21
loA UK JA IP
v^ ft
1M 2Sshy IT Tl
71 V |
i I 31 1deg a
uty^ U bull3
ons 1 CiO TxX
HHO (10
3H 19 12 10 IP
raquo3H raquo | 5t io
OP OIT
14
vO UI Of PANTMINI Or COMMCRCf MM O A A
F ngt TIHH
iiicffwiffc 4 rJ (TIM bull Cempltit Obitittiio
AIlaquo TIMHIATUM PHICinTATION I V A f OK ATlPrl
OATI ADDITIONAL DATA KMAlIt
U4laquo4 +
03H Ji
10
rc a 1 16 oi ii
tiiy 10
OI
II i23 or o 13 -y~ou HO
II 3V III i 3 t
V laquop oot
OM1 SS ne
T an -i IP
Olt zr LTV
3T 001
a -11 2T
10 an 31
-1 raquo 131 UP 3H lf 14 Lpoundshy
it 14 30
IS
Ui O I P A K T M f H T OP COWlf ICfM O A A
NATJONAI V C A T M C n f t K M V l C K
bullbullbullbullbullshy -2 o AIlaquo TIMMRATUM f fKICIPITATIOH
OATI poundt- MMINMAL DATAk
ZP 51 lo icr
011 111
OoT IHf
Ut 003 am
3o 13 ao
4A X 05shy
H4 i IjJyiV131 ooc js
IH oi 01 tL 18 13 a
No 11-7
rivgtp OO| M Hi 03 01
It 12
bull I 41 bull7119 14 ^^ raquo 31 15 lampk n M ho i
Jo -j-
-J
I
Ml H^ I _
amp2ampUi^= LS 0 S 0-f bullTTT
-Vmdash gt U_ bull 1 rOHM I- 11 OI OCPARTMlNT OF COMM(NCC
HO NATIONAL W f A T M f H ftfraquoVlCI
98
Appendix B
Boring Logs
99
X iHECT 1 ff 2
OAT American Drilling amp Bor ini I Co Inc
wo WATH smn EAST PR ov IDENC E ft 1 Town of South Kingstown South K ngstown R I MOLENO X-J
TC 100 RCSS bull ujrMonitorinq Well Installation | South Kinqjtown R I UNC a STA Pf KXICCTHJ LOC ATK3N
bull cfrserrr TO above S MPLES S FNTTO _ _ |laquolaquor A-109 SURF ELEV RE PORTSEr
GROUND WATER O6SE RVATC MS 1 CDREraquolaquo m-T nn75 laquo A 256 - 20 mdash Hew y
Instolled 32ofT-l2 PV C - JO- COMPUTE 111275 K toia 3- I-WI 1-38 TOTAL MRS bdquo10 screen BORING FCACUAM J K lanq MAI rraquo HomnwWI 300 140 IampPCCrc Mamlaquor Fall 24 30 lampaaiona SOLS ENGR
LOCATION OF BORING H ONITOKING WELL
Coung Samplt Tjp Blow per 6 Manure SOU IDENTIFICATION Strata SAMPLE ^^^yV Bloot
foot
Otptni
From- To
el
l
on Sampler
0-6 1 -6-13 12-18
Dentity or
Conmt j
Chang Remark include colo^ graaation Type of tod lie Rao-coMr type condition nordshynetiDntotf time leamt and tie No Pen Rtlt
2 No top sample 5 12
1 loamy fine sand
bull)^ 40 30 36
5- 616 0 23 20 16
noist iense
Brown fine to coarse SAND some fine to coarse gravel Trace silt
^
1 18 18
36 8-0shy57 40 30 V 35
|0-||-6 D 14 24 20 Srown medium to coarse SAND Some fine gravel cobbles
7 IRshy 16
27 75 37 3
IS- I- D 5 14 16 3bull
ISshy 15
42 50 I9--0shy50 65 20-2ll-6 D 9 23 26 bull Jrown fine to coarse SAND Tbullwshy 1Z 75 90
22-0 Trace silt trace fine gravel
124 120 74 60 52 41
7S-ltlaquoil-A DX 71 16 13 wet very dense
Gray-brown fine to coarse SANC Some fine to coarse gravel little silt
H IR u
40 30--0
3C-30-IO
3l4-334
334-3314
38 4-434
D
c
C
C
7 IflO
94 6
we tr j
y se
ft irox
30MOshy
31 -4shy
Gray-brown fine to coarse SAND Trace silt
Gray-brown fine SAND some lilt trace fine gravel
Too of Rock 31 -4shy
Gray-pink GRANITE
6 7
amp
CJ
IltJ A
60
601
IQ mdash
2(
4
5 i Hard
ft 5ome seams bull
GROUND SURFACE TO J 4 U3CD_ ^JVrf bullbull( tutu t to 4o 4 SampM Type Proportion UMd MOB Wtx 3 OfaM on 2OD Sampler SUMMARY-
OOry CCartd WltWen4 Hoc OlolO Canmonieraquoi Don any CoKeem CarMWncy Earm Barrlaquoj 11 14
UPgtUnOigtturod Piuon trite (Oto20dego 0-Kgt Loei it 0-4 Sait 3O+Hofd Rock Corng 14 Kgt-30 laquo4 0 rte 4-8 MSHM Samplet TPTtitPit Ai Auger Vvanefett tarn 2Olo39 3O-M Owlt n laquo-lS Strlf rinit nn v 1
UTiUndlshffbed ThrMOll and bull 33to9O 5O Very 0laquo nraquoe 19-30 V-3trraquof - | OLE NO X-l
TOVH rim - iA it raquotoraquo
100
SHEET 2 o_L
WO WATEt STUET [AST ft OVIDENC pound a i American Drilling amp Bor ing Co Inc
MCLl WQ X- 1 Tt AOORCSS i
LIME A STA KXICCTMJ tuf same as 1 | tame as i LOCATION
W PORTSEf mo OB nj urt eflaquo T
illtPLES S
P
CVTTO nlaquo mun orv
^s f^ Tin i GRCVMO WATER OBSERVATONS CASING SAMPLER CORE BAR
START Typi COMPUTE tome at 1 same aiH
TOTAL MRS BORIMG FOR CMAN n bull IT INSPECTOR SOILS EMM
LOCATION OF BORING u HfVJTneTfi UFI _
8
Counf Blo-t
foot
Dtpllo
From To
0( on SampMr
0-6 f 6-IZ
Moittir
Oonuty or
Contilt
Strata Ctnngc
SOIL OCNTiriCATION Rtmorkt ineHifl cotot grqdotion Typlaquo of Mil etc Roo-axtrPlaquo condition Mrdshynlaquot Drog tun ttomt end tic
TPlaquoTraquojraquoPit AAugtr ViVon mini tamt 20to39 UTtundiifir6d TrwMOtf and JSloSO 50-raquobull Vary 0nlaquo [HOLE NO x-2 B-3O V-3Mf lev rim - IAIT raquosectlaquoraquo
102
300 iu 24
1 UMnii ffi 140 laquo 30
CA1INC tf
gt taWCTf
bull 0gtlaquo i R Cook Jr_ R Millineton1 Wttn
I~
1 VAMtl CtMG
1 W HO-t MO
1 Oraquo 1 laquo0~ twt
L 1 laquo-raquo VfcM^lf [wlaquoraquoCI ^ ^ K3Ot III laquo
0-LS D
5-65 D
LlQ 10-115 D
15-16 Tgt
Lraquo 70-51 n
25-26 D
F
I O-O Ci
A Allstate Drill ins Co vi o i
PROVIDING R 1bull raquoraquo uvraquonn~ N M O M I T O P I N G HE1 _^lt -^ PI-Traquo UJU
CUM Town of South Kineraquotown raquoraquo 1 1TA maoer Propolaquolaquod Sit for Slude Disposal nltn
laquo V-449 iampAAtut i a 138 ort STI bull r 42777 CtOuMO IKVtllON
Cill bdquo 258 DA II MN ru 42777 rilaquolaquodO laquoraquoTti rum 1911
AU1TATI
MMUI1 raquolaquogtlaquolaquo laquoKiO itXHHKraquoriOi of sous MUAHI nMTKlion Ot CMlaquoMC|kOraquort tl CO~VH DXltgt raquomlaquo laquotf IMi COIOI C4l II I 1raquo gtlaquo^ Oraquo 1Ol rC t Xgttgt VtfKOe Craquo Mi 1 ft liMraquoK laquo0^tlaquot nfgt
1-2-1 10 TOP SOIL FINE LIGHT BROWN SAND traclaquo of ilt
16-31-17
22-24-21 100 FINE TO MEDIUM LIGHT GRAY SAND trace of fine gravlaquol and raquopoundLt
lfl-37-34 150 LIGHT BROWN FINE TO MEDIUM SAND little poundinlaquo gravel
21-17-15 200 MEDIUM TO COARSE SAND bullomc fine gravel
12-4-10
265
Observation well installed
NOTE No casing blows taktn
bullbull B-23 ow
^w^ 265 I raquo bull raquolaquo bull I W
11 laquot gtbullraquo Vlaquo 14 W gt_ c-shyji bull alaquo bull jraquo VI laquoHshyw bullbull m raquobullbull D-6 raquo Mshy
bull bull laquo Vshy
1
bull bull
I
103
MAMMII Allstate Drilling Co ulaquorr 1 or 1 FftOVIOCKZ H L traquolS mTArm^S MONITOR NR WEL
VNO wr3JJO__raquoraquou_24__ HCU MO P-74 n iu riBwi Town of Slt7H^ Xirpin
mdash^ laquo0J P 1 1 bull ^n^ciit^o TVlaquow^laquott1 bullraquoit wt 140 nu 30 olaquor fBu lkv Waste Disposal Arcai
MUTAH a V-449 R Cook Jr UMlaquoiigti D 1 38 0t| raquoIJ raquo 5277 rlaquo SUMO luvlaquorv-laquow
mdash 5277 fipe -raquoT pfpm 150
H MCIO IMNTlXAflON Of SOU t(kAIlaquoS rrn 0-laquoraquo
5 -SF 01 w in laquobull -raquo ^ lit
D 1-2-2 TOP SOIL V-1-oraquo
15 IPbull FINE TO MEDIUM LIGHT GRAY SAND AND GRAVEL
5-65 D 37-27-35 some silt
10-11 D 20-14-18
15-165 D i 17-14-14 155
BROWN COARSE TO MEDIUM SAND little fine to coarse gravel trace of silt
20-211 D 4-4-2
230 GRAY BROWN VERY FINE SAND
25-26J D 7-8-9 AND SILT 265 fvarvedl
Observation well installed
NOTE No casing blows taken
wta 10 n uuraquo c^imdashbull IgtM laquolaquobull- B-24 ow ~ 14 ltfc laquoraquobull vlaquo^ M laquobull r O 0 fmtt bull W-L 26 5
-0- CgtCmdashgt bull laquolaquobull mdash laquo 1 - raquoraquo 1 gt 1laquo bull 1 gtraquor to bull mdashbull bull bull bulllaquo I t l~laquo 1lt Uraquo mdashbull ) bull 1 gtbull ft 0~ H laquoy bullM ta bull -IN la laquobull OPUM bull($ IMI
mdash H raquo laquo-bull
104
Appendix C
Calibration of Specific Conductance Meters
105
Specific conductance measurements were made using a beckman RB
338 temperature compensating meter and a YSI rtooel 33 salinity
conductivity temperature meter The YSI meter is not
temperature correcting A formula to compensate for temperature
differences to standardize YSI measurements was used (21)
A long probe for the Beckman meter was used to measure conductivity
in the wells Differences in conductivity between the YSI ana
Beckman meters and the Beckman short and long probes exist These
were calibrated in the laboratory using 001 N and 01 N KC1
solutions Values presented are Beckman short probe values The
Beckman long probe values were reduced by 76 and tne YSI values
were multiplied by 11 to adjust to Beckman short probe values The
YSI meter was used in the latter phases of the study for the
stream contamination due to the greater accuracy of the dial readout
scale
Table 7 Specific Conductance Meter Calibration Table
Concentration (KCL) 0001N 001N
Specific Beckman short 145 143 143 1247 1245 12GO
Conductances Beckman long 190 191 188 1639 1650 1665
umhocm 9 25 C YSI 132 131 128 1131 1140 1150
average values Beckman shortBeckman long = 075
Beckman shortYSI = 11
106
Appendix D
Computer program Flow Chart
107
F1g 33 Computer Program Flow Chart-
1TpoundR MAP TCO
NEWPER
WEWSTP CZAX
HEWIT TRANS TCOF ROW COLUMN
Yes
Yes
108 The following is a description of the USGS two-dimensional computer
program Iterative Digital Model for Aquifer Evaluation updated
December 1972 by P C Trescott The program written in Fortran
consists of a MAIN program and six subprograms or subroutines which
themselves are organized into subprogram sections The subroutines and
their sections are listed below
MAIN Program
DATAIN (subroutine) COEF ITER (section) CLAY MAP TRANS NEWPER TCOF
The program begins in the MAIN program which controls the sequence
of passage to the subroutines Sequential steps are described in the
program as shown in the flow chart of Fig 32 Emphasis is placed on the
steady state confined aquifer case as applied in this study First data
input is read in the DATAIN subroutine This data includes transmissivities
or permeabilities starting heads storage coefficients and grid spacings
Nodal transmissivity values are then computed for the water-table problem
in the TRANS section (COEF subroutine) This procedure is necessary here
because the subsequent routine for computing iteration parameters (ITER)
keys on nodal transmissivity values which would not have been input to
the water-table problem In the water-table option these would have been
109
computed from given bedrock and water-table elevations to obtain the
saturated thickness component of the transmissivity calculation In this
study water-table option was not used and the transmissivity values were
input directly The program then passes to the ITER section (DATAIN
subroutine) to compute the iteration parameters which expediate or even
cause convergence Next the MAP section (DATAIN subroutine) is utilized
to initialize data for an alphanumeric map if this was requested in the
input options Transmissivities are then computed for the confined
(artesian) aquifer case (water table not specified with input options)
in the TCOF section (COEF subroutine) These coefficients are harmonic
mean values of adjacent nodal transmissivities weighted by grid sizes
Time parameters and pumping data for a new pumping period are then read
in the NEWPER section (DATAIN subroutine) followed by entry into the
NEWSTP section (COMPUT subroutine) which calculates the size of the
time step Leakage coefficients (hydraulic conductivity of the confining
bed divided by confining bed thickness) are next computed in the CLAY
section (COEF subroutine) if leakage was specified in the input data
which was used in this study
A new iteration is then initiated in sections NEWITO (COMPUT
subroutine) NEWITO saves the current head values and compares them to
the updated head values for determining closure This is followed by
nodal transmissivity values being computed for the water table or water-
table artesian conversion problem Transmissivity coefficients are then
computed for the water-table problem in TCOF (COEF subroutine) Total
head values are then computed with the alternating direction implicit
procedure using the Thomas algorithim first along rows in the ROW section
110 and then along columns in the COLUMN section both in the COMPUT subroutine
Then if a solution is not obtained (because the error criteria for
closure is not satisfied) the MAIN program branches back to NEWIT1 subshy
sequent sections TRANS TCOF ROW and COLUMN repeatedly until a
solution at the particular time step is achieved NEWIT1 increments the
iteration counter and is immediately followed by NEWITO The program then
moves to the STEADY section of the COMPUT subroutine to check if the
closure criteria for steady state has been satisfied Output is then
printed in the OUTPUT section of COMPUT if steady state has been reached
or if the particular time step is designated for output
The program then branches back to NEWSTP (COMPUT subroutine) and
moves through the subsequent routines until the last time step in the
pumping period is reached Output is then promoted in the DRY section
of COMPUT if specified in input data If the last pumping period in
the problem has not been reached the program branches back to the
NEWPER section and moves again through subsequent sections otherwise
the program will terminate or start a new problem if one follows
This study was simulated as a steady state problem which can be
simulated by setting the storage coefficient of the aquifer and the
specific storage of the confining bed to zero and using one time step
of any length
111
Appendix E
Computer Data Sheets
RGSEA
10 ROSE HILL LANDFILL MODEL 20 30 40 LEAKAGE 50 60 70 CHECK 80 90 100 HEAD 110 120 1 23 IQ 100 5 001 37E-OU 0 130 100 001 0 0 1 4 0 - 1 - 1 1 - 1 - 1 i i i i i i 1
ISO 1 10 0 1547E-05 01 10 1 1 160 04642 200 200 1 1 i it
1 Agpar MA and 0 Langmuir Ground-Water Pollution Potential of a Landfill Above tne Water Table Groundwater V 9 No 6 1971 pp 76-96
2 Allen William B Hahn GW and RA Brackley Availability of Ground Water Upper Pawcatuck River Basin Rhode Island USGS US Government Printing-office GS 66-624 19bb
3 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Part 31 Open Channel Flow Measurement of Water and Waste Water by Weirs D 2034-68 1975
4 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Part 19 Infiltration Rate of Soils in Field Using Double-Ring Infiltrameters D 3385-75 1975
5 Baeaecner MJ and W BacK Hyarogeological Processes and Chemical Reactions of a Landfill Ground Water V 17 no 5 1979 pp 429-437
6 Beck WW Dunn AL and Grover H Emrich Leachate Quality Improvements After Top Sealing1 8th SHwRD MERL Symposium 1982
7 Beckman WK Transient Modeling For Estimating Sustained Aauifer Yield master thesis presented to the University of Rhode Island Kingston RI 1978
8 Bhattacharya PK and HP Patra Direct Current Geoelectric Sounding Elsevier Publishing Co New York 1968 135 p
9 Bouwer H Ground Water Hydrology McGraw-Hill Book Co New Yoric 1978 p 378
10 Braids 0 Cocozza pound Fenn D Isbister J Rous P and B Yarc Procedures Manual for Ground Water Monitoring at Solid Waste Disposal Facilities Environmental Protection Agency530SW-611 Cincinnati Ohio 1977
11 Cartwright K and MR McComas Geophysical Surveys in the Vicinity of Sanitary Landfills in Northeastern Illinois Groundwater V 6 no 5 1968 pp 23-30
12 Cartwright K and Fd Sherman Jr Electrical Earth Resistivity Surveying in Landfill Investigations Reprinted from Proceedings of ohe lOtn Annual Engineering and Soils Engineering Symposium Moscow Idaho 1972
122 13 Clark TP Survey of Ground-Water Protection Methods for
Illinois Landfills Groundwater V 13 no 4 1975 pp 321-331
14 Dunne T and LB Leapold Water in Environmental Planning WH Freeman and Company San Francisco 1978
16 Fenn DG Hanley KJ and TV Degeare Use of the Water Balance Method for Predicting Leachate Generation From Solia Waste Disposal Sites US Environmental Protection Agency530SW-lfa8 Cincinnati Ohio 1975
17 Geisser 0 An Electric Analog and Digital Computer Model of the Chipuxet Ground Water^ Aquifer Kingston Rhode Island master thesis presented to the University of Rhode Island Kingston RI 1975
18 Hahn GW Groundwater Map of the Narragansett Pier Quadrangle Rhode Island Rhode Island Water Resources Coordinating Board GWM 5 1959
19 Hemsley William T Koster C Wallace Remedial Technique of Controlling and Treating Low Volume Leachate Discharge USEPA National Conference on Management of Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites Oct 1980
20 Hughes GM RA Landon and RN Farvolden Hydrogeology of Solid Waste Disposal Sites in Northeastern Illinois Final Report to US Environmental Protection Agency PUD SW-l^d Cincinnati Ohio 1971
21 Keller GV and FC Frischknecht Electrical Methods in Geophysical Prospecting Pergamon Press New YorK NY 19bb
22 Kelly WE West Kingston Landfill An Evaluation of Its Effect on Ground-Water Quality Rnoae Island Water Resources Board Water Information Series Report 1975
23 Kelly WE Geoelectric Sounding for Delineating Ground-Water Contamination Groundwater V 14 No 1 1976 pp fa-10
24 Kelly WE Ground-Water Pollution Near a Landfill ASCE Environmental Engineering Division Journal V 10 No EE6 Dec 19b pp nay-nyy
25 Kelly WE personal communication January 1982
123
26 Kelly WE and OW Urish A Study of the Effects of Salt Storage Practices on Surface ana Ground Water Quality in Rhode Island NTIS FHWA-RI-RD-8001 1981 54 p
27 Kimmel GE and OC Braids Leachate Plumes in a Highly Permeable Aauifer Groundwater y 12 no 6 1974 pp 388-393
28 Klefstaa G Senalein LVA ana RC Palmauist Limitations of the Electrical Resistivity Method in Landfill Investigations Groundwater V 13 No 5 1975 pp 418-427
29 Landon RA Application of Hydrogeology to the Selection of Refuse Disposal Sites Groundwater V 7 no b 19b9 pp 9-13
30 Lang SM Bierschenk WH ana WB Allen 1960 Hyaraulic Characteristics of Glacial Outwash in Rhode Island Rhode Islana Water Resources Coordinating Board Bulletin No 3
31 LeGrand HE Patterns of Contaminated Zones of Water in the Ground Water Resources Research v 1 No 1 1965
32 Palmauist R and L Sendlein The Configuration of Contamination Enclaves from Refuse Disposal Sites on Floodplains Grouna Water v 13 no 2 1975 pp 167-181
33 Pinder GF A Digital Model for Aauifer Evaluation Techniaues of Water Resources Investigations of the US Geological Survey Bk 7 Cl 1970
34 Purushattam D Tamxe GR and CM Stoffel Leachate Production at Sanitary Landfill Sites ASCE Environmental Engineering Division Journal V 103 no EE 6 Dec1977 pp 981-988
35 Remson I Fungaroli AA ana AW Lawrence Water Movement in an Unsaturated Sanitary Landfill ASCE Sanitary Engineering Division Journal v 94 no SA2 April1968 pp 307-316
36 Rosenshien JS Gouthier JB and WB Allen Hydrologic Characteristics and Sustained Yield of Principal Ground-Water Units Potowamut-Wickford Area Rhoae Island USGS US Government Printing Office GS 67-324 1968
37 Roux PH and B Vincent Electrical Resistivity Evaluations At Solid Waste Disposal Facilities US Environmental Protection Agency SW-729 Cincinnati Ohio 1978
124
38 Salvato JA Wi lk ie WG and BE Mead Sanitary Landfill Leaching Prevention and Control Water Pollution Control Federation Journal v 43 no 10 Oct 1971 pp 2084-2100
39 Sawyer CN and PL McCarty Chemistry for Environmental Engineering McGraw Hill 1978
40 Stellar RL and P Roux Earth Resist ivi ty Surveys - A Method for Defining Ground-Water Contamination Ground Water v 13 no 2 1975 pp 145-150
41 Todd OK Ground Water Hydrology John Wi ley and Sons Inc New York 1959
42 Tolman AL Ballestero AP Beck WW and GH Emrich Guidance Mannual For Minimizing Pollution From Waste Disposal Sites US Environmental Protection Agency-500SW-677 Cincinnati Ohio 1978
43 Trescott PC Iterative Digital Model for Aauifer Evaluation US Geological Survey Open file report 1972
44 University of Rhode Island Academic Computer Center CalComp Contouring Manual
45 Warner DL Preliminary Field Studies Using Earth Resistivity Measurements for Delineating Zones of Contaminated Ground Water Groundwater v 7 1969 pp 9-16
46 White EF A Report to the Town of S Kingstown Utility Survey Engineering Corp 1967
47 Zohdy AAR A Computer Program for the Calculation of Schlumberger Sounding Curves Over Horizontally Layered Media Using the Method of Convolution US Geological Survey Denver
48 Zohdy AAR Eaton GP and DR Mabey Application of Surface Geophysics to Ground-Water Investigations Technidues of Water-Resources Investigations of the US Geological Survey Book 2 Chapter 01 Washington US Government Printing Office 2401-02543 1974
background
The South Kingstown landfill is in a geologic setting that is
very similiar to the nearby West Kingston landfill This is located
about 3 miles west of the South Kingstown landfill and has been
studied to assess leachate effects on groundwater quality using
specific conductance as an indicator of contamination levels
(222ltt) Both sites were located in abandoned gravel Quarries which
were filled in with refuse to create the landfill
In the literature numerous authors have shown that the character
of contaminant plumes from landfills are largely dependent on the
local geology and geohydrology A study on Long Island (27) in
similiar glacial material illustrates that the Quantity of flow is
dependent on the hydraulic conductivity of tne aauifer the
hydraulic gradient and the vertical cross-sectional area of the
aauifer it flows through This is expressed as Darcys Law (41)
Q = KIA
wnere Q = flow quantity
I = hydraulic gradient
K = hydraulic conductivity of the aauifer
A = vertical cross sectional area of the flow area
Specific conductance was used as a contaminant tracer to show that
the plume from the landfill flowed downgradient and vertically
through the full thickness of the aauifer A study in Iowa (32)
indicates that the size ana shape of the contamination outflow from
a l a n d f i l l can be predicted from existing geohydrologic conditions
and that the horizontal shape of the outflow extends downgradient
8
from the source and parallel to ground-water flow lines Other
parameters which control the extent of the contaminant plume are
dilution and dispersion in the aquifer and the adsorption properties
of the aauifer material (31)
The amount of leachate generated depends largely on the amount
of water that infiltrates through the landfill to increase tne water
content of the refuse in the landfill The precipitation recharge
that percolates down through the unsaturated zone to the water table
moves in a vertical direction (35) Surface runoff soil moisture
storage losses and evapotranspiration account for tne precipitation
that is not transmitted tnrough the unsaturated zone of aeration
(3315) Upon reaching the saturated zone the water enters the
ground-water flow system Ground-water mounding has been reported
in landfills due to the decreased hydraulic conductivity of
compacted refuse relative to surrounding aauifer material (20)
Chemical processes within the landfill leachate outflow and
surrounding soil cation exchange capacity relative to water duality
of the surrounding aduifer have been studied in Pennsylvania (1) anu
in Delaware (5) A procedures manual for ground-water monitoring at
solid waste disposal facilities was developed by the US
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (9)
Several reports have been written that investigate site
selection design criteria and remedial measures to correct
leachate problems (29) A survey of ground-water protection methods
for landfills in Illinois studies relationships to the water table
theory of liner installation and monitoring devices (13) Sanitary
Landfi11-Leaching Prevention and Control presents a review of
preventative methods such as means to minimize infiltration
interception of ground-water and other pollution control measures
(2 37) A study in Pennsylvania on actual measures implemented to
collect and treat a landfills leachate discharge presents a site
specific study (19) Leachate Quality Improvements After Top
Sealing1 shows that by minimizing infiltration at a landfill in
Connecticut the outflow leachate water quality can be improved
dramatically and contamination plume reduced significantly (6) The
most comprehensive reports on remedial approaches to upgrading waste
disposal sites and ground-water protection methods have been
compiled under USEPA contract (1542)
To assist in evaluating remedial measures the US Geological
Survey (USGS) computer model Iterative Digital Model for Aduifer
Evaluation was used It was originally developed as a model for
simulating two-dimensional aauifer problems (33) It had been
updated since its original development to accomodate different
options (43) This model has been applied to glacial outwash
regions in Rhode Island (717)
10
Description of Study Area
A map of tne landfill area (Fig Z) was obtained from tne town
of South Kingstown The excavation to the west of Rose Hill Roaa
the landfill area directly to the east and the presently operating
area to the east of the central stream comprise tne overall study
area This study will concentrate on the west landfill area whicn
has recently reached capacity and been closed to further dumping
This site received mixed refuse for the past 15 years The depth of
the excavation where the landfill presently exists was approximately
to bedrock in some places Tne exact depths of landfill material is
unknown
The landfill cover has been graded and sloped generally eastward
to convey surface runoff to the eastern side A sandy soil that was
excavated locally was used as tne cover material The northern
section has a vegetation cover and the recently filled southern
section has been seeded and mulched The six monitoring wells W
NW NE EC SE SC were placed by the town of South Kingstown to
provide water quality information
Referring to Fig 2 the west excavation stream drains the area
created by the excavation to the west of Rose Hill Road and flows
throughout the year The central stream drains a small watershed
area which lies to the northwest of the landfill and drys up during
part of the year These streams flow into the Saugatucket River
which flows throughout the year and is larger than the west and
central streams combined
11
The USGS Groundwater Map (18) was initially consulted to proviae
information on the ground-water flow patterns (Fig 5) and the
geology of tne area (Fig 6) The surficial geology borings and the
vertical geologic cross-section at the base of the study area
indicate shallow water table and bedrocic and a nearly constant
saturated thickness (18) Boring logs at the W well ana a point
approximately 150 feet south of it indicate glacial outwasn material
which is primarily sana with a trace of gravel over bedrock at a
depth of approximately 33 feet Borings at the east landfill area N
and S monitoring wells indicate the same aquifer material
(Appendix B)
The ground-water map developed by Hahn is taken as
representative of conditions existing prior to the excavation of the
I l andfill (18) This indicates water-table contour lines that run in i
a general northeasterly direction This means tnat flow was
originally in a southeasterly direction However contamination of
domestic supply wells on the west side of Rose Hill Road has
occurred (Fig 3) strongly suggesting that the original flow pattern
has been altered by the excavation to the west of Rose Hill Road and
the landfill to the east of it Domestic supply wells were formerly
located directly to the west of Rose Hill Road but were aoandoned
when they became contaminated from landfill leachate New wells
were located to the south and west away from the contaminant plume
of tne landfill In addition a well located at the northeastern
corner of the landfill was contaminated and a replacement located to
the east of Us former location on tne opposite side of the central
12
Legend scale 124000
mdash-40 mdashground-water contour elevation
Fig 5 Ground-Water Map
13
Legend feet
TILL
Fig 6 Geology Background Map
14
stream This second wel 1 also became contaminated Domestic supply
wells located near tne northwestern corner of tne landfill and
approximately 300 feet south of it nave remained uncontaminated
These well locations serve as an indication of tne extent of the
landfill contamination which is largely dependent on the groundwater
flow patterns To furtner investigate this problem and provide
substantial information on which to base the geohydrologic analysis
field studies of the area were conducted
15
Field Studies ana Procedures
A map of the lanafill and an aerial pnotograph of the area were
obtained A tracing of these maps superimposed upon another
delineates stream landfill and monitor well locations (Fig 2)
The field investigation concentrated on the west landfill area ana
its aajoining streams ana monitor wells The east landfill area and
the three monitor wells in that area are induced in the latter
phase of the study in oraer to expand the model area
A traverse which establishea tne monitor well elevations was run
using a Carl Zeiss level These were originally sitea in by the
town of South Kingstown using a local USGS reference datum number 40
(18) The wells of known elevations then served as benchmarks for
referencing adjacent stream elevations This in combination with
the depth to water table measurements at each well enables tne
water-table surface geometry of the area to oe visualized
Water-table measurements of the west landfills wells were recordea
over a ten month period to record fluctuations (Fig 7 Table 1)
The east landfill areas wells were monitored for a five month
period Using a given water-table condition a ground-water map was
developea of the area (Fig 4) This indicates an outflow from
the landfill primarily in a southeasterly direction and partially
in a southwesterly direction
Additional bedrock and water-table information was ootainea by a
seismic refraction survey at several locations along the landfill
perimeter A Bison Model lb70C Signal Enhancement Seismograpn was
used to maxe the surveys Lines were run (to a length of kOO feet)
16
17
w s p bdquo S bdquo s S S a laquolaquo _
s 2 8
V
r bdquo
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bull a
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2 s s 3 a bdquo s s $ Al s
(1) = $ s 3
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c a a
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a s s - 3 S shy
4
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a s
bdquo tfH
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3 nt
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18
in both directions to provide a check and permit accurate estimates
of the depth to bedrockThe seismic results allow approximate
interpretations of the depth to the water table and bedrocK thus
permitting an estimation of the saturated thickness Ground
elevations at the location of the seismic surveys were determined
from a topographical map and field siting From this information
water table ana bedrock elevations estimates were made Bedrock
contours are listed in Fig 8 In addition a table which
summarizes the seismic refraction results for the unsaturated
saturated and bedrock layers velocities and depths at each survey
location is presented in Table 2
Scream gauging stations were established on the two streams
bordering the west landfill (Fig 9) Three stations were placed on
the central stream These provide information on the influent or
effluent condition of ground-water flow in the upper sections of the
stream and ground-water baseflow from an area adjacent to the
landfill into the stream (Table 3)
The stream gauging stations used were 90deg V-notch weirs The
weirs located in the SE and SW positions were placed in the
streamoea with a liner of plastic upstream to minimize underflow
The weirs located in the NW and E positions were cut to fit in
recesses of concrete culvert pipes Concrete plywooa interfaces
were coated with roofing cement to minimize bypass flow Upstream
water pressure and a snug fit hold the plywood sections in place
All weirs were implaceo according to AigtTM reouirements and flowrates
calculated using the standard 90deg V-notch formula (3)
19
N
seepage West observat ion Landfill hole
Area
Legend landfill limit excavat ion limit
copyWNWNEECSESC monitoring well locations
= = = unimproved road -- WNES-number
seismic refraction locations
-40shy approximate bedrock contpur elevation
feet
Fig8 Seismte Survey Location
20
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co CM o on on CO CM CTNVO VO co CM o on on Q gt_x rH oj on a oj on a - rH oner
rmdash on sr i i
M z Z
gt gt gt
X-N CO laquomdashv CO CO bull igt gt bull
1 gt fc^gtgt bullbull ^ ^ ^
C 4-gt O t igt O J- 4J O H m o o o 3 bullH CO O rH in 3 bullH co vo o in 3 ~ 1 i-k -i ^trade fj rj ui ij o CO o n o rH =r co o n vo vo vo co o bullv O O O
O raquo On-3 rH O -bull- rH ON in _ IH in oj - rH bull rH VO OrH bull rH On ON pH d)u CO -UCO 4J OJ CO 4-gt gt
C mdashbull gt CM gt CM H-l O CO
v- ^^ N C 0
bull0 N CO
4-5 -0 _c^gt in in CO CO
C x~ c -^ t-oo in i 4J j_gt 41 4J bull 9 bull bull 4J bull
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CO CM trade CO CM rH rH OJ co CM oj on Q ^ _ CO 3~Q-- n 45 Q mdash OJ OJ OJ C (0
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gti gt gt CO CO CO ^-x m -s CO
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3 bullH CJ O O in 3 bullH CO Cmdash VO on 3 pound-laquo H CO o n in inco co o n ma- r co g^ 5sect^ o
o rH on oj O bull- rH ONCO L O_ rH OJ VO M
rH bull rH =t rH bull - OJ T CO CO M CO 4-gt rH CO -U rH CO 4-) s
uits
CO 4-gt 4-5 T3 gt CM gt CM gt CM cc CO CO CO
3 3gt oa tlp^ CO O CM O gt 4J O 40 i 3 r+ k C pound JS
CO pound
^^ s -bullgt cmdash on poundZ VO CTI trx 4J 4J 4J
) bull bull bull Q Q Q Q4J 3shyc O-JJ CTgt OJ OJ Q-IJ inco on CO CO CO o co CM oj on co CM oj on co CM on
Q Q QON^ Q bullH Q^
rH rH 4J rH
O bullraquo L Z bull CO CO CO
i gtgt rH oj on gt tgtshyCM ^ cO^-s CO ~ CO
CO CO J X fc^_ bull^gt bullgtgt bull gt gtgt bull gt CO
j_ jJ O pound- Jj -P O Li deg =fObullH co on f- ^ 3bullH CO CO O in 3bullH CO
g^ -^2
poundsect HO
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3 CO in in in in in in co o n co o n
o -^ r oj in O rHCO CO rH bullrH bull rH =T OrH bull rH OJ f-CO 4J bull- CO 4J rH O0) J-)
gt CM gt CM gt CM 4J
CO N_^ m^
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t t poundshyCO CO CO CO rH J3 gt r-t oj on gt r-i oj on gt gt r n o j o n
Time months Flg11 Flucuatlon In Specific Conductance in Wells
26
Table 4 Specific Conductances in Wells (pmhoscm at 25degC)
West East Landfill Landfill
Date NW NE EG SE W SC N E S
81581 851 938 236 2356
102981 171 3268
11381 3268
111081 304 988 1100 258 3800
111481 426 2736 1216 186 4560
111781 304 3610 433 389 4560
121981 380 1406 129 103 380
1982 160 152
31582 274 760 1064 61 334 8000+ 182 53 84
52182 450 1500 1125 112 712 8000+ 175 255 150
52282 425 1320 1200 110 850 180 320 170
27
O
ct c r i c o o o o o c M o m o in CO CM unp^
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bull bull1 1-1 trade4 rH rH^ CO 4)2
~ plusmn4J o O CM ^_
o n CO vO J oraquo 0C0M
cu rH rH rH rH rHin tmdash
3 iCM 4J
^j CO CO
E O0 ltU -H n o c E
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se
rva
t
rH O in 0 0 O O 0
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0 0n
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bull L in oo co oo oo o cy cr o rH CM o cr ONc fcJ bullH on en m m rn c^n rH rH rH0 pound CO 3 CO
t CM0gt s o o o in rA n ^o oo in tmdash oo 0gt zr =r a- JT JT$_
T)C CO
~ E CO ^ _bdquo ltu CO g r H r n c n i n o o r H r H
vgtO ^D O ^^ ^O CO ^^ ^^ JJ 2 4) rH rHCO t
c CO
CO c 9) rH 0
CO -^ C c CO ltuo famp O trade t iH
0
bullo co n ^
oS
o ^^ bullH m
i co rn O CQ O1 CO CO 4) c2Q 3
CO
mdash^ bull cmdash CMin 1 gt rH vO vO O CTgt CO
s CTgt CO OO Ogt Craquo- tmdash cu O CO rH z 0
bull_bulllaquo
H bull L o in r in o oo in 3 rfy ff^ tir f^ CO C^~
4)bull
Z 3
^ ^ ^ ^ H r H r H r H r H rH r H C O r H C O a O C O a O a O C O C O r H i H r H CO OO - gt 0 0 ^ - gt ^ raquo - ^ ^ 1 - gt ~ gt - C O C O O O
U ^ raquo ^ - ~ raquo O ^ ^ O t ~ C O r H - r r ^ - ^ ^ JJ r H C M v O r H r H r H r H r H C M C M r H i n c r gt rH CO CM gt laquolaquo - - -^ bullmdash mdash bullraquoraquobullgt -v -v ^^
~ v O r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H lt M C M C M CM O O r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H rH
Vvraquolaquo IJ1^ raquo CP O 3L 1 Z - i bull j-t-J
1 J
LH Vb T n 0
1 gt fl oo O ~l 2 L - bull 1 P )laquo jn iP IP - OOI L5L mdash shy
-t 84 ^(^^ ^fi P i flja 0 JO II 10 tl tcgt 7 J IV wllaquo
h l2L bull 0 lt -_ shy
-id VJ lt 3C 2 ft OOL -mdash
U 71 C1 Sr 2 13 2 nl JLJraquopound HP r M ltf1- (
IMe 2 ii O It
n jlt dl 1 1 bull o o-il ST i 1 i 25 2-x-1
-
ri
i tlL O mdash gtbull bullgtlt 1ft -o- is Oil So iJK 2-io otv u 31 fil loi 2 il Oll it Of wr is i1raquo -iZ 1 deg|0 01
M IT So - mdash
- 13 1 CT mdash i - mdash 21
shy
Tl Ci av ZUll IMT 0 IM Pe v _ 1) T) S) ii3( dlt Ii 2 lt^2 II li- S1 riivi To 7HX lt3lO 14 ^2- iTi I li 011 -- - -i -^IS no 5^ or i | T Jift laquoV OoH bullla It Va iCO mdash L OIL 11 bullvf poundgtpound lS_ flv oh P-lfe 1 poif _ shy11 IB kl (4 itlaquoT lamp llt0 oot^
mdash -n
It T1 |ir( L1 HI 2 0 oil
U 1M ft go C ICf^ -^2 Z laquo-|o
11 it 5 bulln - TO o abull Li u-i IT1 -- Iw O ltM (I bullbull bdquo-I(K 1mdash -tilltLlA ttfe
i Dgt ac -- U 44 4 11 1 1- ytd i i_i J-K 0 i if -i i i V t Wl raquoOHM 1-1 US D C P A R T M f N T OF COMMfRCE t 4 1 IUII 1 1 ^~) mdash
llaquo- Hi NC bull bullh bull bullJL^V HBl CO 00
11
)jLsVyr^gturv
^ | TKu
|-_t_ bull(
IIMgt I I Mt|UU III- II 11
PNECIPITATIOH
I 1 1 IMX
IMO
bull llfclaquo I UCIUKI) Ur C V A r U M A AHO CLIMATOUOCICAL OBitH
E V A F O R A T I C r i Jttffl laquo amp hMIlaquoJllaquoJIIlaquoBgt
DATE AOOITIOMAL DAIAKMAKk M
bullraquobullmdashlaquo
tp 01 (1 Of Ll OOI ooo
0^1 o-i 10 tl |00 102
OC (1 13 Ofl
it i rc DS os an
(1 SV o
Ul 010
(ISl 101 I on
130
II 5= Otl
ss lt 001 (IK Ml
jt il HIT
7 it
ow Wo 17 Top 2-01 OIO
(0 oov zi oot
u CO ^A 0 to Zoi CLflS
bull50 01 ljtj
nshy 5H LO OIt
50121 IVO QJO
14 Co Ho LO Hl ^pound Jl 1
ltM ool fllc
H Tl 01 II
11 11 Q1
iH OIO
HO 2 llaquol 11 II
lifc
IV-IIM ul OIPAITHINT or COHMIICC NOAA
NAtlOHAL gtIATnlaquoll raquotraquoVlClaquo CD
r~
All TCUMMATUNI ^V UII rgt ITmi 1 Cwphu Obic i gtn t ngir-H 30
rilCiriTATIOH
JJ T I rTJ-rimdashr-iramj|MP CLmATOLOQ
laquolaquo jftilCiii bullIHO
Oi1l ADOITIOHAL DAIAlllu
Ilf4ft
Sii1
(1 2 IO OO
Hl ii SO
us OIM
Q^L
a A3 Hi SZ Sf^ bull 12J2
HI Z-SF OOl 1C t HM IA H ICP fiJA
OOl 10 (310 sn 310
if HI (0 ^01
bullit SO 28H poundJ1 11 006
14 35 TX oon II (bull2 it zr II c-S
rr Zll lo 31 OP an 31 a 31 oor
CSW O-ll Si CC Of 011
Oll _ I |ft
00
u i oerraquolaquoTMiMr of c NOAA
NATIONAL K C A T N C M SCMVlCC
TC^S lk)oiVroTJA
TETT I 7X
1raquolaquolaquo 4 bdquo ir lt er ni I^OV ltqgl j--^ TQ
MICiriTAllOH ITIND
D|mdash
b5NO ctiUATOtoiCAL oeit^
OATI AOOITIOMAL OATAVlHAtt
0-tt
Mlaquoh bullbullbull- rshy laquo
I- ltltriu HI I 4 bulllaquobullbull1
Zii
30 Dfellt otvt
at HA
OOI
62
iJ_S2 HI if
bull- 20 SI 2i So
So
VVfr
OSfc
I (
Jtlt
3aoi
r j -bull ie MA
Irill iiol
in^ 14
Mo
Zll
214
21 1P
00-i
bulliron
17
bullr
11 i ir- I J Ktf^c
US D E P A R T M E N T OF COuMEDCC I | C gt A A
K AIlaquo Ttupf lATuit r
|SlVi AlJ PIICIPITATION
oJud (El
VIM i Uraquo
MIND E
EVAPORATIOH flnrft bull A ftufiifccdll
KECORO OF eVAPllHAtlil bull I CLIHATOLOOCAL OBSERVA ^Hij
14 MM A_M AOOIIIONAL DATA11 MAIM
Mr bullH Oo|
M Si lift
bull221 IHI
ZS Ji 40 IZV
icr KS I
HZ 111
bullT 21
loA UK JA IP
v^ ft
1M 2Sshy IT Tl
71 V |
i I 31 1deg a
uty^ U bull3
ons 1 CiO TxX
HHO (10
3H 19 12 10 IP
raquo3H raquo | 5t io
OP OIT
14
vO UI Of PANTMINI Or COMMCRCf MM O A A
F ngt TIHH
iiicffwiffc 4 rJ (TIM bull Cempltit Obitittiio
AIlaquo TIMHIATUM PHICinTATION I V A f OK ATlPrl
OATI ADDITIONAL DATA KMAlIt
U4laquo4 +
03H Ji
10
rc a 1 16 oi ii
tiiy 10
OI
II i23 or o 13 -y~ou HO
II 3V III i 3 t
V laquop oot
OM1 SS ne
T an -i IP
Olt zr LTV
3T 001
a -11 2T
10 an 31
-1 raquo 131 UP 3H lf 14 Lpoundshy
it 14 30
IS
Ui O I P A K T M f H T OP COWlf ICfM O A A
NATJONAI V C A T M C n f t K M V l C K
bullbullbullbullbullshy -2 o AIlaquo TIMMRATUM f fKICIPITATIOH
OATI poundt- MMINMAL DATAk
ZP 51 lo icr
011 111
OoT IHf
Ut 003 am
3o 13 ao
4A X 05shy
H4 i IjJyiV131 ooc js
IH oi 01 tL 18 13 a
No 11-7
rivgtp OO| M Hi 03 01
It 12
bull I 41 bull7119 14 ^^ raquo 31 15 lampk n M ho i
Jo -j-
-J
I
Ml H^ I _
amp2ampUi^= LS 0 S 0-f bullTTT
-Vmdash gt U_ bull 1 rOHM I- 11 OI OCPARTMlNT OF COMM(NCC
HO NATIONAL W f A T M f H ftfraquoVlCI
98
Appendix B
Boring Logs
99
X iHECT 1 ff 2
OAT American Drilling amp Bor ini I Co Inc
wo WATH smn EAST PR ov IDENC E ft 1 Town of South Kingstown South K ngstown R I MOLENO X-J
TC 100 RCSS bull ujrMonitorinq Well Installation | South Kinqjtown R I UNC a STA Pf KXICCTHJ LOC ATK3N
bull cfrserrr TO above S MPLES S FNTTO _ _ |laquolaquor A-109 SURF ELEV RE PORTSEr
GROUND WATER O6SE RVATC MS 1 CDREraquolaquo m-T nn75 laquo A 256 - 20 mdash Hew y
Instolled 32ofT-l2 PV C - JO- COMPUTE 111275 K toia 3- I-WI 1-38 TOTAL MRS bdquo10 screen BORING FCACUAM J K lanq MAI rraquo HomnwWI 300 140 IampPCCrc Mamlaquor Fall 24 30 lampaaiona SOLS ENGR
LOCATION OF BORING H ONITOKING WELL
Coung Samplt Tjp Blow per 6 Manure SOU IDENTIFICATION Strata SAMPLE ^^^yV Bloot
foot
Otptni
From- To
el
l
on Sampler
0-6 1 -6-13 12-18
Dentity or
Conmt j
Chang Remark include colo^ graaation Type of tod lie Rao-coMr type condition nordshynetiDntotf time leamt and tie No Pen Rtlt
2 No top sample 5 12
1 loamy fine sand
bull)^ 40 30 36
5- 616 0 23 20 16
noist iense
Brown fine to coarse SAND some fine to coarse gravel Trace silt
^
1 18 18
36 8-0shy57 40 30 V 35
|0-||-6 D 14 24 20 Srown medium to coarse SAND Some fine gravel cobbles
7 IRshy 16
27 75 37 3
IS- I- D 5 14 16 3bull
ISshy 15
42 50 I9--0shy50 65 20-2ll-6 D 9 23 26 bull Jrown fine to coarse SAND Tbullwshy 1Z 75 90
22-0 Trace silt trace fine gravel
124 120 74 60 52 41
7S-ltlaquoil-A DX 71 16 13 wet very dense
Gray-brown fine to coarse SANC Some fine to coarse gravel little silt
H IR u
40 30--0
3C-30-IO
3l4-334
334-3314
38 4-434
D
c
C
C
7 IflO
94 6
we tr j
y se
ft irox
30MOshy
31 -4shy
Gray-brown fine to coarse SAND Trace silt
Gray-brown fine SAND some lilt trace fine gravel
Too of Rock 31 -4shy
Gray-pink GRANITE
6 7
amp
CJ
IltJ A
60
601
IQ mdash
2(
4
5 i Hard
ft 5ome seams bull
GROUND SURFACE TO J 4 U3CD_ ^JVrf bullbull( tutu t to 4o 4 SampM Type Proportion UMd MOB Wtx 3 OfaM on 2OD Sampler SUMMARY-
OOry CCartd WltWen4 Hoc OlolO Canmonieraquoi Don any CoKeem CarMWncy Earm Barrlaquoj 11 14
UPgtUnOigtturod Piuon trite (Oto20dego 0-Kgt Loei it 0-4 Sait 3O+Hofd Rock Corng 14 Kgt-30 laquo4 0 rte 4-8 MSHM Samplet TPTtitPit Ai Auger Vvanefett tarn 2Olo39 3O-M Owlt n laquo-lS Strlf rinit nn v 1
UTiUndlshffbed ThrMOll and bull 33to9O 5O Very 0laquo nraquoe 19-30 V-3trraquof - | OLE NO X-l
TOVH rim - iA it raquotoraquo
100
SHEET 2 o_L
WO WATEt STUET [AST ft OVIDENC pound a i American Drilling amp Bor ing Co Inc
MCLl WQ X- 1 Tt AOORCSS i
LIME A STA KXICCTMJ tuf same as 1 | tame as i LOCATION
W PORTSEf mo OB nj urt eflaquo T
illtPLES S
P
CVTTO nlaquo mun orv
^s f^ Tin i GRCVMO WATER OBSERVATONS CASING SAMPLER CORE BAR
START Typi COMPUTE tome at 1 same aiH
TOTAL MRS BORIMG FOR CMAN n bull IT INSPECTOR SOILS EMM
LOCATION OF BORING u HfVJTneTfi UFI _
8
Counf Blo-t
foot
Dtpllo
From To
0( on SampMr
0-6 f 6-IZ
Moittir
Oonuty or
Contilt
Strata Ctnngc
SOIL OCNTiriCATION Rtmorkt ineHifl cotot grqdotion Typlaquo of Mil etc Roo-axtrPlaquo condition Mrdshynlaquot Drog tun ttomt end tic
TPlaquoTraquojraquoPit AAugtr ViVon mini tamt 20to39 UTtundiifir6d TrwMOtf and JSloSO 50-raquobull Vary 0nlaquo [HOLE NO x-2 B-3O V-3Mf lev rim - IAIT raquosectlaquoraquo
102
300 iu 24
1 UMnii ffi 140 laquo 30
CA1INC tf
gt taWCTf
bull 0gtlaquo i R Cook Jr_ R Millineton1 Wttn
I~
1 VAMtl CtMG
1 W HO-t MO
1 Oraquo 1 laquo0~ twt
L 1 laquo-raquo VfcM^lf [wlaquoraquoCI ^ ^ K3Ot III laquo
0-LS D
5-65 D
LlQ 10-115 D
15-16 Tgt
Lraquo 70-51 n
25-26 D
F
I O-O Ci
A Allstate Drill ins Co vi o i
PROVIDING R 1bull raquoraquo uvraquonn~ N M O M I T O P I N G HE1 _^lt -^ PI-Traquo UJU
CUM Town of South Kineraquotown raquoraquo 1 1TA maoer Propolaquolaquod Sit for Slude Disposal nltn
laquo V-449 iampAAtut i a 138 ort STI bull r 42777 CtOuMO IKVtllON
Cill bdquo 258 DA II MN ru 42777 rilaquolaquodO laquoraquoTti rum 1911
AU1TATI
MMUI1 raquolaquogtlaquolaquo laquoKiO itXHHKraquoriOi of sous MUAHI nMTKlion Ot CMlaquoMC|kOraquort tl CO~VH DXltgt raquomlaquo laquotf IMi COIOI C4l II I 1raquo gtlaquo^ Oraquo 1Ol rC t Xgttgt VtfKOe Craquo Mi 1 ft liMraquoK laquo0^tlaquot nfgt
1-2-1 10 TOP SOIL FINE LIGHT BROWN SAND traclaquo of ilt
16-31-17
22-24-21 100 FINE TO MEDIUM LIGHT GRAY SAND trace of fine gravlaquol and raquopoundLt
lfl-37-34 150 LIGHT BROWN FINE TO MEDIUM SAND little poundinlaquo gravel
21-17-15 200 MEDIUM TO COARSE SAND bullomc fine gravel
12-4-10
265
Observation well installed
NOTE No casing blows taktn
bullbull B-23 ow
^w^ 265 I raquo bull raquolaquo bull I W
11 laquot gtbullraquo Vlaquo 14 W gt_ c-shyji bull alaquo bull jraquo VI laquoHshyw bullbull m raquobullbull D-6 raquo Mshy
bull bull laquo Vshy
1
bull bull
I
103
MAMMII Allstate Drilling Co ulaquorr 1 or 1 FftOVIOCKZ H L traquolS mTArm^S MONITOR NR WEL
VNO wr3JJO__raquoraquou_24__ HCU MO P-74 n iu riBwi Town of Slt7H^ Xirpin
mdash^ laquo0J P 1 1 bull ^n^ciit^o TVlaquow^laquott1 bullraquoit wt 140 nu 30 olaquor fBu lkv Waste Disposal Arcai
MUTAH a V-449 R Cook Jr UMlaquoiigti D 1 38 0t| raquoIJ raquo 5277 rlaquo SUMO luvlaquorv-laquow
mdash 5277 fipe -raquoT pfpm 150
H MCIO IMNTlXAflON Of SOU t(kAIlaquoS rrn 0-laquoraquo
5 -SF 01 w in laquobull -raquo ^ lit
D 1-2-2 TOP SOIL V-1-oraquo
15 IPbull FINE TO MEDIUM LIGHT GRAY SAND AND GRAVEL
5-65 D 37-27-35 some silt
10-11 D 20-14-18
15-165 D i 17-14-14 155
BROWN COARSE TO MEDIUM SAND little fine to coarse gravel trace of silt
20-211 D 4-4-2
230 GRAY BROWN VERY FINE SAND
25-26J D 7-8-9 AND SILT 265 fvarvedl
Observation well installed
NOTE No casing blows taken
wta 10 n uuraquo c^imdashbull IgtM laquolaquobull- B-24 ow ~ 14 ltfc laquoraquobull vlaquo^ M laquobull r O 0 fmtt bull W-L 26 5
-0- CgtCmdashgt bull laquolaquobull mdash laquo 1 - raquoraquo 1 gt 1laquo bull 1 gtraquor to bull mdashbull bull bull bulllaquo I t l~laquo 1lt Uraquo mdashbull ) bull 1 gtbull ft 0~ H laquoy bullM ta bull -IN la laquobull OPUM bull($ IMI
mdash H raquo laquo-bull
104
Appendix C
Calibration of Specific Conductance Meters
105
Specific conductance measurements were made using a beckman RB
338 temperature compensating meter and a YSI rtooel 33 salinity
conductivity temperature meter The YSI meter is not
temperature correcting A formula to compensate for temperature
differences to standardize YSI measurements was used (21)
A long probe for the Beckman meter was used to measure conductivity
in the wells Differences in conductivity between the YSI ana
Beckman meters and the Beckman short and long probes exist These
were calibrated in the laboratory using 001 N and 01 N KC1
solutions Values presented are Beckman short probe values The
Beckman long probe values were reduced by 76 and tne YSI values
were multiplied by 11 to adjust to Beckman short probe values The
YSI meter was used in the latter phases of the study for the
stream contamination due to the greater accuracy of the dial readout
scale
Table 7 Specific Conductance Meter Calibration Table
Concentration (KCL) 0001N 001N
Specific Beckman short 145 143 143 1247 1245 12GO
Conductances Beckman long 190 191 188 1639 1650 1665
umhocm 9 25 C YSI 132 131 128 1131 1140 1150
average values Beckman shortBeckman long = 075
Beckman shortYSI = 11
106
Appendix D
Computer program Flow Chart
107
F1g 33 Computer Program Flow Chart-
1TpoundR MAP TCO
NEWPER
WEWSTP CZAX
HEWIT TRANS TCOF ROW COLUMN
Yes
Yes
108 The following is a description of the USGS two-dimensional computer
program Iterative Digital Model for Aquifer Evaluation updated
December 1972 by P C Trescott The program written in Fortran
consists of a MAIN program and six subprograms or subroutines which
themselves are organized into subprogram sections The subroutines and
their sections are listed below
MAIN Program
DATAIN (subroutine) COEF ITER (section) CLAY MAP TRANS NEWPER TCOF
The program begins in the MAIN program which controls the sequence
of passage to the subroutines Sequential steps are described in the
program as shown in the flow chart of Fig 32 Emphasis is placed on the
steady state confined aquifer case as applied in this study First data
input is read in the DATAIN subroutine This data includes transmissivities
or permeabilities starting heads storage coefficients and grid spacings
Nodal transmissivity values are then computed for the water-table problem
in the TRANS section (COEF subroutine) This procedure is necessary here
because the subsequent routine for computing iteration parameters (ITER)
keys on nodal transmissivity values which would not have been input to
the water-table problem In the water-table option these would have been
109
computed from given bedrock and water-table elevations to obtain the
saturated thickness component of the transmissivity calculation In this
study water-table option was not used and the transmissivity values were
input directly The program then passes to the ITER section (DATAIN
subroutine) to compute the iteration parameters which expediate or even
cause convergence Next the MAP section (DATAIN subroutine) is utilized
to initialize data for an alphanumeric map if this was requested in the
input options Transmissivities are then computed for the confined
(artesian) aquifer case (water table not specified with input options)
in the TCOF section (COEF subroutine) These coefficients are harmonic
mean values of adjacent nodal transmissivities weighted by grid sizes
Time parameters and pumping data for a new pumping period are then read
in the NEWPER section (DATAIN subroutine) followed by entry into the
NEWSTP section (COMPUT subroutine) which calculates the size of the
time step Leakage coefficients (hydraulic conductivity of the confining
bed divided by confining bed thickness) are next computed in the CLAY
section (COEF subroutine) if leakage was specified in the input data
which was used in this study
A new iteration is then initiated in sections NEWITO (COMPUT
subroutine) NEWITO saves the current head values and compares them to
the updated head values for determining closure This is followed by
nodal transmissivity values being computed for the water table or water-
table artesian conversion problem Transmissivity coefficients are then
computed for the water-table problem in TCOF (COEF subroutine) Total
head values are then computed with the alternating direction implicit
procedure using the Thomas algorithim first along rows in the ROW section
110 and then along columns in the COLUMN section both in the COMPUT subroutine
Then if a solution is not obtained (because the error criteria for
closure is not satisfied) the MAIN program branches back to NEWIT1 subshy
sequent sections TRANS TCOF ROW and COLUMN repeatedly until a
solution at the particular time step is achieved NEWIT1 increments the
iteration counter and is immediately followed by NEWITO The program then
moves to the STEADY section of the COMPUT subroutine to check if the
closure criteria for steady state has been satisfied Output is then
printed in the OUTPUT section of COMPUT if steady state has been reached
or if the particular time step is designated for output
The program then branches back to NEWSTP (COMPUT subroutine) and
moves through the subsequent routines until the last time step in the
pumping period is reached Output is then promoted in the DRY section
of COMPUT if specified in input data If the last pumping period in
the problem has not been reached the program branches back to the
NEWPER section and moves again through subsequent sections otherwise
the program will terminate or start a new problem if one follows
This study was simulated as a steady state problem which can be
simulated by setting the storage coefficient of the aquifer and the
specific storage of the confining bed to zero and using one time step
of any length
111
Appendix E
Computer Data Sheets
RGSEA
10 ROSE HILL LANDFILL MODEL 20 30 40 LEAKAGE 50 60 70 CHECK 80 90 100 HEAD 110 120 1 23 IQ 100 5 001 37E-OU 0 130 100 001 0 0 1 4 0 - 1 - 1 1 - 1 - 1 i i i i i i 1
ISO 1 10 0 1547E-05 01 10 1 1 160 04642 200 200 1 1 i it
1 Agpar MA and 0 Langmuir Ground-Water Pollution Potential of a Landfill Above tne Water Table Groundwater V 9 No 6 1971 pp 76-96
2 Allen William B Hahn GW and RA Brackley Availability of Ground Water Upper Pawcatuck River Basin Rhode Island USGS US Government Printing-office GS 66-624 19bb
3 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Part 31 Open Channel Flow Measurement of Water and Waste Water by Weirs D 2034-68 1975
4 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Part 19 Infiltration Rate of Soils in Field Using Double-Ring Infiltrameters D 3385-75 1975
5 Baeaecner MJ and W BacK Hyarogeological Processes and Chemical Reactions of a Landfill Ground Water V 17 no 5 1979 pp 429-437
6 Beck WW Dunn AL and Grover H Emrich Leachate Quality Improvements After Top Sealing1 8th SHwRD MERL Symposium 1982
7 Beckman WK Transient Modeling For Estimating Sustained Aauifer Yield master thesis presented to the University of Rhode Island Kingston RI 1978
8 Bhattacharya PK and HP Patra Direct Current Geoelectric Sounding Elsevier Publishing Co New York 1968 135 p
9 Bouwer H Ground Water Hydrology McGraw-Hill Book Co New Yoric 1978 p 378
10 Braids 0 Cocozza pound Fenn D Isbister J Rous P and B Yarc Procedures Manual for Ground Water Monitoring at Solid Waste Disposal Facilities Environmental Protection Agency530SW-611 Cincinnati Ohio 1977
11 Cartwright K and MR McComas Geophysical Surveys in the Vicinity of Sanitary Landfills in Northeastern Illinois Groundwater V 6 no 5 1968 pp 23-30
12 Cartwright K and Fd Sherman Jr Electrical Earth Resistivity Surveying in Landfill Investigations Reprinted from Proceedings of ohe lOtn Annual Engineering and Soils Engineering Symposium Moscow Idaho 1972
122 13 Clark TP Survey of Ground-Water Protection Methods for
Illinois Landfills Groundwater V 13 no 4 1975 pp 321-331
14 Dunne T and LB Leapold Water in Environmental Planning WH Freeman and Company San Francisco 1978
16 Fenn DG Hanley KJ and TV Degeare Use of the Water Balance Method for Predicting Leachate Generation From Solia Waste Disposal Sites US Environmental Protection Agency530SW-lfa8 Cincinnati Ohio 1975
17 Geisser 0 An Electric Analog and Digital Computer Model of the Chipuxet Ground Water^ Aquifer Kingston Rhode Island master thesis presented to the University of Rhode Island Kingston RI 1975
18 Hahn GW Groundwater Map of the Narragansett Pier Quadrangle Rhode Island Rhode Island Water Resources Coordinating Board GWM 5 1959
19 Hemsley William T Koster C Wallace Remedial Technique of Controlling and Treating Low Volume Leachate Discharge USEPA National Conference on Management of Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites Oct 1980
20 Hughes GM RA Landon and RN Farvolden Hydrogeology of Solid Waste Disposal Sites in Northeastern Illinois Final Report to US Environmental Protection Agency PUD SW-l^d Cincinnati Ohio 1971
21 Keller GV and FC Frischknecht Electrical Methods in Geophysical Prospecting Pergamon Press New YorK NY 19bb
22 Kelly WE West Kingston Landfill An Evaluation of Its Effect on Ground-Water Quality Rnoae Island Water Resources Board Water Information Series Report 1975
23 Kelly WE Geoelectric Sounding for Delineating Ground-Water Contamination Groundwater V 14 No 1 1976 pp fa-10
24 Kelly WE Ground-Water Pollution Near a Landfill ASCE Environmental Engineering Division Journal V 10 No EE6 Dec 19b pp nay-nyy
25 Kelly WE personal communication January 1982
123
26 Kelly WE and OW Urish A Study of the Effects of Salt Storage Practices on Surface ana Ground Water Quality in Rhode Island NTIS FHWA-RI-RD-8001 1981 54 p
27 Kimmel GE and OC Braids Leachate Plumes in a Highly Permeable Aauifer Groundwater y 12 no 6 1974 pp 388-393
28 Klefstaa G Senalein LVA ana RC Palmauist Limitations of the Electrical Resistivity Method in Landfill Investigations Groundwater V 13 No 5 1975 pp 418-427
29 Landon RA Application of Hydrogeology to the Selection of Refuse Disposal Sites Groundwater V 7 no b 19b9 pp 9-13
30 Lang SM Bierschenk WH ana WB Allen 1960 Hyaraulic Characteristics of Glacial Outwash in Rhode Island Rhode Islana Water Resources Coordinating Board Bulletin No 3
31 LeGrand HE Patterns of Contaminated Zones of Water in the Ground Water Resources Research v 1 No 1 1965
32 Palmauist R and L Sendlein The Configuration of Contamination Enclaves from Refuse Disposal Sites on Floodplains Grouna Water v 13 no 2 1975 pp 167-181
33 Pinder GF A Digital Model for Aauifer Evaluation Techniaues of Water Resources Investigations of the US Geological Survey Bk 7 Cl 1970
34 Purushattam D Tamxe GR and CM Stoffel Leachate Production at Sanitary Landfill Sites ASCE Environmental Engineering Division Journal V 103 no EE 6 Dec1977 pp 981-988
35 Remson I Fungaroli AA ana AW Lawrence Water Movement in an Unsaturated Sanitary Landfill ASCE Sanitary Engineering Division Journal v 94 no SA2 April1968 pp 307-316
36 Rosenshien JS Gouthier JB and WB Allen Hydrologic Characteristics and Sustained Yield of Principal Ground-Water Units Potowamut-Wickford Area Rhoae Island USGS US Government Printing Office GS 67-324 1968
37 Roux PH and B Vincent Electrical Resistivity Evaluations At Solid Waste Disposal Facilities US Environmental Protection Agency SW-729 Cincinnati Ohio 1978
124
38 Salvato JA Wi lk ie WG and BE Mead Sanitary Landfill Leaching Prevention and Control Water Pollution Control Federation Journal v 43 no 10 Oct 1971 pp 2084-2100
39 Sawyer CN and PL McCarty Chemistry for Environmental Engineering McGraw Hill 1978
40 Stellar RL and P Roux Earth Resist ivi ty Surveys - A Method for Defining Ground-Water Contamination Ground Water v 13 no 2 1975 pp 145-150
41 Todd OK Ground Water Hydrology John Wi ley and Sons Inc New York 1959
42 Tolman AL Ballestero AP Beck WW and GH Emrich Guidance Mannual For Minimizing Pollution From Waste Disposal Sites US Environmental Protection Agency-500SW-677 Cincinnati Ohio 1978
43 Trescott PC Iterative Digital Model for Aauifer Evaluation US Geological Survey Open file report 1972
44 University of Rhode Island Academic Computer Center CalComp Contouring Manual
45 Warner DL Preliminary Field Studies Using Earth Resistivity Measurements for Delineating Zones of Contaminated Ground Water Groundwater v 7 1969 pp 9-16
46 White EF A Report to the Town of S Kingstown Utility Survey Engineering Corp 1967
47 Zohdy AAR A Computer Program for the Calculation of Schlumberger Sounding Curves Over Horizontally Layered Media Using the Method of Convolution US Geological Survey Denver
48 Zohdy AAR Eaton GP and DR Mabey Application of Surface Geophysics to Ground-Water Investigations Technidues of Water-Resources Investigations of the US Geological Survey Book 2 Chapter 01 Washington US Government Printing Office 2401-02543 1974
8
from the source and parallel to ground-water flow lines Other
parameters which control the extent of the contaminant plume are
dilution and dispersion in the aquifer and the adsorption properties
of the aauifer material (31)
The amount of leachate generated depends largely on the amount
of water that infiltrates through the landfill to increase tne water
content of the refuse in the landfill The precipitation recharge
that percolates down through the unsaturated zone to the water table
moves in a vertical direction (35) Surface runoff soil moisture
storage losses and evapotranspiration account for tne precipitation
that is not transmitted tnrough the unsaturated zone of aeration
(3315) Upon reaching the saturated zone the water enters the
ground-water flow system Ground-water mounding has been reported
in landfills due to the decreased hydraulic conductivity of
compacted refuse relative to surrounding aauifer material (20)
Chemical processes within the landfill leachate outflow and
surrounding soil cation exchange capacity relative to water duality
of the surrounding aduifer have been studied in Pennsylvania (1) anu
in Delaware (5) A procedures manual for ground-water monitoring at
solid waste disposal facilities was developed by the US
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (9)
Several reports have been written that investigate site
selection design criteria and remedial measures to correct
leachate problems (29) A survey of ground-water protection methods
for landfills in Illinois studies relationships to the water table
theory of liner installation and monitoring devices (13) Sanitary
Landfi11-Leaching Prevention and Control presents a review of
preventative methods such as means to minimize infiltration
interception of ground-water and other pollution control measures
(2 37) A study in Pennsylvania on actual measures implemented to
collect and treat a landfills leachate discharge presents a site
specific study (19) Leachate Quality Improvements After Top
Sealing1 shows that by minimizing infiltration at a landfill in
Connecticut the outflow leachate water quality can be improved
dramatically and contamination plume reduced significantly (6) The
most comprehensive reports on remedial approaches to upgrading waste
disposal sites and ground-water protection methods have been
compiled under USEPA contract (1542)
To assist in evaluating remedial measures the US Geological
Survey (USGS) computer model Iterative Digital Model for Aduifer
Evaluation was used It was originally developed as a model for
simulating two-dimensional aauifer problems (33) It had been
updated since its original development to accomodate different
options (43) This model has been applied to glacial outwash
regions in Rhode Island (717)
10
Description of Study Area
A map of tne landfill area (Fig Z) was obtained from tne town
of South Kingstown The excavation to the west of Rose Hill Roaa
the landfill area directly to the east and the presently operating
area to the east of the central stream comprise tne overall study
area This study will concentrate on the west landfill area whicn
has recently reached capacity and been closed to further dumping
This site received mixed refuse for the past 15 years The depth of
the excavation where the landfill presently exists was approximately
to bedrock in some places Tne exact depths of landfill material is
unknown
The landfill cover has been graded and sloped generally eastward
to convey surface runoff to the eastern side A sandy soil that was
excavated locally was used as tne cover material The northern
section has a vegetation cover and the recently filled southern
section has been seeded and mulched The six monitoring wells W
NW NE EC SE SC were placed by the town of South Kingstown to
provide water quality information
Referring to Fig 2 the west excavation stream drains the area
created by the excavation to the west of Rose Hill Road and flows
throughout the year The central stream drains a small watershed
area which lies to the northwest of the landfill and drys up during
part of the year These streams flow into the Saugatucket River
which flows throughout the year and is larger than the west and
central streams combined
11
The USGS Groundwater Map (18) was initially consulted to proviae
information on the ground-water flow patterns (Fig 5) and the
geology of tne area (Fig 6) The surficial geology borings and the
vertical geologic cross-section at the base of the study area
indicate shallow water table and bedrocic and a nearly constant
saturated thickness (18) Boring logs at the W well ana a point
approximately 150 feet south of it indicate glacial outwasn material
which is primarily sana with a trace of gravel over bedrock at a
depth of approximately 33 feet Borings at the east landfill area N
and S monitoring wells indicate the same aquifer material
(Appendix B)
The ground-water map developed by Hahn is taken as
representative of conditions existing prior to the excavation of the
I l andfill (18) This indicates water-table contour lines that run in i
a general northeasterly direction This means tnat flow was
originally in a southeasterly direction However contamination of
domestic supply wells on the west side of Rose Hill Road has
occurred (Fig 3) strongly suggesting that the original flow pattern
has been altered by the excavation to the west of Rose Hill Road and
the landfill to the east of it Domestic supply wells were formerly
located directly to the west of Rose Hill Road but were aoandoned
when they became contaminated from landfill leachate New wells
were located to the south and west away from the contaminant plume
of tne landfill In addition a well located at the northeastern
corner of the landfill was contaminated and a replacement located to
the east of Us former location on tne opposite side of the central
12
Legend scale 124000
mdash-40 mdashground-water contour elevation
Fig 5 Ground-Water Map
13
Legend feet
TILL
Fig 6 Geology Background Map
14
stream This second wel 1 also became contaminated Domestic supply
wells located near tne northwestern corner of tne landfill and
approximately 300 feet south of it nave remained uncontaminated
These well locations serve as an indication of tne extent of the
landfill contamination which is largely dependent on the groundwater
flow patterns To furtner investigate this problem and provide
substantial information on which to base the geohydrologic analysis
field studies of the area were conducted
15
Field Studies ana Procedures
A map of the lanafill and an aerial pnotograph of the area were
obtained A tracing of these maps superimposed upon another
delineates stream landfill and monitor well locations (Fig 2)
The field investigation concentrated on the west landfill area ana
its aajoining streams ana monitor wells The east landfill area and
the three monitor wells in that area are induced in the latter
phase of the study in oraer to expand the model area
A traverse which establishea tne monitor well elevations was run
using a Carl Zeiss level These were originally sitea in by the
town of South Kingstown using a local USGS reference datum number 40
(18) The wells of known elevations then served as benchmarks for
referencing adjacent stream elevations This in combination with
the depth to water table measurements at each well enables tne
water-table surface geometry of the area to oe visualized
Water-table measurements of the west landfills wells were recordea
over a ten month period to record fluctuations (Fig 7 Table 1)
The east landfill areas wells were monitored for a five month
period Using a given water-table condition a ground-water map was
developea of the area (Fig 4) This indicates an outflow from
the landfill primarily in a southeasterly direction and partially
in a southwesterly direction
Additional bedrock and water-table information was ootainea by a
seismic refraction survey at several locations along the landfill
perimeter A Bison Model lb70C Signal Enhancement Seismograpn was
used to maxe the surveys Lines were run (to a length of kOO feet)
16
17
w s p bdquo S bdquo s S S a laquolaquo _
s 2 8
V
r bdquo
3 s a
-R s
S
S 3
t
raquobullraquo
S
5
K
r
~
3
K
pound
7
S
bdquo3
C 5 S
shy raquo S s
1 3 s 3 2 5 ^ bull
5 m
s o
^ 3
raquo
--
R bull 5
s pound J O s
5 a 3 7 3 m
5 s a ^
iraquo a s rlaquo
M ^
^ c o 2 5 s 3 a S R
rd 3 y a O =J
^ bdquo
JJ s s 3 bull ~ I
~ s 5 3 a s a
(Ogt (U
2
-t =
r s s in
5 y
a s
5
3
s
5 a
^ a
3 a 51 a bullbull
sj 5 Ml
3 a bull
s raquo
a
0)
0
^ mdash
a j -
-3
C
g S
S
bull a
-
~ 3 o
2 s s 3 a bdquo s s $ Al s
(1) = $ s 3
S
c a a
3 e 5 s N s S a - 3 = s s a 5
a s s - 3 S shy
4
0
a s
bdquo tfH
bdquo
3 a
bdquo
s a
e bullfl s i s s a s a
3 nt
s s 3
g laquo s3 a
~ J s 2 a s o s S s 3 a a j laquo s o s
3 bull laquobull
2 a 7 3 a 3 a ^2
s mdash 5i o
bull bull
mdash
3 o
ss a
fc mdash
3 1-sect m ishy n
18
in both directions to provide a check and permit accurate estimates
of the depth to bedrockThe seismic results allow approximate
interpretations of the depth to the water table and bedrocK thus
permitting an estimation of the saturated thickness Ground
elevations at the location of the seismic surveys were determined
from a topographical map and field siting From this information
water table ana bedrock elevations estimates were made Bedrock
contours are listed in Fig 8 In addition a table which
summarizes the seismic refraction results for the unsaturated
saturated and bedrock layers velocities and depths at each survey
location is presented in Table 2
Scream gauging stations were established on the two streams
bordering the west landfill (Fig 9) Three stations were placed on
the central stream These provide information on the influent or
effluent condition of ground-water flow in the upper sections of the
stream and ground-water baseflow from an area adjacent to the
landfill into the stream (Table 3)
The stream gauging stations used were 90deg V-notch weirs The
weirs located in the SE and SW positions were placed in the
streamoea with a liner of plastic upstream to minimize underflow
The weirs located in the NW and E positions were cut to fit in
recesses of concrete culvert pipes Concrete plywooa interfaces
were coated with roofing cement to minimize bypass flow Upstream
water pressure and a snug fit hold the plywood sections in place
All weirs were implaceo according to AigtTM reouirements and flowrates
calculated using the standard 90deg V-notch formula (3)
19
N
seepage West observat ion Landfill hole
Area
Legend landfill limit excavat ion limit
copyWNWNEECSESC monitoring well locations
= = = unimproved road -- WNES-number
seismic refraction locations
-40shy approximate bedrock contpur elevation
feet
Fig8 Seismte Survey Location
20
c ^-^ c4j ^laquoc in -=r 3shyjj bull pn f- 4-gt bull in in OjJ bull bull a jo bull bull O JJ
co CM o on on CO CM CTNVO VO co CM o on on Q gt_x rH oj on a oj on a - rH oner
rmdash on sr i i
M z Z
gt gt gt
X-N CO laquomdashv CO CO bull igt gt bull
1 gt fc^gtgt bullbull ^ ^ ^
C 4-gt O t igt O J- 4J O H m o o o 3 bullH CO O rH in 3 bullH co vo o in 3 ~ 1 i-k -i ^trade fj rj ui ij o CO o n o rH =r co o n vo vo vo co o bullv O O O
O raquo On-3 rH O -bull- rH ON in _ IH in oj - rH bull rH VO OrH bull rH On ON pH d)u CO -UCO 4J OJ CO 4-gt gt
C mdashbull gt CM gt CM H-l O CO
v- ^^ N C 0
bull0 N CO
4-5 -0 _c^gt in in CO CO
C x~ c -^ t-oo in i 4J j_gt 41 4J bull 9 bull bull 4J bull
o j ON O O 3 (0 O4J O ON ON QJJ t~-^3- OJ 4-gt L
CO CM trade CO CM rH rH OJ co CM oj on Q ^ _ CO 3~Q-- n 45 Q mdash OJ OJ OJ C (0
1 11 3 nZ 2CO
gti gt gt CO CO CO ^-x m -s CO
rH rH ^ ro^^ bull gt bull ^ igt gt bullgt gtgt bull r O -Q 4Ji JJ O 5- JJ O pound- ^ O 4) oj o on (0 CO
3 bullH CJ O O in 3 bullH CO Cmdash VO on 3 pound-laquo H CO o n in inco co o n ma- r co g^ 5sect^ o
o rH on oj O bull- rH ONCO L O_ rH OJ VO M
rH bull rH =t rH bull - OJ T CO CO M CO 4-gt rH CO -U rH CO 4-) s
uits
CO 4-gt 4-5 T3 gt CM gt CM gt CM cc CO CO CO
3 3gt oa tlp^ CO O CM O gt 4J O 40 i 3 r+ k C pound JS
CO pound
^^ s -bullgt cmdash on poundZ VO CTI trx 4J 4J 4J
) bull bull bull Q Q Q Q4J 3shyc O-JJ CTgt OJ OJ Q-IJ inco on CO CO CO o co CM oj on co CM oj on co CM on
Q Q QON^ Q bullH Q^
rH rH 4J rH
O bullraquo L Z bull CO CO CO
i gtgt rH oj on gt tgtshyCM ^ cO^-s CO ~ CO
CO CO J X fc^_ bull^gt bullgtgt bull gt gtgt bull gt CO
j_ jJ O pound- Jj -P O Li deg =fObullH co on f- ^ 3bullH CO CO O in 3bullH CO
g^ -^2
poundsect HO
eis
mic
3 CO in in in in in in co o n co o n
o -^ r oj in O rHCO CO rH bullrH bull rH =T OrH bull rH OJ f-CO 4J bull- CO 4J rH O0) J-)
gt CM gt CM gt CM 4J
CO N_^ m^
bull OJ
t t poundshyCO CO CO CO rH J3 gt r-t oj on gt r-i oj on gt gt r n o j o n
Time months Flg11 Flucuatlon In Specific Conductance in Wells
26
Table 4 Specific Conductances in Wells (pmhoscm at 25degC)
West East Landfill Landfill
Date NW NE EG SE W SC N E S
81581 851 938 236 2356
102981 171 3268
11381 3268
111081 304 988 1100 258 3800
111481 426 2736 1216 186 4560
111781 304 3610 433 389 4560
121981 380 1406 129 103 380
1982 160 152
31582 274 760 1064 61 334 8000+ 182 53 84
52182 450 1500 1125 112 712 8000+ 175 255 150
52282 425 1320 1200 110 850 180 320 170
27
O
ct c r i c o o o o o c M o m o in CO CM unp^
3bull t- fmdash o^ co tmdash vo co in co cmdash co in a
bull bull1 1-1 trade4 rH rH^ CO 4)2
~ plusmn4J o O CM ^_
o n CO vO J oraquo 0C0M
cu rH rH rH rH rHin tmdash
3 iCM 4J
^j CO CO
E O0 ltU -H n o c E
See
pag
se
rva
t
rH O in 0 0 O O 0
O o x rH Cmdash
0 0n
cu rH mdash O tmdash X o o o o c o o o o r H r H i n o i n i n o O
bull L in oo co oo oo o cy cr o rH CM o cr ONc fcJ bullH on en m m rn c^n rH rH rH0 pound CO 3 CO
t CM0gt s o o o in rA n ^o oo in tmdash oo 0gt zr =r a- JT JT$_
T)C CO
~ E CO ^ _bdquo ltu CO g r H r n c n i n o o r H r H
vgtO ^D O ^^ ^O CO ^^ ^^ JJ 2 4) rH rHCO t
c CO
CO c 9) rH 0
CO -^ C c CO ltuo famp O trade t iH
0
bullo co n ^
oS
o ^^ bullH m
i co rn O CQ O1 CO CO 4) c2Q 3
CO
mdash^ bull cmdash CMin 1 gt rH vO vO O CTgt CO
s CTgt CO OO Ogt Craquo- tmdash cu O CO rH z 0
bull_bulllaquo
H bull L o in r in o oo in 3 rfy ff^ tir f^ CO C^~
4)bull
Z 3
^ ^ ^ ^ H r H r H r H r H rH r H C O r H C O a O C O a O a O C O C O r H i H r H CO OO - gt 0 0 ^ - gt ^ raquo - ^ ^ 1 - gt ~ gt - C O C O O O
U ^ raquo ^ - ~ raquo O ^ ^ O t ~ C O r H - r r ^ - ^ ^ JJ r H C M v O r H r H r H r H r H C M C M r H i n c r gt rH CO CM gt laquolaquo - - -^ bullmdash mdash bullraquoraquobullgt -v -v ^^
~ v O r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H lt M C M C M CM O O r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H rH
Vvraquolaquo IJ1^ raquo CP O 3L 1 Z - i bull j-t-J
1 J
LH Vb T n 0
1 gt fl oo O ~l 2 L - bull 1 P )laquo jn iP IP - OOI L5L mdash shy
-t 84 ^(^^ ^fi P i flja 0 JO II 10 tl tcgt 7 J IV wllaquo
h l2L bull 0 lt -_ shy
-id VJ lt 3C 2 ft OOL -mdash
U 71 C1 Sr 2 13 2 nl JLJraquopound HP r M ltf1- (
IMe 2 ii O It
n jlt dl 1 1 bull o o-il ST i 1 i 25 2-x-1
-
ri
i tlL O mdash gtbull bullgtlt 1ft -o- is Oil So iJK 2-io otv u 31 fil loi 2 il Oll it Of wr is i1raquo -iZ 1 deg|0 01
M IT So - mdash
- 13 1 CT mdash i - mdash 21
shy
Tl Ci av ZUll IMT 0 IM Pe v _ 1) T) S) ii3( dlt Ii 2 lt^2 II li- S1 riivi To 7HX lt3lO 14 ^2- iTi I li 011 -- - -i -^IS no 5^ or i | T Jift laquoV OoH bullla It Va iCO mdash L OIL 11 bullvf poundgtpound lS_ flv oh P-lfe 1 poif _ shy11 IB kl (4 itlaquoT lamp llt0 oot^
mdash -n
It T1 |ir( L1 HI 2 0 oil
U 1M ft go C ICf^ -^2 Z laquo-|o
11 it 5 bulln - TO o abull Li u-i IT1 -- Iw O ltM (I bullbull bdquo-I(K 1mdash -tilltLlA ttfe
i Dgt ac -- U 44 4 11 1 1- ytd i i_i J-K 0 i if -i i i V t Wl raquoOHM 1-1 US D C P A R T M f N T OF COMMfRCE t 4 1 IUII 1 1 ^~) mdash
llaquo- Hi NC bull bullh bull bullJL^V HBl CO 00
11
)jLsVyr^gturv
^ | TKu
|-_t_ bull(
IIMgt I I Mt|UU III- II 11
PNECIPITATIOH
I 1 1 IMX
IMO
bull llfclaquo I UCIUKI) Ur C V A r U M A AHO CLIMATOUOCICAL OBitH
E V A F O R A T I C r i Jttffl laquo amp hMIlaquoJllaquoJIIlaquoBgt
DATE AOOITIOMAL DAIAKMAKk M
bullraquobullmdashlaquo
tp 01 (1 Of Ll OOI ooo
0^1 o-i 10 tl |00 102
OC (1 13 Ofl
it i rc DS os an
(1 SV o
Ul 010
(ISl 101 I on
130
II 5= Otl
ss lt 001 (IK Ml
jt il HIT
7 it
ow Wo 17 Top 2-01 OIO
(0 oov zi oot
u CO ^A 0 to Zoi CLflS
bull50 01 ljtj
nshy 5H LO OIt
50121 IVO QJO
14 Co Ho LO Hl ^pound Jl 1
ltM ool fllc
H Tl 01 II
11 11 Q1
iH OIO
HO 2 llaquol 11 II
lifc
IV-IIM ul OIPAITHINT or COHMIICC NOAA
NAtlOHAL gtIATnlaquoll raquotraquoVlClaquo CD
r~
All TCUMMATUNI ^V UII rgt ITmi 1 Cwphu Obic i gtn t ngir-H 30
rilCiriTATIOH
JJ T I rTJ-rimdashr-iramj|MP CLmATOLOQ
laquolaquo jftilCiii bullIHO
Oi1l ADOITIOHAL DAIAlllu
Ilf4ft
Sii1
(1 2 IO OO
Hl ii SO
us OIM
Q^L
a A3 Hi SZ Sf^ bull 12J2
HI Z-SF OOl 1C t HM IA H ICP fiJA
OOl 10 (310 sn 310
if HI (0 ^01
bullit SO 28H poundJ1 11 006
14 35 TX oon II (bull2 it zr II c-S
rr Zll lo 31 OP an 31 a 31 oor
CSW O-ll Si CC Of 011
Oll _ I |ft
00
u i oerraquolaquoTMiMr of c NOAA
NATIONAL K C A T N C M SCMVlCC
TC^S lk)oiVroTJA
TETT I 7X
1raquolaquolaquo 4 bdquo ir lt er ni I^OV ltqgl j--^ TQ
MICiriTAllOH ITIND
D|mdash
b5NO ctiUATOtoiCAL oeit^
OATI AOOITIOMAL OATAVlHAtt
0-tt
Mlaquoh bullbullbull- rshy laquo
I- ltltriu HI I 4 bulllaquobullbull1
Zii
30 Dfellt otvt
at HA
OOI
62
iJ_S2 HI if
bull- 20 SI 2i So
So
VVfr
OSfc
I (
Jtlt
3aoi
r j -bull ie MA
Irill iiol
in^ 14
Mo
Zll
214
21 1P
00-i
bulliron
17
bullr
11 i ir- I J Ktf^c
US D E P A R T M E N T OF COuMEDCC I | C gt A A
K AIlaquo Ttupf lATuit r
|SlVi AlJ PIICIPITATION
oJud (El
VIM i Uraquo
MIND E
EVAPORATIOH flnrft bull A ftufiifccdll
KECORO OF eVAPllHAtlil bull I CLIHATOLOOCAL OBSERVA ^Hij
14 MM A_M AOOIIIONAL DATA11 MAIM
Mr bullH Oo|
M Si lift
bull221 IHI
ZS Ji 40 IZV
icr KS I
HZ 111
bullT 21
loA UK JA IP
v^ ft
1M 2Sshy IT Tl
71 V |
i I 31 1deg a
uty^ U bull3
ons 1 CiO TxX
HHO (10
3H 19 12 10 IP
raquo3H raquo | 5t io
OP OIT
14
vO UI Of PANTMINI Or COMMCRCf MM O A A
F ngt TIHH
iiicffwiffc 4 rJ (TIM bull Cempltit Obitittiio
AIlaquo TIMHIATUM PHICinTATION I V A f OK ATlPrl
OATI ADDITIONAL DATA KMAlIt
U4laquo4 +
03H Ji
10
rc a 1 16 oi ii
tiiy 10
OI
II i23 or o 13 -y~ou HO
II 3V III i 3 t
V laquop oot
OM1 SS ne
T an -i IP
Olt zr LTV
3T 001
a -11 2T
10 an 31
-1 raquo 131 UP 3H lf 14 Lpoundshy
it 14 30
IS
Ui O I P A K T M f H T OP COWlf ICfM O A A
NATJONAI V C A T M C n f t K M V l C K
bullbullbullbullbullshy -2 o AIlaquo TIMMRATUM f fKICIPITATIOH
OATI poundt- MMINMAL DATAk
ZP 51 lo icr
011 111
OoT IHf
Ut 003 am
3o 13 ao
4A X 05shy
H4 i IjJyiV131 ooc js
IH oi 01 tL 18 13 a
No 11-7
rivgtp OO| M Hi 03 01
It 12
bull I 41 bull7119 14 ^^ raquo 31 15 lampk n M ho i
Jo -j-
-J
I
Ml H^ I _
amp2ampUi^= LS 0 S 0-f bullTTT
-Vmdash gt U_ bull 1 rOHM I- 11 OI OCPARTMlNT OF COMM(NCC
HO NATIONAL W f A T M f H ftfraquoVlCI
98
Appendix B
Boring Logs
99
X iHECT 1 ff 2
OAT American Drilling amp Bor ini I Co Inc
wo WATH smn EAST PR ov IDENC E ft 1 Town of South Kingstown South K ngstown R I MOLENO X-J
TC 100 RCSS bull ujrMonitorinq Well Installation | South Kinqjtown R I UNC a STA Pf KXICCTHJ LOC ATK3N
bull cfrserrr TO above S MPLES S FNTTO _ _ |laquolaquor A-109 SURF ELEV RE PORTSEr
GROUND WATER O6SE RVATC MS 1 CDREraquolaquo m-T nn75 laquo A 256 - 20 mdash Hew y
Instolled 32ofT-l2 PV C - JO- COMPUTE 111275 K toia 3- I-WI 1-38 TOTAL MRS bdquo10 screen BORING FCACUAM J K lanq MAI rraquo HomnwWI 300 140 IampPCCrc Mamlaquor Fall 24 30 lampaaiona SOLS ENGR
LOCATION OF BORING H ONITOKING WELL
Coung Samplt Tjp Blow per 6 Manure SOU IDENTIFICATION Strata SAMPLE ^^^yV Bloot
foot
Otptni
From- To
el
l
on Sampler
0-6 1 -6-13 12-18
Dentity or
Conmt j
Chang Remark include colo^ graaation Type of tod lie Rao-coMr type condition nordshynetiDntotf time leamt and tie No Pen Rtlt
2 No top sample 5 12
1 loamy fine sand
bull)^ 40 30 36
5- 616 0 23 20 16
noist iense
Brown fine to coarse SAND some fine to coarse gravel Trace silt
^
1 18 18
36 8-0shy57 40 30 V 35
|0-||-6 D 14 24 20 Srown medium to coarse SAND Some fine gravel cobbles
7 IRshy 16
27 75 37 3
IS- I- D 5 14 16 3bull
ISshy 15
42 50 I9--0shy50 65 20-2ll-6 D 9 23 26 bull Jrown fine to coarse SAND Tbullwshy 1Z 75 90
22-0 Trace silt trace fine gravel
124 120 74 60 52 41
7S-ltlaquoil-A DX 71 16 13 wet very dense
Gray-brown fine to coarse SANC Some fine to coarse gravel little silt
H IR u
40 30--0
3C-30-IO
3l4-334
334-3314
38 4-434
D
c
C
C
7 IflO
94 6
we tr j
y se
ft irox
30MOshy
31 -4shy
Gray-brown fine to coarse SAND Trace silt
Gray-brown fine SAND some lilt trace fine gravel
Too of Rock 31 -4shy
Gray-pink GRANITE
6 7
amp
CJ
IltJ A
60
601
IQ mdash
2(
4
5 i Hard
ft 5ome seams bull
GROUND SURFACE TO J 4 U3CD_ ^JVrf bullbull( tutu t to 4o 4 SampM Type Proportion UMd MOB Wtx 3 OfaM on 2OD Sampler SUMMARY-
OOry CCartd WltWen4 Hoc OlolO Canmonieraquoi Don any CoKeem CarMWncy Earm Barrlaquoj 11 14
UPgtUnOigtturod Piuon trite (Oto20dego 0-Kgt Loei it 0-4 Sait 3O+Hofd Rock Corng 14 Kgt-30 laquo4 0 rte 4-8 MSHM Samplet TPTtitPit Ai Auger Vvanefett tarn 2Olo39 3O-M Owlt n laquo-lS Strlf rinit nn v 1
UTiUndlshffbed ThrMOll and bull 33to9O 5O Very 0laquo nraquoe 19-30 V-3trraquof - | OLE NO X-l
TOVH rim - iA it raquotoraquo
100
SHEET 2 o_L
WO WATEt STUET [AST ft OVIDENC pound a i American Drilling amp Bor ing Co Inc
MCLl WQ X- 1 Tt AOORCSS i
LIME A STA KXICCTMJ tuf same as 1 | tame as i LOCATION
W PORTSEf mo OB nj urt eflaquo T
illtPLES S
P
CVTTO nlaquo mun orv
^s f^ Tin i GRCVMO WATER OBSERVATONS CASING SAMPLER CORE BAR
START Typi COMPUTE tome at 1 same aiH
TOTAL MRS BORIMG FOR CMAN n bull IT INSPECTOR SOILS EMM
LOCATION OF BORING u HfVJTneTfi UFI _
8
Counf Blo-t
foot
Dtpllo
From To
0( on SampMr
0-6 f 6-IZ
Moittir
Oonuty or
Contilt
Strata Ctnngc
SOIL OCNTiriCATION Rtmorkt ineHifl cotot grqdotion Typlaquo of Mil etc Roo-axtrPlaquo condition Mrdshynlaquot Drog tun ttomt end tic
TPlaquoTraquojraquoPit AAugtr ViVon mini tamt 20to39 UTtundiifir6d TrwMOtf and JSloSO 50-raquobull Vary 0nlaquo [HOLE NO x-2 B-3O V-3Mf lev rim - IAIT raquosectlaquoraquo
102
300 iu 24
1 UMnii ffi 140 laquo 30
CA1INC tf
gt taWCTf
bull 0gtlaquo i R Cook Jr_ R Millineton1 Wttn
I~
1 VAMtl CtMG
1 W HO-t MO
1 Oraquo 1 laquo0~ twt
L 1 laquo-raquo VfcM^lf [wlaquoraquoCI ^ ^ K3Ot III laquo
0-LS D
5-65 D
LlQ 10-115 D
15-16 Tgt
Lraquo 70-51 n
25-26 D
F
I O-O Ci
A Allstate Drill ins Co vi o i
PROVIDING R 1bull raquoraquo uvraquonn~ N M O M I T O P I N G HE1 _^lt -^ PI-Traquo UJU
CUM Town of South Kineraquotown raquoraquo 1 1TA maoer Propolaquolaquod Sit for Slude Disposal nltn
laquo V-449 iampAAtut i a 138 ort STI bull r 42777 CtOuMO IKVtllON
Cill bdquo 258 DA II MN ru 42777 rilaquolaquodO laquoraquoTti rum 1911
AU1TATI
MMUI1 raquolaquogtlaquolaquo laquoKiO itXHHKraquoriOi of sous MUAHI nMTKlion Ot CMlaquoMC|kOraquort tl CO~VH DXltgt raquomlaquo laquotf IMi COIOI C4l II I 1raquo gtlaquo^ Oraquo 1Ol rC t Xgttgt VtfKOe Craquo Mi 1 ft liMraquoK laquo0^tlaquot nfgt
1-2-1 10 TOP SOIL FINE LIGHT BROWN SAND traclaquo of ilt
16-31-17
22-24-21 100 FINE TO MEDIUM LIGHT GRAY SAND trace of fine gravlaquol and raquopoundLt
lfl-37-34 150 LIGHT BROWN FINE TO MEDIUM SAND little poundinlaquo gravel
21-17-15 200 MEDIUM TO COARSE SAND bullomc fine gravel
12-4-10
265
Observation well installed
NOTE No casing blows taktn
bullbull B-23 ow
^w^ 265 I raquo bull raquolaquo bull I W
11 laquot gtbullraquo Vlaquo 14 W gt_ c-shyji bull alaquo bull jraquo VI laquoHshyw bullbull m raquobullbull D-6 raquo Mshy
bull bull laquo Vshy
1
bull bull
I
103
MAMMII Allstate Drilling Co ulaquorr 1 or 1 FftOVIOCKZ H L traquolS mTArm^S MONITOR NR WEL
VNO wr3JJO__raquoraquou_24__ HCU MO P-74 n iu riBwi Town of Slt7H^ Xirpin
mdash^ laquo0J P 1 1 bull ^n^ciit^o TVlaquow^laquott1 bullraquoit wt 140 nu 30 olaquor fBu lkv Waste Disposal Arcai
MUTAH a V-449 R Cook Jr UMlaquoiigti D 1 38 0t| raquoIJ raquo 5277 rlaquo SUMO luvlaquorv-laquow
mdash 5277 fipe -raquoT pfpm 150
H MCIO IMNTlXAflON Of SOU t(kAIlaquoS rrn 0-laquoraquo
5 -SF 01 w in laquobull -raquo ^ lit
D 1-2-2 TOP SOIL V-1-oraquo
15 IPbull FINE TO MEDIUM LIGHT GRAY SAND AND GRAVEL
5-65 D 37-27-35 some silt
10-11 D 20-14-18
15-165 D i 17-14-14 155
BROWN COARSE TO MEDIUM SAND little fine to coarse gravel trace of silt
20-211 D 4-4-2
230 GRAY BROWN VERY FINE SAND
25-26J D 7-8-9 AND SILT 265 fvarvedl
Observation well installed
NOTE No casing blows taken
wta 10 n uuraquo c^imdashbull IgtM laquolaquobull- B-24 ow ~ 14 ltfc laquoraquobull vlaquo^ M laquobull r O 0 fmtt bull W-L 26 5
-0- CgtCmdashgt bull laquolaquobull mdash laquo 1 - raquoraquo 1 gt 1laquo bull 1 gtraquor to bull mdashbull bull bull bulllaquo I t l~laquo 1lt Uraquo mdashbull ) bull 1 gtbull ft 0~ H laquoy bullM ta bull -IN la laquobull OPUM bull($ IMI
mdash H raquo laquo-bull
104
Appendix C
Calibration of Specific Conductance Meters
105
Specific conductance measurements were made using a beckman RB
338 temperature compensating meter and a YSI rtooel 33 salinity
conductivity temperature meter The YSI meter is not
temperature correcting A formula to compensate for temperature
differences to standardize YSI measurements was used (21)
A long probe for the Beckman meter was used to measure conductivity
in the wells Differences in conductivity between the YSI ana
Beckman meters and the Beckman short and long probes exist These
were calibrated in the laboratory using 001 N and 01 N KC1
solutions Values presented are Beckman short probe values The
Beckman long probe values were reduced by 76 and tne YSI values
were multiplied by 11 to adjust to Beckman short probe values The
YSI meter was used in the latter phases of the study for the
stream contamination due to the greater accuracy of the dial readout
scale
Table 7 Specific Conductance Meter Calibration Table
Concentration (KCL) 0001N 001N
Specific Beckman short 145 143 143 1247 1245 12GO
Conductances Beckman long 190 191 188 1639 1650 1665
umhocm 9 25 C YSI 132 131 128 1131 1140 1150
average values Beckman shortBeckman long = 075
Beckman shortYSI = 11
106
Appendix D
Computer program Flow Chart
107
F1g 33 Computer Program Flow Chart-
1TpoundR MAP TCO
NEWPER
WEWSTP CZAX
HEWIT TRANS TCOF ROW COLUMN
Yes
Yes
108 The following is a description of the USGS two-dimensional computer
program Iterative Digital Model for Aquifer Evaluation updated
December 1972 by P C Trescott The program written in Fortran
consists of a MAIN program and six subprograms or subroutines which
themselves are organized into subprogram sections The subroutines and
their sections are listed below
MAIN Program
DATAIN (subroutine) COEF ITER (section) CLAY MAP TRANS NEWPER TCOF
The program begins in the MAIN program which controls the sequence
of passage to the subroutines Sequential steps are described in the
program as shown in the flow chart of Fig 32 Emphasis is placed on the
steady state confined aquifer case as applied in this study First data
input is read in the DATAIN subroutine This data includes transmissivities
or permeabilities starting heads storage coefficients and grid spacings
Nodal transmissivity values are then computed for the water-table problem
in the TRANS section (COEF subroutine) This procedure is necessary here
because the subsequent routine for computing iteration parameters (ITER)
keys on nodal transmissivity values which would not have been input to
the water-table problem In the water-table option these would have been
109
computed from given bedrock and water-table elevations to obtain the
saturated thickness component of the transmissivity calculation In this
study water-table option was not used and the transmissivity values were
input directly The program then passes to the ITER section (DATAIN
subroutine) to compute the iteration parameters which expediate or even
cause convergence Next the MAP section (DATAIN subroutine) is utilized
to initialize data for an alphanumeric map if this was requested in the
input options Transmissivities are then computed for the confined
(artesian) aquifer case (water table not specified with input options)
in the TCOF section (COEF subroutine) These coefficients are harmonic
mean values of adjacent nodal transmissivities weighted by grid sizes
Time parameters and pumping data for a new pumping period are then read
in the NEWPER section (DATAIN subroutine) followed by entry into the
NEWSTP section (COMPUT subroutine) which calculates the size of the
time step Leakage coefficients (hydraulic conductivity of the confining
bed divided by confining bed thickness) are next computed in the CLAY
section (COEF subroutine) if leakage was specified in the input data
which was used in this study
A new iteration is then initiated in sections NEWITO (COMPUT
subroutine) NEWITO saves the current head values and compares them to
the updated head values for determining closure This is followed by
nodal transmissivity values being computed for the water table or water-
table artesian conversion problem Transmissivity coefficients are then
computed for the water-table problem in TCOF (COEF subroutine) Total
head values are then computed with the alternating direction implicit
procedure using the Thomas algorithim first along rows in the ROW section
110 and then along columns in the COLUMN section both in the COMPUT subroutine
Then if a solution is not obtained (because the error criteria for
closure is not satisfied) the MAIN program branches back to NEWIT1 subshy
sequent sections TRANS TCOF ROW and COLUMN repeatedly until a
solution at the particular time step is achieved NEWIT1 increments the
iteration counter and is immediately followed by NEWITO The program then
moves to the STEADY section of the COMPUT subroutine to check if the
closure criteria for steady state has been satisfied Output is then
printed in the OUTPUT section of COMPUT if steady state has been reached
or if the particular time step is designated for output
The program then branches back to NEWSTP (COMPUT subroutine) and
moves through the subsequent routines until the last time step in the
pumping period is reached Output is then promoted in the DRY section
of COMPUT if specified in input data If the last pumping period in
the problem has not been reached the program branches back to the
NEWPER section and moves again through subsequent sections otherwise
the program will terminate or start a new problem if one follows
This study was simulated as a steady state problem which can be
simulated by setting the storage coefficient of the aquifer and the
specific storage of the confining bed to zero and using one time step
of any length
111
Appendix E
Computer Data Sheets
RGSEA
10 ROSE HILL LANDFILL MODEL 20 30 40 LEAKAGE 50 60 70 CHECK 80 90 100 HEAD 110 120 1 23 IQ 100 5 001 37E-OU 0 130 100 001 0 0 1 4 0 - 1 - 1 1 - 1 - 1 i i i i i i 1
ISO 1 10 0 1547E-05 01 10 1 1 160 04642 200 200 1 1 i it
1 Agpar MA and 0 Langmuir Ground-Water Pollution Potential of a Landfill Above tne Water Table Groundwater V 9 No 6 1971 pp 76-96
2 Allen William B Hahn GW and RA Brackley Availability of Ground Water Upper Pawcatuck River Basin Rhode Island USGS US Government Printing-office GS 66-624 19bb
3 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Part 31 Open Channel Flow Measurement of Water and Waste Water by Weirs D 2034-68 1975
4 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Part 19 Infiltration Rate of Soils in Field Using Double-Ring Infiltrameters D 3385-75 1975
5 Baeaecner MJ and W BacK Hyarogeological Processes and Chemical Reactions of a Landfill Ground Water V 17 no 5 1979 pp 429-437
6 Beck WW Dunn AL and Grover H Emrich Leachate Quality Improvements After Top Sealing1 8th SHwRD MERL Symposium 1982
7 Beckman WK Transient Modeling For Estimating Sustained Aauifer Yield master thesis presented to the University of Rhode Island Kingston RI 1978
8 Bhattacharya PK and HP Patra Direct Current Geoelectric Sounding Elsevier Publishing Co New York 1968 135 p
9 Bouwer H Ground Water Hydrology McGraw-Hill Book Co New Yoric 1978 p 378
10 Braids 0 Cocozza pound Fenn D Isbister J Rous P and B Yarc Procedures Manual for Ground Water Monitoring at Solid Waste Disposal Facilities Environmental Protection Agency530SW-611 Cincinnati Ohio 1977
11 Cartwright K and MR McComas Geophysical Surveys in the Vicinity of Sanitary Landfills in Northeastern Illinois Groundwater V 6 no 5 1968 pp 23-30
12 Cartwright K and Fd Sherman Jr Electrical Earth Resistivity Surveying in Landfill Investigations Reprinted from Proceedings of ohe lOtn Annual Engineering and Soils Engineering Symposium Moscow Idaho 1972
122 13 Clark TP Survey of Ground-Water Protection Methods for
Illinois Landfills Groundwater V 13 no 4 1975 pp 321-331
14 Dunne T and LB Leapold Water in Environmental Planning WH Freeman and Company San Francisco 1978
16 Fenn DG Hanley KJ and TV Degeare Use of the Water Balance Method for Predicting Leachate Generation From Solia Waste Disposal Sites US Environmental Protection Agency530SW-lfa8 Cincinnati Ohio 1975
17 Geisser 0 An Electric Analog and Digital Computer Model of the Chipuxet Ground Water^ Aquifer Kingston Rhode Island master thesis presented to the University of Rhode Island Kingston RI 1975
18 Hahn GW Groundwater Map of the Narragansett Pier Quadrangle Rhode Island Rhode Island Water Resources Coordinating Board GWM 5 1959
19 Hemsley William T Koster C Wallace Remedial Technique of Controlling and Treating Low Volume Leachate Discharge USEPA National Conference on Management of Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites Oct 1980
20 Hughes GM RA Landon and RN Farvolden Hydrogeology of Solid Waste Disposal Sites in Northeastern Illinois Final Report to US Environmental Protection Agency PUD SW-l^d Cincinnati Ohio 1971
21 Keller GV and FC Frischknecht Electrical Methods in Geophysical Prospecting Pergamon Press New YorK NY 19bb
22 Kelly WE West Kingston Landfill An Evaluation of Its Effect on Ground-Water Quality Rnoae Island Water Resources Board Water Information Series Report 1975
23 Kelly WE Geoelectric Sounding for Delineating Ground-Water Contamination Groundwater V 14 No 1 1976 pp fa-10
24 Kelly WE Ground-Water Pollution Near a Landfill ASCE Environmental Engineering Division Journal V 10 No EE6 Dec 19b pp nay-nyy
25 Kelly WE personal communication January 1982
123
26 Kelly WE and OW Urish A Study of the Effects of Salt Storage Practices on Surface ana Ground Water Quality in Rhode Island NTIS FHWA-RI-RD-8001 1981 54 p
27 Kimmel GE and OC Braids Leachate Plumes in a Highly Permeable Aauifer Groundwater y 12 no 6 1974 pp 388-393
28 Klefstaa G Senalein LVA ana RC Palmauist Limitations of the Electrical Resistivity Method in Landfill Investigations Groundwater V 13 No 5 1975 pp 418-427
29 Landon RA Application of Hydrogeology to the Selection of Refuse Disposal Sites Groundwater V 7 no b 19b9 pp 9-13
30 Lang SM Bierschenk WH ana WB Allen 1960 Hyaraulic Characteristics of Glacial Outwash in Rhode Island Rhode Islana Water Resources Coordinating Board Bulletin No 3
31 LeGrand HE Patterns of Contaminated Zones of Water in the Ground Water Resources Research v 1 No 1 1965
32 Palmauist R and L Sendlein The Configuration of Contamination Enclaves from Refuse Disposal Sites on Floodplains Grouna Water v 13 no 2 1975 pp 167-181
33 Pinder GF A Digital Model for Aauifer Evaluation Techniaues of Water Resources Investigations of the US Geological Survey Bk 7 Cl 1970
34 Purushattam D Tamxe GR and CM Stoffel Leachate Production at Sanitary Landfill Sites ASCE Environmental Engineering Division Journal V 103 no EE 6 Dec1977 pp 981-988
35 Remson I Fungaroli AA ana AW Lawrence Water Movement in an Unsaturated Sanitary Landfill ASCE Sanitary Engineering Division Journal v 94 no SA2 April1968 pp 307-316
36 Rosenshien JS Gouthier JB and WB Allen Hydrologic Characteristics and Sustained Yield of Principal Ground-Water Units Potowamut-Wickford Area Rhoae Island USGS US Government Printing Office GS 67-324 1968
37 Roux PH and B Vincent Electrical Resistivity Evaluations At Solid Waste Disposal Facilities US Environmental Protection Agency SW-729 Cincinnati Ohio 1978
124
38 Salvato JA Wi lk ie WG and BE Mead Sanitary Landfill Leaching Prevention and Control Water Pollution Control Federation Journal v 43 no 10 Oct 1971 pp 2084-2100
39 Sawyer CN and PL McCarty Chemistry for Environmental Engineering McGraw Hill 1978
40 Stellar RL and P Roux Earth Resist ivi ty Surveys - A Method for Defining Ground-Water Contamination Ground Water v 13 no 2 1975 pp 145-150
41 Todd OK Ground Water Hydrology John Wi ley and Sons Inc New York 1959
42 Tolman AL Ballestero AP Beck WW and GH Emrich Guidance Mannual For Minimizing Pollution From Waste Disposal Sites US Environmental Protection Agency-500SW-677 Cincinnati Ohio 1978
43 Trescott PC Iterative Digital Model for Aauifer Evaluation US Geological Survey Open file report 1972
44 University of Rhode Island Academic Computer Center CalComp Contouring Manual
45 Warner DL Preliminary Field Studies Using Earth Resistivity Measurements for Delineating Zones of Contaminated Ground Water Groundwater v 7 1969 pp 9-16
46 White EF A Report to the Town of S Kingstown Utility Survey Engineering Corp 1967
47 Zohdy AAR A Computer Program for the Calculation of Schlumberger Sounding Curves Over Horizontally Layered Media Using the Method of Convolution US Geological Survey Denver
48 Zohdy AAR Eaton GP and DR Mabey Application of Surface Geophysics to Ground-Water Investigations Technidues of Water-Resources Investigations of the US Geological Survey Book 2 Chapter 01 Washington US Government Printing Office 2401-02543 1974
theory of liner installation and monitoring devices (13) Sanitary
Landfi11-Leaching Prevention and Control presents a review of
preventative methods such as means to minimize infiltration
interception of ground-water and other pollution control measures
(2 37) A study in Pennsylvania on actual measures implemented to
collect and treat a landfills leachate discharge presents a site
specific study (19) Leachate Quality Improvements After Top
Sealing1 shows that by minimizing infiltration at a landfill in
Connecticut the outflow leachate water quality can be improved
dramatically and contamination plume reduced significantly (6) The
most comprehensive reports on remedial approaches to upgrading waste
disposal sites and ground-water protection methods have been
compiled under USEPA contract (1542)
To assist in evaluating remedial measures the US Geological
Survey (USGS) computer model Iterative Digital Model for Aduifer
Evaluation was used It was originally developed as a model for
simulating two-dimensional aauifer problems (33) It had been
updated since its original development to accomodate different
options (43) This model has been applied to glacial outwash
regions in Rhode Island (717)
10
Description of Study Area
A map of tne landfill area (Fig Z) was obtained from tne town
of South Kingstown The excavation to the west of Rose Hill Roaa
the landfill area directly to the east and the presently operating
area to the east of the central stream comprise tne overall study
area This study will concentrate on the west landfill area whicn
has recently reached capacity and been closed to further dumping
This site received mixed refuse for the past 15 years The depth of
the excavation where the landfill presently exists was approximately
to bedrock in some places Tne exact depths of landfill material is
unknown
The landfill cover has been graded and sloped generally eastward
to convey surface runoff to the eastern side A sandy soil that was
excavated locally was used as tne cover material The northern
section has a vegetation cover and the recently filled southern
section has been seeded and mulched The six monitoring wells W
NW NE EC SE SC were placed by the town of South Kingstown to
provide water quality information
Referring to Fig 2 the west excavation stream drains the area
created by the excavation to the west of Rose Hill Road and flows
throughout the year The central stream drains a small watershed
area which lies to the northwest of the landfill and drys up during
part of the year These streams flow into the Saugatucket River
which flows throughout the year and is larger than the west and
central streams combined
11
The USGS Groundwater Map (18) was initially consulted to proviae
information on the ground-water flow patterns (Fig 5) and the
geology of tne area (Fig 6) The surficial geology borings and the
vertical geologic cross-section at the base of the study area
indicate shallow water table and bedrocic and a nearly constant
saturated thickness (18) Boring logs at the W well ana a point
approximately 150 feet south of it indicate glacial outwasn material
which is primarily sana with a trace of gravel over bedrock at a
depth of approximately 33 feet Borings at the east landfill area N
and S monitoring wells indicate the same aquifer material
(Appendix B)
The ground-water map developed by Hahn is taken as
representative of conditions existing prior to the excavation of the
I l andfill (18) This indicates water-table contour lines that run in i
a general northeasterly direction This means tnat flow was
originally in a southeasterly direction However contamination of
domestic supply wells on the west side of Rose Hill Road has
occurred (Fig 3) strongly suggesting that the original flow pattern
has been altered by the excavation to the west of Rose Hill Road and
the landfill to the east of it Domestic supply wells were formerly
located directly to the west of Rose Hill Road but were aoandoned
when they became contaminated from landfill leachate New wells
were located to the south and west away from the contaminant plume
of tne landfill In addition a well located at the northeastern
corner of the landfill was contaminated and a replacement located to
the east of Us former location on tne opposite side of the central
12
Legend scale 124000
mdash-40 mdashground-water contour elevation
Fig 5 Ground-Water Map
13
Legend feet
TILL
Fig 6 Geology Background Map
14
stream This second wel 1 also became contaminated Domestic supply
wells located near tne northwestern corner of tne landfill and
approximately 300 feet south of it nave remained uncontaminated
These well locations serve as an indication of tne extent of the
landfill contamination which is largely dependent on the groundwater
flow patterns To furtner investigate this problem and provide
substantial information on which to base the geohydrologic analysis
field studies of the area were conducted
15
Field Studies ana Procedures
A map of the lanafill and an aerial pnotograph of the area were
obtained A tracing of these maps superimposed upon another
delineates stream landfill and monitor well locations (Fig 2)
The field investigation concentrated on the west landfill area ana
its aajoining streams ana monitor wells The east landfill area and
the three monitor wells in that area are induced in the latter
phase of the study in oraer to expand the model area
A traverse which establishea tne monitor well elevations was run
using a Carl Zeiss level These were originally sitea in by the
town of South Kingstown using a local USGS reference datum number 40
(18) The wells of known elevations then served as benchmarks for
referencing adjacent stream elevations This in combination with
the depth to water table measurements at each well enables tne
water-table surface geometry of the area to oe visualized
Water-table measurements of the west landfills wells were recordea
over a ten month period to record fluctuations (Fig 7 Table 1)
The east landfill areas wells were monitored for a five month
period Using a given water-table condition a ground-water map was
developea of the area (Fig 4) This indicates an outflow from
the landfill primarily in a southeasterly direction and partially
in a southwesterly direction
Additional bedrock and water-table information was ootainea by a
seismic refraction survey at several locations along the landfill
perimeter A Bison Model lb70C Signal Enhancement Seismograpn was
used to maxe the surveys Lines were run (to a length of kOO feet)
16
17
w s p bdquo S bdquo s S S a laquolaquo _
s 2 8
V
r bdquo
3 s a
-R s
S
S 3
t
raquobullraquo
S
5
K
r
~
3
K
pound
7
S
bdquo3
C 5 S
shy raquo S s
1 3 s 3 2 5 ^ bull
5 m
s o
^ 3
raquo
--
R bull 5
s pound J O s
5 a 3 7 3 m
5 s a ^
iraquo a s rlaquo
M ^
^ c o 2 5 s 3 a S R
rd 3 y a O =J
^ bdquo
JJ s s 3 bull ~ I
~ s 5 3 a s a
(Ogt (U
2
-t =
r s s in
5 y
a s
5
3
s
5 a
^ a
3 a 51 a bullbull
sj 5 Ml
3 a bull
s raquo
a
0)
0
^ mdash
a j -
-3
C
g S
S
bull a
-
~ 3 o
2 s s 3 a bdquo s s $ Al s
(1) = $ s 3
S
c a a
3 e 5 s N s S a - 3 = s s a 5
a s s - 3 S shy
4
0
a s
bdquo tfH
bdquo
3 a
bdquo
s a
e bullfl s i s s a s a
3 nt
s s 3
g laquo s3 a
~ J s 2 a s o s S s 3 a a j laquo s o s
3 bull laquobull
2 a 7 3 a 3 a ^2
s mdash 5i o
bull bull
mdash
3 o
ss a
fc mdash
3 1-sect m ishy n
18
in both directions to provide a check and permit accurate estimates
of the depth to bedrockThe seismic results allow approximate
interpretations of the depth to the water table and bedrocK thus
permitting an estimation of the saturated thickness Ground
elevations at the location of the seismic surveys were determined
from a topographical map and field siting From this information
water table ana bedrock elevations estimates were made Bedrock
contours are listed in Fig 8 In addition a table which
summarizes the seismic refraction results for the unsaturated
saturated and bedrock layers velocities and depths at each survey
location is presented in Table 2
Scream gauging stations were established on the two streams
bordering the west landfill (Fig 9) Three stations were placed on
the central stream These provide information on the influent or
effluent condition of ground-water flow in the upper sections of the
stream and ground-water baseflow from an area adjacent to the
landfill into the stream (Table 3)
The stream gauging stations used were 90deg V-notch weirs The
weirs located in the SE and SW positions were placed in the
streamoea with a liner of plastic upstream to minimize underflow
The weirs located in the NW and E positions were cut to fit in
recesses of concrete culvert pipes Concrete plywooa interfaces
were coated with roofing cement to minimize bypass flow Upstream
water pressure and a snug fit hold the plywood sections in place
All weirs were implaceo according to AigtTM reouirements and flowrates
calculated using the standard 90deg V-notch formula (3)
19
N
seepage West observat ion Landfill hole
Area
Legend landfill limit excavat ion limit
copyWNWNEECSESC monitoring well locations
= = = unimproved road -- WNES-number
seismic refraction locations
-40shy approximate bedrock contpur elevation
feet
Fig8 Seismte Survey Location
20
c ^-^ c4j ^laquoc in -=r 3shyjj bull pn f- 4-gt bull in in OjJ bull bull a jo bull bull O JJ
co CM o on on CO CM CTNVO VO co CM o on on Q gt_x rH oj on a oj on a - rH oner
rmdash on sr i i
M z Z
gt gt gt
X-N CO laquomdashv CO CO bull igt gt bull
1 gt fc^gtgt bullbull ^ ^ ^
C 4-gt O t igt O J- 4J O H m o o o 3 bullH CO O rH in 3 bullH co vo o in 3 ~ 1 i-k -i ^trade fj rj ui ij o CO o n o rH =r co o n vo vo vo co o bullv O O O
O raquo On-3 rH O -bull- rH ON in _ IH in oj - rH bull rH VO OrH bull rH On ON pH d)u CO -UCO 4J OJ CO 4-gt gt
C mdashbull gt CM gt CM H-l O CO
v- ^^ N C 0
bull0 N CO
4-5 -0 _c^gt in in CO CO
C x~ c -^ t-oo in i 4J j_gt 41 4J bull 9 bull bull 4J bull
o j ON O O 3 (0 O4J O ON ON QJJ t~-^3- OJ 4-gt L
CO CM trade CO CM rH rH OJ co CM oj on Q ^ _ CO 3~Q-- n 45 Q mdash OJ OJ OJ C (0
1 11 3 nZ 2CO
gti gt gt CO CO CO ^-x m -s CO
rH rH ^ ro^^ bull gt bull ^ igt gt bullgt gtgt bull r O -Q 4Ji JJ O 5- JJ O pound- ^ O 4) oj o on (0 CO
3 bullH CJ O O in 3 bullH CO Cmdash VO on 3 pound-laquo H CO o n in inco co o n ma- r co g^ 5sect^ o
o rH on oj O bull- rH ONCO L O_ rH OJ VO M
rH bull rH =t rH bull - OJ T CO CO M CO 4-gt rH CO -U rH CO 4-) s
uits
CO 4-gt 4-5 T3 gt CM gt CM gt CM cc CO CO CO
3 3gt oa tlp^ CO O CM O gt 4J O 40 i 3 r+ k C pound JS
CO pound
^^ s -bullgt cmdash on poundZ VO CTI trx 4J 4J 4J
) bull bull bull Q Q Q Q4J 3shyc O-JJ CTgt OJ OJ Q-IJ inco on CO CO CO o co CM oj on co CM oj on co CM on
Q Q QON^ Q bullH Q^
rH rH 4J rH
O bullraquo L Z bull CO CO CO
i gtgt rH oj on gt tgtshyCM ^ cO^-s CO ~ CO
CO CO J X fc^_ bull^gt bullgtgt bull gt gtgt bull gt CO
j_ jJ O pound- Jj -P O Li deg =fObullH co on f- ^ 3bullH CO CO O in 3bullH CO
g^ -^2
poundsect HO
eis
mic
3 CO in in in in in in co o n co o n
o -^ r oj in O rHCO CO rH bullrH bull rH =T OrH bull rH OJ f-CO 4J bull- CO 4J rH O0) J-)
gt CM gt CM gt CM 4J
CO N_^ m^
bull OJ
t t poundshyCO CO CO CO rH J3 gt r-t oj on gt r-i oj on gt gt r n o j o n
Time months Flg11 Flucuatlon In Specific Conductance in Wells
26
Table 4 Specific Conductances in Wells (pmhoscm at 25degC)
West East Landfill Landfill
Date NW NE EG SE W SC N E S
81581 851 938 236 2356
102981 171 3268
11381 3268
111081 304 988 1100 258 3800
111481 426 2736 1216 186 4560
111781 304 3610 433 389 4560
121981 380 1406 129 103 380
1982 160 152
31582 274 760 1064 61 334 8000+ 182 53 84
52182 450 1500 1125 112 712 8000+ 175 255 150
52282 425 1320 1200 110 850 180 320 170
27
O
ct c r i c o o o o o c M o m o in CO CM unp^
3bull t- fmdash o^ co tmdash vo co in co cmdash co in a
bull bull1 1-1 trade4 rH rH^ CO 4)2
~ plusmn4J o O CM ^_
o n CO vO J oraquo 0C0M
cu rH rH rH rH rHin tmdash
3 iCM 4J
^j CO CO
E O0 ltU -H n o c E
See
pag
se
rva
t
rH O in 0 0 O O 0
O o x rH Cmdash
0 0n
cu rH mdash O tmdash X o o o o c o o o o r H r H i n o i n i n o O
bull L in oo co oo oo o cy cr o rH CM o cr ONc fcJ bullH on en m m rn c^n rH rH rH0 pound CO 3 CO
t CM0gt s o o o in rA n ^o oo in tmdash oo 0gt zr =r a- JT JT$_
T)C CO
~ E CO ^ _bdquo ltu CO g r H r n c n i n o o r H r H
vgtO ^D O ^^ ^O CO ^^ ^^ JJ 2 4) rH rHCO t
c CO
CO c 9) rH 0
CO -^ C c CO ltuo famp O trade t iH
0
bullo co n ^
oS
o ^^ bullH m
i co rn O CQ O1 CO CO 4) c2Q 3
CO
mdash^ bull cmdash CMin 1 gt rH vO vO O CTgt CO
s CTgt CO OO Ogt Craquo- tmdash cu O CO rH z 0
bull_bulllaquo
H bull L o in r in o oo in 3 rfy ff^ tir f^ CO C^~
4)bull
Z 3
^ ^ ^ ^ H r H r H r H r H rH r H C O r H C O a O C O a O a O C O C O r H i H r H CO OO - gt 0 0 ^ - gt ^ raquo - ^ ^ 1 - gt ~ gt - C O C O O O
U ^ raquo ^ - ~ raquo O ^ ^ O t ~ C O r H - r r ^ - ^ ^ JJ r H C M v O r H r H r H r H r H C M C M r H i n c r gt rH CO CM gt laquolaquo - - -^ bullmdash mdash bullraquoraquobullgt -v -v ^^
~ v O r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H lt M C M C M CM O O r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H r H rH
Vvraquolaquo IJ1^ raquo CP O 3L 1 Z - i bull j-t-J
1 J
LH Vb T n 0
1 gt fl oo O ~l 2 L - bull 1 P )laquo jn iP IP - OOI L5L mdash shy
-t 84 ^(^^ ^fi P i flja 0 JO II 10 tl tcgt 7 J IV wllaquo
h l2L bull 0 lt -_ shy
-id VJ lt 3C 2 ft OOL -mdash
U 71 C1 Sr 2 13 2 nl JLJraquopound HP r M ltf1- (
IMe 2 ii O It
n jlt dl 1 1 bull o o-il ST i 1 i 25 2-x-1
-
ri
i tlL O mdash gtbull bullgtlt 1ft -o- is Oil So iJK 2-io otv u 31 fil loi 2 il Oll it Of wr is i1raquo -iZ 1 deg|0 01
M IT So - mdash
- 13 1 CT mdash i - mdash 21
shy
Tl Ci av ZUll IMT 0 IM Pe v _ 1) T) S) ii3( dlt Ii 2 lt^2 II li- S1 riivi To 7HX lt3lO 14 ^2- iTi I li 011 -- - -i -^IS no 5^ or i | T Jift laquoV OoH bullla It Va iCO mdash L OIL 11 bullvf poundgtpound lS_ flv oh P-lfe 1 poif _ shy11 IB kl (4 itlaquoT lamp llt0 oot^
mdash -n
It T1 |ir( L1 HI 2 0 oil
U 1M ft go C ICf^ -^2 Z laquo-|o
11 it 5 bulln - TO o abull Li u-i IT1 -- Iw O ltM (I bullbull bdquo-I(K 1mdash -tilltLlA ttfe
i Dgt ac -- U 44 4 11 1 1- ytd i i_i J-K 0 i if -i i i V t Wl raquoOHM 1-1 US D C P A R T M f N T OF COMMfRCE t 4 1 IUII 1 1 ^~) mdash
llaquo- Hi NC bull bullh bull bullJL^V HBl CO 00
11
)jLsVyr^gturv
^ | TKu
|-_t_ bull(
IIMgt I I Mt|UU III- II 11
PNECIPITATIOH
I 1 1 IMX
IMO
bull llfclaquo I UCIUKI) Ur C V A r U M A AHO CLIMATOUOCICAL OBitH
E V A F O R A T I C r i Jttffl laquo amp hMIlaquoJllaquoJIIlaquoBgt
DATE AOOITIOMAL DAIAKMAKk M
bullraquobullmdashlaquo
tp 01 (1 Of Ll OOI ooo
0^1 o-i 10 tl |00 102
OC (1 13 Ofl
it i rc DS os an
(1 SV o
Ul 010
(ISl 101 I on
130
II 5= Otl
ss lt 001 (IK Ml
jt il HIT
7 it
ow Wo 17 Top 2-01 OIO
(0 oov zi oot
u CO ^A 0 to Zoi CLflS
bull50 01 ljtj
nshy 5H LO OIt
50121 IVO QJO
14 Co Ho LO Hl ^pound Jl 1
ltM ool fllc
H Tl 01 II
11 11 Q1
iH OIO
HO 2 llaquol 11 II
lifc
IV-IIM ul OIPAITHINT or COHMIICC NOAA
NAtlOHAL gtIATnlaquoll raquotraquoVlClaquo CD
r~
All TCUMMATUNI ^V UII rgt ITmi 1 Cwphu Obic i gtn t ngir-H 30
rilCiriTATIOH
JJ T I rTJ-rimdashr-iramj|MP CLmATOLOQ
laquolaquo jftilCiii bullIHO
Oi1l ADOITIOHAL DAIAlllu
Ilf4ft
Sii1
(1 2 IO OO
Hl ii SO
us OIM
Q^L
a A3 Hi SZ Sf^ bull 12J2
HI Z-SF OOl 1C t HM IA H ICP fiJA
OOl 10 (310 sn 310
if HI (0 ^01
bullit SO 28H poundJ1 11 006
14 35 TX oon II (bull2 it zr II c-S
rr Zll lo 31 OP an 31 a 31 oor
CSW O-ll Si CC Of 011
Oll _ I |ft
00
u i oerraquolaquoTMiMr of c NOAA
NATIONAL K C A T N C M SCMVlCC
TC^S lk)oiVroTJA
TETT I 7X
1raquolaquolaquo 4 bdquo ir lt er ni I^OV ltqgl j--^ TQ
MICiriTAllOH ITIND
D|mdash
b5NO ctiUATOtoiCAL oeit^
OATI AOOITIOMAL OATAVlHAtt
0-tt
Mlaquoh bullbullbull- rshy laquo
I- ltltriu HI I 4 bulllaquobullbull1
Zii
30 Dfellt otvt
at HA
OOI
62
iJ_S2 HI if
bull- 20 SI 2i So
So
VVfr
OSfc
I (
Jtlt
3aoi
r j -bull ie MA
Irill iiol
in^ 14
Mo
Zll
214
21 1P
00-i
bulliron
17
bullr
11 i ir- I J Ktf^c
US D E P A R T M E N T OF COuMEDCC I | C gt A A
K AIlaquo Ttupf lATuit r
|SlVi AlJ PIICIPITATION
oJud (El
VIM i Uraquo
MIND E
EVAPORATIOH flnrft bull A ftufiifccdll
KECORO OF eVAPllHAtlil bull I CLIHATOLOOCAL OBSERVA ^Hij
14 MM A_M AOOIIIONAL DATA11 MAIM
Mr bullH Oo|
M Si lift
bull221 IHI
ZS Ji 40 IZV
icr KS I
HZ 111
bullT 21
loA UK JA IP
v^ ft
1M 2Sshy IT Tl
71 V |
i I 31 1deg a
uty^ U bull3
ons 1 CiO TxX
HHO (10
3H 19 12 10 IP
raquo3H raquo | 5t io
OP OIT
14
vO UI Of PANTMINI Or COMMCRCf MM O A A
F ngt TIHH
iiicffwiffc 4 rJ (TIM bull Cempltit Obitittiio
AIlaquo TIMHIATUM PHICinTATION I V A f OK ATlPrl
OATI ADDITIONAL DATA KMAlIt
U4laquo4 +
03H Ji
10
rc a 1 16 oi ii
tiiy 10
OI
II i23 or o 13 -y~ou HO
II 3V III i 3 t
V laquop oot
OM1 SS ne
T an -i IP
Olt zr LTV
3T 001
a -11 2T
10 an 31
-1 raquo 131 UP 3H lf 14 Lpoundshy
it 14 30
IS
Ui O I P A K T M f H T OP COWlf ICfM O A A
NATJONAI V C A T M C n f t K M V l C K
bullbullbullbullbullshy -2 o AIlaquo TIMMRATUM f fKICIPITATIOH
OATI poundt- MMINMAL DATAk
ZP 51 lo icr
011 111
OoT IHf
Ut 003 am
3o 13 ao
4A X 05shy
H4 i IjJyiV131 ooc js
IH oi 01 tL 18 13 a
No 11-7
rivgtp OO| M Hi 03 01
It 12
bull I 41 bull7119 14 ^^ raquo 31 15 lampk n M ho i
Jo -j-
-J
I
Ml H^ I _
amp2ampUi^= LS 0 S 0-f bullTTT
-Vmdash gt U_ bull 1 rOHM I- 11 OI OCPARTMlNT OF COMM(NCC
HO NATIONAL W f A T M f H ftfraquoVlCI
98
Appendix B
Boring Logs
99
X iHECT 1 ff 2
OAT American Drilling amp Bor ini I Co Inc
wo WATH smn EAST PR ov IDENC E ft 1 Town of South Kingstown South K ngstown R I MOLENO X-J
TC 100 RCSS bull ujrMonitorinq Well Installation | South Kinqjtown R I UNC a STA Pf KXICCTHJ LOC ATK3N
bull cfrserrr TO above S MPLES S FNTTO _ _ |laquolaquor A-109 SURF ELEV RE PORTSEr
GROUND WATER O6SE RVATC MS 1 CDREraquolaquo m-T nn75 laquo A 256 - 20 mdash Hew y
Instolled 32ofT-l2 PV C - JO- COMPUTE 111275 K toia 3- I-WI 1-38 TOTAL MRS bdquo10 screen BORING FCACUAM J K lanq MAI rraquo HomnwWI 300 140 IampPCCrc Mamlaquor Fall 24 30 lampaaiona SOLS ENGR
LOCATION OF BORING H ONITOKING WELL
Coung Samplt Tjp Blow per 6 Manure SOU IDENTIFICATION Strata SAMPLE ^^^yV Bloot
foot
Otptni
From- To
el
l
on Sampler
0-6 1 -6-13 12-18
Dentity or
Conmt j
Chang Remark include colo^ graaation Type of tod lie Rao-coMr type condition nordshynetiDntotf time leamt and tie No Pen Rtlt
2 No top sample 5 12
1 loamy fine sand
bull)^ 40 30 36
5- 616 0 23 20 16
noist iense
Brown fine to coarse SAND some fine to coarse gravel Trace silt
^
1 18 18
36 8-0shy57 40 30 V 35
|0-||-6 D 14 24 20 Srown medium to coarse SAND Some fine gravel cobbles
7 IRshy 16
27 75 37 3
IS- I- D 5 14 16 3bull
ISshy 15
42 50 I9--0shy50 65 20-2ll-6 D 9 23 26 bull Jrown fine to coarse SAND Tbullwshy 1Z 75 90
22-0 Trace silt trace fine gravel
124 120 74 60 52 41
7S-ltlaquoil-A DX 71 16 13 wet very dense
Gray-brown fine to coarse SANC Some fine to coarse gravel little silt
H IR u
40 30--0
3C-30-IO
3l4-334
334-3314
38 4-434
D
c
C
C
7 IflO
94 6
we tr j
y se
ft irox
30MOshy
31 -4shy
Gray-brown fine to coarse SAND Trace silt
Gray-brown fine SAND some lilt trace fine gravel
Too of Rock 31 -4shy
Gray-pink GRANITE
6 7
amp
CJ
IltJ A
60
601
IQ mdash
2(
4
5 i Hard
ft 5ome seams bull
GROUND SURFACE TO J 4 U3CD_ ^JVrf bullbull( tutu t to 4o 4 SampM Type Proportion UMd MOB Wtx 3 OfaM on 2OD Sampler SUMMARY-
OOry CCartd WltWen4 Hoc OlolO Canmonieraquoi Don any CoKeem CarMWncy Earm Barrlaquoj 11 14
UPgtUnOigtturod Piuon trite (Oto20dego 0-Kgt Loei it 0-4 Sait 3O+Hofd Rock Corng 14 Kgt-30 laquo4 0 rte 4-8 MSHM Samplet TPTtitPit Ai Auger Vvanefett tarn 2Olo39 3O-M Owlt n laquo-lS Strlf rinit nn v 1
UTiUndlshffbed ThrMOll and bull 33to9O 5O Very 0laquo nraquoe 19-30 V-3trraquof - | OLE NO X-l
TOVH rim - iA it raquotoraquo
100
SHEET 2 o_L
WO WATEt STUET [AST ft OVIDENC pound a i American Drilling amp Bor ing Co Inc
MCLl WQ X- 1 Tt AOORCSS i
LIME A STA KXICCTMJ tuf same as 1 | tame as i LOCATION
W PORTSEf mo OB nj urt eflaquo T
illtPLES S
P
CVTTO nlaquo mun orv
^s f^ Tin i GRCVMO WATER OBSERVATONS CASING SAMPLER CORE BAR
START Typi COMPUTE tome at 1 same aiH
TOTAL MRS BORIMG FOR CMAN n bull IT INSPECTOR SOILS EMM
LOCATION OF BORING u HfVJTneTfi UFI _
8
Counf Blo-t
foot
Dtpllo
From To
0( on SampMr
0-6 f 6-IZ
Moittir
Oonuty or
Contilt
Strata Ctnngc
SOIL OCNTiriCATION Rtmorkt ineHifl cotot grqdotion Typlaquo of Mil etc Roo-axtrPlaquo condition Mrdshynlaquot Drog tun ttomt end tic
TPlaquoTraquojraquoPit AAugtr ViVon mini tamt 20to39 UTtundiifir6d TrwMOtf and JSloSO 50-raquobull Vary 0nlaquo [HOLE NO x-2 B-3O V-3Mf lev rim - IAIT raquosectlaquoraquo
102
300 iu 24
1 UMnii ffi 140 laquo 30
CA1INC tf
gt taWCTf
bull 0gtlaquo i R Cook Jr_ R Millineton1 Wttn
I~
1 VAMtl CtMG
1 W HO-t MO
1 Oraquo 1 laquo0~ twt
L 1 laquo-raquo VfcM^lf [wlaquoraquoCI ^ ^ K3Ot III laquo
0-LS D
5-65 D
LlQ 10-115 D
15-16 Tgt
Lraquo 70-51 n
25-26 D
F
I O-O Ci
A Allstate Drill ins Co vi o i
PROVIDING R 1bull raquoraquo uvraquonn~ N M O M I T O P I N G HE1 _^lt -^ PI-Traquo UJU
CUM Town of South Kineraquotown raquoraquo 1 1TA maoer Propolaquolaquod Sit for Slude Disposal nltn
laquo V-449 iampAAtut i a 138 ort STI bull r 42777 CtOuMO IKVtllON
Cill bdquo 258 DA II MN ru 42777 rilaquolaquodO laquoraquoTti rum 1911
AU1TATI
MMUI1 raquolaquogtlaquolaquo laquoKiO itXHHKraquoriOi of sous MUAHI nMTKlion Ot CMlaquoMC|kOraquort tl CO~VH DXltgt raquomlaquo laquotf IMi COIOI C4l II I 1raquo gtlaquo^ Oraquo 1Ol rC t Xgttgt VtfKOe Craquo Mi 1 ft liMraquoK laquo0^tlaquot nfgt
1-2-1 10 TOP SOIL FINE LIGHT BROWN SAND traclaquo of ilt
16-31-17
22-24-21 100 FINE TO MEDIUM LIGHT GRAY SAND trace of fine gravlaquol and raquopoundLt
lfl-37-34 150 LIGHT BROWN FINE TO MEDIUM SAND little poundinlaquo gravel
21-17-15 200 MEDIUM TO COARSE SAND bullomc fine gravel
12-4-10
265
Observation well installed
NOTE No casing blows taktn
bullbull B-23 ow
^w^ 265 I raquo bull raquolaquo bull I W
11 laquot gtbullraquo Vlaquo 14 W gt_ c-shyji bull alaquo bull jraquo VI laquoHshyw bullbull m raquobullbull D-6 raquo Mshy
bull bull laquo Vshy
1
bull bull
I
103
MAMMII Allstate Drilling Co ulaquorr 1 or 1 FftOVIOCKZ H L traquolS mTArm^S MONITOR NR WEL
VNO wr3JJO__raquoraquou_24__ HCU MO P-74 n iu riBwi Town of Slt7H^ Xirpin
mdash^ laquo0J P 1 1 bull ^n^ciit^o TVlaquow^laquott1 bullraquoit wt 140 nu 30 olaquor fBu lkv Waste Disposal Arcai
MUTAH a V-449 R Cook Jr UMlaquoiigti D 1 38 0t| raquoIJ raquo 5277 rlaquo SUMO luvlaquorv-laquow
mdash 5277 fipe -raquoT pfpm 150
H MCIO IMNTlXAflON Of SOU t(kAIlaquoS rrn 0-laquoraquo
5 -SF 01 w in laquobull -raquo ^ lit
D 1-2-2 TOP SOIL V-1-oraquo
15 IPbull FINE TO MEDIUM LIGHT GRAY SAND AND GRAVEL
5-65 D 37-27-35 some silt
10-11 D 20-14-18
15-165 D i 17-14-14 155
BROWN COARSE TO MEDIUM SAND little fine to coarse gravel trace of silt
20-211 D 4-4-2
230 GRAY BROWN VERY FINE SAND
25-26J D 7-8-9 AND SILT 265 fvarvedl
Observation well installed
NOTE No casing blows taken
wta 10 n uuraquo c^imdashbull IgtM laquolaquobull- B-24 ow ~ 14 ltfc laquoraquobull vlaquo^ M laquobull r O 0 fmtt bull W-L 26 5
-0- CgtCmdashgt bull laquolaquobull mdash laquo 1 - raquoraquo 1 gt 1laquo bull 1 gtraquor to bull mdashbull bull bull bulllaquo I t l~laquo 1lt Uraquo mdashbull ) bull 1 gtbull ft 0~ H laquoy bullM ta bull -IN la laquobull OPUM bull($ IMI
mdash H raquo laquo-bull
104
Appendix C
Calibration of Specific Conductance Meters
105
Specific conductance measurements were made using a beckman RB
338 temperature compensating meter and a YSI rtooel 33 salinity
conductivity temperature meter The YSI meter is not
temperature correcting A formula to compensate for temperature
differences to standardize YSI measurements was used (21)
A long probe for the Beckman meter was used to measure conductivity
in the wells Differences in conductivity between the YSI ana
Beckman meters and the Beckman short and long probes exist These
were calibrated in the laboratory using 001 N and 01 N KC1
solutions Values presented are Beckman short probe values The
Beckman long probe values were reduced by 76 and tne YSI values
were multiplied by 11 to adjust to Beckman short probe values The
YSI meter was used in the latter phases of the study for the
stream contamination due to the greater accuracy of the dial readout
scale
Table 7 Specific Conductance Meter Calibration Table
Concentration (KCL) 0001N 001N
Specific Beckman short 145 143 143 1247 1245 12GO
Conductances Beckman long 190 191 188 1639 1650 1665
umhocm 9 25 C YSI 132 131 128 1131 1140 1150
average values Beckman shortBeckman long = 075
Beckman shortYSI = 11
106
Appendix D
Computer program Flow Chart
107
F1g 33 Computer Program Flow Chart-
1TpoundR MAP TCO
NEWPER
WEWSTP CZAX
HEWIT TRANS TCOF ROW COLUMN
Yes
Yes
108 The following is a description of the USGS two-dimensional computer
program Iterative Digital Model for Aquifer Evaluation updated
December 1972 by P C Trescott The program written in Fortran
consists of a MAIN program and six subprograms or subroutines which
themselves are organized into subprogram sections The subroutines and
their sections are listed below
MAIN Program
DATAIN (subroutine) COEF ITER (section) CLAY MAP TRANS NEWPER TCOF
The program begins in the MAIN program which controls the sequence
of passage to the subroutines Sequential steps are described in the
program as shown in the flow chart of Fig 32 Emphasis is placed on the
steady state confined aquifer case as applied in this study First data
input is read in the DATAIN subroutine This data includes transmissivities
or permeabilities starting heads storage coefficients and grid spacings
Nodal transmissivity values are then computed for the water-table problem
in the TRANS section (COEF subroutine) This procedure is necessary here
because the subsequent routine for computing iteration parameters (ITER)
keys on nodal transmissivity values which would not have been input to
the water-table problem In the water-table option these would have been
109
computed from given bedrock and water-table elevations to obtain the
saturated thickness component of the transmissivity calculation In this
study water-table option was not used and the transmissivity values were
input directly The program then passes to the ITER section (DATAIN
subroutine) to compute the iteration parameters which expediate or even
cause convergence Next the MAP section (DATAIN subroutine) is utilized
to initialize data for an alphanumeric map if this was requested in the
input options Transmissivities are then computed for the confined
(artesian) aquifer case (water table not specified with input options)
in the TCOF section (COEF subroutine) These coefficients are harmonic
mean values of adjacent nodal transmissivities weighted by grid sizes
Time parameters and pumping data for a new pumping period are then read
in the NEWPER section (DATAIN subroutine) followed by entry into the
NEWSTP section (COMPUT subroutine) which calculates the size of the
time step Leakage coefficients (hydraulic conductivity of the confining
bed divided by confining bed thickness) are next computed in the CLAY
section (COEF subroutine) if leakage was specified in the input data
which was used in this study
A new iteration is then initiated in sections NEWITO (COMPUT
subroutine) NEWITO saves the current head values and compares them to
the updated head values for determining closure This is followed by
nodal transmissivity values being computed for the water table or water-
table artesian conversion problem Transmissivity coefficients are then
computed for the water-table problem in TCOF (COEF subroutine) Total
head values are then computed with the alternating direction implicit
procedure using the Thomas algorithim first along rows in the ROW section
110 and then along columns in the COLUMN section both in the COMPUT subroutine
Then if a solution is not obtained (because the error criteria for
closure is not satisfied) the MAIN program branches back to NEWIT1 subshy
sequent sections TRANS TCOF ROW and COLUMN repeatedly until a
solution at the particular time step is achieved NEWIT1 increments the
iteration counter and is immediately followed by NEWITO The program then
moves to the STEADY section of the COMPUT subroutine to check if the
closure criteria for steady state has been satisfied Output is then
printed in the OUTPUT section of COMPUT if steady state has been reached
or if the particular time step is designated for output
The program then branches back to NEWSTP (COMPUT subroutine) and
moves through the subsequent routines until the last time step in the
pumping period is reached Output is then promoted in the DRY section
of COMPUT if specified in input data If the last pumping period in
the problem has not been reached the program branches back to the
NEWPER section and moves again through subsequent sections otherwise
the program will terminate or start a new problem if one follows
This study was simulated as a steady state problem which can be
simulated by setting the storage coefficient of the aquifer and the
specific storage of the confining bed to zero and using one time step
of any length
111
Appendix E
Computer Data Sheets
RGSEA
10 ROSE HILL LANDFILL MODEL 20 30 40 LEAKAGE 50 60 70 CHECK 80 90 100 HEAD 110 120 1 23 IQ 100 5 001 37E-OU 0 130 100 001 0 0 1 4 0 - 1 - 1 1 - 1 - 1 i i i i i i 1
ISO 1 10 0 1547E-05 01 10 1 1 160 04642 200 200 1 1 i it
1 Agpar MA and 0 Langmuir Ground-Water Pollution Potential of a Landfill Above tne Water Table Groundwater V 9 No 6 1971 pp 76-96
2 Allen William B Hahn GW and RA Brackley Availability of Ground Water Upper Pawcatuck River Basin Rhode Island USGS US Government Printing-office GS 66-624 19bb
3 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Part 31 Open Channel Flow Measurement of Water and Waste Water by Weirs D 2034-68 1975
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