ASSESSMENT AND SURVEILLANCE OF DRINKING WATER QUALITY Guide : Dr.Ansuman Panigrahi Associate Professor Dept . Of Community Medicine,KIMS Presented By : Dr . Shalini Ray 1
May 25, 2015
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ASSESSMENT AND SURVEILLANCE
OF DRINKING WATER QUALITY
Guide : Dr.Ansuman Panigrahi
Associate Professor Dept . Of Community Medicine,KIMS
Presented By: Dr . Shalini Ray
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Quality
Quantity
WATER AND HEALTH
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The WHO published guideline for drinking water quality.
Its implementation ensures safety of drinking water supplies.
Guidelines for drinking water quality recommended by WHO (2011) relate to :
I. Acceptability aspects II. Microbiological aspects III. Chemical aspects IV. Radiological aspects
GUIDELINES FOR DRINKING WATER QUALITY:
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Acceptability
Physical parameters
Inorganic constituents
I. ACCEPTABILITY ASPECTS:
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Turbidity Drinking water should be free from turbidity.
Interferes with disinfection and microbiological determination.
Acceptable level - turbidity of less than 4 NTU
Measured with Turbidity meter
PHYSICAL PARAMETERS
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Drinking water should be free from colour . Organic matter, iron , manganese , industrial waste
etc. The guideline value - 15 true colour units (TCU).
Colour
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Develop due to contamination by chemicals. Storage and distribution.
Indicative of pollution or malfunction during water treatment or distribution.
Taste and odour :
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Low water temperature Decrease the efficiency of treatment process. High water temperature Enhances the taste, odour . Corrosion problem may increase. No guideline value is recommended.
Temperature:
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All water including rain water contain chlorides.
Standard level for chloride - 200 mg/ litre .
Maximum permissible level - 600 mg/ litre
Measured by spectrophotometer or titration method.
Spectrophotometer
INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS Chlorides:
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Taste threshold for calcium ion - 100-300 mg/ litre .
Excessive soap consumption and scum formation. Forms deposits of calcium carbonate scale on
heating. Soft water : low buffer capacity ,corrosive for water
pipes. Measured by titration method.
Hardness:
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Ammonia originates from metabolic, agricultural and industrial processes and from disinfection with chloramine .
Natural levels - below 0.2 mg/ litre Anaerobic ground water contains 3mg/ litre Its presence indicates pollution by bacteria , sewage
or animal waste.
Ammonia
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pH< 7 causes severe corrosion Acceptable range - 6.5 to 8.5. Measured with pH meter
pH
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Acceptable limits- 0.05-0.1 mg/l Gives rotten egg odour (stagnant water) Iron On exposure to atmosphere ferrous iron oxidises to
ferric ion Gives reddish brown colour to water Deposit slimy coating on pipes Sodium Measured with Flame photometer. Average taste threshold for sodium - 200 mg/ l
Hydrogen sulphide:
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Flame photometer
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Important effect on taste of water Acceptability levels of TDS -<1000mg/litre Excessive levels cause scaling of boilers , pipes
Zinc Gives undesirable astringent taste Zinc content >5mg/litre gives opalescent look and
greasy film on boiling Manganese Acceptable levels-<0.1mg/litre Excess Mg stains sanitary ware and laundry
Total dissolved solids(TDS)
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Increases corrosion of steel fittings Concentration >1mg/litre cause staining of laundry and
sanitary ware
Aluminium Concentration >0.2mg/l leads to deposition Aluminium
hydroxide floc.
Copper
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Bacteriological indicators
Virological aspects
Biological aspects
ii) MICROBIOLGICAL ASPECTS
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Coliform organisms- Present in human intestine Presence indicates faecal contamination Faecal streptococci- Occur in faeces Confirmatory evidence of recent faecal
contamination Cl.perfringens – Resist chlorination Presence suggest faecal contamination
Bacteriological aspects
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Coliforms - Faecal groups -E coli Non Faecal – Klebsiella aerogens
Why coliforms? Coliforms are abundant in intestine(200-400billion/day) Easily detected by culture Survive longer than other pathogens Greater resistance to forces of natural purification
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Bacteriological quality of drinking water
ORGANISMS GUIDELINE VALUE
All water intended for drinking Must not be detectable in any 100ml sample
Treated water entering distribution system(E.coli ,total coliform count)
Must not be detectable in any 100ml sample
Treated water entering distribution system(E.coli ,total coliform count)
Must not be detectable in any 100ml sampleIn c/o large supplies, must not be present in 95% of samples taken throughout any 12month period
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Virological aspects
Free from virus Disinfect with 0.5 mg/ml of free chlorine
residual after contact period of at least 30 minutes at pH 8.(Hep A)
Others need 0.2 mg/ml Criteria
Ozone :0.2-0.4 mg/ml for 4 minutes
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Biological aspects
Protozoa- E.histolytica , Balantidium coli Helminths- Infective form of round worm, hook worm
dracunculus medinensis , schistosomes Free living- fungi ,algae interfere with water treatment
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Giardia lamblia
Guinea worm disease
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Chemical aspects
Inorganic constituents
Organic constituents
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INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
Inorganic constituents
Guideline value
Arsenic 0.01mg/lCadmium 0.3ug/lChromium 0.05 mg/lCyanide 0.07 mg/l , acute toxicityFluoride 1.5mg/lLead 0.01mg/lMercury 0.006 mg/lNitrate 50mg/lNitrite 3mg/lSelenium 0.01mg/l
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Nitrate & nitrite – nitrate - 50 mg/l nitrite – 3 mg/l Conc: of nitrate + Conc:of nitrite = < 1 G.value of nitrate G.value of nitrite
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ORGANIC CONSTITUENTSORGANIC CONSTITUENTS UPPER LIMIT OF CONC(mcg/l)
CHLORINATED ALKANES
CCl4 2
dichloromethane 20
CHLORINATED ETHENES
Vinyl chloride 55
1.1-dichloroethene 30
1.2-dichloroethene 50
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
benzene 10
toluene 700
xylene 500
Ethyl benzene 300
styrene 20
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PAH Guidelines
PAH and turbidity Restriction on coal tar based lining in storage tanks Source of contamination should be identified
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Radiological aspects:
Radioactivity should be as low as possible Guideline values- Gross alpha activity-0.5 Bq /L Gross beta activity- 1.0 Bq /L 1Bq= 1 disintegration per second
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SURVEILLANCE OF DRINKING WATER QUALITY
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“ Continuous and vigilant public health assessment
and overview of the safety and acceptability of
drinking-water supplies”(WHO-1976)
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Quality Quantity Accessibility Affordability Continuity of drinking-water supplies
Service indicators
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•At home•Source•Safe source•Ways to prevent
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Identify & evaluate factors associated with drinking water which could pose a health risk
To take both preventive & remedial action
For development of rational strategies for improvement of quality of water supply services
To meet agreed national standards & institutional targets
Objectives of Surveillance :
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Audit approach
Information regarding system performance
Review records to ensure data is reliable.
Surveillance approach:
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Activities In Surveillance FunctionApproval of new sources(Including private owned)
Watershed protectionApproval-construction & operating procedures of water
works disinfection of the plant & distribution system periodic flushing programmes & cleaning of water storage facilities certification of operators regulation of chemical substances Cross-connection control ,back flow prevention ,leak detection control
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Sanitary surveys
Monitoring programmes
Development of codes of practice for well construction ,pump installation and plumbing
Inspection quality control in bottled water
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Elements of surveillance programme
Sanitary Survey Sampling Bacteriological Surveillance 1)Presumptive Coliform Test - Multiple Tube Method Membrane Filtration Technique 2)Detection Of Faecal Strep & Cl.Perfringes 3)Colony Count Biological Examination Chemical Surveillance
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A sanitary survey defined as “an on-site inspection and evaluation by a qualified
person of all the conditions, devices, and practices in the water supply system which pose a danger to the health and well being of the water consumer ”
Sanitary survey:
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A new source is being contemplated Laboratory analysis indicates hazard to health An outbreak occurs To interpret bacteriological, chemical and physical
analyses of samples When any change takes place that can affect the
water system, e.g. industries coming up in watershed and
On a regular basis
When sanitary survey is done?:
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Ensure no external contamination Asepsis Glass bottles with securely fitting stoppers
or caps with non toxic liners.
Sample for general analysis= 2 litres(non-acidified) Bacteriological analysis=250 ml (sterilized bottle) Metals analysis=1000 ml (acidified sample)
Sampling :
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Sampling done by sampling assistant
Winchester Quart bottles for physical & chemical examination:
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Water from a tap in a distribution system
Water from watercourse (river, lake,well etc)
2 basic types of sources for sampling
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Sampling technique
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Sampling from well
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Sampling from reservoir
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Date Time of collection Despatch Source Rainfall Findings
Transport & storage of sample
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Presumptive Coliform Test
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For confirmed test
Take the positive tube from the presumptive test
Incubate one plate at 37°C for 24 hours and another at 44.5°C for 24 hours.
Look for typical colonies in the media ; blue black with green metallic sheen colonies are of E. coli
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Membrane filteration technique
Lactose Tegritol agar Membrane lauryl sulfate lactose
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Nutrient agar at 37 deg C and 22 deg C An estimate of the general bacterial purity of water. Same source at frequent intervals may be of
considerable value. A sudden increase in the colony count may give the
earliest indication of contamination.
COLONY COUNT
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The recommended plate counts are
Water at the point of consumption
Plate count after 2 days at 37 deg C
Plate count after 3 days at 22 deg
( i ) Disinfected 0 20
(ii) Not - disinfected 10 100
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The National Rural Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Programme was launched in February 2006 (2005-06)
Institutionalization of community participation and involvement of PRIs for water quality monitoring & surveillance of all drinking water sources
Jal surakshak
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Park K. Textbook of preventive and social medicine. 22nd ed. Jabalpur (India): Bhanot publishers; 2009. p. 667-78.
WHO - Guidelines for Drinking-water quality: surviellance & control of community supplies. Vol.3, Recommendations. – 3rd ed.
Uniform Drinking Water Quality Monitoring Protocol: Govt Of India, Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation ; Feb 2013
http://www.mdws.gov.in/wqms
References
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Thank you