Assessing the Values of Cultural Heritage

Assessing the Values of Cultural Heritage: Research ReportAssessing the Values of Cultural Heritage Research Report The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles
Assessing the Values of Cultural Heritage
Research Report
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Introduction Marta de la Torre and Randall Mason
Essays
Methodological Issues and Choices Randall Mason
Anthropological-Ethnographic Methods
Setha M. Low
Evidence and Prospects Susana Mourato and Massimiliano Mazzanti
Numbness and Sensitivity in the Elicitation
of Environmental Values Theresa Satterfield
Cultural Capital and Sustainability Concepts
in the Economics of Cultural Heritage David Throsby
Meeting Participants
who helped us define directions and identify critical issues.
The work of Randall Mason and Erica Avrami at the start
of this research set the stage for the discussions of a group
of specialists that met at the Getty Conservation Institute
in March . The names of those participating in that
meeting are included at the end of this report. We would
like to acknowledge their valuable contribution and con-
tinued support of this project.


Introduction By Marta de la Torre and Randall Mason
T on the research on values and economics of cultural heritage which was started at the Getty Conservation Institute in .1 The early results of this project highlighted some issues fundamental to the field that were in need of further consideration. Among these were the lack of recognized and widely accepted methodologies for the assessment of cultural values, as well as the difficulties of comparing the results of eco- nomic and cultural values assessments.
The research we report in this publication starts to address these issues by focusing on methods of identify- ing, articulating, and establishing cultural significance. Cultural significance is used here to mean the importance of a site as determined by the aggregate of values attributed to it. The values considered in this process should include those held by experts—the art historians, archaeologists, architects, and others—as well as other values brought forth by new stakeholders or constituents, such as social and economic values.2
Value has always been the reason underlying her- itage conservation. It is self-evident that no society makes an effort to conserve what it does not value. Why, then, this current interest in values? Until recent times, the heritage field was relatively isolated, composed of small groups of specialists and experts. These groups deter- mined what constituted “heritage” and how it should be conserved. The “right to decide” of these specialists was validated by the authorities who funded their work. There was a tacit agreement between the groups with the power to act.
In recent decades, the concept of what is heritage has evolved and expanded, and new groups have joined the specialists in its identification. These groups of citi- zens, of professionals from other fields, and of representa- tives of special interests arrive in the heritage field with their own criteria and opinions—their own “values”— which often differ from our own as heritage specialists.
This democratization is a positive development in our field and bears witness to the importance of heritage in today’s society. Nonetheless, this aperture has brought new considerations to the discussions and has made them much more complex. Today the opinions of experts are often a few among many, in an arena where it is recog- nized that heritage is multivalent and that values are not immutable. In this changed environment, the articulation and understanding of values have acquired greater impor- tance when heritage decisions are being made about what to conserve, how to conserve it, where to set priorities, and how to handle conflicting interests.
As conservation professionals, we are familiar and comfortable with the assessment methods used by traditional heritage experts. However, to identify and measure “social” values, we must venture into new areas. The stakeholders of social values are usually members of the public who have not traditionally participated in our work or had their opinions taken into consideration. Today, as we recognize the importance of including all stakeholders in the process, we must turn to other disci- plines to bring these new groups into the discussions.
The papers in this report present some tools that have been used in other fields and that hold promise for the tasks at hand. The first paper offers a review of the issues associated with the assessment of values in relation to cultural heritage. As an introduction to the methods presented in other contributions, it includes an overview of the “expert” methods already in use in the cultural field and identifies some of the challenges that lie ahead as we attempt to integrate these more traditional tools of the cultural field with others that must be imported to serve new needs. The anthropological and ethnographic meth- ods presented by Setha M. Low are some of the methods introduced relatively recently to assess social values, and they are already being used to bring new groups of stake- holders into the values identification process. The field of environmental conservation has a relatively long tradition of consultation with a broad spectrum of stakeholders. Approaches from the environmental field are often held up as examples to be emulated in the heritage field, and
Theresa Satterfield’s contribution analyzes the assessment tools most used in that discipline. Her balanced evaluation should help us as we consider importing into our field some of those methods.
Economists seem to have the most developed and widely accepted value assessment tools. However, as has been discussed in our earlier report on the economics of heritage,3 these tools might not be as accurate in meas- uring cultural values as has been accepted in the past. A number of economists are now searching for ways of honing their tools to make them more useful in the heritage field. Susana Mourato and Massimilano Mazzanti give us a detailed account of the tools used in their field and of the weaknesses and strengths of the various meth- ods. Not surprisingly, recognizing that conservation is multidisciplinary, their conclusions point to collaboration with other disciplines.
Discussions of values, of how social contexts shape heritage and conservation, and of the imperative of public participation are issues that challenge conventional notions of conservation professionals’ responsibilities. How to champion conservation principles (traditional ones, centered on the sanctity and inherent meaningful- ness of material heritage) while managing an open, demo- cratic process that may conclude by underselling conser- vation in favor of other social goals? This issue gets to the essential nature of the field and of conservation as a pro- fession: “Are we advocates? Are we neutral professionals and experts?”
Conservation professionals are faced with two particular challenges arising out of these social and politi- cal contexts: challenges of power sharing and challenges of collaboration. Broader participation poses a challenge to the roles and responsibilities of conservation profes- sionals: some suggest that bringing conservation policies and decisions in line with democratic values would under- mine the authority of conservation professionals and would even amount to an abdication of professional responsibility. In other words, democratization of conser- vation decision making could contradict the professional devotion to conservation—what happens when the democracy of voices decides that a heritage site can be destroyed? Do we as conservation professionals have a right, or even a responsibility, to speak against the demo- cratic will?
But the probability is not that actual decision making power will be democratized but, rather, that the process of value elicitation will be included. Democratiza- tion of the processes of consultation and assessment of
heritage values is not likely to be a threat to the sover- eignty of the field, but it still requires a change of attitude and training. The inevitability of trade-offs and compro- mises and the respectful and meaningful gathering of dif- ferent modes of valuing have to be recognized.
Using new methods from different fields means collaborating with more and different professionals (anthropologists and economists, for instance). Such collaboration raises questions about who is in charge of which part of the process. What are the relative roles and contributions and responsibilities of this different cast of characters? Does the conservation professional’s role become that of an orchestrator of specialists? Or of one specialist among others? It seems that the conservation professional has moved to play the dual role of specialist and orchestrator. The tasks associated with the latter function call for new ways of thinking as well as for new skills.
In the last paper of this report, David Throsby provides us with some principles that can help to shape the new role of the conservation specialist. Advocating the principles of sustainability, we can moderate the dis- cussions of a broad set of stakeholders while setting in place a number of filters that will promote decisions in this arena that protect the heritage while making it rele- vant to society.
The challenge ahead is to continue searching for the means to serve the public good by preserving material remains of the past.
Notes
. R. Mason, ed., Economics and Heritage Conservation (Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute, ); E. Avrami and R. Mason, eds., Values and Heritage Conservation (Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute, ).
. Value can be defined simply as a set of positive characteristics or qualities perceived in cultural objects or sites by certain individuals or groups.
. Mason, ed., Economics and Heritage Conservation.


Assessing Values in Conservation Planning: Methodological Issues and Choices By Randall Mason
C —whether they are concerned with giving a building “heritage” status, deciding which building to invest in, planning for the future of a historic site, or applying a treatment to a monument—use an articulation of heritage values (often called “cultural significance”)1 as a reference point. Assessment of the values attributed to heritage is a very important activity in any conservation effort, since values strongly shape the decisions that are made. However, even though values are widely understood to be critical to understanding and planning for heritage conservation, there is little knowl- edge about how, pragmatically, the whole range of her- itage values can be assessed in the context of planning and decision making. This paper aims to explore value assess- ment as a particular aspect of conservation planning and management.2 Purposely broad in scope, what follows sets a context for the other contributions in this volume by relating issues of value and methodology, as seen by different disciplines, to the problems of conservation plan- ning and policy.
Methodologically, assessment of heritage values is fraught with difficulties. These problems stem from fac- tors such as the diverse nature of heritage values (there are many kinds of values—cultural, economic, political, aesthetic, and more—some of which overlap or compete), the fact that values change over time and are strongly shaped by contextual factors (such as social forces, eco- nomic opportunities, and cultural trends), the fact that these values sometimes conflict, and the wide variety of methodologies and tools for assessing the values (as used by a wide variety of disciplines and professions).
All models for values-based conservation include a step in which the significance of the site or building in question is established (Figure ).3 Too often, experts determine significance on the basis of a limited number of established criteria. As an alternative to this approach, this paper argues for a deliberate, systematic, and trans- parent process of analyzing and assessing all the values of heritage.
For purposes of planning and management, value assessment presents a threefold challenge: identify- ing all the values of the heritage in question; describing them; and integrating and ranking the different, some- times conflicting values, so that they can inform the reso- lution of different, often conflicting stakeholder interests (Figure ).
This paper explores issues, methodologies, and tools4 applicable to value assessment, and its goal is to generate guidance for selecting appropriate methodolo- gies (strategies) and tools (tasks) to assess heritage values as part of integrated conservation planning. This research goal stems from the realization that the conservation field, at present, is not very proficient at gauging all the values of heritage.
This paper proceeds from a few assumptions regarding the problems of value assessment in conserva- tion planning:
• heritage conservation is best understood as a sociocultural activity, not simply a technical practice; it encompasses many activities preceding and following any act of material intervention;
• it is important to consider the contexts of a her- itage conservation project—social, cultural, economic, geographical, administrative—as seriously and as deeply as the artifact/site itself is considered;
• the study of values is a useful way of understand- ing the contexts and sociocultural aspects of heritage con- servation;
• heritage values are, by nature, varied, and they are often in conflict;
• traditional modes of assessing “significance” rely heavily on historical, art historical, and archaeological notions held by professionals, and they are applied basi- cally through unidisciplinary means;

• no single discipline or method yields a full or sufficient assessment of heritage values; therefore, a com- bination of methods from a variety of disciplines should be included in any comprehensive assessment of the val- ues of a heritage site;
• conservation management and planning should employ a strategy of inclusiveness by calling on different disciplines and bringing in the views of “insiders” and “outsiders” in the planning process;
• a more encompassing assessment of heritage values, and integration of these different values, will lead to better, more sustainable conservation planning and management;
• the test of more effective conservation planning is its responsiveness to the needs of stakeholders, commu- nities, and contemporary society.
In the remaining sections of this paper, four specific questions are explored (in the same sequence that one would encounter them in a planning process):
• Characterizing values: How can the wide range of heritage values be identified and characterized in a way that is relevant to all the disciplines and stakeholders involved?
• Methodological issues and strategies for assessing heritage values: What kinds of methodological strategies and specific assessment tools are available and appropriate for assessing heritage values?
• Tools for eliciting heritage values: How can the views of the many parties with a stake in a heritage site be accommodated in the conservation planning process, including its specific value-assessment phase?
• Integrating assessments and guiding decision making: Once the range of heritage values has been articulated, how can they inform decision making?
Figure Planning process methodology.
Integration of
Characterizing Values
As a prelude to specific discussions of value assessment, this section delves into characterizing the notion of value as a guiding idea in heritage conservation. One of the core assumptions of this paper is the usefulness of the “values” perspective to illuminate conservation and man- agement planning issues and make these activities more effective.
Values in Conservation
Values is most often used in one of two senses: first, as morals, principles, or other ideas that serve as guides to action (individual and collective); and second, in reference to the qualities and characteristics seen in things, in partic- ular the positive characteristics (actual and potential).5
This paper is concerned directly with the second defini- tion. The perspective taken here is an anthropological one, and it values the attempt to understand the full range of values and valuing processes attached to heritage— as opposed to the normative, art historical view common in the conservation field, which a priori privileges artistic and historical values over others.
Figure The cultural significance/value assessment process. This three-part model of value assessment is a more detailed rendering of the “Cultural significance/value assessment” oval occupying the center of the planning process methodology (Figure ). With the different parts of the value- assessment process identified, planners can apply a logical sequence of tasks to generate and collect knowledge about values and use this within the overall planning process.
Integration of
Assessments and
establishing policy
resources
Cultural Significance/Value Assessment
Tool Group process
Value suggests usefulness and benefits. Heritage is valued not as an intellectual enterprise but because (as one aspect of material culture) it plays instrumental, symbolic, and other functions in society. This will become clearer below, as different types of heritage value are described.
In the sphere of material heritage, the simple question of “What is the value of this thing?” provokes a whole range of answers, all meaningful and legitimate— and therein lies an important issue. In a given moment, a given heritage site, building, or object has a number of different values ascribed to it—heritage is multivalent. As an example, take a hypothetical old church: it has spiritual value as a place of worship; it has historical value because of the events that have transpired there (or simply because it is old); it has aesthetic value because it is beautiful and a fine work of architecture; it has economic value as a piece of real estate; it has political value as a symbolic represen- tation of a certain kind of social order; and so on. What’s more, the different values that can be discerned corre- spond to different stakeholders or expert observers. This multivalence is an essential quality of heritage and, as argued below, logically suggests a pluralistic, eclectic approach to value assessment.
A second important insight about heritage values is that they are contingent, not objectively given. The values of heritage are not simply “found” and fixed and unchanging, as was traditionally theorized in the conser- vation field (i.e., the notion of heritage values being intrinsic). Values are produced out of the interaction of an artifact and its contexts; they don’t emanate from the arti- fact itself. Values can thus only be understood with refer- ence to social, historical, and even spatial contexts— through the lens of who is defining and articulating the value, why now, and why here? For conservation profes- sionals, this requires some substantial rethinking of the kinds of research and knowledge that are needed to sup- port conservation. Traditionally, values were articulated by experts’ analysis of heritage as a work of art or a record of the past. Only recently has the conservation field begun to embrace such factors as economics, cultural change, public policy, and social issues—and they have yet to be fully integrated into the field.
“Where do values come from?” has been a ques- tion of considerable debate. Should material culture rec- ognized as heritage be said to have some intrinsic value (unchanging and universal), or should heritage value be seen as radically and essentially extrinsic and constructed
out of the various social contexts of the object, building, or site? The answer seems to lie somewhere in between: value is formed in the nexus between ideas and things. The viewpoint adopted in this research borrows from both ends of this spectrum: on one hand, everything anointed as heritage will, by definition, have some kind of heritage value (aside from whether the value is primarily historic, artistic, or social). In other words, anything defined as heritage is said to intrinsically and tautologi- cally possess some kind of heritage value (though the nature of that value is not…