Assessing the performance of cold climate natural wetlands in the treatment of domestic wastewater effluents in northern Canada Gordon Balch ‡ , Brent Wootton ‡ , Colin Yates † , Sven Jørgensen ¥ and Annie Chouinard § ‡ Centre for Alternative Wastewater Treatment, Fleming College, Lindsay † Faculty of Environment, University of Waterloo,Waterloo ¥ Water Research Laboratories, ASP,Væløse, Denmark § Civil Engineering Queen’s University, Kingston
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Assessing the performance of cold climate natural
wetlands in the treatment of domestic wastewater
effluents in northern Canada
Gordon Balch‡, Brent Wootton‡, Colin Yates†, Sven Jørgensen¥ and Annie Chouinard§
‡Centre for Alternative Wastewater Treatment, Fleming College, Lindsay †Faculty of Environment, University of Waterloo, Waterloo
¥ Water Research Laboratories, ASP, Væløse, Denmark § Civil Engineering Queen’s University, Kingston
NTW: Edzo, Fort Providence, Paulatuk, Taloyoak, Ulukhaktuk
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16 Rate Coefficients
Range 0.05-2.0
% Derivation of Simulation from
Measured
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Nunavut NTW BOD5 Ammonium Total
Phosphorus BOD5 Ammonium Total
Phosphorus
Arviat 18 7 2 Edzo 8 15 9
Coral Harbour 5 14 8
Fort Providence 79 57 56
Gjoa Haven 2 3 12 Paulatuk 30 10 1
Pond Inlet 5 4 4 Taloyoak 15 2 9
Repusle Bay 5 4 4 Ulukhaktuk 5 16 11
Whale Cove 64 10 34
• Provides the lagoon operator the ability to forecast how the wetland will respond
• Forecast future capacities and needs
Calibration of Problematic Sites
for BOD5
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Before Calibration After Calibration
Community Measured Simulated % Diff Simulated % Diff
Whale Cove 21 8.6 64 21 0.5
Paulatuk 2 13 30 1.9 0.3
Fort Providence 32 9.8 79 34 6.4
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Summary
Report
• 380 pages
• Provides background to
studies
• Overview of wetlands
• Interpretation of the
data
• All raw data appended
• Predictive tools
• User manual for
SubWet 2.0
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cawt.ca
SubWet published literature
Chouinard, A., Balch, G.B., Wootton, B.C., Jørgensen, S.E. and Anderson, B.C., 2014. Modelling the performance of treatment wetlands in a cold climate. In Advances in the Ecological Modelling and Ecological Engineering applied on Lakes and Wetlands. 1st Edition. Jørgensen, S.E.; Chang, N.B.; Fuliu, X., Eds. Elsevier: Amsterdam, Netherlands
Chouinard, A., Yates, C.N., Balch, G.C., Jørgensen, S.E., Wootton, B.C., Anderson, B.C., 2014. Management of Tundra Wastewater Treatment Wetlands within a Lagoon/Wetland Hybridized Treatment System Using the SubWet 2.0 Wetland Model. Water, 6(3):439-454
Yates, C. N., Wootton, B. C., and Murphy, S. D., 2012. Performance assessment of Arctic tundra municipal wastewater treatment wetlands through an Arctic summer. Ecological Engineering, 44(0), 160-173
Huang, J.J., Gao, X., Balch, G., Wootton, B., Jørgensen, S.E., Anderson, B. 2014. Modelling of vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands for treatment of domestic sewage and stormwater runoff by subwet 2.0. Ecological Engineering 74:8-12.
Huang, J.J., Gao, X., Balch, G., Wootton, B., Jørgensen, S.E., Anderson, B. 2014. submitted. The comparison of first-order model and dynamic model for the modelling of free water subsurface constructed wetlands: SubWet 2.0 and WASP 7.5.
Jørgensen, S.E.; Gromiec, M.J. Mathematical models in biological waste water treatment—Chapter 7.6. In Fundamentals of Ecological Modelling, Volume 23, 4th Edition: Applications in Environmental Management and Research; Jørgensen, S.E., Fath, B.D., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 2011; pp. 1–414.
Yates, C.N., Wootton, B.C., Jørgensen, S.E., Murphy, S.D., 2013. Wastewater Treatment: Wetlands Use in Arctic Regions. In Encyclopedia of Environmental Management. Taylor and Francis: New York
Yates, C., Balch, G.B., Wootton, B.C., Jørgensen, S.E., 2014. Practical Aspects, Logistical Challenges, and Regulatory Considerations for Modeling and Managing Treatment Wetlands in the Canadian Arctic. In: Advances in the Ecological Modeling and Ecological Engineering applied on Lakes and Wetlands. 1st Edition. Jørgensen, S.E., Chang, N. B. and Fuliu, X., Eds. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 560 pages
Yates, C.N., Balch, G.C., Wootton, B.C., Jørgensen, S.E., 2014. Exploratory Performance Testing of a Pilot Scale HSSF wetland in the Canadian Arctic. In Advances in the Ecological Modelling and Ecological Engineering applied on Lakes and Wetlands. 1st Edition. Jørgensen, S.E.; Chang, N.B.; Fuliu, X., Eds. Elsevier: Amsterdam, Netherlands
Yates, C.N., Balch, G.C., Wootton, B.C., Jørgensen, S.E., 2014. Framing the Need for Application of Ecological Engineering in Arctic Environments. In Advances in the Ecological Modelling and Ecological Engineering applied on Lakes and Wetlands. 1st Edition. Jørgensen, S.E.; Chang, N.B.; Fuliu, X., Eds. Elsevier: Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Coral Harbour
Northern Wastewater Strategy
Hybridized approach (lagoons + wetlands)
Common Challenges
• Cold temperatures lower treatment rates in lagoons
• Long HRT required
• Accumulation of sludge can decrease lagoon’s design capacity
• Population growth
• Need to release effluent earlier than desired
• Treatment targets not achieve
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Wetlands Provide Additional Treatment
However: Current Regulatory Challenges
• Wetlands considered “receiving environment”
• Until now, lack of proof in Wetland performance
• Considered “black box”, no predictive ability
• No point of control
• How and what should be sampled, where to analyze (sample shelf life issues)
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• Designate wetlands as part of treatment
train (protect and preserve for future)
• SubWet and interpolated mapping open
the “black box”
• Survey protocols have been developed
and proven to work
Challenges can be overcome
SubWet as a Predictive Management
Tool Scenarios:
• Need to decant early – what volume, conc can be released before wetland treatment is overwhelmed
• Decant practices (time of year, frequent/small volumes versus less frequent/larger volumes or exfiltration versus scheduled decants
• SubWet to predict treatment capacity to meet future population growth
• Applicable to industrial sites requiring domestic sewage treatment
• Help regulators better predict treatment capacities of municipalities