Assessing the influence of summer organic fertilization combined with nitrogen inhibitor on a short rotation woody crop in Mediterranean environment

Research ArticleAssessing the Influence of Summer Organic FertilizationCombined with Nitrogen Inhibitor on a Short Rotation WoodyCrop in Mediterranean Environment

Anita Maienza12 Giovanni Mughini3 Luca Salvati1

Anna Benedetti1 and Maria Teresa DellrsquoAbate1

1 National Research Centre for Agriculture Research Center for the Soil-Plant System (CRA-RPS) Via della Navicella 2-400184 Roma Italy

2 National Research Council Institute of Biometeorology (IBIMET-CNR) Via Caproni 8 50145 Firenze Italy3 National Research Centre for Agriculture Research Unit for Intensive Wood Production Via Valle della Quistione 2700166 Roma Italy

Correspondence should be addressed to Anita Maienza anitamaienzagmailcom

Received 20 January 2014 Revised 25 March 2014 Accepted 25 March 2014 Published 15 April 2014

Academic Editor Piermaria Corona

Copyright copy 2014 Anita Maienza et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

The European Union Directive 91676EEC known as Nitrates Directive has dictated basic agronomic principles regarding theuse of animal manure source as well as livestock and waste waters from small food companies The use of nitrification inhibitorstogether with animal effluents as organic fertilizers could be beneficial for nutrient recycling plant productivity and greenhouse gasemission and could offer economic advantages as alternative to conventional fertilizers especially in the Mediterranean regionTheaim of the present study was to investigate differences in plant productivity between bovine effluent treatments with (or without)addition of a nitrification inhibitor (34 DMPP) in a short rotation woody crop system Results of the field experiment carried out ina Mediterranean dry environment indicated that the proposed strategy could improve tree growth with indirect beneficial effectsfor agroforestry systems

1 Introduction

Short rotation woody crops (SRWC) include fast growingspecies (eg poplar willow eucalyptus and black locust)capable of producing large amounts of biomass for energypurpose in a relatively short time LakeAlbacutya provenanceof Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh is one of the best choicesfor SRWC in Mediterranean environments [1 2] howeverin low quality soils with dry periods the species is able tocover the soil but with low yields [3] Some eucalypt cloneshave been selected as more productive than E camaldulensisand for two of these clones (Viglio and Velino) the EuropeanUnion plant patent has been requested [3 4]

Two cultivation models are suggested for eucalyptusSRWC in Italy (i) 5000ndash5500 plantshaminus1 for 3-4 rotation

cycles 119891 2-3 years each and (ii) 1100ndash1600 plantshaminus1 for 2rotation cycles instead of 5-6 age

Eucalyptus SRWC with rotation age of 2-3 years eachrequires higher amount of water and nutrients than conven-tional Eucalyptus crop In Brazil SRWCEucalyptus plantation25 years of age (5000ndash6000 plantshaminus1 and 23 years ofrotation age) is estimated to absorb in the vegetal tissueshigh amounts of NP K and Ca from soil [5] three timeshigher than a conventional plantation (600 to 1600 p haminus1and eight years of rotation age) Moreover water contributionwas estimated to be four times higher [5] In conventional Eglobulus Labill plantation in Spain and Brazil the quantity ofwater to produce 1 kg of dry biomass is evaluated in 306 and344 liters respectively [3 6]

Hindawi Publishing CorporationInternational Journal of Forestry ResearchVolume 2014 Article ID 371895 5 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552014371895

2 International Journal of Forestry Research

The use of irrigation and fertilization to satisfy SRWCrequest is not feasible because it is usually uneconomic [7ndash9] As a consequence fertilization with manure could bean attractive solution to recycle sewage waste and supplynutrients by increasing fertilization potential

Animal manure recycling could increase soil organicmatter and nutrient content and plant production and pre-serve water used for irrigation [10] However one of theearliest pieces of EU legislation aimed at controlling pollu-tion and improving water quality the European Directive(91676EEC) enforced in law in 1991 rules basic agronomicpractices regarding the use of animal manure source live-stock andwastewater from small food companies In fact theagricultural use of nitrates in organic and chemical fertilizershas been the source of 50 of total nitrogen discharge intosurface water [11ndash13] in Europe

The application of livestock waste to soil needs appro-priate treatments in order to preserve soil and ground waterfrom nitrate pollution [12 13] and greenhouse gas emissionsIn the last years attention has been paid to the use ofnitrification inhibitors mixed with effluent with the aim ofminimizing the environmental problems related to animalmanure disposal [11 14 15]

The nitrification inhibitor 34-dimethylpyrazole phos-phate (34 DMPP) delays the bacterial oxidation of ammoniato nitrite by depressing the activity of Nitrosomonas bacteriain the soil (first step of nitrification) for a short time (30 days)whereas the second step of nitrification appears to be notinfluenced [15]Thus losses due to nitrate leaching decreasedwith nitrification steps A number of studies [16 17] reportedsignificant reduction in NO

3

minus formation in soil and N2

Ogaseous loss has also been reduced due to the addition ofnitrification inhibitors

The objective of the present study was to analyze differ-ences in Eucalyptus plant growth in a Mediterranean SRWCafter summer treatments with bovine effluent with (or with-out) addition of 34 DMPP as nitrification inhibitor in orderto establish whether 34 DMPP in addition to effluents canoffer advantage in agroforestryAn additional aimof the studywas to test the 34 DMPP effect on NH

3

volatilization fromsoil in order to highlight possible environmental advantagesof such a fertilization strategy To the best of our knowledgethe present study is the first investigation on these issuescarried out in a Mediterranean SRWC

2 Materials and Methods

The field experiment was conducted in an SRWC Eucalyptusplantation located in Central Italy (Rome) in a farm ofAgricultural Research Council (CRA-PLF) (41∘ 541015840 335510158401015840N12∘ 211015840 378310158401015840 E) during June 2011 The soil is a Luvisolswith a sandy loam texture (sand 63 clay 21 and silt16) and pH 70 The soil is poor in nutrient with con-centrations of organic carbon (TOC) 10 total nitrogen(Ntot) 006 and available phosphorus (P) 8mg kgminus1 and ahigh capacity of cation exchange (23mEq 100 gminus1 soil) Soilfertility index calculated using soil chemical and biochemicalvariables (Table 1) falls in class of ldquostressrdquo [9] Eucalyptus

Table 1 Chemical and biochemical parameters of control soilsamples were collected at (0ndash30 cm) Data were calculated on avergeof six field replicates

Soil parameters Average soil SESand () 63 23Silt () 16 001Clay () 21 05Ntot () 006 001TOC () 106 002pH 7 02qCO2 017 001Cumulative C-CO2 evolved over28 days (mg kgminus1 soil) 28211 105

Respiration measured at 28 days(mgC-CO2 kg

minus1 soil) 04 002

Cmic (mg-C kgminus1 soil) 9553 28

pure species (E gomphocephalaDCE bridgesianaRT Bakerand E camaldulensis) and a number of hybrid clones of Ecamaldulensis times E bicostata Maiden Blakely amp Simmonsoccur in the experimental SRWC Plant density per hectareamounts to 5000 p haminus1 with 20 plants per plot in rowPlantationwas harvestedwhen the plants were three years oldand the experiment was carried out during the first growingseason after the harvesting A completely randomized blockdesign with three replicates was used for each treatmentTreatment was carried out with bovine effluent with a Ntotcontent by 032 (NndashNH

4

+ 017 NndashNO3

00025 and NndashNO2

00004) and TOC 57 Three field tests were carriedout (i) control nonfertilized (C) (ii) bovine effluent only(Ef) (iii) bovine effluent with the addition of 34 DMPP (Ef+ DMPP) Treatments were done once in June with tankerfurrowing plowing with 170 kg Nhaminus1 34 DMPP was addedat the rate of 1 of Ntot A pure species (E camaldulensis)and a hybrid clone Viglio were selected for the experimentEf and Ef + DMPP were put into the ground 40 cm depth at50 cm distance from plants NH

3

volatilization from soil wasmonitored after the treatment with a simple chambermethodfor field determination (Drager-Tube Method DTM) [11]Twomeasurements per daywere carried out once atmorning(7 am) and once at midday (1 pm) with 3 replicates for eachplot Values of NH

3

concentrations on the Drager indicatortubes have a coefficient of variation between 10 and 15 asindicated by the manufacturer A meteorological station wasput downwind of the field measurement pole Temperatureand rainfall measurements were taken according to interna-tional standards

Plant growth analysis was carried out at the end of the firstgrowing season (November 2011) using Basal Area (BA) toestablish plants growth on the first growing season Diameterto the breast height (DBH) for each experimental plantwas measured with a digital caliber to 130 cm from the soiland each DBH converted in BA [BA = 120587(DBH2)2] andBA total value for each plot was calculated considering 20neighboring plants DBH and BA are standard characters

International Journal of Forestry Research 3

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

May July

Months

(mm

)

mm per year 62030TemperatureRainfall

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

(∘C)

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

Jun

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Figure 1 Bagnouls-Gaussen plot Air temperature and rainfalldata were collected by a meteorological station during the summerseason 2011 in CRA-PLF experimental site

035

030

025

020

015

010

005

000

2 4 8 26 30 56 60 86 90

Time (hours)

ControlEf

Am

mon

ia fl

ux (m

g N

m hminus1)

Ef + DMPP

Figure 2 Ammonia volatilization detected by chambers methodtube Manual measurements were done at the beginning of thetreatment and for 92 hs after Control is the soil with any treatmentEf is bovine manure effluent only and Ef + DMPP is combination ofbovine manure effluent and 34 DMPP

used to evaluate plant growth for Eucalypts as well as foralso in other forest trees [18] Kruskal-Wallis 119867 and Mann-Whitney 119880 nonparametric inference testing at 119875 lt 005 wasapplied to BA values with the purpose of verifying differencesin the median of the examined groups

3 Results and Discussion

Bagnouls-Gaussen climate diagram (Figure 1) highlighted adrought period from April to October indicating that plantshad been under water stress for a seven-month period dueto lack of ground water The ammonia flux from soil wasdetected for 92 hours after the treatments and this loss offlux should be also due to the beneficial effect of the disposal

140

130

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

Control Eftreatments

plusmn196lowast SE

plusmn100lowast SE

Average

Boxplot per group

BA (c

m2)

Ef + DMPP

Figure 3 Viglio clone growths measured by Basal Area BA =120587(DBH2)2 by groups Control is Viglio without treatment Ef isViglio treated with bovinemanure effluent and Ef +DMPP is Vigliogrown with effluent combined with 34 DMPP

procedure that is the burial of fertilizers into the soil The Ef+ DMPP treatment moderately reduces NH

3

emissions fromsoil during 52 hours while a significant reduction (Mann-Whitney 119880 119875 lt 005) compared with Ef treatment wasobserved at 26 hours (Figure 2)

Plant growth estimates showed high variability of theBA values for E camaldulensis with nonsignificant effects oftreatment (Mann-Whitney 119880 119875 lt 005) These results areprobably due at high genetic variability ofE camaldulensis (inthis case each plant is a different genotype) and no sufficientnumber of replications The Viglio clone grew significantly(Kruskal-Wallis 119867 test 119875 lt 005) after treatments (BAvalues Table 2) and showed the best growth performancein Ef + DMPP treatment which resulted also as being moreproductive than E camaldulensis according to Mughini [4]and Facciotto et al [3]

The Viglio clone BA was compared by fertilizationtreatment (Figure 3) Ef treatment revealed being ineffectivepossibly due towater stress and restricted nutrient availabilityduring the experiment otherwise Ef + 34 DMPP treatmentshowed a clear increase (Mann-Whitney 119880 test 119875 lt 005)The different responses of Viglio clone to treatments arerelated to nutrient soil content as temporarily determinedby manure application lower ammonia losses and longeravailability of ammonium to the plants due to delayedoxidation to nitrate acted by 34 DMPP should be the mainprocesses affecting the different nutrients uptake In fact inEucalyptus plantations nitrogen in the soil is dominated by


Table 2 Basal area (BA) in cm2 of E camaldulensis and E camaldulensis times E bicostata (Viglio clone) Data were collected on 20 trees foreach plot replicates standard errors are also reported

Treatment Total BAplots (mean of 20 trees) (cm2) Average SE

E camaldulensis

C10589

7650 167475694791

Ef6803

6174 137881833536

Ef + DMPP5514

6732 138351919491

Viglio clone

C6065

7682 87479189064

Ef6320

7256 47775677882

Ef + DMPP9537

10730 1102129329722

Average 8556 695

ammonia [14 19] and ammonium is absorbed faster (30ndash40 times) than the nitric form [19] In this context the useof 34 DMPP in Ef [11 15 20] supports the ammoniumavailability for the plants during dry season longer and moreefficiently than Ef alone

4 Conclusions

Results of this study support the development of a strategyof organic fertilization in Mediterranean regions based oncombination of 34 DMPP and animal manure The maineffects were to improve plant growth in Eucalyptus Viglioclone SRWC in a Mediterranean dry environment after thefirst growing season and to reduce ammonia emissions fromsoil in the first 26 hours after the fertilization especiallyimportant in summer when gaseous emissions are enhancedby high temperature The climate conditions of summer 2011and low soil fertility of the field could have conditioned theeffect on growth of the treatments with Ef alone Furtherinvestigations on biomass productivity nitrate leaching andsoil ecology can provide more information about the effi-ciency and the sustainability of this practice

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgment

The present research was conducted with the agreement andthe financial contribution of K + S Nitrogen (since July 2012EuroChem Agro)

References

[1] G Gemignani ldquoObservations preliminares sur les provenancesaustraliennes drsquoEucalyptus camaldulensisrdquo Sous-commissiondes Questions Forestieres Mediterraneennes-Comute delRecherche Forestiere Mediterraneenne FOSCMFR68-8A9FAO Rome Italy 1968

[2] G Mughini ldquoComportamento di alcune specie di eucalitto intre prove in Italia meridionalerdquo Cellulosa e Carta vol 42 pp2ndash7 1991

[3] G Facciotto S Bergante G Mughini M Gras and GNervo ldquoLe principali specie per la produzione di biomassardquoLrsquoInformatore Agrario vol 40 pp 36ndash37 2007

[4] GMughini ldquoProduction of hybrid clones Italyrdquo Final Report ofImprovement of eucalypt management an integrated approachbreeding silviculture and economics AIR3-CT93-1678 1996

[5] F Poggiani and H T Z Couto ldquoBiomass and nutrient estimatesin short rotation intensively cultured plantation of Eucalyptusgrandisrdquo IPEF vol 23 pp 29ndash36 1983

[6] E Jimenez J A Vega P Perez-Gorostiaga T Fonturbel PCuinas and C Fernandez ldquoEvaluacion de la transpiration deEucalyptus globulus mediante densidada de flujo de savia ysu relacion con variables meteorologicas i dendrometricasrdquoBoletin del CIDEU vol 3 pp 119ndash138 2007


[7] C P Mitchell E A Stevens and M P Watters ldquoShort-rotation forestrymdashoperations productivity and costs based onexperience gained in the UKrdquo Forest Ecology and Managementvol 121 no 1-2 pp 123ndash136 1999

[8] G Facciotto T Zenone and G Sperandio ldquoDalla colture dabiomassa reddito incerto senza aiutirdquo LrsquoInformatore Agrario vol59 no 10 pp 91ndash99 2003

[9] P Sequi A Benedetti and M T DellrsquoAbate ATLAS Atlante diIndicatori di qualita del suolo Ministero delle Politiche Agricolee Forestali 2011

[10] S Melero J C R Porras J F Herencia and E MadejonldquoChemical and biochemical properties in a silty loam soilunder conventional and organic managementrdquo Soil and TillageResearch vol 90 no 1-2 pp 162ndash170 2006

[11] A Pacholski G Cai R Nieder et al ldquoCalibration of a simplemethod for determining ammonia volatilization in the fieldmdashcomparative measurements in Henan Province Chinardquo Nutri-ent Cycling in Agroecosystems vol 74 no 3 pp 259ndash273 2006

[12] C Plaza DHernandez J C Garcıa-Gil andA Polo ldquoMicrobialactivity in pig slurry-amended soils under semiarid conditionsrdquoSoil Biology and Biochemistry vol 36 no 10 pp 1577ndash15852004

[13] J C Neff A R Townsend G Gleixner S J Lehman J Turnbulland W D Bowman ldquoVariable effects of nitrogen additions onthe stability and turnover of soil carbonrdquo Nature vol 419 no6910 pp 915ndash917 2002

[14] M X Gomez-Rey M Madeira S J Gonzalez-Prieto andJ Coutinho ldquoSoil C and N dynamics within a precipitationgradient inMediterranean eucalypt plantationsrdquo Plant and Soilvol 336 no 1 pp 157ndash171 2010

[15] W Zerulla T Barth J Dressel et al ldquo34-Dimethylpyrazolephosphate (DMPP)mdasha new nitrification inhibitor for agricul-ture and horticulture An introductionrdquo Biology and Fertility ofSoils vol 34 no 2 pp 79ndash84 2001

[16] D Chen Y Li P Grace and A RMosier ldquoN2

O emissions fromagricultural lands a synthesis of simulation approachesrdquo Plantand Soil vol 309 no 1-2 pp 169ndash189 2008

[17] H J Di andK C Cameron ldquoEffects of temperature and applica-tion rate of a nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) onnitrification rate andmicrobial biomass in a grazed pasture soilrdquoAustralian Journal of Soil Research vol 42 no 8 pp 927ndash9322004

[18] N Borralho I M Almeida and P P Cotterill ldquoGenetic controlof growth of young Eucalyptus globulus clones in PortugalrdquoSilvae Genetica vol 41 no 2 pp 39ndash45 1992

[19] M Madeira M C Magalhaes A Azevedo A Fabiao M CAraujo and J P Pina ldquoEfeito da gestao dos resıduos de abatenas caracterısticas do solo e no crescimento de uma plantacaode Eucalyptus globulus em talhandiardquo Revista de CienciasAgrarias vol 27 pp 414ndash431 2004

[20] W Zerulla G Pasda R Handle and A H WissemeierldquoThe new nitrification inhibitor DMPP (ENTEC) for use inagricultural and horticultural cropsmdashan overviewrdquo Plant andSoil Science vol 92 pp 750ndash751 2002

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Forestry ResearchInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Environmental and Public Health

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Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

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Environmental Chemistry

Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of



Waste ManagementJournal of

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ClimatologyJournal of


The use of irrigation and fertilization to satisfy SRWCrequest is not feasible because it is usually uneconomic [7ndash9] As a consequence fertilization with manure could bean attractive solution to recycle sewage waste and supplynutrients by increasing fertilization potential

Animal manure recycling could increase soil organicmatter and nutrient content and plant production and pre-serve water used for irrigation [10] However one of theearliest pieces of EU legislation aimed at controlling pollu-tion and improving water quality the European Directive(91676EEC) enforced in law in 1991 rules basic agronomicpractices regarding the use of animal manure source live-stock andwastewater from small food companies In fact theagricultural use of nitrates in organic and chemical fertilizershas been the source of 50 of total nitrogen discharge intosurface water [11ndash13] in Europe

The application of livestock waste to soil needs appro-priate treatments in order to preserve soil and ground waterfrom nitrate pollution [12 13] and greenhouse gas emissionsIn the last years attention has been paid to the use ofnitrification inhibitors mixed with effluent with the aim ofminimizing the environmental problems related to animalmanure disposal [11 14 15]

The nitrification inhibitor 34-dimethylpyrazole phos-phate (34 DMPP) delays the bacterial oxidation of ammoniato nitrite by depressing the activity of Nitrosomonas bacteriain the soil (first step of nitrification) for a short time (30 days)whereas the second step of nitrification appears to be notinfluenced [15]Thus losses due to nitrate leaching decreasedwith nitrification steps A number of studies [16 17] reportedsignificant reduction in NO

3

minus formation in soil and N2

Ogaseous loss has also been reduced due to the addition ofnitrification inhibitors

The objective of the present study was to analyze differ-ences in Eucalyptus plant growth in a Mediterranean SRWCafter summer treatments with bovine effluent with (or with-out) addition of 34 DMPP as nitrification inhibitor in orderto establish whether 34 DMPP in addition to effluents canoffer advantage in agroforestryAn additional aimof the studywas to test the 34 DMPP effect on NH

3

volatilization fromsoil in order to highlight possible environmental advantagesof such a fertilization strategy To the best of our knowledgethe present study is the first investigation on these issuescarried out in a Mediterranean SRWC

2 Materials and Methods

The field experiment was conducted in an SRWC Eucalyptusplantation located in Central Italy (Rome) in a farm ofAgricultural Research Council (CRA-PLF) (41∘ 541015840 335510158401015840N12∘ 211015840 378310158401015840 E) during June 2011 The soil is a Luvisolswith a sandy loam texture (sand 63 clay 21 and silt16) and pH 70 The soil is poor in nutrient with con-centrations of organic carbon (TOC) 10 total nitrogen(Ntot) 006 and available phosphorus (P) 8mg kgminus1 and ahigh capacity of cation exchange (23mEq 100 gminus1 soil) Soilfertility index calculated using soil chemical and biochemicalvariables (Table 1) falls in class of ldquostressrdquo [9] Eucalyptus

Table 1 Chemical and biochemical parameters of control soilsamples were collected at (0ndash30 cm) Data were calculated on avergeof six field replicates

Soil parameters Average soil SESand () 63 23Silt () 16 001Clay () 21 05Ntot () 006 001TOC () 106 002pH 7 02qCO2 017 001Cumulative C-CO2 evolved over28 days (mg kgminus1 soil) 28211 105

Respiration measured at 28 days(mgC-CO2 kg

minus1 soil) 04 002

Cmic (mg-C kgminus1 soil) 9553 28

pure species (E gomphocephalaDCE bridgesianaRT Bakerand E camaldulensis) and a number of hybrid clones of Ecamaldulensis times E bicostata Maiden Blakely amp Simmonsoccur in the experimental SRWC Plant density per hectareamounts to 5000 p haminus1 with 20 plants per plot in rowPlantationwas harvestedwhen the plants were three years oldand the experiment was carried out during the first growingseason after the harvesting A completely randomized blockdesign with three replicates was used for each treatmentTreatment was carried out with bovine effluent with a Ntotcontent by 032 (NndashNH

4

+ 017 NndashNO3

00025 and NndashNO2

00004) and TOC 57 Three field tests were carriedout (i) control nonfertilized (C) (ii) bovine effluent only(Ef) (iii) bovine effluent with the addition of 34 DMPP (Ef+ DMPP) Treatments were done once in June with tankerfurrowing plowing with 170 kg Nhaminus1 34 DMPP was addedat the rate of 1 of Ntot A pure species (E camaldulensis)and a hybrid clone Viglio were selected for the experimentEf and Ef + DMPP were put into the ground 40 cm depth at50 cm distance from plants NH

3

volatilization from soil wasmonitored after the treatment with a simple chambermethodfor field determination (Drager-Tube Method DTM) [11]Twomeasurements per daywere carried out once atmorning(7 am) and once at midday (1 pm) with 3 replicates for eachplot Values of NH

3

concentrations on the Drager indicatortubes have a coefficient of variation between 10 and 15 asindicated by the manufacturer A meteorological station wasput downwind of the field measurement pole Temperatureand rainfall measurements were taken according to interna-tional standards

Plant growth analysis was carried out at the end of the firstgrowing season (November 2011) using Basal Area (BA) toestablish plants growth on the first growing season Diameterto the breast height (DBH) for each experimental plantwas measured with a digital caliber to 130 cm from the soiland each DBH converted in BA [BA = 120587(DBH2)2] andBA total value for each plot was calculated considering 20neighboring plants DBH and BA are standard characters


80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

May July

Months

(mm

)


160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

(∘C)

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

Jun

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec


035

030

025

020

015

010

005

000

2 4 8 26 30 56 60 86 90

Time (hours)

ControlEf

Am

mon

ia fl

ux (m

g N

m hminus1)

Ef + DMPP





140

130

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50


plusmn196lowast SE

plusmn100lowast SE

Average

Boxplot per group

BA (c

m2)

Ef + DMPP



3







E camaldulensis

C10589

7650 167475694791

Ef6803

6174 137881833536

Ef + DMPP5514

6732 138351919491

Viglio clone

C6065

7682 87479189064

Ef6320

7256 47775677882

Ef + DMPP9537

10730 1102129329722

Average 8556 695


4 Conclusions




Acknowledgment


References



























Journal of




Meteorology


Advances in







Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics


Volume 2014





Volume 2014










80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

May July

Months

(mm

)


160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

(∘C)

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

Jun

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec


035

030

025

020

015

010

005

000

2 4 8 26 30 56 60 86 90

Time (hours)

ControlEf

Am

mon

ia fl

ux (m

g N

m hminus1)

Ef + DMPP





140

130

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50


plusmn196lowast SE

plusmn100lowast SE

Average

Boxplot per group

BA (c

m2)

Ef + DMPP



3







E camaldulensis

C10589

7650 167475694791

Ef6803

6174 137881833536

Ef + DMPP5514

6732 138351919491

Viglio clone

C6065

7682 87479189064

Ef6320

7256 47775677882

Ef + DMPP9537

10730 1102129329722

Average 8556 695


4 Conclusions




Acknowledgment


References



























Journal of




Meteorology


Advances in







Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics


Volume 2014





Volume 2014












E camaldulensis

C10589

7650 167475694791

Ef6803

6174 137881833536

Ef + DMPP5514

6732 138351919491

Viglio clone

C6065

7682 87479189064

Ef6320

7256 47775677882

Ef + DMPP9537

10730 1102129329722

Average 8556 695


4 Conclusions




Acknowledgment


References



























Journal of




Meteorology


Advances in







Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics


Volume 2014





Volume 2014





























Journal of




Meteorology


Advances in







Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics


Volume 2014





Volume 2014













Journal of




Meteorology


Advances in







Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics


Volume 2014





Volume 2014









Assessing the influence of summer organic fertilization combined with nitrogen inhibitor on a short rotation woody crop in Mediterranean environment

Documents