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ASSESSING REFUGEE COMMUNICATIVE ECOLOGY to CRITIQUE and GUIDE HEALTH COMMUNICATION CAMPAIGNS on HIV PREVENTION Nakia Ma’hiasTshikuna Doctoral Candidate Ohio University Media Arts and Studies Program Scripps College of CommunicaBon IAMCR 2014 Hyderabad, India
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Assessing Refugee Communicative Ecology to Critique and Guide Health Communication Campaigns on HIV Prevention

Jul 06, 2016

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Nakia Matthias

Presentation to the The Communication and HIV/AIDS and the Health Communication and Change Working Groups of the International Association for Media and Communication Research (IAMCR) July 2014, Hyderabad; AP, India
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Page 1: Assessing Refugee Communicative Ecology to Critique and Guide Health Communication Campaigns on HIV Prevention

ASSESSING  REFUGEE  COMMUNICATIVE  ECOLOGY    to  CRITIQUE  and  GUIDE      

HEALTH  COMMUNICATION  CAMPAIGNS    on  HIV  PREVENTION  

Nakia  Ma'hias-­‐Tshikuna  Doctoral  Candidate  

 

Ohio  University  Media  Arts  and  Studies  Program  Scripps  College  of  CommunicaBon  IAMCR  2014  Hyderabad,  India  

Page 2: Assessing Refugee Communicative Ecology to Critique and Guide Health Communication Campaigns on HIV Prevention

§  STUDY  CONTEXTS    &    PARTICIPANTS  §  RESEARCH  QUESTIONS  §  THEORETICAL  GUIDES  §  METHODS:  SAMPLING,  DATA  COLLECTION  &  ANALYSIS  

§  EMERGENT  THEMES  §  CONCLUSIVE  REMARKS        

OVERVIEW  

Page 3: Assessing Refugee Communicative Ecology to Critique and Guide Health Communication Campaigns on HIV Prevention

§ Namibia’s  award  winning  Break  the  Chain  SBCC  Campaign  to  address  MCP  as  a  driver  of  HIV    

§ Exclusion  or  neglect  of  refugee  populaRons  as  audiences  for  messages  &  programs  

§ Research  shows  overlap  of  HIV  risk  factors  &  vulnerabiliRes  for  target  audiences  &  refugee  populaRons  §  Mobility  for  survival/  by  choice  §   resource  scarcity        §  cultural  &  gender  based  norms    §  sexual  behaviors  

   STUDY  CONTEXT  &  PARTICIPANTS    

Page 4: Assessing Refugee Communicative Ecology to Critique and Guide Health Communication Campaigns on HIV Prevention

§ 10  week  snapshot  ethnography  in  Namibia  in  3  seZngs:  

 

§ Windhoek  § Otjiwarongo  §   28  days  in  Osire  refugee  camp  

 

47  ParRcipants:    

§ Male  refugees  18  to  54  years  

§ NaRonaliRes:  Angola,  Rwanda,  Burundi,  Uganda,  CAR,  DRC,  Kenya  &  Ethiopia  

§  Languages:  French,  Kiswahili,  Portuguese,  English,  Lingala  

   STUDY  CONTEXT  &  PARTICIPANTS    

Page 5: Assessing Refugee Communicative Ecology to Critique and Guide Health Communication Campaigns on HIV Prevention

RQ2  

How  can  the  communicaBon  ecology  of  male  refugees  be  understood  and  arBculated?    

RESEARCH  QUESTIONS  

RQ1  

 What  is  the  nature  of  and  impetus  for  mobility  rouBnes  enacted  by  male  refugees?    

Page 6: Assessing Refugee Communicative Ecology to Critique and Guide Health Communication Campaigns on HIV Prevention

RESEARCH  QUESTIONS  

RQ3  

 What  are  male  refugees’  knowledge  and  percepBons  of  the  Break  the  Chain  SBCC  

campaign?  

RQ4  

 How  are  HIV  and  AIDS  related  messaging  achieved  within  the  

Osire  refugee  camp?  

Page 7: Assessing Refugee Communicative Ecology to Critique and Guide Health Communication Campaigns on HIV Prevention

THEORETICAL  GUIDES  

COMMUNICATIVE    ECOLOGY  

§  INFORMATION  &  MEDIA  

§  STRUCTURES  &  ASSETS  §  CULTURES  &  SALIENCE  §  EFFECTIVE  ENVIRONMENT*  

§  COMMUNITY  CENTERED  SOCIAL  CONSTRUCTIONS  

§  MEANING  IN  SOCIAL  ACTS  

GROUNDED    THEORY  

*Altheide  (1995)  

 

Page 8: Assessing Refugee Communicative Ecology to Critique and Guide Health Communication Campaigns on HIV Prevention

§  OBSERVATION      

§  PARTICIPANT  OBSERVATION  

§  UNSTRUCTURED  INTERVIEWS    

§  GO  ALONG  INTERVIEWS  

§  MAPPING  ELICITATION  INTERVIEWS   §  AUDIO  RECORDINGS  §  PHOTOGRAPHS  §  JOTTINGS  &  FIELD  NOTES  

§  PARTICIPANT  MAP  SKETCHES  

METHODS:  SAMPLING,  DATA  COLLECTION  &  ANALYSIS  

DATA  COLLECTION  

TYPES  of  DATA  

§  GROUNDED    THEORY  §  COMMUNICATION  ECOLOGY      

ANALYSIS  

§  PURPOSIVE      §  QUALITATIVE  SOCIAL  NETWORK  

§  THEORETICAL  

SAMPLING  

Page 9: Assessing Refugee Communicative Ecology to Critique and Guide Health Communication Campaigns on HIV Prevention

THEME  1  PARTICIPANTS  PERCEIVE  HIV  COMMUNICATION  CAMPAIGN  MEDIA  &  

MESSAGES  WITHIN  the  REFUGEE  CAMP  as  OBSOLETE    

EMERGENT  THEMES  

THEME  2  PARTICIPANTS  WERE  UNAWARE  of  the  PRESENCE  or  PURPOSE  of  NAMIBIA’S  

‘BREAK  THE  CHAIN’  SBCC  CAMPAIGN  

THEME  3  PARTICIPANTS’  MOBILITY  ACTS  MAINTAIN  SOCIO-­‐COMMUNICATIVE                          

&  SEXUAL  NETWORKS  WHICH  AVAIL  ACCESS                                                                                                                        to  ECONOMIC,  POLITICAL  &  MATERIAL  RESOURCES    

THEME  4  PARTICIPANTS  PREFER  to  RECEIVE  INFORMATION  from  REFUGEE  &  NON-­‐

REFUGEE  OTHERS  OUTSIDE  of  OSIRE  

Page 10: Assessing Refugee Communicative Ecology to Critique and Guide Health Communication Campaigns on HIV Prevention

THEME  1  

 

“...  I  can  be  Rred  to  see  them,  I‘m  here  for  almost  7  years                                                                        but  only  one  Rme  I  noRced  they  were  change  …”  [Male,  29,  Burundi,  Osire]  

 “…they  can  be  something  you  not  even  thinking  for  when  you  pass  it                            and  you  don't  even  get  some  idea  ,  no  senRment,    it’s  old  affiche…”  

PARTICIPANTS’  USES  of  OSIRE  MEDIA  &  MESSAGES    

§  AdverBsing  and  trade  §  GraffiB/  arBsBc  expression  §  Place  making  §  DirecBonal  and  meeBng  markers  §  Referencing  messages  for  jokes    

PARTICIPANTS  PERCEIVE  HIV  COMMUNICATION  CAMPAIGN  MEDIA                                          &  MESSAGES  WITHIN  the  REFUGEE  CAMP  as  OBSOLETE    

[Male,  27,  DRC,  Osire]  

Page 11: Assessing Refugee Communicative Ecology to Critique and Guide Health Communication Campaigns on HIV Prevention

THEME  2  

 

“That  is  the  one  …I  see  it  in  town  …  they  write  …  ‘break  the  chain’.    I  see  the  sign  for  SIDA  but  I  understand  this  one  is  for  violence  to  break  violence,  to  

love  more  and  break  violence    [Male,  23,  Angola,  Otjiwarongo]  

 

“…I  go  in  the  clinic  all  the  Rme  for  my  medicines  for  my  breathing  …  I  don’t  hear  about  Break  the  Chain  before…  I’m  not  sure  about  MCP  but  if  it  is  for  

the  health  we  can  get  it  in  Osire  later  ”  

PARTICIPANTS’  EXPOSURE  to  BREAK  THE  CHAIN    

§  Outside  of  the  refugee  camp  §  Urban  and  Peri-­‐Urban  locaBons  §  Limited  to  mass  media  

PARTICIPANTS  WERE  UNAWARE  of  the  PRESENCE  or  PURPOSE  of  NAMIBIA’S  ‘BREAK  THE  CHAIN’  SBCC  CAMPAIGN  

[Male,  29,  Burundi,  Osire]  

Page 12: Assessing Refugee Communicative Ecology to Critique and Guide Health Communication Campaigns on HIV Prevention

THEME  3  

 

“…I  can  stay  in  Osire  but  I  like  too  much  money,  then  I  have  my  family,  my  wife  is  from  here…I’m  running  too  much  to  Swakop,  to  Windhoek,  for  selling  

some  nice  curio…in  lodge  for  tourists”    [Male,  23,  Angola,  Otjiwarongo]  

 

“…no  life  in  Osire  you  can  be  hungry,  don’t  have  future,  suffering  too  much  for  the  house,  no  courant,  no  money  for  living…I  stay  to  Windhoek  then  do  my  music  in  the  band  traveling…  I  eat  nice…  we  can  stay  together  or  with  

lady…”  

PARTICIPANTS’  MOBILITY  ROUTINES  §  Urban,  Interregional  &  InternaBonal  §  Daily,  weekly  &  monthly  §  Undocumented  by  refugee  authoriBes  §  CohabitaBon  with  friends  and/or                                                                                                                      

sexual  partners  

   MOBILITY  MAINTAINS  COMMUNICATION  &  SEXUAL  NETWORKS                for  ACCESS  to  ECONOMIC,  POLITICAL  &  MATERIAL  RESOURCES    

[Male,  34,  DRC,  Windhoek]  

Page 13: Assessing Refugee Communicative Ecology to Critique and Guide Health Communication Campaigns on HIV Prevention

THEME  4  

 

“Osire  people  like  too  much  lying…  those  ones  in  Windhoek  have  the  different  life  outside  here  they  don't  have  to  make  story  …  they  get  experience  to  know  living  here  and  geZng  around…”    [Male,  51,  DRC,  Osire]  

 

“I  go  to  my  friends  in  Windhoek  and  I  ask  them  ‘tell  me  what  I  must  do?...they  get  that  smart  for  living  out  of  camp  so  they  know  more  for  life  

here…  if  I  visit  my  Damara  friends  they  give  me  the  idea  for  sula  …”  

PARTICIPANTS’  INFORMATION  NEEDS  §  Refugee  administraBon  plans  §  Currency  exchange  rates    §  News  about  family,  friends  &  events  §  Trends  in  the  trade/sale  of  arBsanal  cra`s,  

human  hair,  mobile  ICT’s,  clothing  &  staple  foods                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

   PARTICIPANTS  PREFER  to  RECEIVE  INFORMATION  from  REFUGEE  &  NON-­‐REFUGEE  OTHERS  OUTSIDE  of  OSIRE  

 

[Male  ,  19,  Angola,  Osire]  

Page 14: Assessing Refugee Communicative Ecology to Critique and Guide Health Communication Campaigns on HIV Prevention

CONCLUSIVE  STATEMENTS    

§  COORDINATION  OF  POLITCAL  &  PROCEDURAL  AGENDAS  §  REFUGEE  COMMUNICATIVE  ECOLOGY  AS  STRUCTURES                                  

&  STRATEGIES    

§  UNDERSTANDING  REFUGEE  MOBILITIES  via  REFUGEES’  MOBILITIES  PARADIGMS  

 

Page 15: Assessing Refugee Communicative Ecology to Critique and Guide Health Communication Campaigns on HIV Prevention

CONCLUSIVE  STATEMENTS    

COORDINATION  of  POLITCAL,  PROCEDURAL  &  COMMUNICATION  AGENDAS    

§  Refugee  agencies  

§  Host  naBons  

§  Campaign  developers    

§  Implementers  

Page 16: Assessing Refugee Communicative Ecology to Critique and Guide Health Communication Campaigns on HIV Prevention

CONCLUSIVE  STATEMENTS    REFUGEE  COMMUNICATIVE  ECOLOGY  as  STRUCTURES  &  STRATEGIES  

§  Privilege  refugees’  communicaBon  that  support  social  interacBons  &  future  orientaBons  

§  Absence  or  presence  of  communicaBon  assets  is  not  always  indicaBve  refugees’  communicaBon  ecology  

Page 17: Assessing Refugee Communicative Ecology to Critique and Guide Health Communication Campaigns on HIV Prevention

CONCLUSIVE  STATEMENTS    

UNDERSTANDING  REFUGEE  MOBILITIES  via  REFUGEES’  MOBILITIES  PARADIGMS  

§  CommunicaBve  engagement  of    refugees  outside  of  the  context  of  designated  refugee  sites  

§  Corporeal  flight  &  mobility  acts  beget  survival,  normalcy  &  subversion  of  circumstances