Assessing International Scientific and Assessing International Scientific and Technological Cooperation for Technological Cooperation for Sustainable Development Sustainable Development – – Criteria and Criteria and Indicators Indicators OECD OECD - - SA Workshop, SA Workshop, Pilanesberg Pilanesberg , , 21 21 – – 22 November 2005 22 November 2005 Michael Kahn Michael Kahn Centre for Science, Technology and Centre for Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators, HSRC Innovation Indicators, HSRC
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Assessing International Scientific and Assessing International Scientific and Technological Cooperation for Technological Cooperation for
Sustainable Development Sustainable Development –– Criteria and Criteria and IndicatorsIndicators
OECDOECD--SA Workshop, SA Workshop, PilanesbergPilanesberg, , 21 21 ––22 November 200522 November 2005
Michael KahnMichael Kahn
Centre for Science, Technology and Centre for Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators, HSRCInnovation Indicators, HSRC
Beyond STEEP (V)Beyond STEEP (V)
K – Knowledge (social, technological, indigenous, tacit)
E – economic E – environmentP – politics
KEEP, v.t.& i. 1. Pay due regard to, observe, stand by. 2. Celebrate, guard, protect.
Criteria and IndicatorsCriteria and Indicators
1. Sustainable Development 2. (Globalizing) National Systems of
Innovation3. Criteria, assessment, indicators4. Measures of KEEP5. Implications for Good Practice
1. 1. Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development
PerspectivesBrundtland, Agenda 21; WSSD 2002World Development Report 2005 Wealth of Nations 2005
The African Burden of diseaseMalaria, TB, HIV/AIDS, waterborne, colonial boundaries, debt …
Millennium Development Goals
World Development Report 2005World Development Report 2005
Investment climate: Stability and securityRegulation and taxationFinance and infrastructureWorkers and labor markets.
Essentially silent on S&T; Sustainable DevelopmentEssentially silent on S&T; Sustainable Development
South Africa ??
South Africa ??
South Africa ??
Where is the Wealth of Nations?Where is the Wealth of Nations?
High income 80%High income 2%
High income 18%
Millennium Project Report
Enabling policy environment; target R&DPlatform (generic) technologiesImprove infrastructure Higher education Science, Engineering, TechnologyBusiness activities in Science, Technology and Innovation
2. (2. (GlobalizingGlobalizing) National Systems of ) National Systems of InnovationInnovation
Globalization of financial, human, production and intellectual capitalNSI - institutions for R&D, Innovation, HRD, S&T Services; legal, financial, IP, cultural, regulatory frameworksGlobal R&D value chains - most R&D still at homeMeasuring intangibles – definitional creep
What does the NSI
mean for me ?
Home
South Africa: SocioSouth Africa: Socio--economic profileeconomic profile
•• 25% of African GDP; 30% SA GDP from 25% of African GDP; 30% SA GDP from GautengGauteng•• GDP growth 4,8%; inflation 4,4%GDP growth 4,8%; inflation 4,4%•• GNP/capita PPP $11,5k GNP/capita PPP $11,5k •• Services 62% of GDP Services 62% of GDP •• Large state sector; diversified private sector Large state sector; diversified private sector •• ‘‘SouthernSouthern’’ multinationals: net exporter of FDI multinationals: net exporter of FDI •• GiniGini coefficient 0,59 coefficient 0,59 -- two linked economiestwo linked economies•• Unemployment Unemployment ~~ 25%; HIV infections 25%; HIV infections ~~ 20%20%•• Steady ruralSteady rural--urban migration; 55% urban migration; 55% urbanisedurbanised
Development Bank of SADevelopment Bank of SA
The poor remain poor … Cannot borrow against future earnings Entrepreneurial activities present high costs of
failure Unable to insure themselves against risksLack information about market opportunities
Remain deprived of many public goods necessary for entrepreneurial activities
Incur high costs in time and expense when trying to obtain these goods.
The Fortune at the Bottom of the PyramidThe Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid ((PrahaladPrahalad))
South Africa: NSI profile (2003South Africa: NSI profile (2003--04)04)
vaccines; radar and telemetry; vaccines; radar and telemetry; oceanography; oceanography; palaeontologypalaeontology; ; bioinformatics. Agric GERD/Agric GDP bioinformatics. Agric GERD/Agric GDP ~~ 2,5%2,5%
•• 60% African science output; punching beyond 60% African science output; punching beyond weight class; volumes modest but in line weight class; volumes modest but in line with economic levelwith economic level
•• Brain drain, gain and circulationBrain drain, gain and circulation•• ‘‘GoodGood’’ gender balance; diversity systemic issuegender balance; diversity systemic issue•• IKS law; patent law consistencyIKS law; patent law consistency
Mentorship blockage
Small number of Researchers
Small number of PhD
students
Inadequate funds for study
Small number of science
undergraduates
Inadequate quality school
leavers
Inadequate science/math
teachers
Losses to emigration
Complex immigration regulations
restrict mobility
Losses to retirement, promotion
Factors limiting high level skill developmentFactors limiting high level skill development
What S&T focus for results?What has changed; what to measure?Counterfactual – situation w/o international S&T Opportunity cost: cooperative funding vs cooperative S&TBeyond state of the art indicators
Definitions and standardizationCapacity for collection, maintenance, dissemination
KnowledgeCapacity - Schooling, FET and HE systems; specific fields of expertise, centres of excellenceMobilitySocial and cultural impact Indigenous Knowledge SystemsNetworks, linkages & communities of practiceChange in intellectual capital (Frascati indicators; outputs etc.)
enablers and spillovers; start-upsTechnology t/f (Licensing, Patenting,
Innovation capability)Change in produced capital (Econometric,
Oslo indicators etc.)
EnvironmentEnergy and water – conventional and
frontier scienceBiodiversity maintenance as the markerStakeholders and participatory researchChange in natural capital
PoliticalGovernance & SystemsRegulatory frameworks especially business enablers, resource management and IPRExclusion: ‘Pockets and layers’Policy toward S&T generally, R&D in particularProgress w.r.t. African Peer Review Mechanism
5. Implications for Good Practice5. Implications for Good Practice
Indicator development Indicator development -- a conversation with a conversation with usersusersGrowing, retaining and harvesting staff Growing, retaining and harvesting staff Bridging the two economies Bridging the two economies –– a general problema general problem
Grow 1st, remove blockages in 2ndGrow 1st, remove blockages in 2ndSocial dimension (security; dynamics)Social dimension (security; dynamics)
Joined up policy to promote MDGJoined up policy to promote MDGSouthern data gatherers for Northern academic Southern data gatherers for Northern academic hunters? [Clinical trials]hunters? [Clinical trials]