ASSESSING BIODIVERSITY OF PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES FROM OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING Julia Uitz, Dariusz Stramski, and Rick A. Reynolds Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego NASA Biodiversity Team Meeting – May 2010 – Washington DC
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ASSESSING BIODIVERSITY OF PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES FROM OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING
ASSESSING BIODIVERSITY OF PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES FROM OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING. Julia Uitz, Dariusz Stramski, and Rick A. Reynolds Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego. NASA Biodiversity Team Meeting – May 2010 – Washington DC. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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ASSESSING BIODIVERSITY OF PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES FROM
OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING
Julia Uitz, Dariusz Stramski, and Rick A. ReynoldsScripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of California San Diego
NASA Biodiversity Team Meeting – May 2010 – Washington DC
WHY STUDYING PHYTOPLANKTON DIVERSITY?
•Phytoplankton diversity influences many important biogeochemical processes▫Photosynthetic efficiency▫Fate of carbon fixed via photosynthesis▫Marine biological pump of carbon
•Key questions to be addressed▫Understanding of marine biogeochemical
cycles and modeling capabilities▫Distribution and variability on scales relevant
to environment and climate changes
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PROJECT OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGY
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OCEAN-COLOR BASED DISCRIMINATION OF DIFFERENT
PHYTOPLANKTON GROUPS•Satellite measurements of ocean color
▫Surface Chla concentration▫Quasi-global spatial scale▫Daily to decade
•New generation of algorithms for discriminating different phytoplankton groups from ocean color▫Dominance (Alvain et al. 2005)▫Surface Chla (Devred et al. 2006; Hirata et al.
2008)▫Vertical profile of Chla (Uitz et al. 2006)
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Conversion to CAbsorbed light energy
OCEAN COLOR-BASED PRIMARY PRODUCTION MODEL
P(t,z) = Chla(z,t) a*(z,t) PAR(z,t) Φc(z,t)
▫ P: Primary production (g C m-3 d-1)
▫ PAR: Irradiance available for photosynthesis (mol quanta m-2 s-1)
▫ Chla: Concentration of chlorophyll a (mg m-3)
▫ a*: Chla-specific absorption coefficient of phytoplankton [m2 (mg Chla)-1]
▫ Φc: Quantum yield of carbon fixation [mol C (mol quanta)-1]
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PRIMARY PRODUCTION AT THE PHYTOPLANTKON GROUP LEVEL
• Temp/subpolar latitudes in summer: high contribution (e.g. Atl Nord >50%)• Near-coastal upwelling systems: 70% (1 g C m-2 d-1)• South Pacific Subtropical Gyre: Minimum contribution (0.02 g C m-2 d-1)
CLIMATOLOGY OF PICOPHYTOPLANKTON PRODUCTION
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• Boreal winter/Austral summer(Dec-Jan-Feb)
• Boreal summer/Austral winter(Jun-Jul-Aug)
• Maximum contribution in oligotrophic subtropical gyres (40-45%)• Contribution reduced to ~15% at high latitudes
CLIMATOLOGY OF NANOPHYTOPLANKTON PRODUCTION
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• Boreal winter/Austral summer(Dec-Jan-Feb)
• Boreal summer/Austral winter(Jun-Jul-Aug)
• Substantial contribution on global scale: 0.07-1 g C m-2 d-1 (30-60%)• Can be found in extremely diverse environmental conditions (subtropical gyres vs. winter subantarctic waters Biodiversity? (see Liu et al. PNAS 2009)
CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES
• First climatology of phytoplankton group-specific primary production on global scale over seasonal to interannual scales▫ Significant contribution to our ability to understand
and quantify marine carbon cycle with implications for carbon export
▫ Key elements required to calibrate/validate new biogeochemical models (e.g. Le Quéré et al. 2005)
▫ Benchmark for monitoring responses of marine pelagic ecosystems to climate change
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• Chla-based approaches▫ Describe general trends across various trophic regimes▫ But do not necessarily account for specific local conditions
• New complementary approaches need to be developed• Explore the potential of hyperspectral optical
measurement for discriminating different phytoplankton groups▫ Hyperspectral optical measurements have matured into
powerful technologies in the field of remote sensing▫ Yet remain largely unexplored for open ocean applications
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CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES
HYPERSPECTRAL OPTICAL APPROACH
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Evaluation of performance
(Torecilla et al. in prep.)
• “Pilot” study• Small set of stations from Eastern Atlantic open ocean
▫ HPLC pigments▫ Optical data
• Encouraging results▫ Best classification with hyperspectral derivative spectra
• 2nd cruise in the Atlantic Ocean almost completed!