Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title style Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Presented by A. Alexiou Laboratory of Thermal Turbomachines National Technical University of Athens
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Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation
Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou , Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis , Roumeliotis , Mathioudakis. Presented by A. Alexiou Laboratory of Thermal Turbomachines National Technical University of Athens. Acknowledgements. C ollaborative & R obust E ngineering using - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter OperationAlexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis
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Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation
Erroneous fuel metering Accelerated wear of fuel system O-rings/seals Fuel degradation in long-term storage High pressure fuel pump wear Increased fire hazard
PROOSIS TURBO library uses 3-D tables to calculate the caloric properties of the working fluid in
the engine model generated with the NASA CEA software (no dissociation)
Biodiesel (Soybean) 1.855 38.00 -11.9% 880.0 9.9%
Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter OperationAlexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis
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17
INTRODUCTION
MODELLING ASPECTS
o Mission Fuel Calculation
o Simulation Environment
o Helicopter-Engine Integrated Performance Model
o Alternative Fuels
CASE STUDY
o Engine Performance for Jet-A
o Helicopter Performance for Jet-A
o Effects of Alternative Fuels on Performance
SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS
Contents
Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter OperationAlexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis
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Engine Performance
PARAMETER MCP TOP OEI30Power Delivered [kW] 1056 1252 1437Torque Delivered [Nm] 1681 1992 2287Overall Pressure Ratio 11.6 12.6 13.3Power Turbine Inlet Temperature [K] 977 1034 1108Inlet Air Mass Flow Rate [kg/s] 4.6 4.8 4.94Gas Generator Speed [rpm] 38946 40205 41700Specific Fuel Consumption [kg/kWh] 0.280 0.271 0.269
Sea-level standard conditions
Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter OperationAlexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis
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220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 3300
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
01000200030004000500060007000
Tamb [K]
PW
SD
[k
W]
Altitude [m]
Maximum Continuous Power (MCP) Rating
Engine Performance
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Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter OperationAlexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis
Click to edit Master title styleEngine Performance
Number of Engines Neng 2 -Number of Rotor Blades Nb 4 -Main Rotor Diameter D 15.2 mMain Rotor Blade Chord c 0.49 mMain Rotor Solidity σ 0.08 -Rotor Blade Tip Speed U 223 m/secRotor Speed NR 280 rpmEquivalent Flat Plate Area SCx 3.0 m2
Power Extraction Pex 10 kW
Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter OperationAlexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis
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0 20 40 60 80 1000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
5000 m4000 m3000 m2000 m1000 mSL
True Airspeed [m/s]
Po
we
r R
eq
uir
ed
[k
W]
MCP at SL
MCP at 5000 m
Helicopter Performance
23
Jet-A / MTOW / STD
Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter OperationAlexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis
Click to edit Master title styleHelicopter Performance
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
2
4
6
8
10
12
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
6500
7000
7500
Max Rate of Climb at 0 mMax Rate of Climb at 2000 mMax Altitude
True Airspeed [m/s]
Ma
x R
ate
of
Cli
mb
[m
/s]
Ma
x A
ltit
ud
e [
m]
Jet-A / MTOW / STD
Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter OperationAlexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis
Click to edit Master title styleHelicopter Performance
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
Specific Range
True Airspeed [m/s]
Sp
ecif
ic R
ang
e [m
/kg
]
Fu
el F
low
[kg
/s]
Vbe Vbr
SR = Vx / Wfuel
Jet-A / MTOW / SL / STD
Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter OperationAlexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis
Click to edit Master title styleHelicopter Performance
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0 200000 400000 600000 8000000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
RANGE [m]
PA
YL
OA
D [
kg
]
Full Fuel Line
Jet-A
Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter OperationAlexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis
Click to edit Master title styleEffects of Alternative Fuels
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Fixed PWSD (TOP for Jet-A)
Fixed XNH (TOP rating)
Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter OperationAlexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis
Click to edit Master title styleEffects of Alternative Fuels
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Synjet S8 (GTL) Jatropha/Algae (HRJ)
50% JetA+50% Jatr/Alg
Biodiesel (Soybean)
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
PWSD at MCP for JetAPWSD at TOP for JetAPWSD at OEI30 for JetA
WF
u %
Dif
fere
nc
e f
rom
Je
tA
Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter OperationAlexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis
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0 10 20 30 40 50 600
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Time [min]
Alt
itu
de
[m
]Effects of Alternative Fuels
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Warm up at MCP [2’]
Take-Off [2’]
Climb at Vbe & Vz,max [2’]
Cruise at Vbr [40’]
Descent [4’]
Land [2’]
Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter OperationAlexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis
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0 10 20 30 40 50 606600
6700
6800
6900
7000
7100
7200
7300
7400
7500JetA SynjetS8 (GTL) Jatropha Algea50% JetA + 50% JA Biodiesel
Time [min]
He
lic
op
ter
We
igh
t [k
g]
CRUISE
CLIMB
DESCENT
LAND
T/O
Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter OperationAlexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis
Click to edit Master title styleEffects of Alternative Fuels
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Synjet S8 (GTL) Jatropha Algea (HRJ)
50% JetA + 50% Jatr/Alg
Biodiesel (Soybean)
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
% C
ha
ng
e i
n M
iss
ion
Fu
el
Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter OperationAlexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis
Click to edit Master title style
Synjet S8 (GTL) Jatropha Algea (HRJ)
50% JetA + 50% Jatr/Alg
Biodiesel (Soybean)
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Full TanksSame GTOW
% C
ha
ng
e i
n M
iss
ion
Fu
el
Effects of Alternative Fuels
32
Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter OperationAlexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis
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4400 4900 5400 5900 6400 6900 7400530
550
570
590
610
630
650
670
690
710
730
Jet-A SynjetS8 (GTL) Jatropha Algea50% JetA +50% JA Biodiesel
Helicopter Weight [kg]
Sp
ec
ific
Ra
ng
e [
m/k
g]
Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter OperationAlexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis
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500000 600000 7000000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
JetA SynjetS8 (GTL) Jatropha Algea50% JetA - 50% JA Biodiesel
RANGE [m]
PA
YL
OA
D [
kg
]Effects of Alternative Fuels
34
Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter OperationAlexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis
Click to edit Master title style
35
INTRODUCTION
MODELLING ASPECTS
o Mission Fuel Calculation
o Simulation Environment
o Helicopter-Engine Integrated Performance Model
o Alternative Fuels
CASE STUDY
o Engine Performance for Jet-A
o Helicopter Performance for Jet-A
o Effects of Alternative Fuels on Performance
SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS
Contents
Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter OperationAlexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis
Click to edit Master title styleSummary & Conclusions
36
An integrated performance model of a helicopter and its turboshaft engine has been created in an object-oriented simulation environment to study the effects of alternative fuels on helicopter operation.
For the fuels considered in this study there are no significant effects on the engine cycle compared to Jet-A except for the fuel flow rate that changes according to the difference of each fuel’s lower heating value from the reference one.
Considering the helicopter in a mission, there is an added effect from the differences in density between the fuels that modifies the helicopter’s payload-range capability.
Based on the modelling assumptions, the blended fuel appears at the moment as the most suitable choice for the aspects considered in the presented analysis (e.g. taking into account its effects on engine cycle parameters and helicopter operational characteristics) but other parameters should also be taken into account to allow for a more complete assessment (e.g. economics of fuel production, emissions, etc.).
Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter OperationAlexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis
Click to edit Master title styleSummary & Conclusions
37
The method presented herein can be further extended by including models of other disciplines in the existing integrated model (e.g. economics, noise and particulate emissions, etc.). This would allow the required multi-disciplinary calculations (including design and optimisation) to be performed in a single simulation environment with all the associated benefits that such an approach offers (configuration management control, transparent exchange of information between modules, common modelling standards, flexible mathematical model handling, etc.).
Finally, by creating a library of specific aircrafts (rotary or fixed wing) and a corresponding one with engines (turboshafts, turbofans, etc.) one can perform such studies for various combinations of current and future aircraft-engine models.
Engine PerformanceSimulation
Environment
Engine Deck
Aircraft Performance& EmissionsNoise Module
ATLASAero-TooLs for Advanced SimulationsLibrary of Gas Turbine Engines
Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter OperationAlexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis
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38
THANK YOU
Laboratory of Thermal Turbomachines
National Technical University of Athens
Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter OperationAlexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis
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Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter OperationAlexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis
Click to edit Master title styleMission – engine performance
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Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter OperationAlexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis
Click to edit Master title styleAlternative Fuels
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Jet-ASynjetS8 (GTL)Jatropha AlgeaBiodieselBlend
True Airspeed [m/s]
Sp
ec
ific
Ra
ng
e [
m/k
g]
Vbr
Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter OperationAlexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis