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PlumbingFixtures
It has been said that without plumbing fixturesthere would be no
indoor plumbing. A plumbingfixture is supplied with water,
discharges waterand/or waste, and performs a function for theuser.
Each fixture is designed for a specific ac-tivity to maintain
public health and sanitation.As such, plumbing fixtures are often
referred toas sanitaryware.
The standard plumbing fixtures used in aplumbing system
include
1. Water closets2. Urinals3. Lavatories4. Kitchen sinks5.
Service sinks6. Sinks7. Laundry trays8. Drinking fountains9.
Showers10. Bathtubs11. Bidets12. Floor drains13. Emergency
fixtures.
In addition, there are fixture fittings used inconnection with
these plumbing fixtures, includ-ing
1. Faucets and fixture fittings2. Shower valves3. Tub
fillers.
FIXTURE MATERIALS
The surface of any plumbing fixture must besmooth, impervious,
and readily cleanable tomaintain a high level of sanitation.
Fixture ma-terials are selected based on these requirements.Common
plumbing fixture materials include thefollowing:
Vitreous china This is a unique material thatis specially suited
for plumbing fixtures. Un-like other ceramic materials, vitreous
chinawill not absorb water on surfaces that arenot glazed. It is
not porous. While vitreouschina plumbing fixture surfaces are
glazed,the inside waterways are not. The exteriorglazing provides a
nice finish that is readilycleaned. Vitreous china is also an
extremelystrong material.Because vitreous china is nonporous, it
hasa very high shrinkage rate when fired in akiln. This accounts
for the slight differencebetween otherwise identical plumbing
fix-tures.
Nonvitreous china Nonvitreous china is a po-rous ceramic that
requires glazing to preventany water absorption. Use of
nonvitreouschina for lavatories and similar fixtures hasgrown in
popularity in recent years. The ad-vantage of nonvitreous china is
that there isnot a high shrinkage rate. This allows the fix-ture to
be more ornately designed.
Enameled cast iron Enameled cast iron fix-tures have a base that
is a high-grade castiron. The exposed surfaces have an enam-eled
coating, which is fused to the cast iron,resulting in a hard,
glossy, opaque, and acid-
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ASPE Data Book Volume 42
resistant surface. Enameled cast iron plumb-ing fixtures are
strong, ductile, and longlasting.
Porcelain enameled steel Porcelain enameledsteel is a
substantially vitreous or glossy in-organic coating that is bonded
to sheet steelby fusion. The sheet steel must be designedfor the
application of the porcelain enamel toproduce a high-quality
product.
Stainless steel A variety of stainless steelsare used to produce
plumbing fixtures. Thedifferent types include types 316, 304,
302,301, 202, 201, and 430. One of the key in-gredients in
stainless steel is nickel. A highernickel content tends to produce
a superiorfinish in the stainless steel. Types 302 and304 have 8%
nickel and Type 316 has 10%nickel.
Plastic Plastic is a generic category for a va-riety of
synthetic materials used in plumbingfixtures. The various plastic
materials usedto produce plumbing fixtures include acry-lonitrile
butadiene styrene (ABS); polyvinylchloride (PVC); gel-coated,
fiberglass-rein-forced plastic; acrylic; cultured
marble;cast-filled fiberglass; polyester; cast-filledacrylic;
gel-coated plastic; and culturedmarble acrylic. Plastics used in
plumbing fix-tures are subject to numerous tests todetermine their
quality. Some of the testingincludes an ignition (torch) test, a
cigaretteburn test, a stain-resistance test, and
achemical-resistance test.
Soapstone This is an older material used pre-dominantly in the
manufacture of laundrytrays and service sinks. Soapstone is
steatite,which is extremely heavy and very durable.
ACCESSIBILITY
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) andAmerican National
Standards Institute (ANSI)A117.1, Accessible and Usable Buildings
andFacilities, require certain plumbing fixtures tobe accessible.
The requirements for accessibil-ity are addressed in ASPE Data
Book, Volume 1,Chapter 6.
APPLICABLE STANDARDS
Plumbing fixtures are regulated by nationallydeveloped consensus
standards. These stan-
dards specify the material, fixture design, andtesting
requirements.
While the standards for plumbing fixturesare considered
voluntary, with reference to thestandards in the plumbing code, the
require-ments become mandatory. Most fixturemanufacturers have
their products certified bya third-party testing laboratory as
being in con-formance with the applicable standard.
Table 1-1 identifies the most common con-sensus standards
regulating plumbing fixtures.A complete list of standards is found
in DataBook, Volume 1, Chapter 2.
Table 1-1 Plumbing Fixture Standards
Plumbing Fixture Applicable Standard Fixture Material
Water closet ANSI/ASME A112.19.2 Vitreous chinaANSI Z124.4
Plastic
Urinal ANSI/ASME A112.19.2 Vitreous chinaANSI Z124.9 Plastic
Lavatory ANSI/ASME A112.19.1 Enameled cast ironANSI/ASME
A112.19.2 Vitreous chinaANSI/ASME A112.19.3 Stainless
steelANSI/ASME A112.19.4 Porcelain enameled steelANSI/ASME
A112.19.9 Nonvitreous chinaANSI Z124.3 Plastic
Sink ANSI/ASME A112.19.1 Enameled cast ironANSI/ASME A112.19.2
Vitreous chinaANSI/ASME A112.19.3 Stainless steelANSI/ASME
A112.19.4 Porcelain enameled steelANSI/ASME A112.19.9 Nonvitreous
chinaANSI Z124.6 Plastic
Drinking fountain ANSI/ASME A112.19.1 Enameled cast
ironANSI/ASME A112.19.2 Vitreous chinaANSI/ASME A112.19.9
Nonvitreous chinaARI 1010 Water coolers
Shower ANSI Z124.2 Plastic
Bathtub ANSI/ASME A112.19.1 Enameled cast ironANSI/ASME
A112.19.4 Porcelain enameled steelANSI/ASME A112.19.9 Nonvitreous
chinaANSI Z124.1 Plastic
Bidet ANSI/ASME A112.19.2 Vitreous chinaANSI/ASME A112.19.9
Nonvitreous china
Floor drain ANSI/ASME A112.6.3 All materials
Emergency fixtures ANSI Z358.1 All materials
Faucets and fixture fittings ANSI/ASME A112.18.1 All
materials
Waste fittings ANSI/ASME A112.18.2 All materials
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3Chapter 1 Plumbing Fixtures
WATER CLOSETS
Passage of the Plumbing Product Efficiency Actof 1992 by the US
government changed the de-sign of a water closet. It imposed a
maximumflushing rate of 1.6 gallons per flush (gpf) (6 Lper flush).
This was a significant drop in thequantity of water used,
previously 3.5 gal perflush, and was considered to be a water
savings.Prior to the first enactment of water conserva-tion in the
late 1970s, water closets typicallyflushed between 5 and 7 gal of
water. The great-est water use, 7 gal per flush, was by
blowoutwater closets.
With the modification in water flush volume,the style of each
manufacturers water closetchanged. The former terminology for
identifyingwater closets no longer fit. Water closets
werepreviously categorized as blowout, siphon jet,washout, reverse
trap, and wash down. (See Fig-ure 1-1.) The new style of 1.6 gpf
water closetsfit between the cracks of these old categories.The
standards have since changed, no longeridentifying a water closet
by these designations.
Water closets are currently placed into oneof three
categories:
A close-coupled water closet is one with a two-piece tank and
bowl fixture.
A one-piece water closet is, as it suggests, onewith the tank
and bowl as one piece.
A flushometer style water closet is a bowl witha spud connection
that receives the connec-tion from a flushometer valve.
Flushometertype water closets are also referred to as topspud or
back spud bowls. The spud isthe name for the connection for
theflushometer valve and the top or rear identi-fies the location
of the spud. (See Figure 1-2.)
There are also three distinct means for iden-tifying the
flushing of a water closet:
In a gravity flush, used with tank type waterclosets, the water
is not under pressure andflushes by gravity.
With a flushometer tank, also for tank typewater closets,
however, the water is stored ina pressurized vessel and flushed
under a pres-sure ranging between 25 and 35 psi.
A flushometer valve type of flush uses thewater supply line
pressure to flush the watercloset. Because of the demand for a
flush ofa large volume of water in a short period oftime, the water
supply pipe must be larger indiameter than that for a gravity or
flushometertank type of flush.
Figure 1-1 The older styles of water closets were identified as
(A) reverse trap,(B) blowout, and (C) siphon jet, to name a few.
Though still used in the indus-
try, these terms are no longer used in the standards.
(A) (B) (C)
Figure 1-2 Water closets are identified as(A) close coupled, (B)
one piece, and (C)
flushometer types.
(A)
(B)
(C)
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ASPE Data Book Volume 44
Another distinction used to identify a watercloset is the manner
of mounting and connec-tion. The common designations for water
closetsare the following:
A floor-mounted water closet is supported bythe floor and
connected directly to the pipingthrough the floor. (See Figure
1-3.)
A wall hung water closet is supported by awall hanger and never
comes in contact withthe floor. Wall hung water closets are
consid-ered superior for maintaining a clean floor inthe toilet
room since the water closet doesntinterfere with the cleaning of
the floor. (SeeFigure 1-4.)
Floor-mounted, back outlet water closets aresupported by the
floor yet connect to the pip-ing through the wall. The advantage of
the
floor-mounted, back outlet water closet is thatthe penetrations
of the floor are reduced forthe plumbing. It should be noted that
withthe change to 1.6 gal per flush it is more dif-ficult for
manufacturers to produce afloor-mounted, back outlet water closet
thatmeets all of the flushing performance require-ments in the
standard. (See Figure 1-5.)
Shape and Size
A water closet bowl is classified as either a roundfront or
elongated. An elongated bowl has anopening that extends 2 in.
farther to the front ofthe bowl. Most plumbing codes require
elongatedbowls for public and employee use. The addi-tional 2 in.
provides a larger opening, often calleda target area. With the
larger opening, there isa greater likelihood of maintaining a
cleanerwater closet for each user.
For floor-mounted water closets, the outletis identified based
on the rough-in dimension.The rough-in is the distance from the
back wallto the center of the outlet when the water closetis
installed. A standard rough-in bowl outlet is12 in. Most
manufacturers also make water clos-ets with a 10-in. or 14-in.
rough-in. (See Figure1-6.)
The size of the bowl is also based on theheight of the bowl rim
measured from the floor:
A standard water closet has a rim height of14 to 15 in. This is
the most common watercloset to install.
A childs water closet has a rim height of 10in. above the floor.
Many plumbing codes re-quire childs water closets in day-care
centersand kindergarten toilet rooms for use by smallchildren.
Figure 1-3 A floor-mounted, back outletwater closet is supported
on the floor with
the piping connection through the back wall.
Figure 1-4 Carrier for a Water Closet
Source: Courtesy of Jay R. Smith Company.
Figure 1-5 A wall hung water closetattaches to the back wall;
the water closet
does not contact the floor.
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5Chapter 1 Plumbing Fixtures
A water closet for juvenile use has a rim heightof 13 in.
A water closet for the physically challengedhas a rim height of
18 in. With the additionof the water closet seat, the fixture is
designedto conform to the accessibility requirements.
Water Closet Seat
A water closet seat must be designed for theshape of the bowl to
which it connects. Thereare two styles of water closet seat: solid
and splitrim. Plumbing codes typically require a split rimseat for
public and employee use water closets.The split rim seat is
designed to facilitate easywiping by females, and to prevent
contact be-tween the seat and the penis with males. This isto
maintain a high level of hygiene in public fa-cilities.
A new style of water closet seat has a plasticwrap around the
seat. The intent of this seat isto allow a clean surface for each
use. The seat isintended to replace the split rim seat in publicand
employee locations.
Flushing Performance
The flushing performance requirements for a wa-ter closet are
found in a separate standard,ANSI/American Society of Mechanical
Engineers(ASME) A112.19.6. This standard identifies thetest
protocol that must be followed to certify awater closet. The tests
include a ball removal
test, granule test, ink test, dye test, water con-sumption test,
trap seal restoration test, waterrise test, back pressure test, rim
top and seatfouling test, and a drain line carry test. At thetime
this chapter was written, an additional testwas being considered
for inclusion in the stan-dard, a bulk media test.
The ball removal test utilizes 100 polypropy-lene balls that are
in. in diameter. The watercloset must flush at least an average of
75 ballson the initial flush of three different flushes.
Thepolypropylene balls are intended to replicate thedensity of
human feces.
The granule test utilizes approximately 2500disc shaped granules
of polyethylene. The ini-tial flush of three different flushes must
resultin no more than 125 granules on average re-maining in the
bowl. The granule test is intendedto simulate a flush of watery
feces (diarrhea).
The ink test is performed on the inside wallof the water closet
bowl. A felt tip marker is usedto draw a line around the inside of
the bowl.After flushing, no individual segment of line canexceed
in. The total length of the remainingink line must not exceed 2 in.
This test deter-mines that the water flushes all interior
surfacesof the bowl.
The dye test uses a color dye to add to thewater closet trap
seal. The concentration of thedye is determined both before and
after flushingthe water closet. The dilution ratio of 100:1 mustbe
obtained for each flush. This test determinesthe evacuation of
urine in the trap seal.
The water consumption test determines thatthe water closet meets
the federal mandate of1.6 gal per flush.
The trap seal restoration test determines thatthe water closet
refills the trap of the bowl aftereach flush. The remaining trap
seal must be aminimum of 2 in. in depth.
The water rise test evaluates the rise of wa-ter in the bowl
when the water closet is flushed.The water cannot rise above a
point 3 in. belowthe top of the bowl.
The back pressure test is used to determinethat the water seal
remains in place when ex-posed to a back pressure (from the outlet
side ofthe bowl) of 2 in. of water column (wc). Thistest determines
that no sewer gas will escapethrough the fixture when high pressure
occursin the drainage system piping.
Figure 1-6 The standard rough-in dimen-sion is 12 in. from the
centerline of thewater closet outlet to the back wall. The
floor flange must be permanently secured tothe building
structure.
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ASPE Data Book Volume 46
The rim top and seat fouling test determinesif the water
splashes onto the top of the rim orseat of the water closet. This
test ensures thatthe user will not encounter a wet seat when us-ing
the water closet.
The drain line carry test determines the per-formance of the
water closet flush. The watercloset is connected to a 4-in. drain
60 ft in lengthpitched in./ft. The same 100 polypropyleneballs used
in the flush test are used in the drainline carry test. The average
carry distance of allthe polypropylene balls must be 40 ft in
length.This test determines the ability of the water closetto flush
the contents in such a manner that theyproperly flow down the
drainage piping.
The new proposed bulk media test is a testof a large quantity of
items placed in the bowl.The bowl cannot be stopped up by the bulk
me-dia during the flush, and a certain flushingperformance of the
bulk media will be required.The debate over this test is the
repeatability ofthe test. It is expected that, after round
robintesting is completed, the test will be added tothe
standard.
In Canada, water closets must conform toCanadian Standards
Association (CSA) B45.1,CSA B45.4, or CSA B45.5. While Canada
doesnot have a federal mandate requiring 1.6-gal-per-flush water
closets, many areas require thesewater closets. It should also be
noted thatCanada requires a bulk media test for watercloset flush
performance.
Installation Requirements
The water closet must be properly connected tothe drainage
piping system. For floor-mountedwater closets, a water closet
flange is attachedto the piping and permanently secured to
thebuilding. For wood framed buildings, the flangeis screwed to the
floor. For concrete floors, theflange sits on the floor.
Noncorrosive closet bolts connect the watercloset to the floor
flange. The seal between thefloor flange and the water closet is
made witheither a wax ring or an elastomeric sealing con-nection.
The connection formed between thewater closet and the floor must be
sealed withcaulking or tile grout.
For wall hung water closets, the fixture mustconnect to a wall
carrier. The carrier must trans-fer the loading of the water closet
to the floor. A
wall hung water closet must be capable of sup-porting a load of
500 lb at the end of the watercloset. When the water closet is
connected tothe carrier, none of this load can be transferredto the
piping system. Water closet carriers mustconform to ANSI/ASME
A112.6.1.
The minimum spacing required for a watercloset is 15 in. from
the centerline of the bowl tothe side wall, and 21 in. from the
front of thewater closet to any obstruction in front of thewater
closet. The standard dimension for a wa-ter closet compartment is
30 in. wide by 60 in.in length. The water closet must be installed
inthe center of the standard compartment. Theminimum distance
required between water clos-ets is 30 in. (See Figure 1-7.)
The change in the flushing performance ofthe 1.6-gal-per-flush
water closet has affectedthe piping connection for back-to-back
watercloset installations. With a 3.5-gal-per-flush wa-ter closet,
the common fitting used to connectback-to-back water closets was
either a 3-in.double sanitary tee or a 3-in. double fixture
fit-ting. With the superior flushing of the 1.6-gpfwater closet,
the plumbing codes have prohib-ited the installation of a double
sanitary tee ordouble fixture fitting for back-to-back water
clos-ets. The only acceptable fitting is the doublecombination wye
and eighth bend. The fitting,however, increases the spacing
required betweenthe floor and the ceiling.
The minimum spacing required to use adouble sanitary tee fitting
is 30 in. from thecenterline of the water closet outlet to the
en-trance of the fitting. This spacing rules out aback-to-back
water closet connection.
One of the problems associated with the shortpattern fittings is
the siphon action created inthe initial flush of the water closets.
This siphonaction can draw the water out of the trap of thewater
closet connected to the other side of thefitting. Another potential
problem is the inter-ruption of flow when flushing a water closet.
Theflow from one water closet can propel wateracross the fitting,
interfering with the other wa-ter closet. (See Figure 1-8.)
Flushing Systems
Gravity flush The most common means of flush-ing a water closet
is a gravity flush. This is theflush with a tank type water closet,
described
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7Chapter 1 Plumbing Fixtures
Figure 1-8 Both a double sanitary tee and a double fixture
fitting are prohibited on a 3-in.connection to back-to-back water
closets.
Figure 1-7 The minimum size water closet compartment is 30 in.
60 in. Spacing is requiredfrom the centerline of the water closet
to a side wall or obstruction and from the front lip of
the water closet to any obstruction.
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ASPE Data Book Volume 48
valve for a water closet has a connection of 1 in.in diameter.
(See Figure 1-9.)
Flushometer valve A flushometer valve is alsoreferred to as a
flush valve. The valve is de-signed with upper and lower chambers
separatedby a diaphragm. The water pressure in the up-per chamber
keeps the valve in the closedposition. When the trip lever is
activated, thewater in the upper chamber escapes to the
lowerchamber, starting the flush. The flush of 1.6 galpasses
through the flush valve. The valve isclosed by line pressure as
water reenters theupper chamber, closing off the valve.
For 1.6-gpf water closets, flushometer valvesare set to flow 25
gpm at peak to flush the watercloset. The flushing cycle is very
short, lasting 4to 5 s. The water distribution system must
beproperly designed to allow the peak flow duringa heavy use period
for the plumbing system.
Flushometer valves have either a manual oran automatic means of
flushing. The most popu-lar manual means of flushing is a
handlemounted on the side of the flush valve. Auto-matic
flushometer valves are available in a varietyof styles. The
automatic can be battery operatedor directly connected to the power
supply of thebuilding.
URINALS
A urinal was developed as a fixture to expeditethe use of a
toilet room. It is designed for theremoval of urine and the quick
exchange of us-ers. The Plumbing Product Efficiency Act of
1992included requirements for the water consump-tion of urinals. A
urinal is now restricted to amaximum water use of 1.0 gal per
flush. Thischange in water consumption resulted in a modi-fied
design of the fixture.
One of the main concerns in the design of aurinal is the
maintenance of a sanitary fixture.The fixture must contain the
urine, flush it downthe drain, and wash the exposed surfaces.
Priorto the passage of the Plumbing Product EfficiencyAct of 1992,
urinals were developed using largerquantities of water to flush the
contents. Thisincluded a blowout model that could readily re-move
any of the contents thrown into the urinalin addition to urine.
Blowout urinals were popu-lar in high-traffic areas such as
assemblybuildings. However, the older blowout urinalsrequire more
than 1 gal of water to flush. The
above, wherein the water is not pressurized inthe tank. The tank
stores a quantity of water toestablish the initial flush of the
bowl. A trip le-ver raises either a flapper or a ball, allowing
thethe flush is at the maximum siphon in the bowl,the flapper or
ball reseals, closing off the tankfrom the bowl.
The ballcock, located inside the tank, con-trols the flow of
water into the tank. A floatmechanism opens and closes the
ballcock. Theballcock directs the majority of the water intothe
tank and a smaller portion of water into thebowl to refill the trap
seal. The ballcock must be
an antisiphon ballcock conforming to AmericanSociety of Sanitary
Engineers (ASSE) 1002. Thisprevents the contents of the tank from
being si-phoned back into the potable water supply. (SeeFigure
1-9.)
Flushometer tank A flushometer tank has thesame outside
appearance as a gravity tank. How-ever, inside the tank is a
pressure vessel thatstores the water for flushing. The water in
thepressure vessel must be a minimum of 25 psi tooperate properly.
Thus, the line pressure on theconnection to the flushometer tank
must be aminimum of 25 psi. A pressure regulator pre-vents the
pressure in the vessel from rising above35 psi (typical of most
manufacturers).
The higher pressure from the flushometertank results in a flush
similar to a flushometervalve. One of the differences between
theflushometer tank and the flushometer valve isthe sizing of the
water distribution system. Thewater piping to a flushometer tank is
sized thesame way the water piping to a gravity flush tankis sized.
Typically, the individual water connec-tion is in. in diameter. For
a flushometer valve,there is a high flow rate demand, resulting in
alarge piping connection. A typical flushometer
(A) (B)
Figure 1-9 (A) A Gravity Tank and (B) aFlushometer Tank
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9Chapter 1 Plumbing Fixtures
newer urinals identified as blowout urinals donot have the same
forceful flush.
Urinals have been considered a fixture forthe male population.
However, that has not al-ways been the case. Various attempts have
beenmade to introduce a female urinal. The conceptof a female
urinal has never been embraced bythe female population. Problems
that have beenencountered include a lack of understanding ofthe use
of the urinal. (The first female urinalsrequired the woman to
approach the urinal inthe opposite way a man would. She would
befacing away from the urinal slightly bent over.)Another
continuing concern is privacy duringuse. Finally, there have been
concerns regard-ing cleanliness with its use compared with
thatassociated with the use of a water closet. Hence,very few
female urinals remain in use in theUnited States and Canada.
Urinal Styles
Urinals are identified as blowout, siphon jet,washout, stall,
and wash down. A stall urinal isa type of wash-down urinal.
Blowout, siphon-jet, and washout urinals all have integral
traps.Stall and wash-down urinals have an outlet towhich an
external trap is connected. Manyplumbing codes continue to prohibit
the use ofstall and wash-down urinals in public and em-ployee
toilet rooms. One of the concerns withstall and wash-down urinals
is the ability tomaintain a high level of sanitation after
eachflush.
The style identifies the type of flushing ac-tion in the urinal.
The blowout and siphon-jettypes rely on a complete evacuation of
the trap.Blowout urinals tend to force the water and wastefrom the
trap to the drain. Siphon-jet urinalscreate a siphon action to
evacuate the trap.Washout urinals rely on a water exchange toflush.
There is no siphon action or completeevacuation of the trap way.
Stall and wash-downurinals have an external trap. The flushing
ac-tion is a water exchange; however, it is a lessefficient water
exchange than that of a washouturinal.
Urinals with an integral trap must be capableof passing a -in.
diameter ball. The outlet con-nection is typically 2 in. in
diameter.
Stall and wash-down urinals can have a 1-in. outlet with an
external 1-in. trap.
Flushing Performance
The flushing performance for a urinal is regu-lated by ANSI/ASME
A112.19.6. There are threetests for urinals: the ink test, dye
test, and wa-ter consumption test.
In the ink test a felt tip marker is utilized todraw a line on
the inside wall of the urinal. Theurinal is flushed and the
remaining ink line ismeasured. The total length of ink line
cannotexceed 1 in., and no segment can exceed in.in length.
The dye test uses a colored dye to evaluatethe water exchange
rate in the trap. After oneflush, the trap must have a dilution
ratio of 100to 1. The dye test is performed only on urinalswith an
integral trap. This includes blowout, si-phon-jet, and washout
urinals. It is not possibleto test stall and wash-down urinals
since theyhave external traps. This is one of the concernsthat have
resulted in the restricted use of thesefixtures.
The water consumption test determines thatthe urinal flushes
with 1 gal of water or less.
Installation Requirements
The minimum spacing required between urinalsis 30 in. center to
center. The minimum spacingbetween a urinal and the sidewall is 15
in. Thisspacing provides access to the urinal without
Figure 1-10 Urinal spacing must beadequate to allow adjacent
users to access
the urinals without interference.
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ASPE Data Book Volume 410
There is also a new style of urinal availablethe waterless
urinal. Waterless urinals connectto the drainage system but do not
have a watersupply. Waterless urinals have a special solu-tion that
fills the trap seal. During the use of thefixture, the urine drops
below the special trapsolution entering the drainage system. The
in-side walls of the urinal are required to be washedwith the
special solution on a periodic basis.
LAVATORIES
A lavatory is a wash basin used for personal hy-giene. In public
locations, a lavatory is intendedto be used for washing ones hands
and face.Residential lavatories are intended for hand andface
washing, shaving, applying makeup, clean-ing contact lenses, and
similar hygienic activities.
Lavatory faucet flow rates are regulated as apart of the
Plumbing Product Efficiency Act of1992. The original flow rate
established by thegovernment was 2.5 gpm at 80 psi for privateuse
lavatories and 0.5 gpm, or a cycle discharg-ing 0.25 gal, for
public use lavatories. Since theinitial regulations, there has been
a change to2.2 gpm at 60 psi for private (and
residential)lavatories, and 0.5 gpm at 60 psi, or a cycle of0.25
gal, for public lavatories.
Size and Shape
Manufacturers produce lavatories in every con-ceivable size and
shape. The lavatories aresquare, round, oblong, rectangular, shaped
forcorners, with or without ledges, decorative bowls,and molded
into countertops.
The standard outlet for a lavatory is 1 in.in diameter. The
standard lavatory has threeholes on the ledge for the faucet. A
normal fau-cet hole pattern spaces the two outside holes 4in.
apart. The faucets installed in these lavato-ries are called 4-in.
centersets. When spreadfaucets are to be installed, the spacing
betweenthe two outer holes is 8 in.
For many years, the fixture standards re-quired lavatories to
have an overflow. Thisrequirement was based on the use of the
fixturewhereby the basin was filled prior to cleaning. Ifa user
left the room while the lavatory was beingfilled, the water would
not overflow onto the floor.
Studies have shown that lavatories are rarelyused in this
capacity. It is more common not to
the user coming in contact with the user of theadjacent fixture.
The minimum spacing requiredin front of the urinal is 21 in. (See
Figure 1-10.)
One of the debated issues regarding urinalsis screening between
urinals. A question of pri-vacy is often raised during plumbing
codediscussions. At the time of this writing, screen-ing is not
required by any of the model plumbingcodes. However, many local and
some stateplumbing codes require privacy barriers
betweenurinals.
Urinals with an integral trap have the outletlocated 21 in.
above the floor for a standardheight installation. Stall urinals
are mounted onthe floor. Wall hung urinals must be mountedon
carriers that transfer the weight of the urinalto the floor.
Many plumbing codes require urinals forpublic and employee use
to have a visible trapseal. This refers to blowout, siphon-jet, or
wash-out urinals.
The building and/or plumbing codes requirethe walls and floor
surrounding the urinal to befinished with waterproofed, smooth,
readilycleanable, nonabsorbent material. This finishedmaterial must
be applied to the wall for a dis-tance of 2 ft to either side of
the urinal and aheight of 4 ft. It must also extend outward onthe
floor to a point 2 ft in front of the urinal.This protects the
building material from dam-age that could result from splashing,
which canoccur with urinal use.
Flushing Requirements
With the federal requirements for water con-sumption, urinals
must be flushed with aflushometer valve. The valve can be either
manu-ally or automatically actuated.
A urinal flushometer valve has a lower flushvolume and flow rate
than a water closetflushometer valve. The total volume is 1 gal
perflush and the peak flow rate is 15 gpm. The wa-ter distribution
system must be properly sizedfor the peak flow rate for the
urinal.
Urinal flushometer valves operate the sameas water closet
flushometer valves. For additionalinformation see the discussion of
flushing sys-tems under Water Closets earlier in thischapter.
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11Chapter 1 Plumbing Fixtures
fill the basin with water during use. As a result,overflows
became an optional item for lavato-ries. Some plumbing codes,
however, still requireoverflows for lavatories.
To avoid a hygiene problem with the optionaloverflows, the
fixture standard added a mini-mum size for the overflow. The
minimumcross-sectional area must be 18 in.2
Another style of lavatory is the circular orsemicircular group
washup. The plumbing codesconsider every 20 in. of space along a
groupwashup to be equivalent to one lavatory.
Installation
The standard height of a lavatory is 31 in. abovethe finished
floor. A spacing of 21 in. is requiredin front of the lavatory to
access the fixture. (SeeFigure 1-11.)
Lavatories can be counter mounted, undercounter mounted, or wall
hung. When lavato-ries are wall hung in public and
employeefacilities, they must be connected to a carrierthat
transfers the weight of the fixture to thefloor.
KITCHEN SINKS
A kitchen sink is used for culinary purposes.There are two
distinct classifications of kitchensinkresidential and commercial.
It should benoted that residential kitchen sinks are installed
in commercial buildings, typically in a kitchenused by
employees. Commercial kitchen sinksare designed for restaurant and
food handlingestablishments.
The Plumbing Product Efficiency Act of 1992regulates the flow
rate of faucets for residentialkitchen sinks. The original flow
rate establishedwas 2.5 gpm at 80 psi. The fixture standardshave
since modified the flow rate to 2.2 gpm at60 psi.
Residential Kitchen Sinks
Common residential kitchen sinks are single-
ordouble-compartment (or bowl) sinks. There is nostandard dimension
for the size of the sink; how-ever, most kitchen sinks are 22 in.
measuredfrom the front edge to the rear edge. For
single-compartment sinks, the most common width ofthe sink is 25
in. For double-compartmentkitchen sinks, the most common width is
33 in.The common depth of the compartments is 9 to10 in.
Most plumbing codes require the outlet of aresidential kitchen
sink to be 3 in. in diam-eter. This is to accommodate the
installation ofa food waste grinder.
There are specialty residential kitchen sinksthat have three
compartments. Typically, thethird compartment is a smaller
compartmentthat does not extend the full depth of the
othercompartments.
Kitchen sinks have one, three, or four holesfor the installation
of a faucet. Some single-le-ver faucets require only a single hole
forinstallation. The three-hole arrangement is for astandard
two-handle valve installation. The fourholes are designed to allow
the installation of a
Figure 1-11 Recommended InstallationDimensions for a
Lavatory
Figure 1-12 Standard dimensions for akitchen sink include a
counter height of 36
in. above the finished floor.
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SERVICE SINKS
A service sink is a general purpose sink intendedto be used for
facilitating the cleaning or deco-rating of a building. The sink is
commonly usedto fill mop buckets and dispose of their waste. Itis
also used for cleaning paint brushes, rollers,and paper hanging
equipment.
There is no standard size, shape, or style ofa service sink.
They are available both wallmounted and floor mounted. Mop basins,
in-stalled on the floor, qualify as service sinks inthe plumbing
codes.
side spray or other kitchen appurtenance suchas a soap
dispenser.
The standard installation height for a resi-dential kitchen sink
is 36 in. above the finishedfloor. Most architects tend to follow
the 6-ft tri-angle rule when locating a kitchen sink. The sinkis
placed no more than 6 ft to the range and 6 ftto the refrigerator.
(See Figure 1-12.)
Residential kitchen sinks mount either abovethe counter or below
the counter. Counter-mounting kitchen sinks are available with a
selfrimming ledge or a sink frame.
Commercial Kitchen Sinks
Commercial kitchen sinks are normally largerin size and have a
deeper bowl than residentialkitchen sinks. The depth of the bowl
ranges from16 to 20 in. for most commercial kitchen
sinks.Commercial kitchen sinks are often free-stand-ing sinks with
legs to support the sink.
Because of health authority requirements,most commercial kitchen
sinks are stainlesssteel. Another health authority requirement
isfor either a two- or three-compartment sink inevery commercial
kitchen. The more popular re-quirement is a three-compartment sink.
Thehistorical requirement for a three-compartmentsink dates back to
the use of the first compart-ment for washing of dishes, the
secondcompartment for the rinsing of dishes, and thethird
compartment for sanitizing the dishes. Withthe increased use of
dishwashers in commercialkitchens, some of the health codes have
modi-fied the requirements for a three-compartmentsink.
Commercial kitchen sinks used for foodpreparation are required
to connect to the drain-age system through an indirect waste.
Thisprevents the possibility of contaminating any ofthe food in the
event of a drain-line backup re-sulting from a stoppage in the
line.
Commercial kitchen sinks that could dis-charge grease-laden
waste must connect to eithera grease interceptor or a grease trap.
Plumbingcodes used to permit the grease trap to serve asthe trap
for the sink if it was located within 60in. of the sink. Most
plumbing codes have sincemodified this requirement by mandating a
trapfor each kitchen sink. The grease trap is no longerpermitted to
serve as a trap. A separate trap pro-vides better protection from
the escape of sewergas. (See Figure 1-13.)
Figure 1-13 When grease-laden waste ispossible, the sink must
discharge to a
grease interceptor.
Figure 1-14 While not required, a standard3-in. P trap service
sink is still a popular
fixture.
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13Chapter 1 Plumbing Fixtures
A service sink is typically located in a janitorsstorage closet
or a separate room for use by thecustodial employees. There is no
requirementspecifying location in the plumbing codes. Nei-ther is
there a standard height for installing aservice sink. Furthermore,
there are no limita-tions on the flow rate from the service sink
faucet.
Service sinks are selected based on the an-ticipated use of the
fixture and the type ofbuilding in which it is installed. The
plumbingcodes require either a 1- or a 2-in. trap for theservice
sink. (See Figure 1-14.)
SINKS
There is a general classification for sinks thatare neither
kitchen sinks nor service sinks; theseare identified simply as
sinks. The general cat-egory of fixtures is typically those not
requiredbut installed for the convenience of the buildingusers.
Some typical installations include doc-tors offices, hospitals,
laboratories,photo-processing facilities, quick marts, and of-fice
buildings.
Sinks come in a variety of sizes and shapes.There are no height
or spacing requirements. Theflow rate from the faucet is not
regulated. Mostplumbing codes require a 1-in. drain
connec-tion.
LAUNDRY TRAYS
A laundry tray, or laundry sink, is located in thelaundry room
and used in conjunction withwashing clothes. The sink has either
one or twocompartments. The depth of the bowl is typi-cally 14 in.
There are no standard dimensionsfor the size of laundry trays;
however, mostsingle-compartment laundry trays measure 22in. by 24
in. wide, and most double-compart-ment laundry trays measure 22 in.
by 45 in.
Plumbing codes permit a domestic clotheswasher to discharge into
a laundry tray. Theminimum size for a trap and outlet for a
laun-dry tray is 1 in.
At one time, laundry trays were made pre-dominantly of
soapstone. Today, the majority oflaundry trays are plastic.
However, there are alsostainless steel, enameled cast iron, and
porce-lain enameled steel laundry trays.
FAUCETS
Every sink and lavatory needs a faucet to directand control the
flow of water into the fixture. Afaucet performs the simple
operations of open-ing, closing, and mixing hot and cold water.
Whilethe process is relatively simple, fixture manu-facturers have
developed extensive lines offaucets.
Faucet Categories
Faucets are categorized by application. The typesof faucets
include lavatory faucets, residentialkitchen sink faucets, laundry
faucets, sink fau-cets, and commercial faucets. The
classificationcommercial faucets includes commercial kitchenfaucets
and commercial sink faucets. It does notinclude lavatory faucets.
All lavatories are clas-sified the same, whether they are installed
inresidential or commercial buildings. It shouldbe noted, however,
that there are styles of lava-tory faucets used strictly in
commercialapplications. These include self-metering lava-tory
faucets that discharge a specified quantityof water and automatic
lavatories that operateon sensors.
Flow Rates
The flow rates are regulated for lavatories andnoncommercial
kitchen sinks. Table 1-2 identi-fies the flow rate limitations of
faucets.
Table 1-2Faucet Flow Rate Restrictions
Type of Faucet Maximum Flow RateKitchen faucet 2.2 gpm @ 60
psi
Lavatory faucet 2.2 gpm @ 60 psi
Lavatory faucet (public use) 0.5 gpm @ 60 psi
Lavatory faucet (public use, metering) 0.25 gal per cycle
Backflow Protection
In addition to controlling the flow of water, afaucet must
protect the potable water supplyagainst backflow. This is often a
forgotten re-quirement, since most faucets rely on an air gapto
provide protection against backflow. When anair gap is provided
between the outlet of the fau-cet and the flood level rim of the
fixture (by
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manufacturer design), no additional protectionis necessary.
Backflow protection becomes a concernwhenever a faucet has a
hose thread outlet, aflexible hose connection, or a pull-out spray
con-nection. For these styles of faucet, additionalbackflow
protection is necessary. The hose orhose connection eliminates the
air gap by sub-merging the spout or outlet in a nonpotable
watersource.
The most common form of backflow protec-tion for faucets not
having an air gap is the useof a vacuum breaker. Many manufacturers
in-clude an atmospheric vacuum breaker in thedesign of faucets that
require additional backflowprotection. The standard atmospheric
vacuumbreaker must conform to ASSE 1001.
Faucets with pull-out sprays or goose-neckspouts can be
protected by a vacuum breakeror a backflow system that conforms to
ANSI/ASME A112.18.3. This standard specifies test-ing requirements
for a faucet to be certified asprotecting the water supply against
backflow.Many of the newer pull-out spray kitchen fau-cets are
listed in ANSI/ASME A112.18.3. Thesenewer faucets have a spout
attached to a flex-ible hose whereby the spout can detach fromthe
faucet body and be used similarly to the waya side spray is.
Side-spray kitchen faucets must have adiverter that is listed in
ASSE 1025. The diverterensures that the faucet switches to an air
gapwhenever there is a lowering of the pressure inthe supply
line.
The most important installation requirementis the proper
location of the backflow preventer(or the maintenance of the air
gap). When atmo-spheric vacuum breakers are installed, they mustbe
located a minimum distance above the floodlevel rim of the fixture,
as specified by the manu-facturer.
DRINKING FOUNTAINS
A drinking fountain is designed to provide drink-ing water to
users. The two classifications ofdrinking fountains are water
coolers and drink-ing fountains. A water cooler has a
refrigeratedcomponent that chills the water. A drinking foun-tain
is a nonrefrigerated water dispenser.
There are many styles of both drinking foun-tain and water
cooler. The height of a drinkingfountain is not regulatedother than
accessibledrinking fountains conforming to ANSI/Interna-tional Code
Council (ICC) A117.1. For gradeschool installations, drinking
fountains are typi-cally installed 30 in. above the finished floor
tothe rim of the fountain. Other locations typicallyhave drinking
fountains 36 to 44 in. above thefinished floor. (See Figure
1-15.)
Space must be provided in front of the drink-ing fountain to
allow proper access to the fixture.The plumbing code prohibits
drinking fountainsfrom being installed in toilets or bathrooms.
The water supply to a drinking fountain is ain. or in. in
diameter. The drainage connec-tion is 14 in.
Many plumbing codes permit bottled wateror the service of water
in a restaurant to be sub-stituted for the installation of a
drinkingfountain.
SHOWERS
A shower is designed to allow full body cleans-ing. The size and
configuration of a shower mustpermit an individual to bend at the
waist to cleanthe lower body extremities. The minimum sizeshower
enclosure required in the plumbing codesis 30 in. by 30 in. The
codes further stipulatethat a shower have a 30-in. diameter circle
withinthe shower to allow free movement by the bather.
Figure 1-15 Drinking fountain height canvary depending on the
application.
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15Chapter 1 Plumbing Fixtures
The water flow rate for showers is regulatedby the Plumbing
Product Efficiency Act of 1992.The maximum permitted flow rate from
a showervalve is 2.5 gpm at 80 psi.
There are three different types of showeravailable: the
prefabricated shower enclosure,the prefabricated shower base, and
the built-in-place shower. Prefabricated shower enclosuresare
available from plumbing fixture manufactur-ers in a variety of
sizes and shapes. Prefabricatedshower bases are the floors of the
showers de-signed so that the walls can be eitherprefabricated
assemblies or built-in-place ce-ramic walls. Built-in-place showers
are typicallyceramic installations for both the floor and
walls.
Prefabricated shower enclosures and prefab-ricated shower bases
have a drainage outletdesigned for a connection to a 2-in. drain.
Certainplumbing codes have lowered the shower drainsize to 1 in.
The connection to a 1-in. draincan also be made with prefabricated
showers.
A built-in-place shower allows the installa-tion of a shower of
any shape and size. Theimportant installation requirement for a
built-
in-place shower is the shower pan. The pan isplaced on the floor
prior to the installation of
the ceramic base. The pan must turn up on thesides of the shower
a minimum of 2 in. abovethe finished threshold of the shower
(except thethreshold entrance). The materials commonlyused to make
a shower pan include sheet lead,sheet copper, PVC sheet, and
chlorinated poly-ethylene sheet. (See Figure 1-16.)
At the drainage connection to the shower pan,weep holes are
required to be installed at the baseof the shower pan. The weep
holes and showerpan are intended to serve as a backup drain inthe
event that the ceramic floor leaks or cracks.
SHOWER VALVES
Shower valves must be thermostatic mixing,pressure balancing, or
a combination of ther-mostatic mixing and pressure balancing
andconform to ASSE 1016. The shower valves notonly control the flow
and temperature of thewater, they also must control any variation
inthe temperature of the water. These valves pro-vide protection
against scalding as well as suddenchanges in water temperature,
which can causeslips and falls.
A pressure-balancing valve maintains a con-stant temperature of
the shower water byconstantly adjusting the pressure of the hot
andcold water supply. If there is a change in pres-sure on the cold
water supply, the hot watersupply balances to the equivalent
pressure set-ting. When tested, a pressure-balancing valvecannot
have a fluctuation in temperature thatexceeds 3F. If the cold water
shuts off com-pletely, the hot water shuts off as well.
Thermostatic mixing valves adjust the tem-perature of the water
by maintaining a constanttemperature once the water temperature is
set.This is accomplished by thermally sensing con-trols that modify
the quantity of hot and coldwater to keep the set temperature.
The difference between a thermostatic mix-ing valve and a
pressure-balancing valve is thata thermostatic mixing valve will
adjust the tem-perature when there is a fluctuation in
thetemperature of either the hot or cold water. Witha
pressure-balancing valve, when the tempera-ture of either the hot
or cold water changes, thetemperature of the shower water will
change ac-cordingly.
Figure 1-16 Built-in-place showers requirea pan below the floor.
The drain must have
weep holes at the shower pan level.
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The maximum flow rate permitted for eachshower is 2.5 gpm at 80
psi. If body sprays areadded to the shower, the total water flow
rate isstill 2.5 gpm at 80 psi for the total water flow.
The shower valve is typically located 48 to50 in. above the
floor. The installation height for
a shower head ranges from 65 to 84 in. abovethe floor of the
shower. The standard height is78 in. for showers used by adult
males.
BATHTUBS
The bathtub was the original fixture used tobathe or cleanse
ones body. Eventually, theshower was added to the bathtub to
expeditethe bathing process. The standard installationwas a
combination tub/shower. With the intro-duction of the whirlpool
bathtub, there has beena renaissance with a change to a separate
whirl-pool bathtub without an overhead shower and aseparate shower.
It is still common, however, tohave a whirlpool bathtub with an
overheadshower as the main bathing fixture.
The bathtub has been a traditional residen-tial fixture.
Bathtubs tend to be installed withinresidential units only. The
standard bathtub sizeis 5 ft long by 30 in. wide with a depth of 14
to16 in. The drain can be either a left-hand (drainhole on the left
side as you face the bathtub) orright-hand outlet. (See Figure
1-17.)
All bathtubs must have an overflow drain.This is necessary since
the bathtub is often filledwhile the bather is not present.
Porcelain enam-eled steel and enameled cast iron bathtubs
arerequired to have a slip-resistant base to preventslips and
falls. Plastic bathtubs are not requiredto have the slip-resistant
surface since the plas-tic is considered to have an inherent
slipresistance. However, slip resistance can be speci-fied for
plastic bathtub surfaces.
In addition to the standard 5-ft bathtub,there are a variety of
sizes and shapes of bath-tubs and whirlpool bathtubs. When
whirlpoolbathtubs are installed, the controls for the whirl-pool
must be accessible.
BATHTUB FILL VALVE
The two types of bathtub fill valve are the tubfiller and the
combination tub and shower valve.Tub and shower valves must be
pressure-bal-ancing, thermostatic mixing, or
combinationpressure-balancing and thermostatic mixingvalves
conforming to ASSE 1016. The tub filleris not required to meet
these requirements, al-though there are pressure-balancing
andthermostatic mixing tub filler valves available.
The spout of the tub filler must be properlyinstalled to
maintain a 2-in. air gap between theoutlet and the flood level rim
of the bathtub. Ifthis air gap is not maintained, then the
outletmust be protected from backflow by some othermeans. Certain
decorative tub fillers have an at-mospheric vacuum breaker
installed to protectthe opening that is located below the flood
levelrim.
The standard location of the bathtub fill valveis 14 in. above
the top rim of the bathtub. Thespout is typically located 4 in.
above the top rimof the bathtub to the centerline of the pipe
con-nection.
BIDET
The bidet is a fixture designed for cleaning theperineal area.
The bidet is often mistaken to bea fixture designed for use by the
female popula-tion only. However, the fixture is meant for bothmale
and female cleaning. The bidet has a fau-cet that comes with or
without a water sprayconnection. When a water spray is provided,
theoutlet must be protected against backflow since
Figure 1-17 A standard bathtub is 5 ft inlength.
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17Chapter 1 Plumbing Fixtures
the opening is located below the flood level rimof the bidet.
Manufacturers provide a decorativeatmospheric vacuum breaker that
is located onthe deck of the bidet.
Bidets are vitreous china fixtures that aremounted on the floor.
The fixture, being similarto a lavatory, has a 1-in. drainage
connection.Access must be provided around the bidet to al-low a
bather to straddle the fixture and sit downon the rim. Most bidets
have a flushing rim tocleanse the fixture after each use.
The bidet is used only for external cleans-ing. It is not
designed for internal body cleansing.This is often misunderstood
since the body spraymay be referred to as a douche (the Frenchword
for shower).
FLOOR DRAINS
A floor drain is a plumbing fixture that is theexception to the
definition of a plumbing fixture.There is no supply of cold and/or
hot water to afloor drain. Every other plumbing fixture has awater
supply. Floor drains are typically providedas an emergency fixture
in the event of a leak oroverflow of water. They are also used to
assist inthe cleaning of a toilet or bathroom.
Floor drains are available in a variety ofshapes and sizes. The
minimum size drainageoutlet required by the plumbing code is 2
in.Most plumbing codes do not require floor drains;it is considered
an optional fixture that theplumbing engineer may consider
installing. Mostpublic toilet rooms have a least one floor
drain.Floor drains are also used on the lower level ofcommercial
buildings and in storage areas, com-mercial kitchens, and areas
subject to potentialleaks.
Floor drains may also serve as indirect wastereceptors for
condensate lines, overflow lines,and similar indirect waste
lines.
A trench drain is considered a type of floordrain. (See Figure
1-18.) Trench drains are con-tinuous drains that can extend for a
number offeet in length. Trench drains are popular in in-door
parking structures and factory andindustrial areas. Each section of
trench drainmust have a separate trap.
When floor drains are installed for emergencypurposes, the lack
of use can result in the evapo-ration of the trap seal and the
escape of sewer
gas. Floor drain traps subject to such evapora-tion are required
to be protected with trap sealprimer valves or devices. These
valves or devicesensure that the trap seal remains intact and
pre-vents the escape of sewer gas. (See Figure 1-19.)
EMERGENCY FIXTURES
The two types of emergency fixture are the emer-gency shower and
the eyewash station. Thesefixtures are designed to wash a victim
with largevolumes of water when there is a chemical spillor burn or
another hazardous material is spilledon an individual.
Emergency fixtures are normally required byOSHA regulations. In
industrial buildings andchemical laboratories, emergency fixtures
aresometimes added at the owners request in ad-dition to the
minimum number required byOSHA.
An emergency shower is also called a drenchshower because of the
large volume of waterdischarged through the emergency shower.
(See
Figure 1-19 Floor Drain
Source: Courtesy of Jay R. Smith Company.
Figure 1-18 A trench drain can be used as afloor drain in a
building. A separate trap isrequired for each section of trench
drain.
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Figure 1-20.) A typical low-end flow rate throughan emergency
shower is 25 gpm. The flow ratecan be as high as 100 gpm. The
minimum sizewater connection is 1 in. The shower head istypically
installed 7 ft above the finished floor.
Eyewash stations are for washing the eyes.Unlike in emergency
showers, in eyewash sta-tions the water flow rate is gentle so that
theeyes can remain open during the washing pro-cess. The flow rates
for an eyewash station rangefrom 1.5 to 6 gpm.
There are also combination emergencyshower and eyewash
stations.
Most plumbing codes do not require a drainfor emergency showers
or eyewash stations. Thisis to allow greater flexibility in the
location ofthe fixtures and the spot cleanup of any chemi-cals that
may be washed off the victim.
Figure 1-20 Emergency Shower
Source: Courtesy of Haws Corporation.
The standard regulating emergency fixturesis ANSI Z358.1. This
standard requires the wa-ter supply to emergency fixtures to be
tepid. Thetemperature of tepid water is assumed to be inthe range
of 85F. When controlling the watertemperature, the thermostatic
control valve mustpermit full flow of cold water in the event of
afailure of the hot water supply. This can be ac-complished with
the use of a fail-safethermostatic mixing valve or a bypass valve
forthe thermostatic mixing valve. Since the showerand eyewash
stations are for extreme emergen-cies, there must always be an
available supplyof water to the fixtures.
MINIMUM FIXTUREREQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDINGS
The minimum number of required plumbing fix-tures for buildings
is specified in the plumbingcodes. See Table 1-3, which reprints
Table 403.1of the ICC International Plumbing Code, and Table1-4,
which reprints Table 4-1 of the InternationalAssociation of
Plumbing and Mechanical Offi-cials (IAPMO) Uniform Plumbing
Code.
Both the International Plumbing Code and theUniform Plumbing
Code base the minimum num-ber of plumbing fixtures on the occupant
loadof the building. This is the maximum loadingpermitted based on
the exiting of the building.It should be recognized that the
occupant loadand occupancy of the building are
sometimessignificantly different. For example, in an
officebuilding, the occupancy is typically 25% of theoccupant load.
The minimum fixture tables havetaken this into account in
determining the mini-mum number of fixtures required.
Single-Occupant Toilet Rooms
The International Plumbing Code has added a re-quirement for a
single-occupant toilet room foruse by both sexes. This toilet room
is also calleda unisex toilet room. The single-occupant toi-let
room must be designed to meet the accessiblefixture requirements of
ANSI/ICC A117.1. Thepurpose of the single-occupant toilet room is
toallow a husband to help a wife or vice versa. Italso allows a
father to oversee a daughter or amother to oversee a son. These
rooms are espe-cially important for those temporarilyincapacitated
and the severely incapacitated.
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19Chapter 1 Plumbing Fixtures
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21Chapter 1 Plumbing Fixtures
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Source: Reproduced from the 2000 edition of the Uniform Plumbing
Code! , Copyright 1999, withpermission of the publishers, the
International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials. All
rightsreserved.Notes: 1. The figures shown are based upon one
fixture being the minimum required for the number ofpersons
indicated or any fraction thereof. 2. Each building shall be
provided with sanitary facilities,including provisions for the
physically handicapped, as prescribed by the department having
jurisdiction.For requirements for the handicapped, ANSI
A117.1-1992, Accessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities,may be
used. 3. The total occupant load shall be determined by minimum
exiting requirements. Theminimum number of fixtures shall be
calculated at 50% male and 50% female based on the total
occupantload.a Building categories not shown on this table shall be
considered separately by the administrativeauthority.b Drinking
fountains shall not be installed in toilet rooms.c Laundry trays.
One (1) laundry tray or one (1) automatic washer standpipe for each
dwelling unit or one(1) laundry tray or one (1) automatic washer
standpipe, or combination thereof, for each twelve (12)apartments.
Kitchen sinks, one (1) for each dwelling or apartment unit.d For
each urinal added in excess of the minimum required, one water
closet may be deducted. Thenumber of water closets shall not be
reduced to less than two-thirds (2/3) of the minimum requirement.e
As required by ANSI Z4.1-1968, Sanitation in Places of Employment.f
Where there is exposure to skin contamination with poisonous,
infectious, or irritating materials, provideone (1) lavatory for
each five (5) persons.g Twenty-four (24) lineal inches (610 mm) of
wash sink or eighteen (18) inches (457 mm) of a circularbasin, when
provided with water outlets for such space, shall be considered
equivalent to one (1) lavatory.
h Laundry trays, one (1) for each fifty (50) persons. Service
sinks, one (1) for each hundred (100) persons.i General. In
applying this schedule of facilities, consideration shall be given
to the accessibility of thefixtures. Conformity purely on a
numerical basis may not result in an installation suited to the
need of theindividual establishment. For example, schools should be
provided with toilet facilities on each floor havingclassrooms.
A. Surrounding materials, wall and floor space to a point two
(2) feet (610 mm) in front of urinal lipand four (4) feet (1219 mm)
above the floor, and at least two (2) feet (610 mm) to each side of
theurinal shall be lined with nonabsorbent materials.B. Trough
urinals shall be prohibited.
j A restaurant is defined as a business that sells food to be
consumed on the premises.A. The number of occupants for a drive-in
restaurant shall be considered as equal to the number
of parking stalls.B. Employee toilet facilities shall not be
included in the above restaurant requirements. Hand
washing facilities shall be available in the kitchen for
employees.k Where food is consumed indoors, water stations may be
substituted for drinking fountains. Offices, orpublic buildings for
use by more than six (6) persons shall have one (1) drinking
fountain for the first onehundred fifty (150) persons and one (1)
additional fountain for each three hundred (300)
personsthereafter.l There shall be a minimum of one (1) drinking
fountain per occupied floor in schools, theatres,auditoriums,
dormitories, offices or public buildings.m The total number of
water closets for females shall be at least equal to the total
number of water closetsand urinals required for males.
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23Chapter 1 Plumbing Fixtures
The International Plumbing Code requires thesingle-occupant
toilet room in mercantile andassembly buildings when the total
number ofwater closets required (both men and women) issix or more.
When installed in airports, the fa-cilities must be located to
allow use before anindividual passes through the security
check-point.
Another feature typically added to single-oc-cupant toilet rooms
is a diaper changing station.This allows either the mother or the
father tochange a babys diaper in privacy. To allow allpossible
uses of the single-occupant toilet room,the rooms are often
identified as family toiletrooms. This is to clearly indicate that
the roomsare not reserved for the physically challenged.
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ASPE Data Book Volume 424
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25Chapter 2 Piping Systems
PipingSystems
The selection of piping materials depends onpressure, velocity,
temperature, the corrosive-ness of the medium conveyed within,
initial cost,installation costs, operating costs, and good
en-gineering practice. This chapter is intended toprovide
information and guidance regardingcommon types of pipe materials.
The informa-tion is offered to the plumbing engineer forgeneral
applications of various pipe materialsand various applications of
materials. It shouldbe noted that plumbing codes and
regulationsdiffer from one state to another and should bereferred
to prior to the beginning of any design.
INSTALLATION
Pipes should be neatly arrangedstraight, par-allel or at right
angles to wallsand cutaccurately to established measurements.
Pipesshould be worked into place without springingor forcing.
Sufficient headroom should be pro-vided to enable the clearing of
lighting fixtures,ductwork, sprinklers, aisles, passageways,
win-dows, doors, and other openings. Pipes shouldnot interfere with
access to maintain equipment.
Pipes should be clean (free of cuttings andforeign matter
inside) and exposed ends of pip-ing should be covered during site
storage andinstallation. Split, bent, flattened, or
otherwisedamaged pipe or tubing should not be used. Suf-ficient
clearance should be provided from walls,ceilings, and floors to
permit welding, solder-ing, or connecting joints and valves. A
minimumof 610 in. (152.4254 mm) clearance shouldbe provided.
Installation of pipe over electricalequipment, such as switchgear,
panel boards,
and elevator machine rooms, should be avoided.Piping systems
should not interfere with safetyor relief valves.
A means of draining the piping systemsshould be provided. A or
-in. (12.7 or 19.1-mm) hose bib (provided with a threaded end
andvacuum breaker) should be placed at the lowestpoint of the
piping system for this purpose. Con-stant grades should be
maintained for properdrainage, and piping systems should be free
ofpockets due to changes in elevation.
SPECIFICATION
Only new materials should be specified. A typi-cal piping
specification should include thefollowing items:
1. Type of system,
2. Type of material,
3. Applicable standard(s),
4. Wall thickness,
5. Method of joining,
6. Methods of support,
7. Type of end connection,8. Type of weld or solder,
9. Bolting,
10. Gasket materials, and
11. Testing.
Piping is usually tested at 1.5 times the work-ing pressure of
the system. It should not be
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ASPE Data Book Volume 426
buried, concealed, or insulated until it has beeninspected,
tested, and approved. All defective pip-ing is to be replaced and
retested.
Note: All domestic water piping and fittingsare to conform to
National Sanitation Founda-tion (NSF) Standard 61.
COMMON TYPES OF PIPE
Asbestos Cement
This type of pipe is made of asbestos fibers com-bined under
pressure with Portland cement andsilica flour to form a dense and
homogeneousmaterial. It is then autoclave cured for strength.
There are two types of pipe, pressure andnonpressure. Both types
are available with orwithout an epoxy lining of 12, 20, or 40-mil
thick-ness. The pressure type is used primarily unlinedas water
piping and secondarily as lined sewerforce mains and industrial
effluent and processpiping. The nonpressure type is used for
sani-tary and storm drainage systems, casings forelectric cables,
and ductwork.
The size range is 436 in. (100914 mm) indiameter for water
piping and 442 in. (1001067mm) for nonpressure piping. The 4 and
6-in. (100and 150-mm) diameter is available in either 10or 13-ft (3
or 4-m) lengths and the 842-in. (2001060-mm) diameter in 13-ft
(4-m) lengths.Pressure pipe is available in 100, 150, and 200-psi
(689.5, 1035.2, and 1379-kPa) workingpressures. Sewer pipe is
classified in grades of1500, 2400, 3300, 4000, 5000, 6000, and
7000-lb/ft. (2234.3, 3574.8, 4468.5, 5958, 7447.5,8937.2, and
10426.7-kg/m) crush strength. Theselection of pipe is determined by
such factorsas working pressure, earth loading, and wheelor live
loading.
The asbestos is not considered a health haz-ard because of the
process by which it is bondedinto the pipe. Very little asbestos
cement pipingis manufactured in the United States becauseof the
hazard of breathing asbestos during thecutting and manufacturing of
the pipe. Anotherreason it is seldom used is the high cost of
dis-posal for unused and damaged piping.
Note: The use of asbestos cement pipinghas been banned in some
states; the designershould check with the local code officials
priorto use.
The applicable standard for asbestos cementwater piping is
American Standard for Testingand Material (ASTM) C-296 and for
nonpressuredrainage piping ASTM C-428.
Pipe joints are made with a machined spigotend on the pipe which
pushes into a coupling.Fittings are belied. Both couplings and
fittingsbells are grooved, with a rubber gasket that fitsbetween
the groove and the spigot pipe end. Thismakes a watertight joint,
permitting 2.55.0deflection. Cast iron fittings are normally
usedfor pressure pipe and miter cut and epoxy jointasbestos cement
fittings for nonpressure pipe.Couplings for both pipes are asbestos
cement.See Figure 2-1.
Applicable standards and specifications forasbestos cement
piping include the following: forpressure pipe ASTM C-296, American
WaterWorks Association (AWWA) C-400, and AWWAC-402, and for
nonpressure pipe ASTM C-428.
Note: Environmental as well as health prob-lems are asssociated
with cutting asbestoscement pipe. The designer should check
withlocal code officials, the local health authority,and pipe
manufacturers recommendations.
Figure 2-1 Asbestos-Cement Pressure PipeJoints and Fittings
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27Chapter 2 Piping Systems
(Red) Brass (Copper Alloy) Pipe
(Red) brass pipe is an alloy of copper manufac-tured to the
requirements of ASTM B-43, StandardSpecification for Seamless Red
Brass Pipe, Stan-dard Sizes. It is manufactured from alloyC23000,
which is composed of approximately85% copper (Cu) with no greater
than 0.05% lead(Pb) and 0.05% iron (Fe) and the remainder
zinc(Zn).
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regu-lations have set a
maximum concentration of 8%lead in brass piping. Lead was
previously usedin the manufacturing of pipe as a filler material.It
was added to make the pipe softer, thereforemaking it easier to cut
and shape.
Available sizes are 812-in. (3.18304.8-mm)diameters in both
standard weight (Schedule 40)and extra-strong weight (Schedule 80).
Extra-strong pipe has the same outside diameter asstandard weight
piping; the difference is in thewall thickness, thus reducing the
inside diam-eter. The standard length for (red) brass pipe is12 ft
(3.7 m). Brass piping dimensions are simi-lar to those of steel
piping.
Brass pipe is moderately resistant to manycorrosive solutions
and is often utilized for wa-ter supply and distribution.
Joints in (red) brass pipe can be threaded,flanged, or brazed to
the fittings of the appropri-ate joint configuration. Fittings in
the smallersizes, normally those below 2-in. diameter arescrewed
cast copper alloy or brazed cup cast cop-per alloy. Fittings above
2-in. diameter arenormally threaded, flanged, brazed, orin
somecasesgrooved mechanical joint fittings.
Fittings used with (red) brass pipe includethose meeting the
applicable requirements ofANSI/ASME B16.15, Cast Bronze Threaded
Fit-tings; ANSI/ASME B16.24, Cast Copper AlloyPipe Flanges and
Flanged Fittings, MIL F-1183,Bronze Fittings for Brazed Joints
(threadlessbrass/bronze fittings).
Note: Many of the federal specification num-bers have been
replaced by the appropriateASTM, ANSI/ASME numbers using the
appro-priate numbering format. See Figure 2-2.
Cast Iron Soil Pipe
Cast iron soil pipe used in the United States isclassified into
two major types: hub and spigot,and hubless (no hub).
Cast iron soil pipe is made of gray cast ironwith a compact
close grain. Three classificationsarc used: XH (extra heavy), SV
(service), andhubless. Cast iron soil pipe is primarily used
forsanitary drain, waste, vent, and storm systems.The extra heavy
class is often used for under-ground applications. Sizes include 2
to 15-in.diameters and 5 or 10-ft (1.5 or 3.1-m) lengthsfor extra
heavy and service pipe. It is availablein single and double hub.
Traps can have re-movable cleanouts. Hubless class cast iron
sizesinclude 1 to 15-in. diameter, and it is manu-factured in 5 to
10-ft (1.5 to 3.1-m) lengths.Piping is also available with beaded
ends.
Hub and spigot pipe and fittings have hubsinto which the spigot
(plain end) of the pipe orfitting is inserted. The joint is sealed
with a rub-ber (neoprene) compression gasket or molten leadand
oakum. Hub and spigot pipe and fittingsare available in two classes
or thicknesses: ser-vice (SV) and extra heavy (XH). Because
theadditional wall thickness is added to the out-side diameter,
service and extra heavy classeshave different outside diameters and
are notreadily interchangeable. These two different typesof pipe
and fittings can be connected with adapt-ers available form the
manufacturer. Hub andspigot pipe and fittings are available in 2 to
15-in. (50.8 to 381-mm) sizes. Compression gaskets,lubricants, and
assembly tools are available frommanufacturers.
Figure 2-2 Cast-Bronze Threaded Fittings
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ASPE Data Book Volume 428
Hubless cast iron soil pipe and fittings aresimply pipe and
fittings manufactured withouta hub. The method of joining these
pipes andfittings utilizes a hubless coupling, which slipsover the
plain ends of the pipe and fittings andis tightened to seal it.
Hubless cast iron soil pipeand fittings are made in only one class,
or thick-ness. There are many varied configurations offittings, and
both pipe and fittings range in sizefrom 1 to 10 in. (38.1 to 254
mm). Couplings
for use in joining hubless pipe and fittings arealso available
in these size ranges from variousmanufacturers.
Fittings vary in size and shape. See Figures2-3, 2-4, and 2-5
and Tables 2-1, 2-2, and 2-3.
Applicable standards and specifications in-clude: ASTM A-74,
ASTM A-888, Cast Iron SoilPipe Institute (CISPI) 301, and CISPI
310.
Figure 2-4 Cast-Iron Soil Pipe (Extra-Heavy and Service
Classes)
Notes :1. Laying length, all sizes:single hub 5 ft; double hub 5
ft less Y, 5-ft lengths; single hub 10 ft; double hub 10 ft lessY,
for 10 ft lengths. 2. If a bead is provided on the spigot end, M
may be any diameter between J and M. 3. Hub ends andspigot ends can
be made with or without draft, and spigot ends can be made with or
without spigot bead.
Figure 23: Cast Iron Soil Pipe Joints
Figure 2-5 Hubless Cast-Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings
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29Chapter 2 Piping Systems
Table 2-1 Dimensions of Hubs, Spigots, and Barrels for
Extra-Heavy Cast-Iron Soil Pipe and FittingsNominal Inside Outside
OutsideInside Diameter Diameter Diameter Telescoping Thickness
Diameter of Hub of Spigot a of Barrel Length of BarrelSize (in.)
(in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.)
A M J Y T (nominal) T (minimum)2 3.06 2.75 2.38 2.50 0.19 0.123
4.19 3.88 3.50 2.75 0.25 0.184 5.19 4.88 4.50 3.00 0.25 0.185 6.19
5.88 5.50 3.00 0.25 0.186 7.19 6.88 6.50 3.00 0.25 0.188 9.50 9.00
8.62 3.50 0.31 0.25
10 11.62 11.13 10.75 3.50 0.37 0.3112 13.75 13.13 12.75 4.25
0.37 0.3115 17.00 16.25 15.88 4.25 0.44 0.37
Nominal Thickness Width Width of Distance fromInside of Hub
(in.) of Hub Spigot Lead Groove to Depth of
Diameter Bead b Bead b End, Pipe and Lead GrooveSize (in.) Hub
Body Over Bead (in.) (in.) Fittings (in.) (in.)
S (minimum) R (minimum) F N P G (minimum) G (maximum)
2 0.18 0.37 0.75 0.69 0.28 0.10 0.133 0.25 0.43 0.81 0.75 0.28
0.10 0.134 0.25 0.43 0.88 0.81 0.28 0.10 0.135 0.25 0.43 0.88 0.81
0.28 0.10 0.136 0.25 0.43 0.88 0.81 0.28 0.10 0.138 0.34 0.59 1.19
1.12 0.38 0.15 0.19
10 0.40 0.65 1.19 1.12 0.38 0.15 0.1912 0.40 0.65 1.44 1.38 0.47
0.15 0.1915 0.46 0.71 1.44 1.38 0.47 0.15 0.19
Note: Laying length, all sizes:single hub 5 ft; double hub 5 ft
less Y, 5-ft lengths; single hub 10 ft; double hub 10 ft less Y,
for 10 ft lengths.a If a bead is provided on the spigot end, M may
be any diameter between J and M.b Hub ends and spigot ends can be
made with or without draft, and spigot ends can be made with or
without spigot bead.
Table 2-1(M) Dimensions of Hubs, Spigots, and Barrels for
Extra-Heavy Cast-Iron Soil Pipe and FittingsNominal Inside Outside
OutsideInside Diameter Diameter Diameter Telescoping Thickness
Diameter of Hub of Spigot a of Barrel Length of BarrelSize (in.)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
A M J Y T (nominal) T (minimum)2 77.72 69.85 60.45 63.50 4.83
3.053 106.43 98.55 88.90 69.85 6.35 4.574 131.83 123.95 114.30
76.20 6.35 4.575 157.23 149.35 139.70 76.20 6.35 4.576 182.63
174.75 165.10 76.20 6.35 4.578 241.30 228.60 218.95 88.90 7.87
6.35
10 295.15 282.70 273.05 88.90 9.40 7.8712 349.25 333.50 323.85
107.95 9.40 7.8715 431.80 412.75 403.35 107.95 11.18 9.40
(Continued)
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ASPE Data Book Volume 430
Table 2-2 Dimensions of Hubs, Spigots, and Barrels for Service
Cast-Iron Soil Pipe and FittingsNominal Inside Outside
OutsideInside Diameter Diameter Diameter Telescoping Thickness
Diameter of Hub of Spigot a of Barrel Length of BarrelSize (in.)
(in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.)
A M J Y T (nominal) T (minimum)
2 2.94 2.62 2.30 2.50 0.17 0.123 3.94 3.62 3.30 2.75 0.17 0.134
4.94 4.62 4.30 3.00 0.18 0.145 5.94 5.62 5.30 3.00 0.19 0.156 6.94
6.62 6.30 3.00 0.20 0.168 9.25 8.75 8.38 3.50 0.22 0.17
10 11.38 10.88 10.50 3.50 0.26 0.2112 13.50 12.88 12.50 4.25
0.28 0.2215 16.75 16.00 15.62 4.25 0.30 0.25
(Table 2-1(M) continued)Nominal Thickness Width Width of
Distance fromInside of Hub (mm) of Hub Spigot Lead Groove to Depth
of
Diameter Bead b Bead b End, Pipe and Lead GrooveSize (in.) Hub
Body Over Bead (mm) (mm) Fittings (mm) (mm)
S (minimum) R (minimum) F N P G (minimum) G (maximum)
2 4.57 9.40 19.05 17.53 7.11 2.54 3.303 6.35 10.92 20.57 19.05
7.11 2.54 3.304 6.35 10.92 22.35 20.57 7.11 2.54 3.305 6.35 10.92
22.35 20.57 7.11 2.54 3.306 6.35 10.92 22.35 20.57 7.11 2.54 3.308
8.64 14.99 30.23 28.45 9.65 3.81 4.83
10 10.16 16.51 30.23 28.45 9.65 3.81 4.8312 10.16 16.51 36.58
35.05 11.94 3.81 4.8315 11.68 18.03 36.58 35.05 11.94 3.81 4.83
Note: Laying length, all sizes: single hub 1.5 m; double hub 1.5
m less Y, 1.5 m lengths; single hub 3.1 m; double hub 3.1 m less Y,
for 3.1 m lengths.a If a bead is provided on the spigot end, M may
be any diameter between J and M.b Hub ends and spigot ends can be
made with or without draft, and spigot ends can be made with or
without spigot bead.
Nominal Thickness Width Width of Distance fromInside of Hub
(in.) of Hub Spigot Lead Groove to Depth of
Diameter Bead b Bead b End, Pipe and Lead GrooveSize (in.) Hub
Body Over Bead (in.) (in.) Fittings (in.) (in.)
S (minimum) R (minimum) F N P G (minimum) G (maximum)
2 0.13 0.34 0.75 0.69 0.28 0.10 0.133 0.16 0.37 0.81 0.75 0.28
0.10 0.134 0.16 0.37 0.88 0.81 0.28 0.10 0.135 0.16 0.37 0.88 0.81
0.28 0.10 0.136 0.18 0.37 0.88 0.81 0.28 0.10 0.138 0.19 0.44 1.19
1.12 0.38 0.15 0.19
10 0.27 0.53 1.19 1.12 0.38 0.15 0.1912 0.27 0.53 1.44 1.38 0.47
0.15 0.1915 0.30 0.58 1.44 1.38 0.47 0.15 0.19
Note: Laying length, all sizes:single hub 5 ft; double hub 5 ft
less Y, 5-ft lengths; single hub 10 ft; double hub 10 ft less Y,
for 10 ft lengths.a If a bead is provided on the spigot end, M may
be any diameter between J and M.b Hub ends and spigot ends can be
made with or without draft, and spigot ends can be made with or
without spigot bead.
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31Chapter 2 Piping Systems
Table 2-2(M) Dimensions of Hubs, Spigots, and Barrels for
Service Cast-Iron Soil Pipe and FittingsNominal Inside Outside
OutsideInside Diameter Diameter Diameter Telescoping Thickness
Diameter of Hub of Spigot a of Barrel Length of BarrelSize (in.)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
A M J Y T (nominal) T (minimum)
2 74.68 66.55 58.42 63.50 4.32 3.053 100.08 91.95 83.82 69.85
4.32 3.304 125.48 117.35 109.22 76.20 4.57 3.565 150.88 142.75
134.62 76.20 4.83 3.816 176.28 168.15 160.02 76.20 5.08 4.068
234.95 222.25 212.85 88.90 5.59 4.32
10 289.05 276.35 266.70 88.90 6.60 5.3312 342.90 327.15 317.50
107.95 7.11 5.5915 425.45 406.40 396.75 107.95 7.62 6.35
Nominal Thickness Width Width of Distance fromInside of Hub (mm)
of Hub Spigot Lead Groove to Depth of
Diameter Bead b Bead b End, Pipe and Lead GrooveSize (in.) Hub
Body Over Bead (mm) (mm) Fittings (mm) (mm)
S (minimum) R (minimum) F N P G (minimum) G (maximum)
2 3.30 8.64 19.05 17.53 7.11 2.54 3.303 4.06 9.40 20.57 19.05
7.11 2.54 3.304 4.06 9.40 22.35 20.57 7.11 2.54 3.305 4.06 9.40
22.35 20.57 7.11 2.54 3.306 4.57 9.40 22.35 20.57 7.11 2.54 3.308
4.83 11.18 30.23 28.45 9.65 3.81 4.83
10 6.86 13.46 30.23 28.45 9.65 3.81 4.8312 6.86 13.46 36.58
35.05 11.94 3.81 4.8315 7.62 14.73 36.58 35.05 11.94 3.81 4.83
Note: Laying length, all sizes: single hub 1.5 m; double hub 1.5
m less Y, 1.5 m lengths; single hub 3.1 m; double hub 3.1 m less Y,
for 3.1 m lengths.a If a bead is provided on the spigot end, M may
be any diameter between J and M.b Hub ends and spigot ends can be
made with or without draft, and spigot ends can be made with or
without spigot bead.
Table 2-3 Dimensions of Spigots and Barrels for Hubless Pipe and
FittingsInside Outside Outside Width Gasket
Nom. Diam. Diam. Diam. Spigot Thickness of Positioning Laying
Length,Size Barrel Barrel Spigot Bead Barrel Lug La, b(in.) (in.)
(mm) (in.) (mm) (in.) (mm) (in.) (mm) (in.) (mm) (in.) (mm) (in.)
(mm) (in.)
B J M N T-Nom. T-Min. W 5 Ft 10 Ft1 1.50 3.81 1.90 4.83 1.96
4.98 0.25 0.64 0.16 0.38 0.13 0.33 1.13 2.87 60 1202 2.00 5.08 2.35
5.97 2.41 6.12 0.25 0.64 0.16 0.38 0.13 0.33 1.13 2.87 60 1203 3.00
7.62 3.35 8.51 3.41 8.66 0.25 0.64 0.16 0.38 0.13 0.33 1.13 2.87 60
1204 4.00 10.16 4.38 11.13 4.44 11.28 0.31 0.79 0.19 0.48 0.15 0.38
1.13 2.87 60 1205 4.94 12.70 5.30 13.46 5.36 13.61 0.31 0.79 0.19
0.48 0.15 0.38 1.50 3.81 60 1206 5.94 15.24 6.30 16.00 6.36 16.15
0.31 0.79 0.19 0.48 0.15 0.38 1.50 3.81 60 1208 7.94 20.32 8.38
21.29 8.44 21.44 0.31 0.79 0.23 0.58 0.17 0.43 2.00 5.08 60 12010
10.00 25.40 10.56 26.82 10.62 26.97 0.31 0.79 0.28 0.71 0.22 0.56
2.00 5.08 60 120
a Laying lengths as listed are for pipe only.b Laying lengths
may be either 5 ft 0 in. or 10 ft 0 in. (1.5 or 3.1 m) long.
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ASPE Data Book Volume 432
Ductile Iron Water and Sewer Pipe
Ductile iron pipe has replaced gray cast iron pres-sure pipe for
water and sewer uses. Gray castiron pressure pipe is no longer
manufactured inthe United States. Ductile iron pipe is a
high-strength material and is available in sevenclasses (5056) and
in sizes from 3 to 64-in. (76to 1626-mm) diameter. Ductile iron
pipe is notas brittle as cast iron pipe. The pipe is manufac-tured
with bell ends and has lengths of either18 or 20 ft (5.49 or 6.1
m). Pressure ratings forthe working pressure are available in all
sizes to350 psi (2414 kPa). The primary uses of thispipe are in
water and sewer systems and indus-trial applications.
Standard joints for pipe and fittings arepush-on, mechanical,
and flanged. Other spe-cial joints are also available, such as
restrained,ball and socket, and grooved and shouldered.Fittings are
manufactured and available as ei-ther gray cast iron or ductile
iron. See Figure2-6.
Cement-lined piping is normally required forwater distribution
systems. The cement liningprovides a protective barrier between the
potablewater supply and the ductile iron pipe to pre-vent
impurities and contaminants form leachinginto the water supply.
Applicable standards and specifications in-clude the
following:
ANSI/AWWA C104/A21.4, Cement Mortar Lining ANSI/AWWA C105/A21.5,
Polyethylene En-
casement ANSI/AWWA CI10/A21.10, Fitting ANSI/AWWA C111/A21.11,
Rubber-Gasket
Joints ANSI/AWWA C115/A21.15, Flanged Pipe ANSI/AWWA
C116/A21.16, Fusion-Bonded
Epoxy Coating ANSI/AWWA C150/A21.50, Thickness Design ANSI/AWWA
C151/A21.51, Manufacturing ANSI/AWWA C153/A21.53, Compact Fittings
ANSI/AWWA C600, Installation AWWA C651, Disinfecting ASTM A716,
Culvert Pipe ASTM A746, Gravity Sewer Pipe.
Concrete Pipe (Underground Use Only)
There are three commonly used processes forproducing precast
concrete pipe: packerhead, drycast, and wet cast. Packerhead and
dry cast areclassified as immediate strip methods. Immedi-ate strip
is characterized by the use of no-slumpconcrete that is
sufficiently compacted duringthe pipe-making cycle to allow removal
of theinner core or outer form as soon as the pipe hasbeen
produced. Strip means the removal of theform from the pipe. Wet
casting utilizes relativelywet concrete to fill the annular space
betweenan inner core and outer form.
Nonreinforced concrete pipe is used for drain-age and sewer
lines, and for gravity-flow watersupply lines if the joints are
carefully made. Thispipe is available in 4 to 36-in. (100 to
900-mm)diameters. Nonreinforced concrete pipe is notavailable in
all markets.
Reinforced concrete pipe is (RCP) is made bythe addition of
steel wire or steel bars. Reinforcedconcrete pipe is used primarily
for sewage andstorm drainage and is available in 12 to 144-in.(300
to 3600-mm) diameters.
RCP is also the most commonly used drain-age pipe for parking
areas and roadways. RCPis installed by site contractors during site
prepa-ration more usually than it is installed by theplumbing
trade. Joints are usually made with acement plaster.
For use in sanitary sewers, the joints for bothnonreinforced
concrete pipe and RCP should beconstructed utilizing rubber
gaskets. More andmore building codes are permitting only
elasto-meric gasket joints conforming to ASTM C-443for use below
buildings.
Applicable standards and specifications in-clude ASTM C-14,
Standard Specification forConcrete Sewer, Storm Drain, and Culvert
Pipefor Non-reinforced Concrete; ASTM-C-76, Stan-dard Specification
for Reinforced ConcreteCulverts, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe, and
C-655, Standard Specification for ReinforcedConcrete D-Load Culvert
Storm Drain and SewerPipe for Reinforced Concrete Pipe; and ASTM
C-443, Standard Specification for Joints for CircularConcrete Sewer
and Culver Pipe, Using RubberGaskets.
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33Chapter 2 Piping Systems
Figure 2-6 Joints and Fittings for Ductile-Iron Pipe
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ASPE Data Book Volume 434
Copper Pipe
Copper pipe is almost pure copper manufacturedto the
requirements of ASTM B42, StandardSpecification for Seamless Copper
Pipe, StandardSizes. It may be manufactured from any of fivecopper
alloys (C10200, C10300, C10800,C12000, and C12200) that all conform
to thechemical composition requirements of alloys con-taining a
minimum of 99.9% Copper (Cu) and amaximum of 0.04% Phosphorous (P).
Availablesizes are 8 to 12-in. (3.18 to 304.8-mm) diam-eters in
regular wall thickness and 8 to 10 in.(3.18 to 254 mm) in extra
strong wall thickness.The standard length for copper pipe is 12 ft
(3.7m). Copper pipe dimensions are similar to thosefor brass and
steel pipe.
Copper pipe is suitable for water supply;drain, waste, and vent
(DWV); boiler feed lines;refrigeration; and similar purposes.
Joints in seamless copper pipe can bethreaded, flanged, or
brazed to fittings of the ap-propriate joint configuration.
Fittings in thesmaller sizes, normally those below 2-in. diam-eter,
are screwed cast copper alloy or brazed cupcast copper alloy.
Fittings above 2-in. diameterare normally threaded, flanged, or
brazed; in
some cases, grooved mechanical joint fittings areemployed.
Fittings used with seamless copper pipe in-clude those meeting
the applicable requirementsof ANSI/ASME B16.15, Cast Bronze
ThreadedFittings; ANSI/ASME B16.24, Cast Copper AlloyPipe Flanges
and Flanged Fittings; and MIL F-1183, Bronze Fittings for Brazed
Joints(threadless brass/bronze fittings).
Note: Many of the federal specification num-bers have been
replaced by the appropriateASTM, ANSI/ASME numbers using the
appro-priate numbering format. See Table 2-4.
Copper Water Tube
Copper water tube is a seamless, almost purecopper material
manufactured to the require-ments of ASTM B88, Standard
Specification forSeamless Copper Water Tube. It has three basicwall
thickness dimensions, designated as typesK, L, and M, type K being
the thickest, type Lbeing of intermediate thickness, and type M
be-ing the thinnest. All three types of tube aremanufactured from
copper alloy C12200, whichhas a chemical composition of a minimum
of99.9% copper (Cu) and silver (Ag) combined and
Figure 2-7 Copper Tube Flared Fittings
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35Chapter 2 Piping Systems
Table 2-4 Commercially Available Lengths of Copper Plumbing
Tube
The first of the three principal classes of copper tubular
products is commonly referred to as commodity tube. It
includestypes K (heaviest), L (standard), and M (lightest) wall
thickness schedules as classified by ASTM B88, Specification
forSeamless Copper Water Tube; type DWV of ASTM B306, Specification
for Copper Drainage Tube (DWV); and medical gastube of ASTM B819,
Specification for Seamless Copper Tube for Medical Gas Systems. In
each case, the actual outsidediameter is 8 in. (0.32 cm) larger
than the nominal or standard size.
Copper TubeTypes, Standards, Applications, Tempers, LengthsTube
Type Color CodeType K Green ASTM B 88 a
Commercially Available Lengths b
Straight Lengths Coils
Standard Applications c Drawn Annealed
Domestic water service and distribution to 8 in. 20 ft 20 ft to
1 in. 60 ftFire protection 10 in. 18 ft 18 ft 100 ftSolar 12 in. 12
ft 12 ft 1 and 1 in. 60 ftFuel/fuel oil 2 in. 40 ftHVAC 45 ftSnow
melting
Tube Type Color CodeType L Blue ASTM B 88
Commercially Available Lengths b
Straight Lengths Coils
Standard Applications c Drawn Annealed
Domestic wa