Asmc Macro Assembler Reference · Asmc Macro Assembler Reference Asmc Extensions The main goal with Asmc is an attempt to provide more readability to the assembly language based on

AsmcMacroAssemblerReference


ThisdocumentlistssomeofthedifferencesbetweenAsmc,JWasm,andMasm.

InThisSection

AsmcCommand-LineOptionDescribestheAsmccommand-lineoption.

AsmcErrorMessagesDescribesAsmcfatalandnonfatalerrormessagesandwarnings.

AsmcExtensionsProvideslinkstotopicsdiscussingMasmversusAsmc.

DirectivesReferenceProvideslinkstotopicsdiscussingtheuseofdirectivesinAsmc.

SymbolsReferenceProvideslinkstotopicsdiscussingtheuseofsymbolsinAsmc.

ChangeLog|Forum

https://github.com/nidud/asmc/raw/master/source/asmc/history.txt

http://masm32.com/board/index.php?board=55.0


AsmcCommand-LineReference

Assemblesandlinksoneormoreassembly-languagesourcefiles.Thecommand-lineoptionsarecasesensitive.

ASMC[[options]]filename[[[[options]]filename]]

options

Theoptionslistedinthefollowingtable.

/[0|1|..|10][p]

SetCPU:0=8086(default),1=80186,2=80286,3=80386,4=80486,5=Pentium,6=PPro,7=P2,8=P3,9=P4,10=x86-64.[p]allowsprivilegedinstructions.

/assert Generate.assert(code).Sameas.assert:on./bin Generateplainbinaryfile.

/Cs Pushuserregistersbeforestack-frameiscreatedinaproc.

/coff GenerateCOFFformatobjectfile./Cp Preservescaseofalluseridentifiers./Cu Mapsallidentifierstouppercase(default).

/cui Linkswitchusedwith/pe--subsystem:console(default).

/Cx Preservescaseinpublicandexternsymbols.

/Dsymbol[[=value]]Definesatextmacrowiththegivenname.Ifvalueismissing,itisblank.Multipletokensseparatedbyspacesmustbeenclosedinquotationmarks.

/enumber Seterrorlimitnumber./elf Generate32-bitELFobjectfile./elf64 Generate64-bitELFobjectfile.

/EP Generatesapreprocessedsourcelisting(senttoSTDOUT).See/Sf.

/eq Don'tdisplayerrormessages./Fd[file] Writeimportdefinitionfile.

/Fifile Forcefiletobeincluded./Fl[[filename]] Generatesanassembledcodelisting.See/Sf./Fofilename Namesanobjectfile./Fwfilename Seterrorsfilename.

/FPi Generatesemulatorfix-upsforfloating-pointarithmetic(mixedlanguageonly).

/FPi87 80x87instructions(default)./fpc Disallowfloating-pointinstructions./fpn SetFPU:0=8087,2=80287,3=80387.

/GcSpecifiesuseofFORTRAN-orPascal-stylefunctioncallingandnamingconventions.SameasOPTIONLANGUAGE:PASCAL.

/Gd SpecifiesuseofC-stylefunctioncallingandnamingconventions.SameasOPTIONLANGUAGE:C.

/gui Linkswitchusedwith/pe--subsystem:windows.

/Gv SpecifiesuseofVECTORCALL-stylefunctioncallingandnamingconventions.

/GzSpecifiesuseofSTDCALL-stylefunctioncallingandnamingconventions.SameasOPTIONLANGUAGE:STDCALL.

/homeparamsCopyRegisterParameterstoStack.Forcesparameterspassedinregisterstobewrittentotheirlocationsonthestackuponfunctionentry.

/Ipathname Setspathforincludefile./m[t|s|c|m|l|h|f] Setmemorymodel./mz GenerateDOSMZbinaryfile./ncname Setclassnameofcodesegment./ndname Setnameofdatasegment./nmname Setnameofmodule./ntname Setnameoftextsegment./nologo Suppressesmessagesforsuccessfulassembly.

/omf Generatesobjectmodulefileformat(OMF)typeofobjectmodule.

/pe GeneratePEbinaryfile,32/64-bit.

/pf PreserveFlags(Epilogue/Invoke)./q Suppresscopyrightmessage./r Recursesubdirectorieswithuseofwildargs./Sa Turnsonlistingofallavailableinformation.

/safesehMarkstheobjectaseithercontainingnoexceptionhandlersorcontainingexceptionhandlersthatarealldeclaredwithSAFESEH.

/Sf Addsfirst-passlistingtolistingfile./Sg Turnsonlistingofassembly-generatedcode./Sn Turnsoffsymboltablewhenproducingalisting./Sp[n] Setsegmentalignment.

/swc SpecifiesuseofC-style.SWITCHconvention(default).

/swn Nojump-tablecreationin.SWITCH.

/swp SpecifiesuseofPascal-style.SWITCHconvention(autobreak).

/swr Allowsuseofregister[R|E]AXin.SWITCHcode.

/swt Allowsuseofjump-tablecreationin.SWITCHcode(default).

/Sx Turnsonfalseconditionalsinlisting./w Sameas/W0./Wlevel Setsthewarninglevel,wherelevel=0,1,2,or3./win64 Generate64-bitCOFFobject.

/ws[CodePage] StorequotedstringsasUnicode.SeeOPTIONWSTRING.

/WX Returnsanerrorcodeifwarningsaregenerated./X IgnoreINCLUDEenvironmentpath./Xc DisableAsmcextensions/zcw NodecorationforCsymbols./Zd Generatesline-numberinformationinobjectfile./Zf Makeallsymbolspublic./zf[0|1] SetFASTCALLtype:MS/OW./Zg GeneratecodetomatchMasm./Zi[0|1|2|3] Addsymbolicdebuginfo.

/zlc NoOMFrecordsofdataincode./zld NoOMFrecordsoffarcall.

/zlf SuppressitemsinCOFF:Nofileentry./zlp SuppressitemsinCOFF:Nostaticprocs./zls SuppressitemsinCOFF:Nosectionauxentry./Zm EnableMASM5.10compatibility./Zne DisablenonMasmextensions./Zp[[alignment]] Packsstructuresonthespecifiedbyteboundary./Zs Performsyntaxcheckonly./zt<0|1|2> SetSTDCALLdecoration./Zv8 EnableMasmv8+PROCvisibility./zze Noexportsymboldecoration./zzs Storenameofstartaddress.

filename

Thenameofthefile.

EnvironmentVariables

INCLUDE Specifiessearchpathforincludefiles.

ASMC Specifiesdefaultcommand-lineoptions.

TEMP Specifiespathfortemporaryfiles.

SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


AsmcErrorMessages

TheerrormessagesgeneratedbyAsmccomponentsfallintothreecategories:

Fatalerrors(A1000-A1901):Theseindicateasevereproblemthatpreventstheutilityfromcompletingitsnormalprocess.Nonfatalerrors(A2000-A3021):Theutilitymaycompleteitsprocess.Ifitdoes,itsresultisnotlikelytobetheoneyouwant.Warnings(A4000-A8020):Thesemessagesindicateconditionsthatmaypreventyoufromgettingtheresultsyouwant.

Allerrormessagestakethefollowingform:

Utility:Filename(Line):[Error_type}(Code):Message_text

UtilityTheprogramthatsenttheerrormessage.

FilenameThefilethatcontainstheerror-generatingcondition.

LineTheapproximatelinewheretheerrorconditionexists.

Error_typeFatalError,Error,orWarning.

CodeTheunique5-or6-digiterrorcode.

Message_textAshortandgeneraldescriptionoftheerrorcondition.

SeeAlso



AsmcExtensions

ThemaingoalwithAsmcisanattempttoprovidemorereadabilitytotheassemblylanguagebasedonMasmsyntaxbutatthesametimekeepcompatibilitywithexistingsourcecode.InordertoachievethissomeofthemaincoreoftheassemblerhastoberewrittenandtheHLLsectionenhancedasdiscussedbelow.

InThisSection

ParsingoflabelsProvideslinkstotopicsdiscussingparsingoflabels.

ExpansionofmacrosProvideslinkstotopicsdiscussingexpansionofmacros.

TheinvokedirectiveProvideslinkstotopicsdiscussingtheinvokedirective.

TheHLLsectionProvideslinkstotopicsdiscussingtheHLLsection.

HandlingofstringsProvideslinkstotopicsdiscussinghandlingofstrings.

EnhancedvectorextensionProvideslinkstotopicsdiscussingEnhancedvectorextension.

SeeAlso



DirectivesReference

OPTIONoptionlist

Enablesanddisablesfeaturesoftheassembler.AddedoptionsbyASMCinclude:

OPTIONASMCOPTIONCSTACKOPTIONSWITCHOPTIONLOOPALIGNOPTIONCASEALIGNOPTIONWSTRING

ConditionalControlFlow

.IF

.WHILE

.REPEAT

.UNTILCXZ

.BREAK

.CONTINUE

.FOR

.SWITCH

.CASE

.ENDC

.GOTOSW

.DEFAULT

.ENDSW

.COMDEF

.CLASSDEF

.ENDS

.ASSERTFlagconditionsSignedcompareReturncode

SeeAlso

SymbolsReference


SymbolsReference

DateandTimeInformation

@Date

MacroFunctions

@CStr

SeeAlso

DirectivesReference

0.Contents1.About2.CommandlineOptionsOptions-0,-1,-2,...,-10Option-binOption-coffOption-djgppOption-eOption-elfOption-elf64Option-eqOption-FdOption-FPiOption-FwOptions-Gc,-Gd,-Gr,-GzOption-mOption-mzOption-ncOptions-nd,-ntOption-nmOption-peOption-win64Option-zcOption-ZdOption-zfOption-ZgOption-ZiOptions-zlcand-zldOptions-zlf,-zlpandzlsOption-ZmOption-ZneOption-ztOption-Zv8Option-zzeOption-zzs

3.SyntaxExtensions3.1DirectiveINCBIN3.2FASTCALLRegisterCallingConvention3.3IDsenclosedinBackQuotes3.4Floating-PointImmediatesinInstructions3.5DirectiveOPTIONFIELDALIGN3.6DirectiveOPTIONPROCALIGN3.7DirectiveOPTIONMZ3.8DirectiveOPTIONELF3.9DirectiveOPTIONWIN643.10DirectiveOPTIONFRAME3.11DirectiveOPTIONRENAMEKEYWORD3.12DirectiveOPTIONDLLIMPORT3.13DirectiveOPTIONCODEVIEW3.14DirectiveOPTIONSTACKBASE3.15DirectivesPUSHCONTEXT/POPCONTEXTALIGNMENT3.16Directives.X64and.X64p3.17AttributeLABELforfirstMacroParameter3.18MemberArgumentforIF[N]DEFand.ERR[N]DEF3.19InitializationofDataItemsofTypeMMWORD/XMMWORD3.20OptionalArraySizeforLABELDirective3.21OptionalNameArgumentforSimplifiedSegmentDirectives3.22SegmentAttributeCOMDAT3.23AttributeVARARGMLforlastMacroParameter3.24Miscellaneous3.24.1Numericconstant__JWASM__3.24.2OperatingSystemArgumentfor.MODEL3.24.3AcceptedParametersforIF[N]DEFDirective3.24.4VisibilityofProcedures3.24.5Non-RIP-RelativeAddressingin64-Bit4.InstructionSets5.CodeGenerationDifferences5.1ForwardReferencesinMacroExpressions6.OutputFormats6.1OMFOutputFormat6.2COFFOutputFormat6.3Win64OutputFormat6.4BinaryOutputFormat6.5PEOutputFormat

7.MasmBugsfixedinJWasm8.OptionalFeatures9.KnownBugsandmissingFeatures10.LicenseAppendixA.ReservedWordsAppendixB.SourceSamplesAppendixC.ErrorsandWarningsAppendixD.DifferencesbetweenMasm6andMasm8AppendixE.Restrictionsofprecommpiled16-bitBinaryJWASMR.EXEAppendixF.AdditionalFeaturesofJWasm'sDebugVersion

1.AboutThisdocumentliststhedifferencesbetweenJWasmandMasm,asfarastheuserinterfaceisconcerned.

WhenMasmismentioned,thenusuallyMasmv8.00ismeant,unlessstatedotherwise.Masmv8.00alsowasthefirstMasmversionsupporting64-bit(ML64.EXE).

TheMasmdocumentationitselfcanbefoundonnumerousplacesintheweb,inplaintext,HTML,PDFandWindowsHelpformat.However,it'susuallyjustthedocumentationthatcamewhithMasmv6.1-henceabitoutdatednowadays(thechangesfromMasmv6toMasmv8arelistedinAppendixD).

2.CommandlineOptionsEntering'JWasm-?'or'JWasm-h'willmakeJWasmdisplaytheoptionsitunderstands.AlotofthemexistinbothMasmandJWasm,butsomearevalidforJWasmonly;OTOH,afewoptionsaremissinginJWasm.

Optionsareusuallyenteredviathecommandline.Additionally,whenstarting,JWasmwillsearchforenvironmentvariableJWASMandhandleitsimilartothewayMasmhandlesvariableML.Henceitisalsopossibletoenteroptionsviathismethod.

TheoptionsspecifictoJWasm-andalsotheoptionswhicharehandledsomewhatdifferentlybyJWasmcomparedtoMasm-willbehandledinthefollowingchapters.

Onemajordifferenceshouldbementionedhere:JWasmdoesneverlaunchalinkeronitsown(whichMasmdoesunlessoption-cisgiven).ThismakesafewMasmoptionsuselessforJWasm,andhencetheyarenotimplemented;seeChapterKnownBugsandmissingFeaturesfordetails.

Options-0,-1,-2,...,-10:SelectCpuOption[0|1|..|10]selectscpu/instructionset.Mostvaluescorrespondtocpudirectives:

0 .80861 .1862 .2863 .3864 .4865 .5866 .6867 .686and.MMX(P2)8 .686,.MMXandSSEinstructions(P3)9 .686,.MMX,SSEandSSE2instructions(P4)10 .x64(x86-64cpu)

Option-bin:SelectOutputFormatBinaryOption-binselectsoutputformatBINary.Theoutputmodule'sdefaultfileextensionwillbechangedfrom.OBJto.BIN.

Formoreinformation,seeBinaryOutputFormat.

ChapterOutputFormatslistsallavailableoutputformats.

Option-coff:SelectOutputFormatCOFFOption-coffselectsoutputformatCOFF.Themostcommonusefor-coffistoproducemodulesfor32-bitWindows.However,it'snotmandatorythattheoutputwillbe32-bitwith-coff;dependingonwhatcpuisselectedwhenthe.MODELdirectivewillbeparsed,theoutputmaybe32-or64-bit.

FormoreinformationaboutCOFF,seeCOFFOutputFormat.


Option-djgpp:SelectOutputFormatforDJGPP(optional)Option-djgppselectsDjgpp'svariantofCOFFasoutputformat.Sinceitisrarelyusednowadays,thisoptionisn'tactivatedintheprecompiledbinaries.SeeOptionalFeatureshowtoenableit.


Option-e:SeterrorlimitAllowstosetthenumberoferrorsafterwhichtheassemblyprocessisaborted.Thedefaultvalueis50.

Option-elf:Select32-bitOutputFormatELFOption-elfselectsoutputformatELF.JWasmwillproduceanobjectmodulein32-bitElfformat.

UseOPTIONELFtosetvaluesintheELFheader.


Option-elf64:Select64-bitOutputFormatELFOption-elf64selectsoutputformatELF64.JWasmwillproduceanobjectmodulein64-bitElfformat.Additionally,thisoptionwillsetcputox86-64andmodeltoFLAT.

UseOPTIONELFtosetvaluesintheELFheader.


Option-eq:SuppressErrorMessagesonScreenOption-eqwillsuppressdisplayingerrormessagesonthescreen.Theyarestillwrittenintoanerrorfile.

Option-Fd:WriteImportDefinitionsOption-FdmakesJWasmwriteimportdefinitionsinaformatunderstoodbyOpenWatcom'sWlinkandJWlink.Suchdefinitionswilltellthelinkerhowtoresolvetheexternalreference;noimportlibraryisneeded.ThisoptionisonlyusefulinconjunctionwithOPTIONDLLIMPORT(chapter3.12).Syntaxis:

-Fd[=file_name]

Iftheoptional<file_name>argumentisgiven,theimportdefinitionswillbewrittenintoafileofthisname.ThisistheonlywayforOpenWatcom'sWlinktopasstheinformation.

IfJWlinkisused,the<file_name>argumentmaybeomitted.ThenJWasmwillwritetheimportdefinitionsdirectlyintotheobjectmodule'slinkerdirectivesection(section".drectve").ThisworksforoutputformatsCOFFandELFonly.SeesampleWin32_7howtouseJWasmandJWlinktocreateaWindowsbinarywithoutimportlibs.

Option-FPi:ActivateFloating-PointEmulationOption-FPiactivates"inlineFPinstructionswithemulation".ThiswillmakeJWasmcreatefixupsforfloating-pointinstructionsifcodeis16bit.IfsupportedbythelinkerortheOS,theFPinstructionscanthenbereplacedbycallstoanFPemulatorifnocoprocessorexists.

Option-Fw:SetErrorFileNameOption-Fwwillsetthefilenameforwarninganderrormessages.Asdefault,thesemessagesarewrittentoafilewithanameequaltotheassemblysource,butwithextension.ERR.Syntaxis:

-Fwfile_name

Options-Gc,-Gd,-Gr,-Gz:SetDefaultCallingConventionThedefaultcallingconventionsetbytheseoptionsare:

-Gc Pascal-Gd C(decl)-Gr Fastcall-Gz Stdcall

Option-m:SelectMemoryModelOption-mgeneratesalinecontaininga.MODELdirectivetoselectamemorymodel.Syntaxis:

-m[t|s|m|c|l|h|f]

wherethevaluebehind'm'means:

t=tinys=smallm=mediumc=compactl=largeh=hugef=flat

Thisoptionisignoredifa64-bitoutputformat(-win64or-elf64)isactive.

Option-mz:SelectOutputFormatMZOption-mzselectsoutputformatMZ.ThiswillwriteabinaryinDOSMZformat.Themodule'sdefaultfileextensionwillbechangedfrom.OBJto.EXE.Allsymbolsinthemodulemustresolveinternally,noexternalsareallowed.Somevaluesinthe"MZ"headercanbeadjustedbydirectiveOPTIONMZ(seebelow).

Asinallbinaryformats,thelistingwillcontainabinarymap;seeBinaryOutputFormatformoredetails.


Option-nc:SetCodeClassNameOption-ncsetsthecodesegment'sclassnameifsimplifiedsegmentdirectivesareused(default:CODE).Syntaxis:

-nc=name

where<name>willbethecodesegment'sclassname.

Options-ndand-nt:SetDATAandCODESegmentNamesOptions-ndand-ntwillsetthenameofthedata/codesegmentsifsimplifiedsegmentdirectivesareused.Syntaxis:

-nt=name_of_code-nd=name_of_data

Thedefaultnamesare_TEXTforcodeand_DATAfordata.

Option-nm:SetModuleNameOption-nmsetsthemodulename.Syntaxis:

-nm=module_name

Thedefaultvaluefor<module_name>isthenameofthesourcefilewithoutextension.

Option-pe:CreateaPEBinaryOption-pewillmakeJWasmcreateabinaryinWindowsPEformat(32-and64-bit).Theoutputmodule'sdefaultfileextensionwillbechangedfrom.OBJto.EXE.

FormoredetailsaboutthePEformatseePEOutputFormat.


Option-win64:SelectOutputFormatWin64Option-win64makesJWasmproduceanobjectmoduleinPE32+format,the64-bitformatusedforWin64binaries.

Option-win64willalsosetcputox86-64,modeltoFLATanddefaultcallingconventiontoFASTCALL.ThisistomakeJWasmcompatiblewithMasm64(ML64.EXE).

WithOPTIONWIN64,parametersspecifictoWin64maybeset.

FormoreinformationaboutWin64,seeWin64OutputFormat.


Option-zc:SetNameDecorationforCThisoptionsetsthenamedecorationfortheC(akaCDECL)callingconvention.Therearetwovariants:

-zc[m|w]

-zcmisthedefault,Cnamesaredecoratedwithanunderscoreprefix.ThisisalsothewayMasmdoesit.Theothervariant,-zcw,omitstheprefixaltogether.Thisistheusual"decoration"inUnix/Linux.

Option-Zd:EmitLineNumberDebuggingInfoOption-ZdgenerateslinenumberdebuginformationforOMFandCOFFoutputformat.Forotherformats,thisoptionisignored.Linenumberinformationallowsadebuggertotracethebinaryonthesourcecodelevel.Debuggersthathavebeenverifiedtoworkwiththisoption:

MSCodeView OMF 16-bit,WindowsandDOSCDB,NTSD COFF 32-and64-bit,WindowsWinDbg COFF 32-and64-bit,WindowsMSVisualStudio2008 COFF 32-bit[1],WindowsMSVisualStudio2010 COFF 32-bit[1],WindowsOWWD/WDW OMF/COFF 16-and32-bit,WindowsandDOSPellesCIDE COFF 32-bit[1],WindowsBorlandTD/TDW/TD32 OMF 16-and32-bit,WindowsandDOS[1]:the64-bitversionofthissoftwareshouldalsobeabletodebug64-bitdebuggees.

Option-zf:SelectFASTCALLTypeOption-zfselectstheFASTCALLcallingconventiontypefor16-and32-bitcode.Syntaxis:

-zf[0|1]

Thedefaultvalue0isMSVCstyle,whilevalue1activatestheOpenWatcomfastcalltype.

Option-Zg:Masm-compatibleCodeGenerationOption-ZgmakesJWasmtryanexactcopyofMasm'scodegeneration,whichresultsinthefollowingchanges:

thedefaultprologueforprocedureswilluseadd[e]sp,-localsizeinsteadofsub[e]sp,localsize.thedefaultepilogueforprocedureswillalmostalwaysprefertogenerateopcodeLEAVEifpossible.expressions<reg>==0and<reg>!=0willgeneratecodeor<reg>,<reg>insteadofcmp<reg>,0.ifinvokemustextendanargument'ssizefromwordtodword,registereaxremainsunchanged.thesegmentvalueofFARexternalswillalwaysbeassumedunknown,nomatterwhethertheexternalisdefinedinsideoroutsideofasegmentblock.Thusthoselabelsareexcludedfrom"farcalloptimization".ifindirectaddressinguses2(32-or64-bit)registersandnoscalingfactorisusedandthesecondregisterisn'tESP/RSP,thentheregistersareswapped:thesecondbecomesbaseandthefirstbecomesindex(theregistersinanexpressionarecountedfromlefttoright).[sincev2.10,thisisstandardbehavior].

Option-Zi:EmitSymbolicDebuggingInfoOption-ZigeneratessymbolicdebugginginfoinCodeViewV4styleforOMFandCOFFoutputformat.Forotherformats,thisoptionisaccepted,butignored.Notethat-Ziwillalwaysenable-Zd(linenumberinformation).Debuggerswhichhavebeenverifiedtoworkwiththisoption:

MSCodeView 16-bit,WindowsandDOSMSCDBorNTSD 32-and64-bit,WindowsMSWinDbg 32-and64-bit,WindowsMSVisualStudio2008 32-bit[1],WindowsMSVisualStudio2010 32-bit[1],WindowsOpenWatcomWD/WDW 16-and32-bit,WindowsandDOSPellesCIDE 32-bit[1],Windows[1]:the64-bitversionofthissoftwareshouldalsobeabletodebug64-bitdebuggees.

Usuallyboththeassemblerandthelinkermustbetoldthatsymbolicdebugginginformationistobegenerated(withMSlink,thelinkeroptionis/DEBUG).

The-Zioptionacceptsanoptionalnumericargumenttocontrolthevolumeofinformationthatisemitted.Thevaluescurrentlyacceptedare:

0 Justglobalsymbolswillbewritten.

1Global&localsymbolswillbewritten.Nouser-definedtypesareincluded.Usuallythisreductiondoesnoharm,butmaydecreaselinkingtime-iflotsofmodulesaretobelinked,theeffectmaybequitesignificant.

2 Thisisthedefault.Global&localsymbolsanduser-definedtypesarewritten.3 Additionallyto2,symbolicconstants(equates)willbewritten.

AlsoseeOPTIONCODEVIEWforadditionalswitchestocontrolsymbolicdebuggingoutput.

Options-zlcand-zld:ControlContentofOMFOutputModuleOptions-zlcand-zlddoreducesizeoftheOMFoutputmodule.Theymightbeusefuliflotsof-small-modulesaretobeassembledandputintoastaticlibrary.Also,theOMFcomentrecordswrittenif-zlcor-zldisNOTsetmaynotbeacceptedbyalllinkers.

Option-zlc:suppresseswritingOMFcomentrecordsaboutdatainCodesegments.Theserecordsmayhelpadisassemblertoproducenicerlistings.

Option-zld:suppresseswritinganOMFcomentrecordforeachCodesegmenttellingthelinkerthatfarcallstotargetsinthesamesegmentsshouldbeoptimized.Thisismoreorlessafeaturefor16-bitcodeonly.

Options-zlf,-zlpand-zls:ControlContentofCOFFOutputModuleOptions-zlf,-zlpand-zlsdoreducesizeoftheCOFFoutputmodule.Theymightbeusefuliflotsof-small-modulesaretobeassembledandputintoastaticlibrary.

Option Meaning

-zlfsuppressesthe@fileentryintheCOFFsymboltable.Thisentryisusuallyusedfordebuggingpurposesonlyandhencea-prettysmall-amountofspacecanbesaved.

-zlp

suppressesstatic(=private)procedurestobeincludedintotheCOFFsymboltable-aslongastheyaren'treferencedabsolutely.Suchproceduresaren'tneededforthelinkingprocess.However,sincethelinkerhasnoknowledgeofthemthen,theywillalsodisappearfromthelinker-generatedmap-file.

-zlssuppressestheauxiliaryentriesforsectionsintheCOFFsymboltable.Theseentriesmaynotbeneededinallcasesandthusalittlespaceissaved.

Option-Zm:EnableMasmv5CompatibilityOption-Zm(orsettingOPTIONM510)willdo:

-setOPTIONOLDSTRUCTS-setOPTIONDOTNAME-setOPTIONSETIF2:TRUE-setOPTIONOFFSET:SEGMENT(ifnomodelisset)-setOPTIONNOSCOPED(ifnomodelwithlanguagespecifierisset)-allowtodefinedataitemsbehindcodelabels-allow"invalid"useofREP/REPE/REPNEinstructionprefixes-changeprecedenceof[]and()operatorfrom1to9.Henceexpression-5[bx]isparsedas(-5)[bx],whilewithout-Zmitisparsedas-(5[bx]),whichgeneratesanerror.

OtherMasmv5.1compatibilityoptionsaren'timplementedyet.

Option-Zne:DisableJWasmSyntaxExtensionsOption-Znewilldisablesyntaxextensionswhicharen'tsupportedbyMasm.Currentlytheseare:

-directiveINCBIN-callingconventionFASTCALL-IDsenclosedinbackquotes-floating-pointimmediateoperandsininstructions-directiveOPTIONFIELDALIGN-directiveOPTIONPROCALIGN-directiveOPTIONMZ-directiveOPTIONELF-directiveOPTIONWIN64-directiveOPTIONFRAME-directiveOPTIONRENAMEKEYWORD-directiveOPTIONDLLIMPORT-directiveOPTIONCODEVIEW-directiveOPTIONSTACKBASE-directivesPUSHCONTEXT/POPCONTEXTALIGNMENT-attributeLABELforfirstmacroparameter-memberargumentforIF[N]DEFand.ERR[N]DEFdirectives-integerinitializervaluesforitemsoftype[X]MMWORD-optionalnameargumentfor.DATA,.DATA?and.CONSTdirectives-forwardreferencesinargumentsforINVOKEdprocedures-overridesinsidesquarebracketsforbase/indexregisters-OptionalArraySizeforLABELDirective

Somedirectivesaren'ttouchedbythisoption,althoughMasmwon'tacceptthem:

.X64and.X64pINVOKEin64-bitmoderuntimeconditionaldirectives.IF,.REPEAT,.WHILEin64-bitmode

Ifthesedirectivesaretobedisabled,itmustbedonewithOPTIONNOKEYWORD.

Option-zt:SetNameDecorationforSTDCALLOption-ztwillfine-tunenamedecorationforSTDCALLsymbols.Syntaxis:

-zt[0|1|2]

wherevalue0willdisablenamedecoration,value1willjustaddanunderscoreprefixandvalue2-whichisthedefault-willemitfullSTDCALLnamedecorationasexpectedbymostlinkers.

Option-zt0willmakeobjectmodulescompatibletoALINK+Win32.lib.ItmayalsoeaseaddingassemblymodulestoBorland'sC++BuilderorDelphiprojects.

Option-Zv8:EnableMasmv8ProcedureVisibilityOption-Zv8changeshandlingofprocedurevisibilitytothewaydonebyMasmv8+.SeeVisibilityofProceduresfordetails.

Option-zze:DisableExportNameDecorationOption-zzesuppressesnamedecorationforprocedureswiththeEXPORTattribute(exportednameonly).

Option-zzs:AvoidWlinkCOFFIncompatibilityOption-zzsiskindofaworkaroundforaWlinkincompatibility.It'susefultobesetif1)thesourcemodulehasastartingaddress,2)outputformatisCOFFAND3)Wlinkistobeusedaslinker.

3.SyntaxExtensionsThischapterdescribesthesyntaxextensionsofJWasmcomparedtoMasmv8.

3.1DirectiveINCBINThisdirectiveallowstoincludethecontentsofafileintotheobjectmodule.Syntaxis

INCBINfilename[,startingoffset[,maxsize]]

<filename>shouldbeenclosedin<>ordoublequotes.

3.2FASTCALLRegisterCallingConventionIn16-and32-bitmode,onemayuseeithertheMicrosoftortheWatcomregistercallingconvention.It'sselectedbyoption-zf.

TheMicrosoftFASTCALLconventionusesregistersAX,DXandBXin16-bitforthefirst3parameters,andregistersECXandEDXin32-bitforthefirst2parameterswhicharesmallenoughtofitintoaregister.

TheOpenWatcomfastcallconventionusesuptofourregisters(E/AX,E/DX,E/BX,E/CX).

In64-bitmode,FASTCALLmeansthestandardWindows64ABIifoutputformatisnotELF.For-elf64,thereisnoFASTCALLsupportimplementedyet.

TomakeFASTCALLthedefaultcallingconvention,thereare3ways:

Commandlineoptions-Gr(or-win64)Secondargumentofthe.MODELdirective:.MODELFLAT,FASTCALLDirectiveOPTIONLANGUAGE:FASTCALL

3.3IDsenclosedinBackQuotesIDscanbeenclosedinbackquotes(`)andthustheycancontaincharactersnotallowedin"normal"IDs.However,thereisatleastonecasewhereIDsinbackquoteswon'tberecognized:iftheexpansionoperator(%)islocatedatposition0inaline.

Exampleusingbackquotes:

Module1:

`functionname.with.dots`PROCCPUBLICa1:dword

Module2:

`functionname.with.dots`PROTOC:dword

.code

INVOKE`functionname.with.dots`,1

SinceIDsinbackquotesarenot100%compatiblewith"normal"IDs,itmightbeconsideredtousetheALIASdirectiveinstead.Beawarethat,sincethealiashandlingisalinkertask,itisnecessarytodefinebothnames,thealiasnameandthetargetname,aspublic.

3.4Floating-PointImmediatesinInstructionsFloating-pointimmediatevaluesareacceptedasinstructionoperands.Asdefault,thetypeisaREAL4,whichhasamagnitudeof32bits:

moveax,1.0

Withtypecoercion,it'salsopossibletodefinea64-bit"double",althoughit'sprobablyusefulin64-bitcodeonly:

movrax,real8ptr1.0

Additionally,operatorsLOW32andHIGH32acceptafloating-pointconstantasargument.Inthiscase,theconstantisassumedtohaveformatREAL8.Thusit'spossibletopassadoubleconstantdirectlyasaprocedureargumentin32-bitcode:

pushHIGH321.0

pushLOW321.0

callWorkWithReal8Value

3.5DirectiveOPTIONFIELDALIGNOPTIONFIELDALIGNsetsthedefaultvalueforstructurealignment.Thedefaultvalueis1orthevaluesetbycmdlineswitch-Zp.Syntaxis:

OPTIONFIELDALIGN:[1|2|4|8|16|32]

Thecurrentdefaultvaluecanbesaved/restoredwithdirectivesPUSHCONTEXT/POPCONTEXTALIGNMENT,

3.6DirectiveOPTIONPROCALIGNWithOPTIONPROCALIGNparameterit'spossibletoautomaticallyalignprocedures.Syntaxis:

OPTIONPROCALIGN:[1|2|4|8|16|32]

Thedefaultvalueis1.Thecurrentvaluecanbesaved/restoredwithdirectivesPUSHCONTEXT/POPCONTEXTALIGNMENT,

Example:

.386

.modelflat,stdcall

optionPROCALIGN:16

.code

proc1PROC

ret

proc1endp

proc2PROC

ret

proc2endp

end

Thelistingshowsthatstartaddressofproc2isalignedto16(=10h):

00000000proc1PROC

00000000ret

00000000C3*retn

00000001proc1endp

00000010proc2PROC

00000010ret

00000010C3*retn

00000011proc2endp

Note:toensurethattheproceduresarealignedinthefinalbinaryasitissupposedbytheOPTIONPROCALIGNvalue,thealignmentofthecurrentcode

segmentmustbeatleastthevalueofOPTIONPROCALIGN.

3.7DirectiveOPTIONMZDirectiveOPTIONMZallowstofine-tunethevalueswrittentotheMZheaderifoutputformatMZ(see-mzcmdlineoption)isselected.Forotheroutputformats,thisoptionhasnoeffect.Thesyntaxforthedirectiveis:

OPTIONMZ:[start_fixups][:header_align][:heap_min][:heap_max]

Theparametersare:

start_fixups offsetwithintheheaderwheresegmentfixupswillstart.Thesizeoftheheaderwillalwaysbeatleastthisvalue,eveniftherearenofixupsatall.Default-andminimum-valueis1Eh.

header_align alignmentoftheheader(includingsegmentfixups).Valuemustbeapowerof2,10histhedefaultandminimum.

heap_min theadditionalspace(inparagraphs)whichisneededbythebinarytorun.DefaultisthetotalofthesizesoftheuninitializedBSSandSTACKsegments.

heap_max space(inparagraphs)whichthebinarywouldliketohave.DefaultisFFFFh.

3.8DirectiveOPTIONELFDirectiveOPTIONELFallowstofine-tunethevalueswrittentotheELFheaderifoutputformatELF(see-elfor-elf64)isselected.Forotheroutputformats,thisoptionhasnoeffect.Thesyntaxforthedirectiveis:

OPTIONELF:osabi

Theonlyargument<osabi>willbecopiedtotheELFheaderfieldEI_OSABI.It'sanumericconstant,andaccordingtotheelfspecssomevalidvaluesare:

0 ELFOSABI_NONE unspecified1 ELFOSABI_HPUX HP-UX2 ELFOSABI_NETBSD NetBSD3 ELFOSABI_LINUX Linux,default6 ELFOSABI_SOLARIS SunSolaris7 ELFOSABI_AIX IBMAIX9 ELFOSABI_FREEBSD FreeBSD12 ELFOSABI_OPENBSD OpenBSD

3.9DirectiveOPTIONWIN64DirectiveOPTIONWIN64allowstosetparametersfortheWin64outputformatifthisformat(see-win64cmdlineoption)isselected.Forotheroutputformats,thisoptionhasnoeffect.Thesyntaxforthedirectiveis:

OPTIONWIN64:switches

acceptedvaluesforswitchesare:

StoreRegisterArguments[bit0]:-0:the"homelocations"(alsosometimescalled"shadowspace")ofthefirst4registerparametersareuninitialized.Thisisthedefaultsetting.-1:registercontentsofthePROC'sfirst4parameters(RCX,RDX,R8andR9)willbecopiedtothe"homelocations"withinaPROC'sprologue.

INVOKEStackSpaceReservation[bit1]:-0:foreachINVOKEthestackisadjustedtoreservespacefortheparametersrequiredforthecall.Afterthecall,thespaceisreleasedagain.Thisisthedefaultsetting.-1:themaximumstackspacerequiredbyallINVOKEsinsideaprocedureiscomputedbytheassemblerandreservedonceontheprocedure'sentry.It'sreleasedwhentheprocedureisexited.IfINVOKEsaretobeusedoutsideofprocedures,thestackspacehastobereservedmanually!Note:anassemblytimevariable,@ReservedStack,iscreatedinternallywhenthisoptionisset.Itwillreflectthevaluecomputedbytheassembler.Itshouldalsobementionedthatwhenthisoptionison,andaprocedurecontainsnoINVOKEsatall,thenneverthelesstheminimalamountof4*8bytesisreservedonthestack.Warning:YoushouldhaveunderstoodexactlywhatthisoptiondoesBEFOREyou'reusingit.UsingPUSH/POPinstructionpairsto"save"valuesacrossanINVOKEisVERBOTENifthisoptionison.

16-byteAlignmentforLocalStackVariables[bit2]:0:standard8-bytealignmentforlocalvariables.1:16-bytealignmentforlocalvariables.ThissettingisusefulifyouwanttoloadorstoreXMMregisterswithinstructionsthatexpectalignedmemory

references(i.e.MOVAPS).Notethatvariableswithsize<16arenotaffected.

3.10DirectiveOPTIONFRAMEThisoptionaffects64-bitonly.ItallowstomakeJWasmautomaticallygenerateprologuesandepiloguesforprocedureswiththeFRAMEattribute.ThusthecodecompliestotherulesofWin64SEH(StructuredExceptionHandling).Syntaxis

OPTIONFRAME:<AUTO|NOAUTO>

AUTOwillenablethisfeature,NOAUTO(whichisdefault)disablesit.

Theunwindinformationwhichisgeneratedis"complete",thatis,itcontainsthe".endprologue"pseudo-opalready.Toallowtosaveallnon-volatileregistersintheprologue,the"USES"phraseismorecapableinthismodeandwillacceptXMMregisterstobesavedandrestored.

3.11DirectiveOPTIONRENAMEKEYWORDThisoptionallowstorenameakeyword,soitcanbeusedunderadifferentname.Syntax:

OPTIONRENAMEKEYWORD:<current_name>=new_name

current_nameisthecurrentnameofthekeywordandmustbeenclosedinanglebrackets.new_namemustbeavalididentifier.Ifakeywordistoberenamed,itshouldbedoneatthebeginningofthesource,andakeywordshouldn'tberenamedmultipletimes.Sincev2.11,akeywordmayberenamedtemporarilyandmultipletimes.

3.12DirectiveOPTIONDLLIMPORTa)UsingOPTIONDLLIMPORT

ThisoptionmakestheassemblerassumethatallPROTOsthatfollowthisdirectiverepresentfunctionslocatedinadll.Syntax:

OPTIONDLLIMPORT:<dll_name>|NONE

<dll_name>mustbeenclosedinanglebrackets.ArgumentNONEwillswitchbacktothedefaultmode.

b)CodeGenerationEffects

TheeffectsofsettingthisoptionsaresubtleandusefulonlyforMSWindowsapplications:ifthefunctiondescribedbytheprototypeiscalledviaINVOKE,slightlymoreefficientcodethannormalisgenerated,becausethefunction'saddressintheIATisused.Example:

INVOKEGetModuleHandle,NULL

codegenerationwithOPTIONDLLIMPORT:

pushNULL

callDWORDPTR[_imp__GetModuleHandle@4]

codegenerationwithoutOPTIONDLLIMPORT:

pushNULL

call_GetModuleHandle@4

...

_GetModuleHandle@4:

jmpDWORDPTR[_imp__GetModuleHandle@4];stubaddedbythelinker

c)OPTIONDLLIMPORTinConjunctionwith-FdSwitch

Optionally,byusingcmdlineoption-Fd,JWasmwillwritetheimportinformationreceivedthroughOPTIONDLLIMPORTlinestoeitherafileordirectlyintotheobjectmodule(COFFandELFonly).Example:

.386

.modelflat,stdcall

optiondllimport:<kernel32>

GetModuleHandleAproto:dword

ExitProcessproto:dword

optiondllimport:none

.code

invokeGetModuleHandleA,0

invokeExitProcess,0

end

JWasm-coff-Fd=lnk.rspsample.asm

Aftertheassemblystep,filelnk.rspwillcontain:

import'_ExitProcess@4'kernel32.ExitProcessimport'_GetModuleHandleA@4'kernel32.GetModuleHandleA

BothOpenWatcom'sWlinkandJWlinkwillbeabletodirectlyusethisinformationandhence,asaresult,nofurtherWindowsimportlibrariesareneededinthelinkstep:

[email protected]

JWlinkmayevengoonestepfurther-it'sabletoreadimportdefinitionscontainedinaCOFForELFmodule'slinkerdirectivesection(named".drectve").Thereforeonecanomitthefilenameargumentfor-Fd.SampleWin32_7demonstratestheusage.

d)OPTIONDLLIMPORTinConjunctionwith-peSwitch

IfoutputformatPEisselected,usingOPTIONDLLIMPORTistheonlywaytoresolveexternalreferences;seePEOutputFormatformoreinformation.

3.13DirectiveOPTIONCODEVIEWTheOPTIONCODEVIEWdirectiveallowstofine-tunethegenerationofsymbolicdebugginginformation.Ithasnoeffectatallifcommandlineoption-Ziisn'tset.Syntax:

OPTIONCODEVIEW:switches

Thereiscurrentlyonlyoneswitch:

[bit0]:If1,createsymbolswithindicesS_[L|G]THREAD32insteadofS_[L|G]DATA32fordataitemsthatarestoredinsegmentswithclass'TLS'.ThisallowsthedebuggertodisplaythecorrectvalueofstaticTLS(ThreadLocalStorage)variables.Example:

optioncodeview:1

_TLSsegmentdwordalias(".tls")public'TLS'

tvarDD-1;codeviewsymboltvarwillbeS_LTHREAD32

_TLSends

3.13DirectiveOPTIONSTACKBASETheOPTIONSTACKBASEdirectiveallowstochangethewayhowstackvariables-definedbythePROCandLOCALdirectives-areaccessed.Syntaxis:

OPTIONSTACKBASE:register

registerwillbetheindexregisterthatisusedforaccessingthestackvariables.The"natural"registerforaccessingthesevariablesisthe[E|R]BPregister(the"framepointer").WithOPTIONSTACKBASEonemightsetanyindexregisterasframepointer.

OPTIONSTACKBASEwilladditionallydefineassembly-timevariable@StackBase.Theassemblerwilladdthevalueofthisvariabletotheeffectiveaddressofstackvariables.@StackBasecanbemodifiedjustlikeanyuserdefinedvariable-however,itisinitializedtozerobythePROCdirective.Thepurposefortheintroductionof@StackBaseistomakeitfeasibletousethe"volatile"stack-pointer(ESP/RSP)registerasbaseforaccessingstackvariables.

Finally,OPTIONSTACKBASEwilldefineanotherassembly-timevariable:@ProcStatus.Thisvariableisread-onlyandwillallowtoqueryinformationaboutthecurrentprocedure'sstatus.Theinformationthatisreturnedby@ProcStatusis:

Bit Meaningifbitis10 insideprologueofcurrentprocedure.1 insideepilogueofcurrentprocedure.2 "frame-pointeromission"isonforprocedure7 prologueofcurrentprocedureisn'tcreatedyet

3.15DirectivesPUSHCONTEXT/POPCONTEXTALIGNMENTThePUSHCONTEXT/POPCONTEXTdirectivesunderstandnewqualifierALIGNMENT,whichsaves/restorescurrentvaluesofFIELDALIGNandPROCALIGNoptions.

Note:inJWasmv2.00-2.09,PUSHCONTEXT/POPCONTEXTALLdidincludethesealignmentvalues.SinceJWasmv2.10,thisisnolongertrue;thisbehaviorismoreMasm-compatible.

3.16Directives.X64and.X64pThesedirectivesselecta64-bit(x86-64)cpu.Incontrastto.X64,.X64pwillallowtouseprivilegedinstructions.

The.X64directiveisn'tneededusually,becauseforoutputformatsWIN64(see-win64)andELF64(see-elf64),.X64isthedefault.

The.X64pdirectiveisusefulformixed-modelbinariesorsystemsoftware(seeexampleDOS64).

Whenthecpuissetto64-bit,theSEGMENTdirectiveacceptsanew'size'value:USE64.Ittellstheassemblerthatthissegment'soffsetis64-bitwideanduses64-bitinstructions.

TheSYSCALLcallingconventionisrenamedtoSYSCALL_when64-bitison,becausethereexistsaSYSCALLinstructionmnemonicinthismode.

3.17AttributeLABELforfirstMacroParameterTheLABELattributeforthefirstmacroparameterallowsaccesstoalabelwhichisassignedtothemacro.Syntaxis:

<macro_name>MACRO<param_name>:LABEL[,<param_name>[,...]]

TheLABELattributeisacceptedforthefirstparameteronly.Amacrowithsuchaparametercanbeinvokedinthefollowingway:

<label><macro_name>[<argument>,...]

Example:

foomacrolbl:LABEL,first,second

lbldbfirst

dwsecond

endm

.data

data1foo1,1000

data2foo2,2000

Notethatacodelabel(thatis,alabelfollowedbyacolonordouble-colon)isparsedBEFOREthemacroisevaluated,hencesuchalabelwillhavebeendefinedalreadywhenthemacro"runs".

3.18MemberArgumentforIF[N]DEFand.ERR[N]DEFDirectivesSincev2.07,JWasm'simplementationofIF[N]DEF-and.ERR[N]DEF-willadditionallyacceptastructmemberasargument.Thissyntaxrequiresafullyqualifiedname:

IFDEF<struct_name>.<member_name>

3.19InitializationofDataItemswithTypeMMWORD/XMMWORDFordataitemsoftypesMMWORDorXMMWORD,JWasmwillacceptintegervaluesforinitialization:

vmm1MMWORD1122334455667788h

vxmm1XMMWORD112233445566778899AABBCCDDEEFFh

Masmwillacceptjustfloating-pointinitializersfordataitemsoftype[X]MMWORD.It'sevenworse,sincefloating-pointinitializersaresilentlyignoredfordataitemswithsizes!=4,8and10;sinceXMMWORDhassize16,it'simpossibletoinitializesuchanitemdirectly.JWasmcopiesthisMasmbehavior,buttoallowtoinitializeaXMMWORDwithafloating-pointvalue,onemayusetypecoercion:

vxmm1XMMWORDreal4ptr1.0;bytes4-15willbe0

vxmm2XMMWORDreal8ptr1.0;bytes8-15willbe0

VariantsthatworkinbothJWasmandMasm,andalsoallowtoinitializethefullXMMWORDare:

vxmm1LABELXMMWORD

real41.0,2.0,3.0,4.0

vxmm2LABELXMMWORD

real81.0,2.0

3.20OptionalArraySizeforLABELDirectiveTheLABELdirectiveacceptsanoptionalarraysizeargument:

myarrayLABELword:10;myarrayisassumedtobeanarrayof10words

dw1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10

Pleasenotethatthearraysizeargumentdefinesthearray'snumberofelements,notthearray'ssizeinbytes.

Thisextensionallowstodefinelargeinitializedarrays,notrestrictedbylinesizelimits.TheSIZEOFandLENGTHOFoperatorswillreturnthesamevaluesasifthearrayhadbeendefinedviatheDUPoperator.

Thearraysizeargumentmaybeaforwardreference:

myarrayLABELword:size_myarray/sizeofword

dw1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10

size_myarrayequ$-myarray

3.21OptionalNameArgumentforSimplifiedSegmentDirectivesMasmallowsanoptionalargumentforsimplifiedsegmentdirectives.CODE,.FARDATAand.FARDATA?.Thisistosetthenameofthesegmentthatistobeopened.JWasmwillalsoacceptthenameargumentforthosedirectives;additionally,it'sacceptedfor.DATA,.DATA?and.CONSTdirectives.

3.22SegmentAttributeCOMDATWithsegmentattributeCOMDATonemaydefineCOMDATsections.ACOMDATsectionisasectionthatcanbedefinedbymorethanoneobjectfile.ACOMDATsectionmustcontainatleastonesymbol,theCOMDATsymbol.Thesyntaxtodefinethesectionis:

segnameSEGMENTCOMDAT(selection[,assoc_segment])...

TheselectionargumenttellsthelinkerwhattodoifmultipledefinitionsofaCOMDATsymbolarefound;theacceptedvaluesare:Value Description

1 noduplicates

Ifthesymbolisalreadydefined,thelinkerissuesa"multiplydefinedsymbol"error.

2 any AnysectionthatdefinesthesameCOMDATsymbolcanbelinked;therestareremoved.

3 samesizeThelinkerchoosesanarbitrarysectionamongthedefinitionsforthissymbol.Ifalldefinitionsarenotthesamesize,a"multiplydefinedsymbol"errorisissued.

4 exactmatch

Thelinkerchoosesanarbitrarysectionamongthedefinitionsforthissymbol.Ifalldefinitionsdonotmatchexactly,a"multiplydefinedsymbol"errorisissued.

5 associative ThesectionislinkedifacertainotherCOMDATsection(seetheassoc_segmentinthesyntaxdescription)islinked.

6 largestThelinkerchoosesthelargestdefinitionfromamongallofthedefinitionsforthissymbol.Ifmultipledefinitionshavethissize,thechoicebetweenthemisarbitrary.

CurrentlysupportforCOMDATisrestrictedtoCOFF.

JWasmwon'tdoanythingspecialwithCOMDATsections;infuturereleasesthismaychange:cmdlineoptionssimilartotheMicrosoftVCcompileroptions-Gfor-Gymaybeadded.

TocreateanobjectmodulethatplaceseachfunctioninitsownCOMDAT

section(asitisdonebyMSVCifthe-Gyoptionisgiven),itisrecommendedtouseCOMDATinconjunctionwithALIAS:

_TEXT_proc1segmentflatcomdat(1)alias(".text")

proc1procc

...

proc1endp

_TEXT1_proc1ends


proc2proccprivate

...

proc2endp

_TEXT2_proc2ends


proc3procc

...

proc3endp

_TEXT_proc3ends

3.23AttributeVARARGMLforlastMacroParameterVARARGMLhasmostlythesameeffectsasattributeVARARG;thedifferenceisthatVARARGMLwillmaketheassemblerconcatlinesifthelastcharacteronthelineisacomma.

3.24Miscellaneous3.24.1Numericconstant__JWASM__3.24.2OperatingSystemArgumentfor.MODEL3.24.3AcceptedParametersforIF[N]DEFDirective3.24.4VisibilityofProcedures3.24.5Non-RIP-RelativeAddressingin64-Bit

3.24.1Numericconstant__JWASM____JWASM__isapredefinedsymbol,itsvalueisthecurrentJWasmversion*100,thatis,forv1.9thevalueis190.Thepredefinedtextequate@Versionwon'tcontainJWasm'sversion,forcompatibilityreasonsithasvalue<800>(sincev2.06,previouslythevaluewas<615>).

3.24.2OperatingSystemArgumentfor.MODELThe.MODELdirectivehasanoptional"operatingsystem"argument.MasmacceptsvalueOS_DOSonly,JWasmacceptsvaluesOS_DOSandOS_OS2.Thissettingwillaffectthegeneratedcodeofdirectives.STARTUPand.EXITfor16-bitmemorymodels.

3.24.3AcceptedParametersforIF[N]DEFDirectiveMasm'sIF[N]DEFdirectiveacceptsuser-definedsymbolsandregisters,butfailsforinstructions,directivesandotherreservedwords.JWasm'sIF[N}DEFimplementationacceptsthosesymbolsaswell.OTOH,JWasmisabitmorepickyandwilldisplayawarningifmorethanoneitemisfoundbehindthedirective-Masmjusttakesthefirstandsilentlyskipstherest.

AlsoseeMemberArgumentforIF[N]DEFand.ERR[N]DEFDirectives.

3.24.4VisibilityofProceduresWhenaPROTOorEXTERNDEFdirectiveforasymbolislocatedinamodulebeforeamatchingPROCdirective,thevisibilityofthisProcedure("public"vs"private",or"external"vs."static")ishandleddifferentlyinMasmv6or7andMasmv8ornewer:

SinceMasmv8,aPROTOorEXTERNDEFforasymbolwhichislaterdefinedasaPROCwillmaketheprocedurepublic,nomatterwhatapossiblevisibilityattributeofthePROCitself-orthedefaultonesetwithOPTIONPROC-istelling.

OTOH,withMasmv6/7,boththevisibilityattributeofthePROCdirectiveandthecurrentdefaultsettingofOPTIONPROCwillaffectthesymbol'svisibility.

Masm6Masm8JWasmJWasm+Zv8

-------------------------------------

On,E,Pxx

On,E,Pnxx

On,E,Ppxxxx

Op,E,Pxxxx

Op,E,Pnxxx

Op,E,Ppxxxx

On=OPTIONPROC:PRIVATE

Op=OPTIONPROC:PUBLIC

E=PROTOorEXTERNDEFbeforePROC

P=PROCwithoutvisibilityattribute

Pn=PROCwithPRIVATEvisibilityattribute

Pp=PROCwithPUBLICvisibilityattribute

x=procedurewillbepublic

Asdefault,JWasmmoreorlesscopiestheMasmv6/7behavior.ThedifferenceisthatanexplicitevisibilityattributebehindPROChasthehighestpriorityforJWasm.However,sincev2.04,there'sanadditionalcmdlineoption-Zv8whichwillmakeJWasmbehavelikeMasmv8+.

ItshouldbenotedthatwithoutaPROTO/EXTERNDEFbeforePROC,therearenodifferencesbetweenMasmv6,v8andJWasm,andthe-Zv8switchalsohasnoeffectthen.

3.24.5Non-RIP-RelativeAddressingin64-BitIn64-bitaRIP-relativeaddressingmodewasintroduced.Thismodeisusedasdefaultfordirectaddressing,becauseitallowstoaccessallcodeordatalabelswitha32-bitdisplacement.However,forconstantaddresslocationsthismodeisnotappropriateandwon'tbeused:

moval,gs:[1000h]

moval,gs:[100000000h]

Ifaconstantaddressistobeaccessedwithoutsegmentprefixes-notethatin64-bit,onlysegmentregistersFSandGScanbeusedassegmentprefixes-onehastousetheFLATkeywordinJWasm:

moval,FLAT:[1000h];invalidforMasm

moval,FLAT:[100000000h];invalidforMasm

ThissyntaxdiffersfromMasm's,becauseMasmwon'tacceptFLAT.In64-bitMasm,thesyntaxforaccessingconstantaddressesisinstead:

moval,[1000h];invalidforJWasm

moval,[100000000h];invalidforJWasm

Thecodethatwillbegeneratedwon'tshowanydifferences:

0000000000000000:658A042510000000moval,byteptrgs:[00000010h]

0000000000000008:65A00000000001000000moval,byteptrgs:[0000000100000000h]

0000000000000012:8A042510000000moval,byteptrds:[00000010h]

0000000000000019:A00000000001000000moval,byteptrds:[0000000100000000h]

4.InstructionSetsJWasmsupportsallinstructionssetssupportedbyMasmv8.Theseare

-theinstructionsimplementedby8086,80186,80286,80386,80486.-thePentiumandPentiumProinstructions.-theMMXandK3Dinstructionsetextensions.-theSSE,SSE2,SSE3andSSSE3instructionsetextensions.-theIntelVMXinstructionsetextension(sinceJWasmv2.09).-thex86-6464-bitinstructionset(implementedbyML64).

Additionallysupportedare

-SSE4.1andSSE4.2instructionsets(sinceJWasmv2.01).-AVXinstructionset(sinceJWasmv2.06).

WithMasm,SSE4.1andSSE4.2requireMasmv9;AVXrequiresMasmv10.

5.CodeGenerationDifferencesJWasmmightgenerateslightlydifferentcodethanMasmonsomeoccasions.Commandlineoption-Zgshouldeliminatemostofthesedifferences.However,somedifferencesareduetofixedMasmbugs(seebelow),inwhichcaseoption-Zgwon'thaveanyeffect.

Forafewinstructions,theencodingdiffersbetweenMasmversions.

Example:

cmpal,dl

isencoded38D0inMasmv6,but3AC2inMasmv8.Insuchcases,JWasmwillprefertocopytheencodingofMasmv8.

5.1ForwardReferencesinMacroExpressionsLikeMasm,JWasmusuallyevaluatesexpressionsinpreprocessordirectivesduringthefirstpassonly.However,duetodifferentjumpoptimizationstrategiesofMasmandJWasm,theresultsmaydiffer.Thisisveryunlikelytoimposeaproblem,butitismentionedhereforcompleteness.Anexample(foundinREADME.TXTofMasmv6.14):

Label1:

JMPLabel2

Label2:

REPEATLabel2-Label1

INCAX

ENDM

Masmwill-incorrectly-repeattheloop10times,althoughtheresultofexpressionLabel2-Label1is2only.OTOH,JWasmwillrepeattheloop2timesonly,becauseit'susingan"optimistic"strategyconcerningforwardreferences.

6.OutputFormatsTheformatoftheassembler'soutputisselectedbycommandlineoptions.Theseare:

-omfIntel's"relocatableObjectModuleFormat",including32-bitMSextensions.It'sthedefault.

-coff (MS)COFFobjectmoduleformat,supportsflatmemorymodelsonly.It'susuallyusedfor32-bitWindowsmodules.

-elf 32-BitELF("ExecutableandLinkableFormat")objectmodules.-elf64 64-bitELFobjectmodules.-win64

64-bitformatforWin64objectmodules.COFFvariantwith64-bitextensions.

-djgpp COFFvariantusedbyDJGPP.Notactiveinprecompiledbinaries.-bin rawbinaryformat.-mz DOSMZbinaryformat.-pe 32-and64-bitPEbinaries.Theformatsselectedby-bin,-mzand-pearebinaryformats,hencetheoutputisnotsupposedtobefedtoalinker.

6.1OMFOutputFormatTheOMFformatfullysupportsthesegmentedarchitectureofthex86cpu.Thespecificationhasbeenextendedaround1990tosupport32-bit,includingtheFLATmemorymodel.However,sinceit'sabitoldnow,there'snosupportofsomeofthenewrelocationsintroducedfor64-bit.

OMFwon'tsupporttheIMAGERELandSECTIONRELoperators.JWasmcurrentlywon'temitOMFLIDATArecords(unlikeMasm).ThismeansthatiftheassemblysourcecontainslotsofarraysdefinedwithDUP,theobjectmodulemightbecomesignificantlylargerthanasimiliarobjectmodulewrittenbyMasm.JWasmemitsafewCOMENTrecordsthatMasmwon't.TheseareremnantsofOpenWatcom'sWASM;theymaybesuppressedwithcommandlineoptions-zlcand-zld.Theyshouldn'tdoanyharm,though.

TheOMFobjectmoduleconsistsofrecordsofcertaintypes.JWasmwritesthoserecordsinthefollowingorder:

Type Description

THEADR 1Marksthestartofanobjectmodule,containsthenameofthesourcefile.

COMENT,classA1h 1MSextension;tellslinkertheCodeViewversionnumber.Emitted

if-Zioptionisactive.COMENT,classE9h n Borland-styleauto-dependencyrecord(s).Emittedif-Zdor-Zioptionsareactive.COMENT,class9Eh 1MSextension;directsthelinkertousea"standardized"segment

ordering.Emittedifthe.DOSSEGdirectiveisfoundinthesource.COMENT,class9Fh n Defaultlibrarysearchname(s).EmittedifINCLUDELIBdirectivesareused.

LNAMES n Definesnamesforsegmentsandgroups(optionallyalsoforexternals,communalsandpublics).SEGDEF n Definessegment(s).COMENT,classFEh n TellsWLinktodoFARCALLoptimizationforaspecificsegment.

Suppressedwith-zld.GRPDEF n Definesgroup(s).

EXTDEF n Definesexternal(s).COMENT,classA8h n Definesweakexternal(s).EmittedifEXTERNdirectiveisusedwith"altname".COMDEF n Definescommunal(s).ALIAS n Definesalias(es).PUBDEF n Definespublic(s).COMENT,classA0h n Definesexport(s).EmittediftheEXPORTattributeisusedinaPROCdirective.COMENT,classA2h 1 LinkPassSeparator.Emittedifnoentrypointisdefinedinthisobjectmodule.LEDATA n Datarecord;definessegmentcontent(s).

FIXUPP n Containsinformationtomakethelinkerresolvereferencesbetweenobjectmodules.LINNUM n Linenumberinformation.Emittedif-Zdor-Zioptionisactive.COMENT,classFDh n Tellsdisassemblerthatacodesegmentcontainsdata.Suppressedwith-zlc.

MODEND 1Markstheendoftheobjectmodule;optionallydefinestheentrypoint.

LEDATA,FIXUPPandLINNUMrecordsusuallyareintermixed;aFIXUPPand/oraLINNUMrecordappearsimmediatelyaftertheLEDATArecordtowhichitrefers.Sincev2.11,multipleTHEADRrecordsarewrittenifcmdlineoptions-Zdor-Ziaresetandlinenumberinformationiswrittenformorethanonesourcefile;thisconformstoMASMbehavior.

6.2COFFOutputFormatTheCOFFobjectmoduleformatissuitableforflat,non-segmentedmemorymodels.InmostcasestheCOFFformatisusedfor32-bitcode.However,it'spossibletocreatea64-bitCOFFmoduleifthecurrentcpuis.x64whenthe.MODELdirectiveisparsed(notethat-win64istheusualwaytocreatemodulesfor64-bitWindows).Tosomeextent16-bitcodeisalsosupportedwithCOFF,althoughOMFwillalwaysbethebetterchoicethen.

The-safesehcmdlineoptionandthe.SAFESEHdirectivearesupportedbyCOFFonly.NotsupportedbyCOFFare:

theGROUPdirectivethedirectivestocontrolsegmentorder:.ALPHA,.DOSSEG,.SEQcodethatwillgenerate"far"fixups(i.e.directFARcallsorjumps).

Afew,commonsegmentnamesaretranslatedintheoutputmodulewhenCOFFisselected:

name_TEXTistranslatedto.textname_DATAistranslatedto.datanameCONSTistranslatedto.rdataname_BSSistranslatedto.bss

Thisalsoaffectssimplifiedsegmentdirectives,since_TEXT,_DATA,CONSTand_BSSsegmentsareinternallygeneratedwhendirectives.CODE,.DATA,.CONSTor.DATA?aredetected.IfCOFFisselected,MasmwillignoresegmentcombinetypeSTACKandtreatstacksegmentsjustlikenormaldatasegments(theMSlinkerandcompatibleswillsetthestack'ssizewithcommandlineoptions).JWasmDOESNOTignorecombinetypeSTACKfortheCOFFoutputformat;additionally,unlessthesegmentcontainsinitializeddata,JWasmwillresetthesizeofstacksegmentsto0.DirectiveEXTERNname(altname):<type>willdefineaweakexternalwithcharacteristicsIMAGE_WEAK_EXTERN_SEARCH_LIBRARY(seeMSPEandCOFFspecification).DirectiveALIAS<aliasname>=<actualname>willdefineaweakexternalwithcharacteristicsIMAGE_WEAK_EXTERN_SEARCH_ALIAS(seeMSPEandCOFF

specification).TherearesomecmdlineoptionstocontroltheextentofsymbolsthatarewrittentotheCOFFoutputmodule:-zlf,-zlpand-zls.

6.3Win64OutputFormat6.3.1Win64Basics

Thisoutputformat,thatisselectedwiththe-win64commandlineoption,isavariantoftheCOFFoutputformat.It'scommonlyusedtocreateobjectmodulesfor64-bitWindows.ThedefaultcallingconventionistheWin64FASTCALLimplementation.

6.3.2DirectiveINVOKEinWin64

Unlikethe64-bitversionofMasm,whichdoesn'tsupportINVOKEanymore,JWasmstilldoes;however,pleasebeawareofsomepeculiarities:

intheory,usingINVOKErequirestheFRAMEattributeforPROC.ItwillworkwithoutFRAME,butWin64SEHwon'tbehappywithitthen.thedefaultimplementationin64-bitisverysimple:foreachINVOKEregisterRSPisreducedbythespacerequiredforthearguments,thenthecallisissuedandfinallyregisterRSPisrestored.ToenableamoreefficientcodegenerationseeOPTIONWIN64,INVOKEStackSpaceReservation-thisoptionisnotactiveasdefaultbecauseitvirtuallyrequiresacertainprogrammingstyle.thereisnoadditionalcheckthatthestackisalignedto16byte.ThePROC'sFRAMEattributeensuresthatthestackiscorrectlyalignedaftertheprologueisdone.However,it'stheprogrammersresponsibilitythatthestackisstillalignedwhenthecodegeneratedbyINVOKEstarts.parameternameslistedbehindthePROCdirectivewillalwaysrefertotheparameter'sshadowspaceonthestack.However,onaprocedure'sentrytheactualvaluesofthefirstfourparametersareholdinregisters,andthevalueoftheassociatedshadowspacesareundefined.SeeOPTIONWIN64,StoreRegisterArguments,howtomakeJWasmautomaticallysavetheregisterargumentsandthusinitializetheshadowspaceonaprocedure'sentry.

6.3.3Win64StructuredExceptionHandling(SEH)

SEHinWin64differssignificantlyfromtheimplementationinWin32.It'svery

wellpossibletoignoreWin64SEHforassembly.However,ifanassemblyroutinewantstocomplytotheserules,athoroughunderstandingoftheWin64ABIisnecessary.Masm(the64-bitversion)suppliessome"primitives"forSEHsupport(.ALLOCSTACK,.PUSHREG,.SAVEREG,...),alongwithanewFRAMEattributeforthePROCdirective.ThesefeaturesarealsosupportedbyJWasm.SeesampleWin64_3howthe"primitives"aretobeusedforSEHsupport.

ThebigdisadvantageisthatusingtheFRAMEkeywordinMasm"disables"mostoftheotherhighlevelfeaturescombinedwithPROC(functionparameters,localsandregisterssavedwithUSES)becausenofunctionprologuesandepiloguesaregeneratedanymore.Additionally,theimplementationatleastinMasmv8seemstobeabitbuggy,atleastinMasmv8.BecauseofthisandtoeasetheusageofSEHinWin64thereisanewdirectiveimplementedinJWasm:

OPTIONFRAME:AUTO

Ifthisoptionisset,JWasmwillcreateWin64SEH-compatibleprologuesandepilogues.Iftheoptionisoff,JWasmwillbehaveMasm-compatible,thatis,FRAMEfoundinaPROCdirectivewilldisableautomaticprologue/epiloguegeneration.SeesampleWin64_3ehowthisoptionissupposedtobeused.

AsforthePROCsyntax:TheMasmdocumentationstatesthatFRAMEcanbeusedincombinationwithUSESandprocedureparametersandmustbelocatedbehindallparameters.However,thissyntaxisn'tacceptedbyanyMasmversion.TheonlysyntaxwhichMasmwillacceptwithoutbeingconfusedisFRAMEastheoneandonlyparameterforPROC.ThereforeJWasmdoesn'tfollowtheMasmdocumentationinthispoint:theoptionalFRAMEkeywordisexpected*before*theprocedureparameters.ThesyntaxinJWasmis:

procnamePROC[public]FRAME[:exc_handler][USES<reglist>][parameters]

TheSEH"primitives"willgeneratesomeadditionaldatainsegments.pdataand.xdata.Thisdataissomewhathidden,butJWasmwilldisplaythecorrespondingdatadefinitionsinthelistingifoption-Sgisset.

Finally,JWasm'sdefaultbehaviorofINVOKEisn'tfullySEH-compatible,becausethestackpointeristemporarilychangedtomakeroomforarguments.

TomakeINVOKEcomplytoSEH,OPTIONWIN64INVOKEStackSpaceReservationhastobeused.

6.4BinaryOutputFormatIfthebinaryoutputformathasbeenselected,thecontentsofthefilearejusttherawdatabytesemittedbytheassembler,noheader,relocationsorsymboltablesaregenerated.Allreferenceshavetoberesolvedinternally.

ThebinaryformatismostusefulforbootloadersorDOSCOMfiles,butmaybeusedtocreateanybinaryformat.SeesampleWin32_5,thatdemonstrateshowthebinaryformatisusedtocreateaWin32application.

Ifalistingfileisproduced,abinarymapwillbeadded,whichshowsthefileandmemorylayoutoftheimage:

.modeltiny

.data

000000000D0A48656C6C6F2C20str1db13,10,"Hello,world!",13,10,'$'

00000000.code

org100h

00000100start:

00000100B409movah,09h

00000102BA0000movdx,offsetstr1

00000105CD21int21h

00000107B8004Cmovax,4c00h

0000010ACD21int21h

endstart

BinaryMap:

SegmentPos(file)VASize(fil)Size(mem)

---------------------------------------------------------------

_TEXT0100CC

_DATAC10C1212

---------------------------------------------------------------

1E1E

Notethatbyteswith"undefinedcontents"atthestartandtheendoftheoutputfileareskippedandwon'tbecomepartofthebinary.

6.5PEOutputFormatThe(Windows)PEoutputformat(both32-and64-bit)isabinaryformat-there'snolinkstepsupposedtofollowtheassemblystep.Henceallreferencesmustberesolvedinternally,noexternalreferencesarepossible.SincetheWindowsABIisimplementedasasetofdllsthatexportfunctionnames,it'snecessarytoprovideamechanismtocallsuchexternalfunctions-inthePEformatthisisachievedwiththehelpofdirectiveOPTIONDLLIMPORT;itallowstoattachamodulenametofunctionprototypesusedbytheassemblysourceandconsequentlygivetheassemblerthemeanstoresolveallreferenceswithoutthehelpofalinker.

ThePEformatrequiresa.MODELFLATdirectiveinthesourcecode.ThisdirectivewilltriggerthecreationoftheinternalPE-headersection,thevalueofthecpuatthistimewilldeterminewhethera32-or64-bitPEbinaryistobewritten.

Asinallbinaryformats,thelistingwillcontainabinarymap;seeBinaryOutputFormatformoredetails.

If-peisset,afewsectionswillbecreatedinternally:

-.hdr$1:sectionwillcontaintheDOSMZ-stub.-.hdr$2:sectionwillcontainthePEheader-.hdr$3:sectionwillcontainthePEobjecttable

ThedefaultvaluesinthePEheaderareField 32-bitValue 64-bitValue(ifdifferent)

Signature "PE"Machine 14Ch 8664hTimestamp date&timeSizeOptionalHeader 0E0h 0F0hCharacteristics 10Fh 12FhMagic 10Bh 20BhLinkerVersion 5.1

ImageBase 400000hSectionAlignment 1000hFileAlignment 200hOSVersion 4.0ImageVersion 0.0SubsystemVersion 4.0Win32Version 0Checksum 0Subsystem 2(=Console)DllCharacteristics 0SizeOfStack 100000h,1000hSizeOfHeap 100000h,1000hLoaderFlags 0

TochangethedefaultvaluesinthePEheadertherearetwooptions.First,apredefinedassembly-timevariable@pe_file_flagswillmapthevalueoffieldCharacteristics-changingthevalueof@pe_file_flagswillalsochangethevalueintheheaderfield.TheotherfieldsinthePEheaderareonlyaccessiblebysettingtheappropriatevaluesinsection.hdr$2.Fieldsnotlistedinthetableabovearesetinternallybytheassemblertoensuredataintegrityandcannotbemodifiedfromwithintheassemblysource.

IfthePEbinaryistouseresources,a.rsrcsectionhastobecreatedwhichistocontainthem.Definingtheresourcesmanuallyworksandisdoable,butitmightbecometediousifalotofresourceitemsaretobedefined.Thereforetoolres2incissupplied,whichallowstoconvertacompiledresourcefile(.RES)toanassemblyincludefile.

Ifadlliscreatedwith-pe,onehastomarkallproceduresthataretobeexportedwiththeEXPORTattribute.Iftheexportednamesaretobeundecorated,usethe-zzecmdlineoption.

SampleWin64_8showshowa64-bitWindowsbinaryiscreatedwith-pe.Italsoshowshowtodefineresourcesin.rsrcmanuallyandhowtomodifydefaultvaluesofPEheaderfields.

7.MasmbugsfixedinJWasm

# DescriptionFixedMasmVersion

1theinfamous"invoke"bug:ifanargumentforinvokehastobeexpanded(fromBYTEorWORDtoDWORD,forexample),badcodewasgenerated.

9

2 PROTOscontainedtwiceinthesourcecausedanEXTDEFentrytobegeneratedintheobjectmodule. -

3 "TYPExmm0"willreturn10inMasmv6andv7-thecorrectvalueis16. 8

4 anestedstructuremightcauseaGPFinMasmiftheembeddedSTRUCT'sstartingoffsethastobeadjustedduetoalignment. -

5 defininghugearraysinMasmisveryslowandmightevencauseadeadlockifCOFFhasbeenselectedasoutputformat. -

6 forMasmv6andv7,ifanarray>64kBisdefinedandoutputformatOMFisselected,thearray'ssizewillbemod0x10000only. 8

7 Masmdoesn'tflaginvalidnumbersinstruct/arrayinitializerstrings. -

8ifanALIASisdefinedsomewhereinthesourceandthesymboltableislisted,a'GeneralFailure'erroroccursinMasmifoutputformatisOMF.

-

9Type"coerces"forDWORDdataitemsdefinedina32bitsegmentareignoredbyMasm,i.e.,"ddfar16ptr<symbol>"willgenerateanear32fixupinsteadofafar16one.

-

10iftheALIGNdirectivehastoadd5bytesin32bitcodesegments,Masmincludesan"addeax,0"opcode,whichisn'tano-opbecauseflagsaremodified.

-

11 silenttruncationofimmediateconstants:Masmv6andv7willacceptline"mov[word_variable],12345h"withouterror. 8

12preprocessedoutputwithoption-EPmayerroneouslycontaintextmacrosandmacrofunctioncallsifthemacrosarelocatedintheinitializationstringofastructuredvariable.

-

Masmgenerateswrongcodeifaconditionaljumpiscoupledwitha

13 typecoercionwhichmodifiesoffsetmagnitude.Examples:"jznear32ptr..."in16bitcodeor"jznear16ptr..."in32bitcode).

-

14 iftheargumentsgiventoMasmendwithanoptionwhichexpectsaparameter(i.e."ml-c-Fo"),a'GeneralFailure'mayoccur. -

15 floating-pointdataitemsinMasmcanbefollowedbyanysuffix(example:REAL41.0foo,2.0bar).JWasmwon'tacceptthis. -

16

Ifalocalisdefinedinsideamacro,Masmwillcreateauniquenameforit.Thenameisconstructedbyusing'??'asprefix,followedbyahexadecimalnumberwith4digits.Thereisnocheckforoverflow,however,soifthetotaloflocalsinallmacrosexceeds65536,strangeerrorswilloccur.

-

17Ifaweakexternalisdefinedfor-coffwiththeALIASdirective,aninvalidfixup-andalsoastrangeentryinthemodule'ssymboltable-iscreated.

-

18Ifasectioncontainsmorethan0xffffrelocationsinCOFF,thenumberofrelocationsthatisstoredintheobjectmoduleisjustthevalueofthelower16-bithalfoftherelocationcount.

8

19

Ifasymbolicconstant(=equate)ismadepublicinOMFformat,Masmwillstorethesymbol'svalueina16-bitrecordifitisintherange-32768...65535.Ifthesymbolisreferencedinanothermoduleasa32-bitnumber,itisalwayszero-extended,neversign-extended;hencevalues-1...-32768willbecome65535...32768.

-

20

ifdatalabelsbecomepublicbythe-Zfoption(andnotbythePUBLICdirective),theirnamesarenotdecorated.Also,ifformatisCOFF,theywon'tbecometruepublics,they'rejustincludedinthesymboltablewithclass"static",

-

It'sslightlydangeroustofixoldMasmbugs,sincesomecodemightworkonlyifthebugsexists.Sono,JWasmwon'tachieve100%Masmcompatibility.

8.OptionalFeaturesThereexistsomefeaturesthatarenotactivatedintheprecompiledbinaries.Toenabletheseoptions,theJWasmsourcemustberecompiledwithoneormoreswitchessetinthecommandline:

SupportforDjgpp'svariantofCOFF

Thisoptionisenabledwithswitch-DDJGPP_SUPPORT.ThegeneratedJWasmbinarywillacceptanadditionaloutputformat(-djgpp)tobesetinthecommandline,thatmakestheassemblergenerateCOFFmodulescompatiblewithDJGPP.

SupportforAssemblySourcegeneratedbyIntelC++compiler

Thisoptionisenabledwithswitch-DDOTNAMEX.Itwillmaketheassembleracceptnamesthatcontaindotsifthenamestartswithadotoranunderscore.NotethatthisbehaviorisnotcompatiblewithstandardMasmsyntax.

9.KnownBugsandmissingFeaturesa)Bugswhichareknownbutnotfixedyet:

Therearecurrentlynoknownbugs.

b)Featureswhicharen'timplementedyet:

-directivesPAGE,TITLE,SUBTITLE,SUBTTL.thedirectivesareignoredandawarning(level4)isdisplayed.-thefollowingparametersoftheOPTIONdirective:

-OLDMACROS-EXPR16-READONLY

-optionalparameterNONUNIQUEforstructuresisignored.-commandlineoption-AT(Enabletinymodel).-commandlineoptions-Sp,-Ssand-St(setpagelength,subtitleandtitle).-commandlineoption-H(setmaxexternalnamelength).-commandlineoption-Ta(Assemblenon-.ASMfile).-commandlineoption-ZdforELFoutputformat.-commandlineoption-ZiforELFoutputformat.

Ifthere'severaproblemwithoneofthemissingfeatures,it'sverylikelythatit'srelatedtoOPTIONOLDMACROS.ThisoptionmakesMasm6emulatetwoMasm5.1peculiarities:

-macroargumentsmaybeseparatedbyspaces-ampersands(&)insidethemacromustmatchthecurrentlevelofmacronesting.

c)Missingfeatureswhichmostlikelywon'tbeimplemented:

-syntax"mm(n)"and"xmm(n)"(supportedbyMasmv6andv7only)-commandlineoption-Bl,-F,-Fe,-Fmand-link:sinceJWasmdoesn'tlaunchalinker,thoseoptionsareuseless.-commandlineoptions-Frand-FR(generatebrowserinfo).-commandlineoption-Sc(generatetimingsinlisting).-commandlineoption-errorReport(ReportinternalassemblererrorstoMicrosoft).

10.LicenseThismanualwaswrittenbyAndreasGrech(akaJapheth).

Itmayberedistributedaslongasitisfreeofcharge.

AppendixA.JWasmReservedWordsReservedWordsarecase-insensitive.BesidestheitemslistedbelowallinstructionmnemonicsarealsoReservedWords.

Registers16-and32-bitModes

8-bitregisters AL CL DL BL AH CH DH BH16-bitregisters AX CX DX BX SP BP SI DI32-bitregisters EAX ECX EDX EBX ESP EBP ESI EDISegmentregisters ES CS SS DS FS GS

Floating-pointregisters ST ST(1) ST(2) ST(3) ST(4) ST(5) ST(6) ST(7)

MMXregisters MM0 MM1 MM2 MM3 MM4 MM5 MM6 MM7SSEregisters XMM0XMM1XMM2XMM3XMM4XMM5XMM6XMM7AVXregisters YMM0YMM1YMM2YMM3YMM4YMM5YMM6YMM7Controlregisters CR0 CR2 CR3 CR4

Debugregisters DR0 DR1 DR2 DR3 DR6 DR7

Testregisters[1] TR3 TR4 TR5 TR6 TR7[1]:invalidin64-bitmode.

AdditionalRegistersin64-bitMode

8-bitregisters SPL BPL SIL DIL

R8B R9B R10B R11B R12B R13B R14B R15B16-bitregisters R8W R9W R10W R11W R12W R13W R14W R15W

32-bitregisters R8D R9D R10D R11D R12D R13D R14D R15D

64-bitregisters RAX RCX RDX RBX RSP RBP RSI RDI

R8 R9 R10 R11 R12 R13 R14 R15SSEregisters XMM8XMM9XMM10 XMM11 XMM12 XMM13 XMM14 XMM15

AVXregisters YMM8YMM9YMM10 YMM11 YMM12 YMM13 YMM14 YMM15

Controlregisters CR8

Types

BYTESBYTEWORDSWORDDWORDSDWORDREAL4FWORDQWORDSQWORDREAL8TBYTEREAL10OWORDYMMWORDNEARFARNEAR16NEAR32FAR16FAR32MMWORDXMMWORD

UnaryOperators

.TYPEHIGHHIGH32HIGHWORDIMAGEREL[1]

LENGTHLENGTHOFLOWLOW32LOWWORDLROFFSETMASKOFFSETOPATTRSECTIONREL[1]

SEGSHORTSIZESIZEOFTHISTYPEWIDTH[1]:notforOMFoutputformat.

BinaryOperators

EQNEGEGTLELTMODPTRDUPSHL[1]

SHR[1]

AND[1]

OR[1]

XOR[1]

[1]:thesekeywordsarealsoinstructions.

Directives

.8086

.186

.286

.286C

.286P

.386

.386C

.386P

.486

.486P

.586

.586P

.686

.686P

.K3D

.MMX

.XMM

.X64

.X64P

.8087

.287

.387

.NO87

.CREF

.LIST

.LISTALL

.LISTIF,.LFCOND

.NOCREF,.XCREF

.NOLIST,.XLIST

.NOLISTIF,.SFCOND

.TFCONDPAGESUBTITLE,SUBTTLTITLE.LISTMACRO,.XALL.LISTMACROALL,.LALL.NOLISTMACRO,.SALL.ALPHA.DOSSEG,DOSSEG.SEQ.CODE.STACK.DATA.DATA?.FARDATA.FARDATA?.CONST.IF.REPEAT.WHILE.BREAK.CONTINUE.ELSE.ELSEIF.ENDIF.ENDW.UNTIL.UNTILCXZ.EXIT.STARTUP.MODEL.RADIX.SAFESEH

.ERR

.ERR1

.ERR2

.ERRE

.ERRNZ

.ERRDIF

.ERRDIFI

.ERRIDN

.ERRIDNI

.ERRB

.ERRNB

.ERRDEF

.ERRNDEFCOMMENTIFIFEIF1IF2IFDIFIFDIFIIFIDNIFIDNIIFBIFNBIFDEFIFNDEFELSEELSEIFELSEIFEELSEIF1ELSEIF2ELSEIFDIFELSEIFDIFI

ELSEIFIDNELSEIFIDNIELSEIFBELSEIFNBELSEIFDEFELSEIFNDEFENDIFFOR,IRPFORC,IRPCREPEAT,REPTWHILEMACROEXITMENDMGOTOPURGEINCLUDETEXTEQUCATSTRSUBSTRINSTRSIZESTRDBDWDDDFDQDTSTRUCT,STRUCUNIONTYPEDEFRECORDCOMM

EXTERN,EXTRNEXTERNDEFPUBLICPROTOPROCENDPLOCALLABELINVOKEORGALIGNEVENSEGMENTENDSGROUPASSUMEALIASECHO,%OUTENDEQUINCBININCLUDELIBNAMEOPTIONPOPCONTEXTPUSHCONTEXT

AdditionalDirectivesin64-bitMode

.ALLOCSTACK

.ENDPROLOG

.PUSHFRAME

.PUSHREG

.SAVEREG

.SAVEXMM128

.SETFRAME

OtherReservedWords

ADDRFLATVARARGFRAME[1]

CSYSCALL[2]

STDCALLPASCALFORTRANBASICFASTCALL[1]:in64-bitmodeonly.[2]:in64-bit,callingconventionSYSCALLisrenamedtoSYSCALL_,sinceinthismodethereexistsaSYSCALLinstruction.

AppendixB.SourceSamplesWin64_3-SEHSupportinWin64Win64_3e-SEHSupportinWin64(JWasmspecific)DOS64-SwitchtoLongModeandBackWin32_5-CreateaWin32Binarywith-binWin32_7-UsageofOPTIONDLLIMPORTand-FdSwitchWin64_8-CreateaWin64Binarywith-pe

Win64_3-SEHSupportinWin64

;---ThissampleshowshowtouseSEHprimitives.Itdoesn'tusehll

;---directives.ThusthissourcecanbeassembledbybothJWasm

;---andMasm64.

;---

;---toassembleenter:

;---JWasm-win64Win64_3.asm

;---or:

;---ml64-cWin64_3.asm

;---

;---tolinkthebinaryenter:

;---LinkWin64_3.obj

optioncasemap:none

includelibkernel32.lib

includelibuser32.lib

HINSTANCEtypedefQWORD

HWNDtypedefQWORD

HMENUtypedefQWORD

HICONtypedefQWORD

HBRUSHtypedefQWORD

HCURSORtypedefQWORD

WPARAMtypedefQWORD

LPARAMtypedefQWORD

LPSTRtypedefQWORD

LPVOIDtypedefQWORD

UINTtypedefDWORD

NULLequ0

WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOWequ0CF0000h

CW_USEDEFAULTequ80000000h

SW_SHOWDEFAULTequ10

SW_SHOWNORMALequ1

IDC_ARROWequ32512

IDI_APPLICATIONequ32512

WM_DESTROYequ2

CS_VREDRAWequ1

CS_HREDRAWequ2

COLOR_WINDOWequ5

proto_WNDPROCtypedefproto:HWND,:QWORD,:WPARAM,:LPARAM

WNDPROCtypedefptrproto_WNDPROC

WNDCLASSEXAstruct8

cbSizeDWORD?

styleDWORD?

lpfnWndProcWNDPROC?

cbClsExtraDWORD?

cbWndExtraDWORD?

hInstanceHINSTANCE?

hIconHICON?

hCursorHCURSOR?

hbrBackgroundHBRUSH?

lpszMenuNameLPSTR?

lpszClassNameLPSTR?

hIconSmHICON?

WNDCLASSEXAends

POINTstruct

xSDWORD?

ySDWORD?

POINTends

MSGstruct8

hwndHWND?

messageDWORD?

wParamWPARAM?

lParamLPARAM?

timeDWORD?

ptPOINT<>

MSGends

GetModuleHandleAproto:LPSTR

GetCommandLineAproto

ExitProcessproto:UINT

LoadIconAproto:HINSTANCE,:LPSTR

LoadCursorAproto:HINSTANCE,:LPSTR

RegisterClassExAproto:ptrWNDCLASSEXA

CreateWindowExAproto:DWORD,:LPSTR,:LPSTR,:DWORD,:SDWORD,:SDWORD,:SDWORD,:SDWORD,:HWND,:HMENU,:HINSTANCE,:LPVOID

ShowWindowproto:HWND,:SDWORD

UpdateWindowproto:HWND

GetMessageAproto:ptrMSG,:HWND,:SDWORD,:SDWORD

TranslateMessageproto:ptrMSG

DispatchMessageAproto:ptrMSG

PostQuitMessageproto:SDWORD

DefWindowProcAproto:HWND,:UINT,:WPARAM,:LPARAM

;WinMainproto:HINSTANCE,:HINSTANCE,:LPSTR,:UINT

.data

ClassNamedb"SimpleWinClass",0

AppNamedb"OurFirstWindow",0

.data?

hInstanceHINSTANCE?

CommandLineLPSTR?

.code

WinMainCRTStartupprocFRAME

pushrbp

.pushregrbp

movrbp,rsp

.setframerbp,0

.endprolog

subrsp,32

movecx,NULL

callGetModuleHandleA

movhInstance,rax

callGetCommandLineA

movCommandLine,rax

movrcx,hInstance

movrdx,NULL

movr8,CommandLine

movr9d,SW_SHOWDEFAULT

callWinMain

movecx,eax

callExitProcess

align4

WinMainCRTStartupendp

WinMainprocFRAME

pushrbp

.pushregrbp

movrbp,rsp

.setframerbp,0

.endprolog

subrsp,sizeofWNDCLASSEXA+sizeofMSG+sizeofHWND+12*8

hInstequ<[rbp+10h]>

hPrevInstequ<[rbp+18h]>

CmdLineequ<[rbp+20h]>

CmdShowequ<[rbp+28h]>

wcequ<[rbp-sizeofWNDCLASSEXA].WNDCLASSEXA>

msgequ<[rbp-sizeofWNDCLASSEXA-sizeofMSG].MSG>

hwndequ<[rbp-sizeofWNDCLASSEXA-sizeofMSG-sizeofHWND]>

movhInst,rcx;storeparam1inshadowspace

movwc.cbSize,SIZEOFWNDCLASSEXA

movwc.style,CS_HREDRAWorCS_VREDRAW

;movrax,OFFSETWndProc;usingLEAispreferable

learax,[WndProc]

movwc.lpfnWndProc,rax

movwc.cbClsExtra,NULL

movwc.cbWndExtra,NULL

movwc.hInstance,rcx

movwc.hbrBackground,COLOR_WINDOW+1

movwc.lpszMenuName,NULL

;movrax,OFFSETClassName;usingLEAispreferable

learax,[ClassName]

movwc.lpszClassName,rax

movecx,NULL

movedx,IDI_APPLICATION

callLoadIconA

movwc.hIcon,rax

movwc.hIconSm,rax

movecx,NULL

movedx,IDC_ARROW

callLoadCursorA

movwc.hCursor,rax

learcx,wc

callRegisterClassExA

movecx,NULL

leardx,[ClassName]

lear8,[AppName]

movr9d,WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW

movdwordptr[rsp+4*8],CW_USEDEFAULT




movqwordptr[rsp+8*8],NULL


movrax,hInst

mov[rsp+10*8],rax


callCreateWindowExA

movhwnd,rax

movrcx,hwnd

movedx,SW_SHOWNORMAL

callShowWindow

movrcx,hwnd

callUpdateWindow

;---messageloop

@@:

learcx,msg

movrdx,NULL

movr8,0

movr9,0

callGetMessageA

andrax,rax

jz@F

learcx,msg

callTranslateMessage

learcx,msg

callDispatchMessageA

jmp@B

@@:

movrax,msg.wParam

addrsp,sizeofWNDCLASSEXA+sizeofMSG+sizeofHWND+12*8

poprbp

ret

align4

WinMainendp

WndProcprocFRAME

subrsp,4*8

.allocstack4*8

.endprolog

cmpedx,WM_DESTROY

jnz@F

movecx,NULL

callPostQuitMessage

xorrax,rax

jmpexit

@@:

callDefWindowProcA

exit:

addrsp,4*8

ret

align4

WndProcendp

end

Win64_3e-SEHSupportinWin64(JWasmspecific)

;---SEHsupportinWin64.UnlikeWin64_3,

;---thisversionuseshlldirectives,soitcannotbeassembled

;---withMasm64.Also,OPTIONFRAME:AUTOisused.

;---

;---tocreatethebinaryenter:

;---JWasm-win64Win64_3e.asm

;---LinkWin64_3e.obj

optioncasemap:none

optionframe:auto;generateSEH-compatibleprologuesandepilogues

includelibkernel32.lib

includelibuser32.lib

HINSTANCEtypedefQWORD

HWNDtypedefQWORD

HMENUtypedefQWORD

HICONtypedefQWORD

HBRUSHtypedefQWORD

HCURSORtypedefQWORD

WPARAMtypedefQWORD

LPARAMtypedefQWORD

LPSTRtypedefQWORD

LPVOIDtypedefQWORD

UINTtypedefDWORD

NULLequ0



SW_SHOWDEFAULTequ10

SW_SHOWNORMALequ1

IDC_ARROWequ32512


WM_DESTROYequ2

CS_VREDRAWequ1

CS_HREDRAWequ2

COLOR_WINDOWequ5

proto_WNDPROCtypedefproto:HWND,:QWORD,:WPARAM,:LPARAM


WNDCLASSEXAstruct8

cbSizeDWORD?

styleDWORD?

lpfnWndProcWNDPROC?

cbClsExtraDWORD?

cbWndExtraDWORD?

hInstanceHINSTANCE?

hIconHICON?

hCursorHCURSOR?


lpszMenuNameLPSTR?

lpszClassNameLPSTR?

hIconSmHICON?

WNDCLASSEXAends

POINTstruct

xSDWORD?

ySDWORD?

POINTends

MSGstruct8

hwndHWND?

messageDWORD?

wParamWPARAM?

lParamLPARAM?

timeDWORD?

ptPOINT<>

MSGends







CreateWindowExAproto:DWORD,:LPSTR,:LPSTR,:DWORD,:SDWORD,:SDWORD,:SDWORD,:SDWORD,:HWND,:HMENU,:HINSTANCE,:LPVOID

ShowWindowproto:HWND,:SDWORD


GetMessageAproto:ptrMSG,:HWND,:SDWORD,:SDWORD



PostQuitMessageproto:SDWORD


WinMainproto:HINSTANCE,:HINSTANCE,:LPSTR,:UINT

.data


AppNamedb"OurFirstWindow",0

.data?

hInstanceHINSTANCE?

CommandLineLPSTR?

.code


invokeGetModuleHandleA,NULL

movhInstance,rax

invokeGetCommandLineA

movCommandLine,rax

invokeWinMain,hInstance,NULL,CommandLine,SW_SHOWDEFAULT

invokeExitProcess,eax


WinMainprocFRAMEhInst:HINSTANCE,hPrevInst:HINSTANCE,CmdLine:LPSTR,CmdShow:UINT

localwc:WNDCLASSEXA

localmsg:MSG

localhwnd:HWND

movhInst,rcx

movwc.cbSize,SIZEOFWNDCLASSEXA


learax,[WndProc]




movwc.hInstance,rcx


movwc.lpszMenuName,NULL

learax,[ClassName]


invokeLoadIconA,NULL,IDI_APPLICATION

movwc.hIcon,rax

movwc.hIconSm,rax

invokeLoadCursorA,NULL,IDC_ARROW

movwc.hCursor,rax

invokeRegisterClassExA,addrwc

invokeCreateWindowExA,NULL,ADDRClassName,ADDRAppName,\

WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,CW_USEDEFAULT,\

CW_USEDEFAULT,CW_USEDEFAULT,CW_USEDEFAULT,NULL,NULL,\

hInst,NULL

movhwnd,rax

invokeShowWindow,hwnd,SW_SHOWNORMAL

invokeUpdateWindow,hwnd

.while(1)

invokeGetMessageA,ADDRmsg,NULL,0,0

.break.if(!rax)

invokeTranslateMessage,ADDRmsg

invokeDispatchMessageA,ADDRmsg

.endw

movrax,msg.wParam

ret

WinMainendp

WndProcprocFRAMEhWnd:HWND,uMsg:UINT,wParam:WPARAM,lParam:LPARAM

.if(edx==WM_DESTROY)

invokePostQuitMessage,NULL

xorrax,rax

.else

invokeDefWindowProcA,rcx,edx,r8,r9

.endif

ret

WndProcendp

endWinMainCRTStartup

DOS64-SwitchtoLongModeandBack

;---DOSprogramwhichswitchestolong-modeandback.

;---Note:requiresatleastJWasmv2.

;---Also:needsa64bitcpuinreal-modetorun.

;---Partsofthesourcearebasedonsamplessuppliedby

;---sinsiandTomaszGrysztarintheFASMforum.

;---Tocreatethebinaryenter:

;---JWasm-mzDOS64.asm

.x64p

;---16bitstart/exitcode

_TEXT16segmentuse16parapublic'CODE'

assumeds:_TEXT16

assumees:_TEXT16

GDTRlabelfword;GlobalDescriptorsTableRegister

dw4*8-1;limitofGDT(sizeminusone)

ddoffsetGDT;linearaddressofGDT

IDTRlabelfword;InterruptDescriptorTableRegister

dw256*16-1;limitofIDT(sizeminusone)

dd0;linearaddressofIDT

nullidtlabelfword

dw3FFh

dd0

align8

GDTdq0;nulldescriptor

dw0FFFFh,0,9A00h,0AFh;64-bitcodedescriptor

dw0FFFFh,0,9A00h,000h;compatibilitymodecodedescriptor

dw0FFFFh,0,9200h,000h;compatibilitymodedatadescriptor

wPICMaskdw0;variabletosave/restorePICmasks

start16:

pushcs

popds

movax,cs

movzxeax,ax

shleax,4

adddwordptr[GDTR+2],eax;convertoffsettolinearaddress

movwordptr[GDT+2*8+2],ax

movwordptr[GDT+3*8+2],ax

shreax,16

movbyteptr[GDT+2*8+4],al

movbyteptr[GDT+3*8+4],al

movax,ss

movdx,es

subax,dx

movbx,sp

shrbx,4

addbx,ax

movah,4Ah

int21h;freeunusedmemory

pushcs

popes

movax,ss

movdx,cs

subax,dx

shlax,4

addax,sp

pushds

popss

movsp,ax;makeaTINYmodel,CS=SS=DS=ES

smswax

testal,1

jz@F

movdx,offseterr1

movah,9

int21h

movah,4Ch

int21h

err1db"ModeisV86.NeedREALmodetoswitchtoLONGmode!",13,10,'$'

@@:

xoredx,edx

moveax,80000001h;testiflong-modeissupported

cpuid

testedx,20000000h

jnz@F

movdx,offseterr2

movah,9

int21h

movah,4Ch

int21h

err2db"No64bitcpudetected.",13,10,'$'

@@:

movbx,1000h

movah,48h

int21h

jnc@F

movdx,offseterr3

movah,9

int21h

movah,4Ch

int21h

err3db"Outofmemory",13,10,'$'

@@:

addax,100h-1;aligntopageboundary

moval,0

moves,ax

;---setuppagedirectoriesandtables

subdi,di

movcx,4096

subeax,eax

repstosd;clear4pages

subdi,di

movax,es

movzxeax,ax

shleax,4

movcr3,eax;loadpage-maplevel-4base

leaedx,[eax+5000h]

movdwordptr[IDTR+2],edx

oreax,111b

addeax,1000h

moves:[di+0000h],eax;firstPDPtable

addeax,1000h

moves:[di+1000h],eax;firstpagedirectory

addeax,1000h

moves:[di+2000h],eax;firstpagetable

movdi,3000h;addressoffirstpagetable

moveax,0+111b

movcx,256;numberofpagestomap(1MB)

@@:

stosd

adddi,4

addeax,1000h

loop@B

;---setupebx/rbxwithlinearaddressof_TEXT

movbx,_TEXT

movzxebx,bx

shlebx,4

add[llg],ebx

;---createIDT

movdi,5000h

movcx,32

movedx,offsetexception

addedx,ebx

make_exc_gates:

moveax,edx

stosw

movax,8

stosw

movax,8E00h

stosd

xoreax,eax

stosd

stosd

addedx,4

loopmake_exc_gates

movcx,256-32

make_int_gates:

moveax,offsetinterrupt

addeax,ebx

stosw

movax,8

stosw

movax,8E00h

stosd

xoreax,eax

stosd

stosd

loopmake_int_gates

movdi,5000h

moveax,ebx

addeax,offsetclock

moves:[di+80h*16+0],ax;setIRQ0handler

shreax,16

moves:[di+80h*16+6],ax

moveax,ebx

addeax,offsetkeyboard

moves:[di+81h*16+0],ax;setIRQ1handler

shreax,16

moves:[di+81h*16+6],ax

;---clearNTflag

pushf

popax

andah,0BFh

pushax

popf

;---reprogramPIC:changeIRQ0-7toINT80h-87h,IRQ8-15toINT88h-8Fh

cli

inal,0A1h

movah,al

inal,21h

mov[wPICMask],ax

moval,10001b;beginPIC1initialization

out20h,al


out0A0h,al

moval,80h;IRQ0-7:interrupts80h-87h

out21h,al

moval,88h;IRQ8-15:interrupts88h-8Fh

out0A1h,al

moval,100b;slaveconnectedtoIRQ2

out21h,al

moval,2

out0A1h,al

moval,1;Intelenvironment,manualEOI

out21h,al

out0A1h,al

inal,21h

moval,11111100b;enableonlyclockandkeyboardIRQ

out21h,al

inal,0A1h

moval,11111111b

out0A1h,al

moveax,cr4

oreax,1shl5

movcr4,eax;enablephysical-addressextensions(PAE)

movecx,0C0000080h;EFERMSR

rdmsr

oreax,1shl8;enablelongmode

wrmsr

lgdt[GDTR]

lidt[IDTR]

movcx,ss

movzxecx,cx;getbaseofSS

shlecx,4

movzxesp,sp

addecx,esp;ECX=linearaddressofcurrentSS:ESP

moveax,cr0

oreax,80000001h

movcr0,eax;enablepaging+pmode

db66h,0EAh;jmp0008:oooooooo

llgddoffsetlong_start

dw8

;---switchbacktoreal-modeandexit

backtoreal:

cli

moveax,cr0

andeax,7FFFFFFFh;disablepaging

movcr0,eax

movecx,0C0000080h;EFERMSR

rdmsr

andah,not1h;disablelongmode(EFER.LME=0)

wrmsr

movax,24;setSS,DSandESto64kdata

movss,ax

movds,ax

moves,ax

moveax,cr0;switchtorealmode

andal,0FEh

movcr0,eax

db0eah;clearinstructioncache,CS=real-modeseg

dw$+4

dw_TEXT16

movax,STACK;SS=real-modeseg

movss,ax

movsp,4096

pushcs;DS=real-mode_TEXT16seg

popds

lidt[nullidt];IDTR=real-modecompatiblevalues

moveax,cr4

andal,not20h;disablephysical-addressextensions(PAE)

movcr4,eax

;---reprogramPIC:changeIRQ0-7toINT08h-0Fh,IRQ8-15toINT70h-77h


out20h,al


out0A0h,al

moval,08h;IRQ0-7:backtoints8h-Fh

out21h,al

moval,70h;IRQ8-15:backtoints70h-77h

out0A1h,al

moval,100b;slaveconnectedtoIRQ2

out21h,al

moval,2

out0A1h,al

moval,1;Intelenvironment,manualEOI

out21h,al

out0A1h,al

inal,21h

movax,[wPICMask];restorePICmasks

out21h,al

moval,ah

out0A1h,al

sti

movax,4c00h

int21h

_TEXT16ends

;---here'sthe64bitcodesegment.

;---since64bitcodeisalwaysflatbuttheDOSmzformatissegmented,

;---therearerestrictions,becausetheassemblerdoesn'tknowthe

;---linearaddresswherethe64bitsegmentwillbeloaded:

;---+directaddressingwithconstantsisn'tpossible(mov[0B8000h],rax)

;---sincetherip-relativeaddresswillbecalculatedwrong.

;---+64bitoffsets(movrax,offset<var>)mustbeadjustedbythelinear

;---addresswherethe64bitsegmentwasloaded(isinrbx).

;---

;---rbxmustpreservelinearaddressof_TEXT

_TEXTsegmentparause64public'CODE'

assumeds:FLAT,es:FLAT

long_start:

xoreax,eax

movss,eax

movesp,ecx

sti;nowinterruptscanbeused

callWriteStrX

db"Hello64bit",10,0

nextcmd:

movr8b,0;r8bwillbefilledbythekeyboardirqroutine

nocmd:

cmpr8b,0

jznocmd

cmpr8b,1;ESC?

jzesc_pressed

cmpr8b,13h;'r'?

jzr_pressed

callWriteStrX

db"unknownkey",0

moval,r8b

callWriteB

callWriteStrX

db10,0

jmpnextcmd

;---'r'key:displaysomeregistercontents

r_pressed:

callWriteStrX

db10,"cr0=",0

movrax,cr0

callWriteQW

callWriteStrX

db10,"cr2=",0

movrax,cr2

callWriteQW

callWriteStrX

db10,"cr3=",0

movrax,cr3

callWriteQW

callWriteStrX

db10,"cr4=",0

movrax,cr4

callWriteQW

callWriteStrX

db10,"cr8=",0

movrax,cr8

callWriteQW

callWriteStrX

db10,0

jmpnextcmd

;---ESC:backtoreal-mode

esc_pressed:

jmp[bv]

bvlabelfword

ddoffsetbacktoreal

dw16

;---screenoutputhelpers

;---scrollscreenuponeline

;---rsi=linearaddressstartoflastline

;---rbp=linearaddressofBIOSarea(0x400)

scroll_screen:

cld

movedi,esi

movzxeax,wordptr[rbp+4Ah]

pushrax

learsi,[rsi+2*rax]

movcl,[rbp+84h]

mulcl

movecx,eax

repmovsw

poprcx

movax,0720h

repstosw

ret

WriteChr:

pushrbp

pushrdi

pushrsi

pushrbx

pushrcx

pushrdx

pushrax

movedi,0B8000h

movebp,400h

cmpbyteptr[rbp+63h],0B4h

jnz@F

xordi,di

@@:

movzxebx,wordptr[rbp+4Eh]

addedi,ebx

movzxebx,byteptr[rbp+62h]

movesi,edi

movzxecx,byteptr[rbx*2+rbp+50h+1];ROW

movzxeax,wordptr[rbp+4Ah]

mulecx

movzxedx,byteptr[rbx*2+rbp+50h];COL

addeax,edx

movdh,cl

leaedi,[rdi+rax*2]

moval,[rsp]

cmpal,10

jznewline

mov[rdi],al

movbyteptr[rdi+1],07

incdl

cmpdl,byteptr[rbp+4Ah]

jb@F

newline:

movdl,00

incdh

cmpdh,byteptr[rbp+84h]

jbe@F

decdh

callscroll_screen

@@:

mov[rbx*2+rbp+50h],dx

poprax

poprdx

poprcx

poprbx

poprsi

poprdi

poprbp

ret

WriteStr:;writestringinrdx

pushrsi

movrsi,rdx

cld

@@:

lodsb

andal,al

jz@F

callWriteChr

jmp@B

@@:

poprsi

ret

WriteStrX:;writestringatrip

pushrsi

movrsi,[rsp+8]

cld

@@:

lodsb

andal,al

jz@F

callWriteChr

jmp@B

@@:

mov[rsp+8],rsi

poprsi

ret

WriteQW:;writeQWordinrax

pushrax

shrrax,32

callWriteDW

poprax

WriteDW:

pushrax

shrrax,16

callWriteW

poprax

WriteW:

pushrax

shrrax,8

callWriteB

poprax

WriteB:;writeByteinal

pushrax

shrrax,4

callWriteNb

poprax

WriteNb:

andal,0Fh

addal,'0'

cmpal,'9'

jbe@F

addal,7

@@:

jmpWriteChr

;---exceptionhandler

exception:

excno=0

repeat32

pushexcno

jmp@F

excno=excno+1

endm

@@:

callWriteStrX

db10,"Exception",0

poprax

callWriteB

callWriteStrX

db"errcode=",0

movrax,[rsp+0]

callWriteQW

callWriteStrX

db"rip=",0

movrax,[rsp+8]

callWriteQW

callWriteStrX

db10,0

@@:

jmp$

;---clockandkeyboardinterrupts

clock:

pushrbp

movebp,400h

incdwordptr[rbp+6Ch]

poprbp

interrupt:;handlerforallotherinterrupts

pushrax

moval,20h

out20h,al

poprax

iretq

keyboard:

pushrax

inal,60h

testal,80h

jnz@F

movr8b,al

@@:

inal,61h;givefinishinginformation

out61h,al;tokeyboard...

moval,20h

out20h,al;...andinterruptcontroller

poprax

iretq

_TEXTends

;---4kstack,usedinbothmodes

STACKsegmentuse16parastack'STACK'

db4096dup(?)

STACKends

endstart16

Win32_5-CreateaWin32Binarywith-bin

;---Win32"helloworld"consoleapplication.

;---UsesJWasm'sbinoutputformat,sonolinkerneeded.

;---assemble:JWasm-bin-FoWin32_5.exeWin32_5.ASM

.386

optioncasemap:none

.nolist

includewinnt.inc;includePEimagedefinitions

.list

STD_OUTPUT_HANDLEequ-11

IMAGEBASEequ400000h

PEHDRsegmentdwordFLAT

;---definetheDOS"MZ"header

orgIMAGEBASE

IMAGE_DOS_HEADER<"ZM",80h,1,0,4,0,-1,0,200h,0,0,0,0,0,<0>,0,0,<0>,IMAGERELPEHdr>

db0Eh;pushcs

db1Fh;popds

db0BAh,0Eh,0;movdx,text

db0B4h,09h;movah,9

db0CDh,21h;int21h

db0B8h,01h,4Ch;movax,4c01h

db0CDh,21h;int21h

db"ThisprogramcannotberuninDOSmode",13,10,'$'

orgIMAGEBASE+80h

;---definetheWin32"PE"header

PEHdrlabelbyte

db"PE",0,0

IMAGE_FILE_HEADER<IMAGE_FILE_MACHINE_I386,num_sections,0,0,0,sizeofIMAGE_OPTIONAL_HEADER32,

IMAGE_FILE_RELOCS_STRIPPEDorIMAGE_FILE_EXECUTABLE_IMAGEorIMAGE_FILE_32BIT_MACHINEorIMAGE_FILE_LOCAL_SYMS_STRIPPED>

IMAGE_OPTIONAL_HEADER32{10Bh,;magic

6,0,;linkermajor,minor

1000h,1000h,0,;sizeofcode,initializeddata,uninitializeddata

IMAGERELmainCRTStartup,;entrypoint

IMAGERELstart_text,IMAGERELstart_rdata,;baseofcode,data

IMAGEBASE,;imagebase

1000h,200h,;sectionalignment,filealignment

4,0,;OSmajor,minor

0,0,;Imagemajor,minor

4,0,;Subsysmajor,minor

0,;win32version

3000h,;sizeofimage

1000h,;sizeofheader

0,;checksum

IMAGE_SUBSYSTEM_WINDOWS_CUI,

0,;dllcharacteristics

100000h,1000h,;stackres,com

100000h,1000h,;heapres,com

0,;loaderflags

16,;numberofdirectories

<<0,0>,;exports

<IMAGERELstart_idata,SECTIONRELendof_idata>,;imports

<0,0>,<0,0>,;resource,exception

<>,<>,<>,<>,;security,baserelocs,debug,architecture

<>,<>,<>,<>,;globalptr,tls,load_config,bound_import

<>,<>,<>,<>>};iat,delay_import,comdescriptor,reserved

;---definethesectiontable

sectiontablelabelbyte

IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER<".text",<sizeof_text>,IMAGERELstart_text,sizeof_text,

200h,0,0,0,0,060000020h>

IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER<".rdata",<SECTIONRELendof_idata+sizeof_const>,IMAGERELstart_rdata,SECTIONRELendof_idata+sizeof_const,

400h,0,0,0,0,040000040h>

num_sectionsequ($-sectiontable)/sizeofIMAGE_SECTION_HEADER

orgIMAGEBASE+200h;forcesphysicalsizeofheaderto200handsetsVAto400200h

PEHDRends

;---theALIGNxsegmentsareneededbecause

;---sectionalignmentandfilealignmentaredifferent

ALIGN1segmentdwordpublicFLAT'DATA'

org0E00h;changepctoRVA1000h

ALIGN1ends

_TEXTsegmentdwordpublicFLAT'CODE'

_TEXTends

ALIGN2segmentdwordpublicFLAT'DATA'

org0E00h;changepctoRVA2000h

ALIGN2ends

_IDATAsegmentdwordpublicFLAT'DATA'

start_rdatalabelbyte

start_idatalabelbyte

;---importdescriptorsgohere

_IDATAends

_IDATA$1segmentdwordpublicFLAT'DATA'

IMAGE_IMPORT_DESCRIPTOR<<0>,0,0,0,0>

;---ILTentriesgohere

_IDATA$1ends


dd0;---endoflastILT

;---IATentriesgohere

_IDATA$2ends


dd0;---endoflastIAT

;---importnamestringsgohere

_IDATA$3ends


endof_idataequ$

_IDATA$4ends

CONSTsegmentdwordpublicFLAT'DATA'

start_constlabelbyte

CONSTends

DefineImpDllmacroname

_IDATAsegment

IMAGE_IMPORT_DESCRIPTOR<<IMAGERELname&ILT>,0,0,IMAGERELname,IMAGERELname&IAT>

_IDATAends

_IDATA$1segment

ifdefImportDefined

dd0;terminatepreviousILT

endif

name&ILTlabeldword

_IDATA$1ends

_IDATA$2segment

ifdefImportDefined

dd0;terminatepreviousIAT

endif

name&IATlabeldword

_IDATA$2ends

_IDATA$3segment

namedb@CatStr(!",name,!"),0

align4

_IDATA$3ends

ImportDefinedequ1

endm

DefineImportmacroname

_IDATA$1segment

ddIMAGERELn&name

_IDATA$1ends

_IDATA$2segment

lp&nametypedefptrpr&name

namelp&nameIMAGERELn&name

_IDATA$2ends

_IDATA$3segment

n&namedw0

db@CatStr(!",name,!"),0

align4

_IDATA$3ends

endm

prWriteConsoleAtypedefprotostdcall:dword,:dword,:dword,:dword,:dword

prGetStdHandletypedefprotostdcall:dword

prExitProcesstypedefprotostdcall:dword

DefineImpDllkernel32

DefineImportExitProcess

DefineImportWriteConsoleA

DefineImportGetStdHandle

if0;iffurtherdllsaretobeimported

prMessageBoxAtypedefprotostdcall:dword,:dword,:dword,:dword

DefineImpDlluser32

DefineImportMessageBoxA

endif

CONSTsegment

stringdb13,10,"hello,world.",13,10

sizeof_constequ$-start_const

CONSTends

_TEXTsegment

assumeds:FLAT,es:FLAT

start_textlabelnear

;---startofprogram

mainproc

localdwWritten:dword

localhConsole:dword

invokeGetStdHandle,STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE

movhConsole,eax

invokeWriteConsoleA,hConsole,addrstring,sizeofstring,addrdwWritten,0

xoreax,eax

ret

mainendp

;---entry

mainCRTStartupprocc

invokemain


mainCRTStartupendp

sizeof_textequ$-start_text

org200h;alignsizeof_TEXTtonext512byteboundary

_TEXTends

end

Win32_7-UsageofOPTIONDLLIMPORTand-FdSwitch

;---Win32_7-ShowshowtouseOPTIONDLLIMPORTandswitch-Fd.

;---Noimportlibrariesareneededinthelinkstep.

;---

;---assemble:JWasm-coff-FdWin32_7.ASM

;---link:JWlinkformatwindowspefWin32_7.OBJ

.386

.modelFLAT,stdcall

optioncasemap:none

STD_OUTPUT_HANDLEequ-11


WriteConsoleAproto:dword,:dword,:dword,:dword,:dword

GetStdHandleproto:dword

ExitProcessproto:dword

optiondllimport:<user32>

MessageBoxAproto:dword,:dword,:dword,:dword

optiondllimport:<none>

.const

msgdb13,10,"hello,world.",13,10

db0

.code

mainproc

localwritten:dword

invokeGetStdHandle,STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE

movebx,eax

invokeWriteConsoleA,ebx,addrmsg,sizeofmsg,

addrwritten,0

invokeMessageBoxA,0,addrmsg,0,0

ret

mainendp

;---entry

start:

invokemain

invokeExitProcess,0

endstart

Win64_8-CreateaWin64Binarywith-pe

;---createa64-bitbinarywith-pecmdlineoption

;---

;---JWasm-peWin64_8.asm

.x64;-perequirestosetcpu,model&language

.modelflat,fastcall

optioncasemap:none

optionframe:auto;generateSEH-compatibleprologuesandepilogues

optionwin64:3;initshadowspace,reservestackatPROClevel

;---resourceIDs

IDR_MENU1equ100

IDR_BITMAP1equ101

IDM_EXITequ1000

NULLequ0

LPSTRtypedefptr

LPVOIDtypedefptr

UINTtypedefdword

BOOLtypedefdword

;---winbasedefinitions

HINSTANCEtypedefptr

;---winuserdefinitions

HWNDtypedefptr

HMENUtypedefptr

HICONtypedefptr

HBRUSHtypedefptr

HCURSORtypedefptr

HDCtypedefptr

HBITMAPtypedefptr

WPARAMtypedefptr

LPARAMtypedefqword



SW_SHOWDEFAULTequ10

SW_SHOWNORMALequ1

IDC_ARROWequ32512


CS_VREDRAWequ1

CS_HREDRAWequ2

COLOR_WINDOWequ5

WM_DESTROYequ2

WM_PAINTequ000Fh

WM_COMMANDequ0111h

proto_WNDPROCtypedefproto:HWND,:qword,:WPARAM,:LPARAM


WNDCLASSEXAstruct8

cbSizedword?

styledword?

lpfnWndProcWNDPROC?

cbClsExtradword?

cbWndExtradword?

hInstanceHINSTANCE?

hIconHICON?

hCursorHCURSOR?


lpszMenuNameLPSTR?

lpszClassNameLPSTR?

hIconSmHICON?

WNDCLASSEXAends

POINTstruct

xsdword?

ysdword?

POINTends

MSGstruct8

hwndHWND?

messagedword?

wParamWPARAM?

lParamLPARAM?

timedword?

ptPOINT<>

MSGends

RECTstruct

leftsdword?

topsdword?

rightsdword?

bottomsdword?

RECTends

PAINTSTRUCTstruct8

hdcHDC?

fEraseBOOL?

rcPaintRECT<>

fRestoreBOOL?

fIncUpdateBOOL?

rgbReservedbyte32dup(?)

PAINTSTRUCTends

;---wingdidefinitions

DIB_RGB_COLORSequ0

SRCCOPYequ00CC0020h

HGDIOBJtypedefptr

BITMAPINFOHEADERstruct

biSizedword?

biWidthsdword?

biHeightsdword?

biPlanesword?

biBitCountword?

biCompressiondword?

biSizeImagedword?

biXPelsPerMetersdword?

biYPelsPerMetersdword?

biClrUseddword?

biClrImportantdword?

BITMAPINFOHEADERends





optiondllimport:<user32>

BeginPaintproto:HWND,:ptrPAINTSTRUCT

CreateWindowExAproto:dword,:LPSTR,:LPSTR,:dword,:sdword,:sdword


DestroyWindowproto:HWND


EndPaintproto:HWND,:ptrPAINTSTRUCT

GetClientRectproto:HWND,:ptrRECT

GetMessageAproto:ptrMSG,:HWND,:sdword,:sdword

LoadBitmapAproto:HINSTANCE,:LPSTR



PostQuitMessageproto:sdword


ShowWindowproto:HWND,:sdword



optionDLLIMPORT:<gdi32>

BitBltproto:HDC,:dword,:dword,:dword,:dword,:HDC,:

CreateCompatibleDCproto:HDC

DeleteDCproto:HDC

GetDIBitsproto:HDC,:HBITMAP,:dword,:dword,:ptr,:ptrBITMAPINFO,:

SelectObjectproto:HDC,:HGDIOBJ

optiondllimport:none

WinMainproto:HINSTANCE,:HINSTANCE,:LPSTR,:UINT

.data


AppNamedb"Bitmaprendering",0

.data?

hInstanceHINSTANCE?

hBitmapHBITMAP?

CommandLineLPSTR?

.code


invokeGetModuleHandleA,NULL

movhInstance,rax

invokeGetCommandLineA

movCommandLine,rax

invokeWinMain,hInstance,NULL,CommandLine,SW_SHOWDEFAULT



WinMainprocFRAMEhInst:HINSTANCE,hPrevInst:HINSTANCE,CmdLine:LPSTR,CmdShow:UINT

localwc:WNDCLASSEXA

localmsg:MSG

localhwnd:HWND

invokeLoadBitmapA,hInst,IDR_BITMAP1

movhBitmap,rax

movwc.cbSize,sizeofWNDCLASSEXA


learax,[WndProc]




movrcx,hInst

movwc.hInstance,rcx


movwc.lpszMenuName,IDR_MENU1

learax,[ClassName]


invokeLoadIconA,NULL,IDI_APPLICATION

movwc.hIcon,rax

movwc.hIconSm,rax

invokeLoadCursorA,NULL,IDC_ARROW

movwc.hCursor,rax

invokeRegisterClassExA,addrwc

invokeCreateWindowExA,NULL,ADDRClassName,ADDRAppName,

WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,CW_USEDEFAULT,

CW_USEDEFAULT,CW_USEDEFAULT,CW_USEDEFAULT,NULL,NULL,

hInst,NULL

movhwnd,rax

invokeShowWindow,hwnd,SW_SHOWNORMAL

invokeUpdateWindow,hwnd

.while(1)

invokeGetMessageA,ADDRmsg,NULL,0,0

.break.if(!eax)

invokeTranslateMessage,ADDRmsg

invokeDispatchMessageA,ADDRmsg

.endw

movrax,msg.wParam

ret

WinMainendp

WndProcprocFRAMEhWnd:HWND,uMsg:UINT,wParam:WPARAM,lParam:LPARAM

localhdc2:HDC

localps:PAINTSTRUCT

localrect:RECT

localbmi:BITMAPINFOHEADER

.ifedx==WM_DESTROY

invokePostQuitMessage,NULL

xorrax,rax

.elseifedx==WM_COMMAND

.ifwParam==IDM_EXIT

invokeDestroyWindow,hWnd

.endif

xoreax,eax

.elseifedx==WM_PAINT

invokeBeginPaint,hWnd,addrps

invokeCreateCompatibleDC,ps.hdc

movhdc2,rax

invokeSelectObject,hdc2,hBitmap

movbmi.biSize,sizeofBITMAPINFOHEADER

movbmi.biBitCount,0

invokeGetDIBits,hdc2,hBitmap,0,0,0,addrbmi,DIB_RGB_COLORS

invokeGetClientRect,hWnd,addrrect

movr8d,rect.right

subr8d,bmi.biWidth

jnc@F

xorr8d,r8d

@@:

shrr8d,1

movr9d,rect.bottom

subr9d,bmi.biHeight

jnc@F

xorr9d,r9d

@@:

shrr9d,1

invokeBitBlt,ps.hdc,r8d,r9d,bmi.biWidth,bmi.biHeight,hdc2,0,0,SRCCOPY

invokeDeleteDC,hdc2

invokeEndPaint,hWnd,addrps

xoreax,eax

.else

invokeDefWindowProcA,rcx,edx,r8,r9

.endif

ret

WndProcendp

if1;for-pe

RT_BITMAPequ2

RT_MENUequ4

;---menuresourceflags

MF_POPUPequ10h

MF_ENDequ80h

IMAGE_RESOURCE_DIRECTORYstruct

Characteristicsdword?

TimeDateStampdword?

MajorVersionword?

MinorVersionword?

NumberOfNamedEntriesword?

NumberOfIdEntriesword?

IMAGE_RESOURCE_DIRECTORYends

IMAGE_RESOURCE_DIRECTORY_ENTRYstruct

union

r0recordNameIsString:1,NameOffset:31

Name_dword?

Idword?

ends

union

OffsetToDatadword?

r1record DataIsDirectory:1,OffsetToDirectory:31

ends

IMAGE_RESOURCE_DIRECTORY_ENTRYends

IMAGE_RESOURCE_DATA_ENTRYstruct

OffsetToDatadword?

Size_dword?

CodePagedword?

Reserveddword?

IMAGE_RESOURCE_DATA_ENTRYends

optiondotname

.rsrcsegmentdwordFLATpublicread'RSRC'

;---definemenuIDR_MENU1andbitmapIDR_BITMAP1

;---rootlevel:enumtheresourcetypes

IMAGE_RESOURCE_DIRECTORY<0,0,0,0,0,2>

IMAGE_RESOURCE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY<<RT_BITMAP>,<SECTIONRELbms+80000000h>>

IMAGE_RESOURCE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY<<RT_MENU>,<SECTIONRELmenus+80000000h>>

;---secondlevel:enumtheIDsofresourcetypeX

bmsIMAGE_RESOURCE_DIRECTORY<0,0,0,0,0,1>

IMAGE_RESOURCE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY<<IDR_BITMAP1>,<SECTIONRELbm1+80000000h>>

menusIMAGE_RESOURCE_DIRECTORY<0,0,0,0,0,1>

IMAGE_RESOURCE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY<<IDR_MENU1>,<SECTIONRELmenu1+80000000h>>

;---thirdlevel:enumthelanguagesofIDX

bm1IMAGE_RESOURCE_DIRECTORY<0,0,0,0,0,1>

IMAGE_RESOURCE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY<<409h>,<SECTIONRELbm1_l1>>

menu1IMAGE_RESOURCE_DIRECTORY<0,0,0,0,0,1>

IMAGE_RESOURCE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY<<409h>,<SECTIONRELm1_l1>>

;---lastlevel:definetheresourcedata

;---dataformenuIDR_MENU1,language409h

m1_l1IMAGE_RESOURCE_DATA_ENTRY<IMAGERELm1_l1_data,size_m1_l1,0,0>

m1_l1_datadw0,0 ;menuheader

dwMF_POPUPorMF_END,'&','F','i','l','e',0

dwMF_END,IDM_EXIT,'E','&','x','i','t',0

size_m1_l1equ$-m1_l1_data

align4

;---dataforbitmapIDR_BITMAP1

bm1_l1IMAGE_RESOURCE_DATA_ENTRY<IMAGERELbm1_l1_data,size_bm1_l1,0,0>

bm1_l1_datalabelword

incbin<Win32_8.bmp>,14 ;skipbitmapfileheader

size_bm1_l1equ$-(bm1_l1_data)

.rsrcends

;---set/subsystem:windows

;---thePEheaderisstoredinsection.hdr$2

optiondotname

.hdr$2segmentdwordFLATpublic'HDR'

org5Ch;positiontoIMAGE_NT_HEADER64.OptionalHeader.Subsystem

dw2;2=subsystemwindows

.hdr$2ends

endif

endWinMainCRTStartup

AppendixC.ErrorsandWarningsThewarninganderrornumbersemittedbyJWasmdifferfromMasm's.However,thetextsofthemessagesareprettymuchidentical.AsinMasm,thefirstdigitshowstheseverityoftheissue:range1xxxreportsafatalerror(assemblyprocessisstopped),range2xxxindicatesanerror(assemblyprocesscontinues,butnoobjectmodulewillbecreated)and4xxxarewarnings.

x029Multiplebaseregistersnotallowed

In16-bitcode,onecannotusebothBXandBPinindirectaddressing;in32/64-bitcode,ESP/RSPcanonlyappearonceinindirectaddressing.

x030

InstructionorregisternotacceptedincurrentCPUmode

x031InvalidaddressingmodewithcurrentCPUsetting

x032CannotuseTRn-TRnwithcurrentCPUsetting

TheTRxspecialregisterswererestrictedto80386and80486cpus.

x033Mustbeindexorbaseregister

x034Multipleindexregistersnotallowed

x035

x036 Scalefactormustbe1,2,4or8

x037Cannotbeusedasindexregister:<register>

Indexregistersarerestricted.In16-bitmode,onlySIandDIcanbeindexregisters.In32-bitmode,allgeneral-purposeregistersexceptESPcanbeindexregisters.

Baseandindex

x038 registerdifferinsize

x039 Expectingcomma

x040ORGneedsaconstantorlocaloffset

x041 POPCSisnotallowed

x042OnlyMOVcanusespecialregister

ThespecialregistersCRx,DRxandTRxcanonlybemovedto/fromgeneralpurposeregisters.

x043CannotuseSHORTwithCALL

DistanceofCALLoperandsmustbeNEARorFAR.

x044OnlySHORTjumpdistanceisallowed

Somejumpinstructionsacceptshortdistancesonly(JCXZ,JECXZ,LOOPx).

x045 Syntaxerror

x046Prefixmustbefollowedbyaninstruction

x047 Syntaxerror:Unexpectedcolon

x048

Operandsmustbethesamesize:<sizeop1>-<sizeop2>

x049 Invalidinstructionoperands

x050JumpdistancenotpossibleincurrentCPUmode

Jccinstructionswon'taccepttypecoercionsthatincreasethejumpdistance(i.e."jzNEARPTRlabel")ifcurrentcpuis<80386.

x051 ImmediatedataoutofrangeCannotuseshortornearmodifiers

x052withthisinstruction

x053 Jumpoutofrangeby<num>byte(s) Ashortdistancemustbeintherange-128to+127.

x054Displacementoutofrange:<displacement>

x055 Initializervaluetoolarge

x056Symbolalreadydefined:<symbol>

x057Offsetmagnitudetoolargeforspecifiedsize

x058Magnitudeofoffsetexceeds16bit

x059Operand2toobig

x060Operand1toosmallx061 Linetoolong Sizeofaline(afterconcatenation)isrestrictedto600.

x062 Toomanytokensinaline Thenumberoftokensinalineisrestrictedto150.

x063

x064Operandisexpected

x065Constantexpected

Aconstant(numeric)valueisexpectedinthecurrentcontext.Notethatalabel-moreexactly:theoffsetpartofalabel'saddress-isnotaconstantvalue,sincethefinalvalueiscalculatedbythelinker(ortheOSloader)only.

x066ConstantoperandisexpectedTheexpressionevaluatoracceptsaconstantonlyinthecurrentcontext.

.ELSEclause An.IFblockmaycontain0or1.ELSEclausesandit

x067 alreadyoccuredinthis.IFblock

mustbethelastclausebefore.ENDIF.

x068Multipleoverrides

x069Segment,grouporsegmentregisterexpected

Theoperandbeforethecolonoperator(:)mustbeasegment,grouporsegmentregister.

x070 Identifiertoolong

Identifernamesarerestrictedto247.ThisisahardlimitforOMFoutputformat.Forotherformats,thelimitmaybeextendedbyadjustingandrecompilingthesourcecode.

x071Invalidoperandsizeforinstruction

x072Notsupported:<directive>

Messageisdisplayedifoneofthefollwingoptionsisspecified:OPTIONREADONLY,OPTIONEXPR16,OPTIONOLDMACROS.Thosearecurrentlynotsupported.

x073 Sizenotspecified,assuming:<type>

thisisawarning.<type>maybeBYTE,WORDorDWORD.Themessagemayoccurifanimmediatevalueiswrittentoanuntypedmemoryreference:

mov[ebx],1

JWasmmakesaguessanddisplaysthewarning,whileMasmwilldisplayanerrorinsuchcases.

x074 Floating-pointinitializerignored

x075

OnlySHORTandNEARjumpdistanceisallowed

Conditionaljump(Jcc)instructiondestinationcannotbefar.

x076

InitializermagnitudetoolargeforspecifiedsizeSegmentattribute

x077 isdefinedalready:<attribute>

x078Segmentdefinitionchanged:%s,%s

x079Classnametoolong Segmentclassnamesarerestrictedto255insize.

x080Blocknestingerror:%s

x081 Segmentattributeisunknown:%s

x082Mustbeinsegmentblock

Instructionsanddirectivesthatgeneratecodeordatamustbeinsideasegmentblock.

x083Segmentnotdefined:<segment>

x084Colonisexpected

x085 Invalidqualifiedtype:%s

x086Qualifiedtypeisexpectedx087

x088 Librarynameismissing

x089

Cannotaccesslabelthroughsegmentregisters:<label>

x090Linetoolongafterexpansion:<line>

x091 Languagetypemustbespecified

x092

PROC,MACROormacroloopdirectivemust

precedeLOCAL

x093Cannotnestprocedures

x094VARARGrequiresCcallingconvention

x095

Multiple.MODELdirectives,.MODELignored

x096Modelisnotdeclared

Withoutamodel,simplifiedsegmentdirectives(.CODE,.DATA,.CONST,.DATA?,.STACK,.FARDATAand.FARDATA?)anddirectives.STARTUP,.EXITcannotbeused.

x097Backquotemissing:`<identifier>

x098COMMENTdelimiterexpected

x099ENDdirectiverequiredatendoffile

x100Nestingleveltoodeep

x101Macronestingleveltoodeep

x102Symbolnotdefined:<symbol>

x103

x104Nofilenamespecified.

x105OutofMemory

Thisisafatalerror.Withthe8086-versionofjwasm,JWASMR,you'llseethiserrorifyoutrytoassemblesomethingthatcontainsafewthousandsymbols.The32-or64-bitversionsofjwasmshouldalwayshave

enoughmemoryonmodernmachines.

x106Cannotopenfile:"<file>"[<errorcode>]

ErrorcodeENOENTmeans"filenotfound".Othererrorcodesaredisplayedasnumbers

x107Cannotclosefile:<file>[<errorcode>]

x108Filewriteerror:<file>[<errorcode>]

Usuallyhappensifoutputmediaisread-onlyorfull.

x109Invalidcommand-lineoption:<option>

x110Internalerrorin<sourcefile>(<line>)

Thiserrorshouldn'tbeseeninthereleaseversion.It'sdisplayediftheinternalassert()functioniscalled,whichusuallyisdonewhena"virtuallyimpossible"errorconditionhasoccurred.

x111 Expectingclosingsquarebracket

x112 Expectingfilename

x113 Toomanyerrors Usecommandlineoption-etosetthemax.numberoferrorsthataredisplayed

x114 forcederror<message> Generic"forcederror"message

x115forcederror:Valuenotequalto0:<value><text>

Erroremittedbythe.ERRNZdirective.

x116forcederror:Valueequalto0:<value><text>

Erroremittedbythe.ERREdirective.

x117forcederror:symboldefined:<symbol>

Erroremittedbythe.ERRDEFdirective.

forcederror:symbolnot

x118 defined:<symbol>

Erroremittedbythe.ERRNDEFdirective.

x119forcederror:stringblank:<string>

Erroremittedbythe.ERRBdirective.

x120forcederror:stringnotblank:<string>

Erroremittedbythe.ERRNBdirective.

x121

forcederror:stringsnotequal:<string>:<string>

Erroremittedbythe.ERRDIFand.ERRDIFIdirectives.

x122

forcederror:stringsequal:<string>:<string>

Erroremittedbythe.ERRIDNand.ERRIDNIdirectives.

x123 <file>(<line>):IncludedbyAdditionalerrorinformationiferroroccuredinanincludefile.

x124<file>(<line>)[<macro>]:Macrocalledfrom

Additionalerrorinformationiferroroccuredinsideamacro.

x125

<file>(<line>):iteration<iteration>:Macrocalledfrom

Additionalerrorinformationiferroroccuredinsidealoopmacro(FOR,FORC,REPEAT,...).

x126 <file>(<line>):MainlinecodeAdditionalerrorinformationiferroroccuredinsideanincludefileoramacro.

x127 Extendingjump

x128Directiveignored:%s

x129 numbermustbeapowerof2

x130Incompatiblewithsegmentalignment:%s

x131 Segmentexpected:%s

x132IncompatibleCPUmodefor32-bitsegment

x133Farcallisconvertedtonearcall.

x134CPUoption%sisnotvalidforselectedCPU.

x135Segment'%s'isinanothergroupalready

x136 Symboltypeconflict:%s

x137Conflictingparameterdefinition:%s

x138

PROCandPROTOcallingconventionconflict

x139Non-benign%sredefinition:%s

x140 ToomanybitsinRECORD:%s

x141

Statementnotallowedinsidestructuredefinition

x142Unmatchedblocknesting:%s

x143 Symbolredefinition:%sx144 Textitemrequired

x145INVOKEargumenttypemismatch:argument%u

x146ToofewargumentstoINVOKE:%s

x147VARARGparametermustbelast

x148 LABELparametermustbefirst

x149Toomanyargumentsinmacrocall:%s

Thisisawarning.Macroisinvokedwithmoreargumentsthanexpected.

x150Missingoperatorinexpression

x151Unexpectedliteralfoundinexpression:%s

Literalsenclosedin<>or{}areitemsprocessedbythepreprocessorortoinitialize"structured"dataitems.Ifthey'reusedotherwise,thiserrorwilloccur.

x152Initializermustbeastringorsingleitem:%s

x153Toomanyinitialvaluesforstructure:%s

x154Toomanyinitialvaluesforarray:%s

x155 Stringortextliteraltoolong

x156PROLOGUEmustbemacrofunction

Theuser-definedprologuemacromustbeamacrofunction,thatis,theremustbeanEXITMsomewhereinsidethatreturnsaliteral.

x157EPILOGUEmustbemacroprocedure:%s

Theuser-definedepiloguemacromustbeamacroprocedure,thatis,theremustNOTbeanEXITMsomewhereinsidethatreturnsaliteral.

x158Reservedwordexpected

x159INVOKErequiresprototypeforprocedure

x160Invalidtypefordatadeclaration:%s

x161OperandmustbeRECORDtypeorfield

x162Unmatchedmacronesting

x163 Empty(null)string

x164Nosegmentinformationtocreatefixup:%s

x165RegistervalueoverwrittenbyINVOKE

x166Missingquotationmarkinstring

x167Dividebyzeroinexpressionx168GeneralFailure

x169

Cannothaveimplicitfarjumporcalltonearlabel

x170 Invaliduseofregister

x171Distanceinvalidforcurrentsegment

x172 Initializermagnitudetoolarge:%s

x173Cannotaddtworelocatablelabels

x174Cannotdefineaspublicorexternal:<symbol_name>

Textmacros,macros,stackvariables,structurefieldsorsegment/groupscannotbepublicorexternal.

x175 Positivevalueexpected

x176FARnotallowedinFLATmodelCOMMvariables

x177ToomanyargumentstoINVOKE

x178Directivemustappearinsideamacro

x179 Invalidtypeexpression

x180

CannotdeclarescopedcodelabelasPUBLIC:<label>

x181 Invalidradixtag

x182Instructionoperandmusthavesize

Theinstructionallowsoperandswithmorethanjustonesize,andthewantedsizecannotbeguessedfromthecurrentoperands.

x183UseofregisterassumedtoERROR

x184

Instructionsandinitializeddatanotsupportedin<seg_type>

<seg_type>maybeBSSorAT.Suchsegmentsdon'thavedata.

segments

x185 Literalexpectedafter'='

x186No4kPage-alignedsegmentsinMS386OMF

A4Kpage-alignedsegmentisn'tcompatiblewithMSOMFformat,it'saPharLabextension.Thiswarningwon'tappearinthestandardversion.

x187x188Operandmustbe

relocatable

x189Constantorrelocatablelabelexpected

x190

[ELSE]IF2/.ERR2notallowed,single-passassembler

x191ExpressiontoocomplexforUNTILCXZ

x192Operandsmustbeinsamesegment

x193Invaliduseofexternalsymbol:<symbol_name>

x194

For-coffleadingunderscorerequiredforstartlabel:<start_label>

x195Invalidcommand-linevalue,defaultisused:%s

x196

Unknownfixuptype:%uat<segment>.<offset>

x197Unsupportedfixuptypefor<format>:<type>

x198

Invalidfixuptypefor<format><type>atlocation<segment>.<offset>

x199Syntaxerrorincontrol-flowdirective

x200Invalid.modelparameterforflatmodel

x201

Outputformatdoesn'tsupportexternals:<symbol>

InformatsBINandMZallreferencesmustbelocaltothemodule.

x202 Invalidstartlabelfor-bin

x203Nostartlabeldefined

Warning,formatMZonly:MZ-binariesusuallyhaveastartlabel.Insomecases(i.e.overlays)amissingstartlabelmaybeok.

x204NostackdefinedWarning,formatMZonly:MZ-binariesusuallyhaveastack.Insomecases(i.e.overlays)amissingstackmaybeok.

x205Invalidalignment-valuemustbe2^n(n=4..15)

x206Indexvaluepastendofstring:<value>

TheindexargumentofSUBSTRorINSTRisbeyondthestringargumentlength

x207Countvaluetoolarge

x208Countmustbepositiveorzero

x209 Syntaxerror:<item>

Theparserfoundanitemthathasnomeaninginthecurrentcontext

x210x211

x212Mustusefloating-pointinitializer

x213ORGdirectivenotallowedinunions

x214Structalignmentmustbe1,2,4,8,16or32

x215 StructurecannotbeinstancedAstructurethathassize0orthatcontainsanORGdirectivecannotbeinstanced.

x216Missinganglebracketorbraceinliteral

x217Nondigitinnumber:<number>

x218 16bitfixupfor32bitlabel:%s

x219 ToomanymacroplaceholdersThenumberofparametersandlocalsforamacromustnotexceed256

x220Missingmacroargument:%s,parameter%u

x221Doesn'tworkwith32-bitsegments:<directive>

Directives.STARTUPand.EXITworkfor16-bitonly.

x222 Segmentexceeds64klimit:%s InMZformat,16-bitsegmentsarerestrictedto64k.

x223NotsupportedwithOMFformat:%s

Notsupported Thedirectiveorfeatureisn'tsupportedbyallformats.

x224withcurrentoutputformat:%s

Forexample,segment-relateddirectivesorattributeswon'tmakemuchsenseforflatformatslikeCOFForELF.

x225Unknowndefaultprologueargument:%s

x226 LOADDSignoredinflatmodel

x227Missingrightparenthesisinexpression

x228Invalidoperandfor<operator>:<operand>

x229Structureimproperlyinitialized:%s

x230 Expected:%s

x231 Invaliddatainitializer

x232 ExpecteddatalabelSomeoperators(LENGTH,SIZE)workwithdatalabelsonly.

x233 Expressionmustbeacodeaddress

x234-nOptionneedsavalidnameparameter

x235Constantvaluetoolarge:<value>thevalueoftheconstantdoesn'tfitin64or-ifitisanumbertobeassignedtoasymbolicconstant-32bits.

x236Textmacrowasusedbeforedefinition

thisisawarningonly.However,usingtextmacrosbeforetheyhavebeendefinedwillforceJWasmtodoafullsecondpass,whichincreasesassemblytime.

x237OffsetsizeincompatiblewithcurrentsegmentInstructionform

x238 requires80386

x239

Group/Segmentoffsetsizeconflict:<groupoffset>-<segmentoffset>

Segmentswithinagroupmustallhavethesameoffsetsize.

x240Assemblypassesreached:<passes>

Althoughthisisawarningonlyitusuallyindicatesasevereproblem.Theassemblerisveryprobablyunabletocalculate"final"valuesofalllabelsandhastobeterminatedbypressingCtrl-C.

x241

Filenameparametermustbeenclosedin<>orquotes

TheINCBINdirectiverequiresdelimitersforitsfilename.

x242

StartaddressonENDdirectiveignoredwith.STARTUP

x243

Invalidsymboltypeinexpression:<symbol>

Theexpressionevaluatorhasencounteredasymbolthatismeaninglessinexpressions,forexamplea(text)macro.

x244Missingrightparenthesis

x245Directivemustbeincontrolblock

.ELSE,.ELSEIFand.ENDIFarevalidinside.IF-blocks,.BREAK,.CONTINUEmayoccurinside.WHILE-or.REPEAT-blocks,.ENDWneedsapreceding.WHILEand.UNTILneedsapreceding.REPEAT.

x246 Expected:memorymodelthe.MODELdirectiveneedsatleastoneparameter,thememorymodel.

x247 Typeiswrongsizeforregister

x248IF[n]DEFexpectsaplainsymbolasargument

thisisawarning.Masmacceptsanyexpressionasargumentfordirectives[ELSE]IF[N]DEF,buttheresultprobablyisn'talwayswhathasbeenexpected.

x249Jumpdestinationmustspecifyalabel

x250 Ignored:<attribute>

Anattributeorparameterofadirectivewasfound,butnothandled.SeeKnownBugsandmissingFeaturesfordetailsaboutwhatfeaturesaren'timplementedyet.

x251Missingargumentforcmdlineoption

x252Invalidcoprocessorregister

x253

RegistersAH-DHmaynotbeusedwithSPL-DILorR8-R15

64-bitonly.

x254.ENDPROLOGfoundbeforeEHdirectives

64-bitonly.

x255

MissingFRAMEinPROC,nounwindcodewillbegenerated

64-bitonly.

x256Badalignmentforoffsetinunwindcode

64-bitonly.

x257Nonzerovalueexpected

x258Sizeofprologtoobig,mustbe<256bytes

64-bitonly.

x259Missing.ENDPROLOG:%s

64-bitonly.

x260.SAFESEHargumentmustbeaPROC

x261Directiveignoredwithout-%sswitch

x262

ELFGNUextensions(8/16-bitrelocations)used

Thisisawarningonly.Theextensionsarenot"official",buttheGNUlinkerLDwillunderstandthem.

x263 Syntaxerrorinexpression

x264Macrolabelnotdefined:%s

ThetargetofaGOTOmustbewithintheverysamemacro.

x265

Procedureargumentorlocalnotreferenced:%s

Thiswarningisdisplayedonlyifatleast-W3isspecified.

x266

Groupdefinitiontoolarge,truncated:<group_name>

ThesizeoftheOMFrecordthatistodefineagroupwouldexceed4kB.However,toseethiserroryou'llhavetodefineagroupthatistocomprisemorethan1000segments,

x267COMMvariableexceeds64K:<variable>

in16-bit,thesizeofaCOMMvariableisrestrictedto64kB.

x268Mustbepublicorexternal:%s

Namesthataretobeknownbythelinkermustbepublicorexternal.

x269parameter/localnameisreservedword:%s

Thisisawarning.Thenamesofmacroparametersorlocalshavehighestpriorityandhencethereservedwordwillbecomeinaccessiblewithinthemacro.

x270realorBCDnumbernotallowed

x271 structurefieldexpected

x272Constantvaluetoolarge:<value>thevalueoftheconstantdoesn'tfitin64or-ifitisanumbertobeassignedtoasymbolicconstant-32bits.

x273ELSEclausealreadyoccuredin AnIFblockmaycontain0or1ELSEclausesanditmustbethelastclausebeforeENDIF.

thisIFblock

x274 Illegaluseofsegmentregister

x275Groupexceeds64K:<group>

MZformatonly:agroupthatcontains16-bitsegmentscannotbelargerthan64kB,becausethegroupmustfitintoaphysicalsegment.

x276 EXPORTmustbeFAR:<symbol>A16-bitprocedurethatistobeexportedmustbedeclaredwiththeFARdistanceattribute.

AppendixD.DifferencesbetweenMasm6andMasm8ThisisnotstrictlyJWasm-related,butsincealotofdocumentationthatcanbefoundaboutMasmstillreferstoMasmv6orMasmv6.1only,it'susefultolistthedifferences.

defaultoutputformathasbeenchangedfromOMFtoCOFFinMasm8.expressionevaluatorcalculationsaredonein64-bitinsteadof32-bit.Thisisnotalwaysreflectedinthelistingfile,wherethevaluesmaybetruncatedto32-bit.somesegmentattributeshavebeenaddedinMasm8tocovertheCOFFsectionattributebits.Theseare:

INFODISCARDNOCACHENOPAGESHAREDEXECUTEREADWRITEALIASALIGN

the-safesehcommandlineoptionandthe.SAFESEHdirectivehavebeenaddedinMasm8.Masm8understandsafewnewdatatypes:

OWORD-128-bitintegerMMWORD-64-bitdatatypeforMMXXMMWORD-128-bitdatatypeforSSE

severalunaryoperatorsarenewforMasm8:LOW32-returnsthelower32-bitofanexpressionHIGH32-returnstheupper32-bitofanexpressionIMAGEREL-returnstheimagerelativeoffsetofanexpression(akaRVA).COFFformatonly.SECTIONREL-returnsthesectionrelativeoffsetofanexpression.

COFFformatonly.Pleasenote:LOW32andHIGH32operatorswon'tacceptplainnumberswithvaluesthatexceed32-bits.Masm8understandsinstructionsetsuptoSSE3.ThelastversionofMasm6,version6.15,supportsSSE2only.Masm8alsounderstandsIntel'sVMXandAMD'sSVMextensions(x86virtualization).Masm8needsatleastWindows2000,itwon'trunonWindows9x(withouthacks).Masm8needsaMSVCruntimedll-MSVCR80.DLL-torun,whileMasm6wasastand-alonebinary.Finally,Masm8fixessomebugsandintroducesafewnewones.OneofthenewbugsisthatMasm8hasproblemswithwildcardsinfilenames;entering

ml.exe-c*.asm

toassembleallassemblyfilesinadirectorywon'tworkasexpected.

AppendixE.Restrictionsofprecompiled16-bitBinaryJWASMR.EXEJWASMRlackssomefeaturesoftheotherprecompiledbinaries:

nosupportforlongfilenames.nosupportforOpenWatcom'sfastcallregisterconvention.supportsOMF,BINandMZoutputformatsonly.nosupportfor64-bit,SSSE3,SSE4andAVX.nosupportforOPTIONvariantsthatarespecificforCOFF,ELFor64-bit.nosupportforOPTIONCODEVIEWdirective.nosupportfordirectiveLABEL'sarraysizesyntaxextension.

SincetheJWasmsourceisavailable,onemayenablethisorthatfeatureifreallyneeded,though.

AppendixF.AdditionalFeaturesofJWasm'sDebugVersionNote:therearenoprecompileddebugversionsofJWasmavailable.Suchversionshavetobecreatedfromthesourcecode.Seethecommentsinthemakefileshowtodothat.

Thedebugversionoffersthefollowingadditionalcommandlineoptions:-af Displayallfilesusedinassemblyprocess-ce Causeanexception-dm Displayallmessages-dr Displayreservedwords-drh Displayreservedwordshashtable-ds Displayglobalsymbols-dsh Displayglobalsymbolshashtable-dt Displaydebugtrace-ls Displaypreprocessedlinestorage-nbp Disableback-patching-nfp Dofullsubsequentpasses(disables"fastpass")-pm=<n> Stopassemblyafternpasses-sp Skippreprocessorstep


OPTIONCSTACK

OPTIONCSTACK:[ON|OFF]

TheCSTACKoptioncontrolthestack-framecreationbyinvoke.ThedefaultsettingisOFF.

Example

OPTIONCSTACK:ON

cstackPROCUSESesiediebxarg

sub esp,arg

ret

cstackENDP

OPTIONCSTACK:OFF

astackPROCUSESesiediebxarg

sub esp,arg

ret

astackENDP

Generatedcode

cstackPROCUSESesiediebxarg

push esi

push edi

push ebx

push ebp

mov ebp,esp

sub esp,arg

leave

pop ebx

pop edi

pop esi

retn 4

cstackENDP

OPTIONCSTACK:OFF

astackPROCUSESesiediebxarg

push ebp

mov ebp,esp

push esi

push edi

push ebx

sub esp,arg

pop ebx

pop edi

pop esi

leave

retn4

astackENDP

SeeAlso

DirectivesReference


OPTIONSWITCH

OPTIONSWITCH:[C|PASCAL|TABLE|NOTABLE|NOREGS|REGAX|NOTEST]

Theswitchcomesintwomaintypes:astructuredswitch(Pascal)oranunstructuredswitch(C).Thedefaulttypeisunstructured.

TheTABLEandNOTABLEoptionscontrolthejump-tablecreationintheswitch.ThedefaultsettingisNOTABLE.

TheNOREGSandREGAXoptionscontroltheusageofregistersinjump-tablecreationintheswitch.ThedefaultsettingisNOREGS.

TheNOTESToptionisshortlivedandskipstherange-testinthejumpcode.Theoptionisturnedoffafterusage.

SeeAlso

DirectivesReference


OPTIONWSTRING

OPTIONWSTRING:[ON|OFF]

Thistogglesascii/unicodestringcreationof"quotedstrings".

Unicodestringsmaybeusedinthe@CStr()macro,infunctioncalls,ordeclearedusing:

DW"string",0

ThedefaultvalueisOFF.Thecommand-lineswitch/wsturnsthisoptionON.

SeeAlso

DirectivesReference


AsmcFatalErrorMessages

A1000cannotopenfile:filenameA1001I/Oerrorclosingfile:filenameA1002I/Oerrorwritingfile:filenameA1005assemblerlimit:macroparameternametablefullA1006invalidcommand-lineoption:optionA1007nestingleveltoodeepA1008unmatchedmacronestingA1009linetoolongA1010unmatchedblocknesting:A1011directivemustbeincontrolblockA1012errorcountexceeds100;stoppingassemblyA1017missingsourcefilenameA1901InternalAssemblerError

SeeAlso

AsmcErrorMessages


ASMCNonfatalErrorMessages

MLcompatibleerrors

MLNonfatalErrorA2004MLNonfatalErrorA2005MLNonfatalErrorA2006MLNonfatalErrorA2007MLNonfatalErrorA2008MLNonfatalErrorA2009MLNonfatalErrorA2010MLNonfatalErrorA2011MLNonfatalErrorA2012MLNonfatalErrorA2013MLNonfatalErrorA2014MLNonfatalErrorA2015MLNonfatalErrorA2016MLNonfatalErrorA2018MLNonfatalErrorA2019MLNonfatalErrorA2022MLNonfatalErrorA2023MLNonfatalErrorA2024MLNonfatalErrorA2025MLNonfatalErrorA2026MLNonfatalErrorA2028MLNonfatalErrorA2029MLNonfatalErrorA2030MLNonfatalErrorA2031MLNonfatalErrorA2032MLNonfatalErrorA2033MLNonfatalErrorA2034MLNonfatalErrorA2036MLNonfatalErrorA2037MLNonfatalErrorA2039MLNonfatalErrorA2041MLNonfatalErrorA2043MLNonfatalErrorA2045

MLNonfatalErrorA2046MLNonfatalErrorA2047MLNonfatalErrorA2048MLNonfatalErrorA2050MLNonfatalErrorA2051MLNonfatalErrorA2052MLNonfatalErrorA2053MLNonfatalErrorA2054MLNonfatalErrorA2055MLNonfatalErrorA2056MLNonfatalErrorA2057MLNonfatalErrorA2058MLNonfatalErrorA2059MLNonfatalErrorA2060MLNonfatalErrorA2061MLNonfatalErrorA2062MLNonfatalErrorA2063MLNonfatalErrorA2064MLNonfatalErrorA2065MLNonfatalErrorA2066MLNonfatalErrorA2068MLNonfatalErrorA2070MLNonfatalErrorA2071MLNonfatalErrorA2072MLNonfatalErrorA2074MLNonfatalErrorA2075MLNonfatalErrorA2076MLNonfatalErrorA2077MLNonfatalErrorA2079MLNonfatalErrorA2080MLNonfatalErrorA2081MLNonfatalErrorA2082MLNonfatalErrorA2083MLNonfatalErrorA2084MLNonfatalErrorA2085MLNonfatalErrorA2086MLNonfatalErrorA2087MLNonfatalErrorA2088MLNonfatalErrorA2089

MLNonfatalErrorA2090MLNonfatalErrorA2091MLNonfatalErrorA2092MLNonfatalErrorA2093MLNonfatalErrorA2094MLNonfatalErrorA2095MLNonfatalErrorA2096MLNonfatalErrorA2097MLNonfatalErrorA2098MLNonfatalErrorA2100MLNonfatalErrorA2101MLNonfatalErrorA2103MLNonfatalErrorA2104MLNonfatalErrorA2105MLNonfatalErrorA2107MLNonfatalErrorA2108MLNonfatalErrorA2110MLNonfatalErrorA2111MLNonfatalErrorA2112MLNonfatalErrorA2113MLNonfatalErrorA2114MLNonfatalErrorA2119MLNonfatalErrorA2120MLNonfatalErrorA2121MLNonfatalErrorA2123MLNonfatalErrorA2125MLNonfatalErrorA2129MLNonfatalErrorA2131MLNonfatalErrorA2132MLNonfatalErrorA2133MLNonfatalErrorA2136MLNonfatalErrorA2141MLNonfatalErrorA2142MLNonfatalErrorA2143MLNonfatalErrorA2144MLNonfatalErrorA2145MLNonfatalErrorA2147MLNonfatalErrorA2148MLNonfatalErrorA2151

MLNonfatalErrorA2154MLNonfatalErrorA2156MLNonfatalErrorA2157MLNonfatalErrorA2159MLNonfatalErrorA2166MLNonfatalErrorA2167MLNonfatalErrorA2169MLNonfatalErrorA2170MLNonfatalErrorA2172MLNonfatalErrorA2175MLNonfatalErrorA2178MLNonfatalErrorA2179MLNonfatalErrorA2181MLNonfatalErrorA2187MLNonfatalErrorA2189MLNonfatalErrorA2190MLNonfatalErrorA2199MLNonfatalErrorA2200MLNonfatalErrorA2202MLNonfatalErrorA2206MLNonfatalErrorA2214MLNonfatalErrorA2217

NonMLcompatibleerrors

ASMCNonfatalErrorA3000ASMCNonfatalErrorA3001ASMCNonfatalErrorA3002ASMCNonfatalErrorA3003ASMCNonfatalErrorA3004ASMCNonfatalErrorA3005ASMCNonfatalErrorA3006ASMCNonfatalErrorA3007ASMCNonfatalErrorA3008ASMCNonfatalErrorA3009ASMCNonfatalErrorA3010ASMCNonfatalErrorA3011ASMCNonfatalErrorA3012ASMCNonfatalErrorA3013

ASMCNonfatalErrorA3014ASMCNonfatalErrorA3015ASMCNonfatalErrorA3016ASMCNonfatalErrorA3017ASMCNonfatalErrorA3018ASMCNonfatalErrorA3019ASMCNonfatalErrorA3020ASMCNonfatalErrorA3021ASMCNonfatalErrorA3022

SeeAlso

AsmcErrorMessages


ASMCWarningMessages

MLcompatiblewarnings

MLWarningA4003MLWarningA4005MLWarningA4006MLWarningA4007MLWarningA4008MLWarningA4011MLWarningA4012MLWarningA4910

MLcompatiblelevel3warnings

MLWarningA6003MLWarningA6004MLWarningA6005

NonMLcompatiblewarnings

ASMCWarningA8000ASMCWarningA8001ASMCWarningA8002ASMCWarningA8003ASMCWarningA8004ASMCWarningA8005ASMCWarningA8006ASMCWarningA8007ASMCWarningA8008ASMCWarningA8009ASMCWarningA8010ASMCWarningA8011ASMCWarningA8012ASMCWarningA8013ASMCWarningA8014ASMCWarningA8015ASMCWarningA8017

ASMCWarningA8018ASMCWarningA8019ASMCWarningA8020

NonMLcompatiblelevel3warnings

ASMCWarningA7000ASMCWarningA7001ASMCWarningA7002ASMCWarningA7003ASMCWarningA7004ASMCWarningA7005ASMCWarningA7006ASMCWarningA7007ASMCWarningA7008

SeeAlso

AsmcErrorMessages


Parsingoflabels

Allexpansionsarepre-processedbytheassemblerandthismayexpandmacrosandotherdirectivesbeforelabels.Ifamacroisaddedatthesamelineasalabelthismayfail.

Example

foo macro reg

bswap reg

exitm <reg>

endm

do: mov eax,foo(eax)

...

mov ecx,"3210"

jmp do

Asaresultthecodeproducedbythemacrowillbeexpandedabovethelabelandthusthejumpwillfail.

bswap ecx

do: mov eax,ecx

...

Asmcwillexpandthelinelefttorightinthiscase.

SeeAlso

AsmcExtensions


Expansionofmacros

ThelabelissuebecomesaproblemintheHLLsectionwherelabelsarecreatedlater:

.WHILE macro(...)

AsmcwillforthisreasondelayexpansionofmacrosinsomeoftheHLLdirectivesuntillabelsarecreated.Thisinclude.WHILE,.ELSEIF,and.CASE.

SeeAlso

AsmcExtensions


Theinvokedirective

InAsmcamacroishandledatthesamelevelasaprocedure.Theheaderfilemaythencontroltheexpansion:

ifdef__INLINE__

strlen macrostring

...

endm

else

strlen proto:dword

endif

Thisisachievedbysimplyexcludinginvokeasapposetoallowinvocationsofmacros.

strlen(esi)

Asmcseesthecombinationofaprocedurefollowedbyanopenbracketasinvoke.Emptybracketswillbegivenspecialhandlingifthetokeninfrontisnotamacro.

plabel proto

extern elabel:dword

.data

dlabel labeldword

.code

clabel:

call ax

call eax

call plabel

call elabel

call dlabel

call clabel

call xlabel

ax()

eax()

plabel()

elabel()

dlabel()

clabel()

xlabel()

xlabel:

Thissimplesolutionavoidsbreakinganyexistingcodewithafewexceptions:Masmallowsbracketstoaccessmemory.

.ifedx<foo(1)

;MASM:cmpedx,foo+1

;ASMC:invokefoo,1:cmpedx,eax

Sosquarebracketsshouldbeusedforaccessingmemoryandroundbracketstoexecute.However,anerrormustthenbeissuedifAsmcextensionsareturnedoffandlabelsareaccessedusingroundbracketstoensurecompatibility.

TheinsideofbracketsmayberecursiveusedatanylengthincludingC-strings.However,thereturncodeforaprocedureis[R|E]AXsothereisalimitwithregardstoOR/ANDtestingofnestedfunctions.

.iffoo(bar(1),2)==TRUE

SeeAlso

AsmcExtensions


TheHLLsection

Asmcextensionsareallowedinthefollowingconditionalcontrolflowdirectives:

.IFexpression

.ELSEIFexpression

.UNTILexpression

.WHILEexpression

.BREAK.IFexpression

.CONTINUE.IFexpression

.SWITCHproc(...)

.CASEexpression

.ENDC.IFexpression

.ASSERTexpression

SeeAlso

AsmcExtensions


Handlingofstrings

Given"quotedstrings"maybeusedasarguments,oringeneralasaconstvalue,C-stringsarelimitedtobeusedinsidebracketsofaprocedure.

.iffopen("readme.txt","rt")

SeeAlso

AsmcExtensions|SymbolsReference


Enhancedvectorextension

Fromversion2.26AsmcsupporttheIntelAVX-512instructionset.

Thisincludes12new128-bitregisters(XMM16toXMM31),12new256-bitregisters(YMM16toYMM31),32new512-bitregisters(ZMM0toZMM31),and8newopmaskregisters(K0toK7).

TheEVEXencodingprefixwillbeomittedbyusinganEVEXexclusiveinstructionoranyoftheextendedSIMDregisters.Aprecedingprefix({evex})maybeusedforEVEXencodingofotherinstructions.

vcomisdxmm0,xmm1;normal

vcomisdxmm0,xmm16;prefix(auto)

{evex}vcomisdxmm0,xmm1;prefix

SeeAlso

AsmcExtensions|InstructionSets


OPTIONASMC

OPTIONASMC:[ON|OFF|0..255]

ThiscontrolsthemainextensionofAsmc.ThedefaultvalueisON.Thecommand-lineswitch/XcturnsthisoptionOFF.

SeeAlso

DirectivesReference


OPTIONLOOPALIGN

OPTIONLOOPALIGN:[0|2|4|8|16]

Thiscontrolsthealignmentfor.WHILEand.REPEATlabels.Thedefaultvalueis0.

jmploop_start

* ALIGN<loopalign>;alignlabelafterjump

loop_label:

SeeAlso

DirectivesReference


OPTIONCASEALIGN

OPTIONCASEALIGN:[0|2|4|8|16]

Thiscontrolsthealignmentfor.CASElabels.Thedefaultvalueis0.

* ALIGN<casealign>;alignlabelafterjump

case:

SeeAlso

DirectivesReference


.IF

.IFcondition1

statements

[[.ELSEIFcondition2

statements]]

[[.ELSE

statements]]

.ENDIF

Generatescodethattestscondition1(forexample,AX>7)andexecutesthestatementsifthatconditionistrue.Ifa.ELSEfollows,itsstatementsareexecutediftheoriginalconditionwasfalse.Notethattheconditionsareevaluatedatruntime.

SeeAlso

DirectivesReference|Flagconditions|Signedcompare|Returncode


.WHILE

.WHILEcondition

statements

.ENDW

Generatescodethatexecutestheblockofstatementswhileconditionremainstrue.

SeeAlso

DirectivesReference|Flagconditions|Signedcompare|Returncode


.REPEAT

.REPEAT

statements

.UNTILcondition

Generatescodethatrepeatsexecutionoftheblockofstatementsuntilconditionbecomestrue..UNTILCXZ,whichbecomestruewhenCXiszero,maybesubstitutedfor.UNTIL.Theconditionisoptionalwith.UNTILCXZ.

SeeAlso

DirectivesReference|Signedcompare|Returncode


.UNTILCXZ

See.REPEAT

SeeAlso

DirectivesReference,.UNTILAXZ,.UNTILBXZ,.UNTILDXZ


.BREAK

.BREAK(n)[[.IFcondition]]

Generatescodetoterminatea.WHILEor.REPEATblockifconditionistrue.

BREAK[(n)]isoptionalnestingleveltoterminate.

.while1

.break;break.while1

.while2

.break(1);break.while1

.while3


.while4




.endw

.endw

.endw

.endw

SeeAlso

DirectivesReference|.CONTINUE


.CONTINUE

.CONTINUE[([0]1..n)][[.IFcondition]]

Generatescodetojumptothetopofa.WHILEor.REPEATblockifconditionistrue.

.CONTINUE[(1..n)]isoptionalnestingleveltocontinue.

.while1

.continue;continue.while1

.while2

.continue(1);continue.while1

.while3


.while4




.endw

.endw

.endw

.endw

.CONTINUE[(0[1..n])]jump'sdirectlytoSTARTlabel:noTEST.

.while1

.continue(0);JumptoSTARTlabel

.continue;JumptoSTARTlabel

.endw

.whileeax


.continue;JumptoTESTlabel

.endw

.repeat


.continue;JumptoEXITlabel

.break;JumptoEXITlabel

.until1

SeeAlso

DirectivesReference|.BREAK


.FOR

.FOR[S][initialization]:[condition]:[increment/decrement]

statements

.ENDF

Generatescodethatexecutestheblockofstatementswhileconditionremainstrue.

SeeAlso

DirectivesReference|Flagconditions|Signedcompare|.ENDF


.SWITCH

Theswitchcomesinthreemainvariants:astructuredswitch,asinPascal,whichtakesexactlyonebranch,anunstructuredswitch,asinC,whichfunctionsasatypeofgoto,andacontroltableswitchwiththeaddedpossibilityoftestingforcombinationsofinputvalues,usingbooleanstyleAND/ORconditions,andpotentiallycallingsubroutinesinsteadofjustasinglesetofvalues.

Thecontroltableswitchisdeclaredwithnoargumentsandeach.CASEdirectivedoesallthetesting.

.switch

.casestrchr(esi,'<')

.casestrchr(esi,'>')

jmparound

...

.endsw

TheunstructuredswitchworksasaregularCswitchwhereeach.CASEdirectiveisjustalabel.

.switcheax

.case0:.repeat:movsb

.case7:movsb

.case6:movsb

.case5:movsb

.case4:movsb

.case3:movsb

.case2:movsb

.case1:movsb:.untilcxz

.endsw

ThestructuredswitchworksasaregularPascalswitchwhereeach.CASEdirectiveisaclosedbranch.

.switcheax

.case1:printf("Goldmedal")

.case2:printf("Silvermedal")

.case3:printf("Bronzemedal")

.default

printf("Betterlucknexttime")

.endsw

SeeAlso

DirectivesReference


.CASE

Caseopensacasestatement.Thecasestatementcomparesthevalueofanordinalexpressiontoeachselector,whichcanbeaconstant,asubrange,oralistofthemseparatedbycommas.

TheselectorfieldisseparatedfromactionfieldbyColonoranewline.

.CASE1:movax,2:.ENDC

.CASE2

movax,3

.ENDC

.CASEal

.CASE0,1,4,7

.CASE0..9

Inthecontroltableswitch.CASEisequalto.IF:

.CASEal

.CASEax<=2&&!bx

SeeAlso

.SWITCH|.ENDC|.DEFAULT|.ENDSW


.ENDC

.ENDCclosesa.CASEstatement.

ThenamewasseparatedfromBREAKtohavemoreflexibilitywithregardstocontrolflowofloops.However,ENDChavethesamequalitiesasBREAKandthuscanbeusedincombinationwith.IF:

.ENDC.IFal==2

SeeAlso

.SWITCH|.CASE|.DEFAULT|.GOTOSW|.ENDSW


.GOTOSW

.GOTOSW[1|2|3][[(<case_val>)]|[.IFcondition]]

Generatescodetojumptothetopofa.SWITCHblockifconditionistrue.

.GOTOSWjump'sdirectlytotheTESTlabel.

.switchal

.case1

...

.case9

moval,1

.gotosw ;"Jump"tocase1

GOTOSW[1|2|3]isoptionalnestingleveltocontinue.

.switchal

.case1

.gotosw ;continue.switchal

.switchbl

.case1

.gotosw1 ;continue.switchal

.switchcl

.case1

.gotosw2 ;continue.switchal

.switchdl

.case1

.gotosw3;continue.switchal

.gotosw2;continue.switchbl

.gotosw1;continue.switchcl

;

;Directjumpto.switchcl/case1

;

.gotosw1(1)

.endsw

.endsw

.endsw

.endsw

GOTOSWcanbeusedincombinationwith.IFcondition,oradirectjumpto.GOTOSW(<case_val>).

SeeAlso

DirectivesReference|.ENDC|.SWITCH


.DEFAULT

.DEFAULTexecuteswhennoneoftheothercasesmatchthecontrolexpression.

SeeAlso

.SWITCH|.CASE|.ENDC|.ENDSW


.ENDSW

.ENDSWclosesa.SWITCHstatement.

SeeAlso

.SWITCH|.CASE|.ENDC|.DEFAULT


.COMDEF

.COMDEFname

DeclaresastructuretypeforaCOMinterfacebasedontheComponentObjectModelintroducedbyMicrosoftin1993.

AtypicalCdeclarationforaCOMinterface:

typedefstructIShellFolderVtbl{

BEGIN_INTERFACE

HRESULT(STDMETHODCALLTYPE*QueryInterface)(

IShellFolder*_This,REFIIDriid,void**ppvObject);

...

END_INTERFACE

}IShellFolderVtbl;

interfaceIShellFolder{

CONST_VTBLstructIShellFolderVtbl*lpVtbl;

};

Sameusing.COMDEF:

.comdefIShellFolder

QueryInterfaceproc:REFIID,:ptr

...

.ends

TheobjectsarenormallyinstantiatedwithaCreateInstance()functionthattakestheclassasargumentandweendupwithapointerorjustAX.Thecalltothemethodisthensomethinglikethis:

movrcx,rax;loadargs

movrdx,riid

movr8,ppvObject

movrax,[rcx];makethecall

call[rax].IShellFolderVtbl.QueryInterface

Theassemblerneedstoknowthenameofthebaseclassinordertousethesemethods.Ifthemethodnameisnotfoundinthebaseclass,'Vtbl'isaddedtotheclassname.IfmethodexistinclassVtblthepointerisassumedtobethefirstmemberofthebase(lpVtbl).

locals:IShellFolder

s.QueryInterface(riid,ppvObject)

*learcx,s

localp:ptrIShellFolder

p.QueryInterface(riid,ppvObject)

*movrcx,p

assumerbx:ptrIShellFolder

[rbx].QueryInterface(riid,ppvObject)

*movrcx,rbx

IfPROCisusedinsideastructure(normallyanerror)Asmcassumesthistobeapointertoafunction.

*T$0001typedefprotoWINAPI:REFIID,:ptr

*P$0001typedefptrT$0001

*QueryInterfaceP$0001?

Thefirstmethodclosethebaseclassandopen(inthiscase)theIShellFolderVtblstructureand.ENDSwillthenclosethecurrentstruct.

.ends

*IShellFolderVtblends

SeeAlso

.ENDS|.CLASSDEF


.CLASSDEF

.CLASSDEFname[args]

DeclaresastructuretypeforaCOMinterface.

.CLASSDEFaddsthefollowingtypes:

.classdefClass

*LPCLASStypedefptrClass

*LPCLASSVtbltypedefptrClassVtbl

*Class@Classproto:ptrClass

*Classstruct8

*lpVtblLPCLASSVtbl?

Release()isaddedasthefirstmethod:

Method1proclocal;static

Method2proc:ptr;firstvirtualfunction

*Classends

*ClassVtblstruct

*T$000Btypedefproto:ptrClass

*P$000BtypedefptrT$000B

*ReleaseP$000B?

*T$000Btypedefproto:ptrClass

*P$000BtypedefptrT$000B

*Method2P$000B?

TodefineamethodlocallyinthebaseclassthekeywordLOCALmaybeused.Locallydefinedfunctionsarecalleddirectlywithoutthe_thisargumentomitted.

assumercx:LPCLASS

fooproc

localp:LPCLASS

[rcx].Method1()

[rcx].Method2(rdx)

[rcx].Release()

ret

fooendp

Codeproduced:

0:55pushrbp

1:488becmovrbp,rsp

4:4883ec30subrsp,0x30

8:ff5110callQWORDPTR[rcx+0x10]

b:488b01movrax,QWORDPTR[rcx]

e:ff5008callQWORDPTR[rax+0x8]

11:488b01movrax,QWORDPTR[rcx]

14:ff10callQWORDPTR[rax]

16:c9leave

17:c3ret

SeeAlso

.ENDS|.COMDEF


.ENDS

.ENDSclosesa.COMDEFor.CLASSDEFstatement.

SeeAlso

.COMDEF|.CLASSDEF


.ASSERT

.ASSERT[D|W|B]<assert_expression>

.ASSERT:[<handler>|ON|OFF|PUSH|POP|PUSHF|POPF|CODE|ENDS]

Options

ON/OFF Mainswitch.

PUSH/POP SaveandrestoretheASMCflag.Stacklevelis128.

PUSHF/POPF TogglesusingPUSHF[D|Q]beforecallinghandler.

CODE/ENDS AssemblecodesectionifASSERTisON.

HandlerTheassertmacrocallsthisroutineifexpressionisnottrue.Thedefaulthandlernameisassert_exit.

SeeAlso

DirectivesReference|.IF|Returncode


Flagconditions

Theoptionslistedmaybeusedasdirective.IFxx,.WHILExx,and.UNTILxx.

xxA NBE Above|NotBeloworEqualB C/NAE Below|Carry|NotAboveorEqualG NLE Greater|NotLessorEqual(signed)L NGE Less|NotGreaterorEqual(signed)O Overflow(signed)P PE Parity|ParityEvenS Signed(signed)Z E Zero|EqualNA BE NotAbove|NotBeloworEqualNB NC/AE NotBelow|NotCarry|AboveorEqualNG LE NotGreater|LessorEqual(signed)NL GE NotLess|GreaterorEqual(signed)NO NotOverflow(signed)NP PO NoParity|ParityOddNS NotSigned(signed)NZ NE NotZero|NotEqual

Notethatifusedwithconditionthedirectivemayhaveadifferentmeaning.

SeeAlso

DirectivesReference|Signedcompare|Returncode


Signedcompare

Flipstheexpressiontosignedifthefirstoperandisaregister.

.IFSx,.WHILESx,and.UNTILSx<expression>.

xx

S SignedREGSB SignedALSW SignedAXSD SignedEAX

SeeAlso

DirectivesReference|Flagconditions|Returncode


Returncode

Setssizefromafunctioncalltoxx.

.IFxx,.WHILExx,.UNTILxx,and.ASSERTx<expression>.

xx

B BYTEW WORDD DWORDSB SBYTESW SWORDSD SDWORD

SeeAlso

DirectivesReference|Flagconditions|Signedcompare


@Date

@Date

Thesystemdateintheformatyyyy-mm-dd(textmacro).

SeeAlso

SymbolsReference


@CStr

@CStr(string)

Macrofunctionthatcreatesastringinthe.DATAsegment.ThemacroacceptsC-escapecharactersinthestring.Stringsareaddedtoastackandreusedifduplicatedstringsarefound.Themacroreturnsoffsetstring.

Example

mov eax,@CStr("\tCreatea\"C\"string:%s%d\n")

mov ebx,@CStr("string:%s%d\n")

mov ecx,@CStr("%s%d\n")

mov edx,@CStr("%d\n")

mov edi,@CStr("\n")

Generatedcode

.data

DS0000db9,"Createa",'"',"C",'"',"string:%s%d",10,0

.code

mov eax,offsetDS0000

mov ebx,offsetDS0000[14]

mov ecx,offsetDS0000[22]

mov edx,offsetDS0000[24]

mov edi,offsetDS0000[26]

SeeAlso

SymbolsReference

6.2.1Win64StructuredExceptionHandling(SEH)SEHinWin64differssignificantlyfromtheimplementationinWin32.It'sverywellpossibletoignoreWin64SEHforassembly.However,ifanassemblyroutinewantstocomplytotheserules,athoroughunderstandingoftheWin64ABIisnecessary.Masm(the64-bitversion)suppliessome"primitives"forSEHsupport(.ALLOCSTACK,.PUSHREG,.SAVEREG,...),alongwithanewFRAMEattributeforthePROCdirective.ThesefeaturesarealsosupportedbyJWasm.SeesampleWin64_3howthe"primitives"aretobeusedforSEHsupport.

ThebigdisadvantageisthatusingtheFRAMEkeywordinMasm"disables"mostoftheotherhighlevelfeaturescombinedwithPROC(functionparameters,localsandregisterssavedwithUSES)becausenofunctionprologuesandepiloguesaregeneratedanymore.Additionally,theimplementationinsomeMasmversionsseemstobeabitbuggy.BecauseofthisandtoeasetheusageofSEHinWin64thereisanewdirectiveimplementedinJWasm:

OPTIONFRAME:AUTO

Ifthisoptionisset,JWasmwillcreateWin64SEH-compatibleprologuesandepilogues.Iftheoptionisoff,JWasmwillbehaveMasm-compatible,thatis,FRAMEfoundinaPROCdirectivewilldisableautomaticprologue/epiloguegeneration.SeesampleWin64_3ehowthisoptionissupposedtobeused.

AsforthePROCsyntax:TheMasmdocumentationstatesthatFRAMEcanbeusedincombinationwithUSESandprocedureparametersandmustbelocatedbehindallparameters.However,thissyntaxisn'tacceptedbyanyMasmversion.TheonlysyntaxwhichMasmwillacceptwithoutbeingconfusedisFRAMEastheoneandonlyparameterforPROC.ThereforeJWasmdoesn'tfollowtheMasmdocumentationinthispoint:theoptionalFRAMEkeywordisexpected*before*theprocedureparameters.ThesyntaxinJWasmis:

procnamePROC[public]FRAME[:exc_handler][USES<reglist>][parameters]

TheSEH"primitives"willgeneratesomeadditionaldatainsegments.pdataand.xdata.Thisdataissomewhathidden,butJWasmwilldisplaythecorrespondingdatadefinitionsinthelistingifoption-Sgisset.


ASMCFatalErrorA1000

cannotopenfile:filename

Thefiledoesnotexist.Thefileisinusebyanotherprocess.Thefilenameisnotvalid.Aread-onlyfilewiththeoutputfilenamealreadyexists.Thecurrentdriveisfull.Thecurrentdirectoryistherootandisfull.Thedevicecannotbewrittento.Thedriveisnotready.

*ML6.0compatibleerror

SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCFatalErrorA1001

I/Oerrorclosingfile

Theoperatingsystemreturnedanerrorwhentheassemblerattemptedtocloseafile.Thiserrorcanbecausedbyhavingacorruptfilesystemorbyremovingadiskbeforethefilecouldbeclosed.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCFatalErrorA1002

I/Oerrorwritingfile

Theassemblerwasunabletowritetoanoutputfile.Oneofthefollowingmaybeacause:

Thecurrentdriveisfull.Thecurrentdirectoryistherootandisfull.Thedevicecannotbewrittento.Thedriveisnotready.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCFatalErrorA1005

Assemblerlimit:macroparameternametablefull

Toomanyparameters,locals,ormacrolabelsweredefinedforamacro.Therewasnomoreroominthemacronametable.

Defineshorterorfewernames,orremoveunnecessarymacros.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCFatalErrorA1006

Invalidcommand-lineoption:option

ASMCdidnotrecognizethegivenparameterasanoption.Thiserrorisgenerallycausedwhenthereisasyntaxerroronthecommandline.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCFatalErrorA1007

Nestingleveltoodeep

Theassemblerreacheditsnestinglimit.Thelimitis20levelsexceptwherenotedotherwise.

Oneofthefollowingwasnestedtoodeeply:

Ahigh-leveldirectivesuchas.IF,.REPEAT,or.WHILEAstructuredefinitionAconditional-assemblydirectiveAproceduredefinitionAPUSHCONTEXTdirective(thelimitis10).AsegmentdefinitionAnincludefileAmacro


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCFatalErrorA1008

Unmatchedmacronesting

Eitheramacrowasnotterminatedbeforetheendofthefile,ortheterminatingdirectiveENDMwasfoundoutsideofamacroblock.Onecauseofthiserrorisomissionofthedotbefore.REPEATor.WHILE.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCFatalErrorA1009

Linetoolong

Alineinasourcefileexceededthelimitof1024characters.

Ifmultiplephysicallinesareconcatenatedwiththeline-continuationcharacter(\),theresultinglogicallineisstilllimitedto1024characters.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCFatalErrorA1010

Unmatchedblocknesting:

Ablockbeginningdidnothaveamatchingend,orablockenddidnothaveamatchingbeginning.Oneofthefollowingmaybeinvolved:

Ahigh-leveldirectivesuchas.IF,.REPEAT,or.WHILEAconditional-assemblydirectivesuchasIF,REPEAT,orWHILEAstructureoruniondefinitionAproceduredefinitionAsegmentdefinitionAPOPCONTEXTdirectiveAconditional-assemblydirective,suchasanELSE,ELSEIF,orENDIFwithoutamatchingIF


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCFatalErrorA1011

Directivemustbeincontrolblock

Theassemblerfoundahigh-leveldirectivewhereonewasnotexpected.Oneofthefollowingdirectiveswasfound:

.ELSEwithout.IF

.ENDIFwithout.IF

.ENDWwithout.WHILE

.UNTIL[[CXZ]]without.REPEAT

.CONTINUEwithout.WHILEor.REPEAT

.BREAKwithout.WHILEor.REPEAT

.ELSEfollowing.ELSE


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCFatalErrorA1012

Errorcountexceeds100;stoppingassembly

Thenumberofnonfatalerrorsexceededtheassemblerlimitof100.NonfatalerrorsareintherangeA2xxx.Whenwarningsaretreatedaserrorstheyareincludedinthecount.Warningsareconsiderederrorsifyouusethe/Wxcommand-lineoption,orifyousettheWarningsTreatedasErrorsoptionintheMacroAssemblerGlobalOptionsdialogboxofPWB.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCFatalErrorA1017

Missingsourcefilename

MLcouldnotfindafiletoassembleorpasstothelinker.

ThiserrorisgeneratedwhenyougiveASMCcommand-lineoptionswithoutspecifyingafilenametoactupon.Toassemblefilesthatdonothavea.ASMextension,usethe/Tacommand-lineoption.

ThiserrorcanalsobegeneratedbyinvokingASMCwithnoparametersiftheASMCenvironmentvariablecontainscommand-lineoptions.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCFatalErrorA1901

InternalAssemblerError

ContactProductSupportServices

TheASMCdriver,calledASMC.exe,generatedasystemerror.NotethecircumstancesoftheerrorandfileabugreportatASMCDevelopment


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages

http://masm32.com/board/index.php?board=55.0


ASMCNonfatalErrorA2004

Symboltypeconflict:identifier

TheEXTERNDEForLABELdirectivewasusedonavariable,symbol,datastructure,orlabelthatwasdefinedinthesamemodulebutwithadifferenttype.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



Symbolredefinition:identifier

Thegivennonredefinablesymbolwasdefinedintwoplaces.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



Undefinedsymbol:identifier

Anattemptwasmadetouseasymbolthatwasnotdefined.Oneofthefollowingmayhaveoccurred:

Asymbolwasnotdefined.Afieldwasnotamemberofthespecifiedstructure.Asymbolwasdefinedinanincludefilethatwasnotincluded.AnexternalsymbolwasusedwithoutanEXTERNorEXTERNDEFdirective.Asymbolnamewasmisspelled.Alocalcodelabelwasreferencedoutsideofitsscope.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



Non-benignrecordredefinition

ARECORDdefinitionconflictedwithapreviousdefinition.Oneofthefollowingoccurred:

Thereweredifferentnumbersoffields.Thereweredifferentnumbersofbitsinafield.Therewasadifferentlabel.Thereweredifferentinitializers.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



syntaxerror:

Atokenatthecurrentlocationcausedasyntaxerror.Oneofthefollowingmayhaveoccurred:

Adotprefixwasaddedtooromittedfromadirective.Areservedword(suchasCorSIZE)wasusedasanidentifier.Aninstructionwasusedthatwasnotavailablewiththecurrentprocessororcoprocessorselection.Acomparisonrun-timeoperator(suchas==)wasusedinaconditionalassemblystatementinsteadofarelationaloperator(suchasEQ).Aninstructionordirectivewasgiventoofewoperands.Anobsoletedirectivewasused.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



syntaxerrorinexpression

Anexpressiononthecurrentlinecontainedasyntaxerror.Thiserrormessagemayalsobeaside-effectofaprecedingprogramerror.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



invalidtypeexpression

TheoperandtoTHISorPTRwasnotavalidtypeexpression.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



distanceinvalidforwordsizeofcurrentsegment

AproceduredefinitionoracodelabeldefinedwithLABELspecifiedanaddresssizethatwasincompatiblewiththecurrentsegmentsize.Oneofthefollowingoccurred:

ANEAR16orFAR16procedurewasdefinedina32-bitsegment.ANEAR32orFAR32procedurewasdefinedina16-bitsegment.AcodelabeldefinedwithLABELspecifiedFAR16orNEAR16ina32-bitsegment.AcodelabeldefinedwithLABELspecifiedFAR32orNEAR32ina16-bitsegment.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



PROC,MACRO,ormacrorepeatdirectivemustprecedeLOCAL

ALOCALdirectivemustbeimmediatelyprecededbyaMACRO,PROC,macrorepeatdirective(suchasREPEAT,WHILE,orFOR),oranotherLOCALdirective.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



.MODELmustprecedethisdirective

Asimplifiedsegmentdirectiveora.STARTUPor.EXITdirectivewasnotprecededbya.MODELdirective.A.MODELdirectivemustspecifythemodeldefaultsbeforeasimplifiedsegmentdirective,ora.STARTUPor.EXITdirectivemaybeused.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



cannotdefineaspublicorexternal:identifier

Onlylabels,procedures,andnumericequatescanbemadepublicorexternalusingPUBLIC,EXTERN,orEXTERNDEF.Localcodelabelscannotbemadepublic.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



segmentattributescannotchange:attribute

Asegmentwasreopenedwithdifferentattributesthanitwasopenedwithoriginally.

WhenaSEGMENTdirectiveopensapreviouslydefinedsegment,thenewlyopenedsegmentinheritstheattributesthesegmentwasdefinedwith.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



expressionexpected

Theassemblerexpectedanexpressionatthecurrentlocationbutfoundoneofthefollowing:

AunaryoperatorwithoutanoperandAbinaryoperatorwithouttwooperandsAnemptypairofparentheses,(),orbrackets,[]


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



invaliduseofexternalsymbol:identifier

Anattemptwasmadetocomparethegivenexternalsymbolusingarelationaloperator.

Thecomparisoncannotbemadebecausethevalueoraddressofanexternalsymbolisnotknownatassemblytime.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



operandmustbeRECORDtypeorfield

TheoperandfollowingtheWIDTHorMASKoperatorwasnotvalid.TheWIDTHoperatortakesanoperandthatisthenameofafieldorarecord.TheMASKoperatortakesanoperandthatisthenameofafieldorarecordtype.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



instructionoperandsmustbethesamesize

Theoperandstoaninstructiondidnothavethesamesize.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



instructionoperandmusthavesize

Atleastoneoftheoperandstoaninstructionmusthaveaknownsize.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



invalidoperandsizeforinstruction

Thesizeofanoperandwasnotvalid.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



operandsmustbeinsamesegment

Relocatableoperandsusedwitharelationalorminusoperatorwerenotlocatedinthesamesegment.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



constantexpected

Theassemblerexpectedaconstantexpressionatthecurrentlocation.Aconstantexpressionisanumericexpressionthatcanberesolvedatassemblytime.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



expressionmustbeacodeaddress

Anexpressionevaluatingtoacodeaddresswasexpected.Oneofthefollowingoccurred:

SHORTwasnotfollowedbyacodeaddress.NEARPTRorFARPTRwasappliedtosomethingthatwasnotacodeaddress.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



multiplebaseregistersnotallowed

Anattemptwasmadetocombinetwobaseregistersinamemoryexpression.

Forexample,thefollowingexpressionscausethiserror:

[bx+bp]

[bx][bp]

Inanotherexample,giventhefollowingdefinition:

id1procarg1:byte

eitherofthefollowinglinescausesthiserror:

moval,[bx].arg1

leaax,arg1[bx]


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



multipleindexregistersnotallowed

Anattemptwasmadetocombinetwoindexregistersinamemoryexpression.


[si+di]

[di][si]


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



mustbeindexorbaseregister

Anattemptwasmadetousearegisterthatwasnotabaseorindexregisterinamemoryexpression.


[ax]

[bl]


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



invaliduseofregister

Anattemptwasmadetousearegisterthatwasnotvalidfortheintendeduse.Oneofthefollowingoccurred:

OFFSETwasappliedtoaregister.(OFFSETcanbeappliedtoaregisterundertheM510option.)Aspecial386registerwasusedinaninvalidcontext.AregisterwascastwithPTRtoatypeofinvalidsize.Aregisterwasspecifiedastherightoperandofasegmentoverrideoperator(:).Aregisterwasspecifiedastherightoperandofabinaryminusoperator(–).Anattemptwasmadetomultiplyregistersusingthe*operator.Brackets([])weremissingaroundaregisterthatwasaddedtosomething.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



invalidINVOKEargument:argumentnumber

TheINVOKEdirectivewaspassedaspecial386register,oraregisterpaircontainingabyteregisterorspecial386register.TheseregistersareillegalwithINVOKE.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



mustbeinsegmentblock

Oneofthefollowingwasfoundoutsideofasegmentblock:

AninstructionAlabeldefinitionATHISoperatorA$operatorAproceduredefinitionAnALIGNdirectiveAnORGdirective


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



toomanyinitialvaluesforstructure:structure

Thegivenstructurewasdefinedwithmoreinitializersthanthenumberoffieldsinthetypedeclarationofthestructure.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



statementnotallowedinsidestructuredefinition

Astructuredefinitioncontainedaninvalidstatement.Astructurecannotcontaininstructions,labels,procedures,control-flowdirectives,.STARTUP,or.EXIT.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



linetoolong

Asource-filelineexceededthelimitof1024characters.

Ifmultiplephysicallinesareconcatenatedwiththeline-continuationcharacter(\),theresultinglogicallineisstilllimitedto1024characters.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



stringortextliteraltoolong

Astringortextliteral,oramacrofunctionreturnvalue,exceededthelimitof255characters.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



identifiertoolong

Anidentifierexceededthelimitof247characters.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



missinganglebracketorbraceinliteral

Anunmatchedanglebracket(either<or>)orbrace(either{or})wasfoundinaliteralconstantoraninitializer.Oneofthefollowingoccurred:

Apairofanglebracketsorbraceswasnotcomplete.Ananglebracketwasintendedtobeliteral,butitwasnotprecededbyanexclamationpoint(!)toindicatealiteralcharacter.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



missingsingleordoublequotationmarkinstring

Anunmatchedquotationmark(either'or")wasfoundinastring.Oneofthefollowingmayhaveoccurred:

Apairofquotationmarksaroundastringwasnotcomplete.Apairofquotationmarksaroundastringwasformedofonesingleandonedoublequotationmark.Asingleordoublequotationmarkwasintendedtobeliteral,butthesurroundingquotationmarkswerethesamekindastheliteralone.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



empty(null)string

Astringconsistedofadelimitingpairofquotationmarksandnocharacterswithin.

Forastringtobevalid,itmustcontain1-255characters.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



nondigitinnumber

Anumbercontainedacharacterthatwasnotinthesetofcharactersusedbythecurrentradix(base).

ThiserrorcanoccurifaBorDradixspecifierisusedwhenthedefaultradixisonethatincludesthatletterasavaliddigit.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



realorBCDnumbernotallowed

Afloating-point(real)numberorbinarycodeddecimal(BCD)constantwasusedotherthanasadatainitializer.

Oneofthefollowingoccurred:

ArealnumberoraBCDwasusedinanexpression.ArealnumberwasusedtoinitializeadirectiveotherthanDWORD,QWORD,orTBYTE.ABCDwasusedtoinitializeadirectiveotherthanTBYTE.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



textitemrequired

Aliteralconstantortextmacrowasexpected.

Oneofthefollowingwasexpected:

Aliteralconstant,whichistextenclosedin<>AtextmacronameAmacrofunctioncallA%followedbyaconstantexpression


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



forcederror

Theconditional-errordirective.ERRor.ERR1wasusedtogeneratethiserror.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



forcederror:valueequalto0

Theconditional-errordirective.ERREwasusedtogeneratethiserror.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



forcederror:valuenotequalto0

Theconditional-errordirective.ERRNZwasusedtogeneratethiserror.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



forcederror:symbolnotdefined

Theconditional-errordirective.ERRNDEFwasusedtogeneratethiserror.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



forcederror:symboldefined

Theconditional-errordirective.ERRDEFwasusedtogeneratethiserror.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



forcederror:stringblank

Theconditional-errordirective.ERRBwasusedtogeneratethiserror.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



forcederror:stringnotblank

Theconditional-errordirective.ERRNBwasusedtogeneratethiserror.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



forcederror:stringsequal

Theconditional-errordirective.ERRIDNor.ERRIDNIwasusedtogeneratethiserror.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



forcederror:stringsnotequal

Theconditional-errordirective.ERRDIFor.ERRDIFIwasusedtogeneratethiserror.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



[[[ELSE]]]IF2/.ERR2notallowed:single-passassembler

Adirectiveforatwo-passassemblerwasfound.

TheMicrosoftMacroAssembler(MASM)isaone-passassembler.MASMdoesnotaccepttheIF2,ELSEIF2,and.ERR2directives.ThiserroralsooccursifanELSEdirectivefollowsanIF1directive.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



expressiontoocomplexfor.UNTILCXZ

Anexpressionusedintheconditionthatfollows.UNTILCXZwastoocomplex.The.UNTILCXZdirectivecantakeonlyoneexpression,whichcancontainonly==or!=.Itcannottakeothercomparisonoperatorsormorecomplexexpressionsusingoperatorslike||.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



canALIGNonlytopowerof2:expression

TheexpressionspecifiedwiththeALIGNdirectivewasinvalid.TheALIGNexpressionmustbeapowerof2between2and256,andmustbelessthanorequaltothealignmentofthecurrentsegment,structure,orunion.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



structurealignmentmustbe1,2,or4

Thealignmentspecifiedinastructuredefinitionwasinvalid.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



expected:token

Theassemblerexpectedthegiventoken.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



incompatibleCPUmodeandsegmentsize

AnattemptwasmadetoopenasegmentwithaUSE16,USE32,orFLATattributethatwasnotcompatiblewiththespecifiedCPU,ortochangetoa16-bitCPUwhileina32bitsegment.

TheUSE32andFLATattributesmustbeprecededbyoneofthefollowingprocessordirectives:.386,.386C,.386P,.486,or.486P.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



instructionprefixnotallowed

OneoftheprefixesREP,REPE,REPNE,orLOCKprecededaninstructionforwhichitwasnotvalid.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



invalidinstructionoperands

Oneormoreoperandswerenotvalidfortheinstructiontheywerespecifiedwith.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



initializertoolargeforspecifiedsize

Aninitializervaluewastoolargeforthedataareaitwasinitializing.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



cannotaccesssymbolingivensegmentorgroup:identifier

Thegivenidentifiercannotbeaddressedfromthesegmentorgroupspecified.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



cannotaccesslabelthroughsegmentregisters

Anattemptwasmadetoaccessalabelthroughasegmentregisterthatwasnotassumedtoitssegmentorgroup.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



jumpdestinationtoofar[:by'n'bytes]

Thedestinationspecifiedwithajumpinstructionwastoofarfromtheinstruction.Oneofthefollowingmaybeasolution:

EnabletheLJMPoption.RemovetheSHORToperator.IfSHORThasforcedajumpthatistoofar,nisthenumberofbytesoutofrange.Rearrangecodesothatthejumpisnolongeroutofrange.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



jumpdestinationmustspecifyalabel

Adirectjumps'destinationmustberelativetoacodelabel.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



instructiondoesnotallowNEARindirectaddressing

Aconditionaljumporloopcannottakeamemoryoperand.Itmustbegivenarelativeaddressorlabel.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



instructiondoesnotallowFARdirectaddressing

Aconditionaljumporloopcannotbetoadifferentsegmentorgroup.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



jumpdistancenotpossibleincurrentCPUmode

Adistancewasspecifiedwithajumpinstructionthatwasincompatiblewiththecurrentprocessormode.

Forexample,48-bitjumpsrequire.386orabove.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



missingoperandafterunaryoperator

Anoperatorrequiredanoperand,butnooperandfollowed.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



cannotmix16-and32-bitregisters

Anaddressexpressioncontainedboth16-and32-bitregisters.Forexample,thefollowingexpressioncausesthiserror:

[bx+edi]


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



invalidscalevalue

Aregisterscalewasspecifiedthatwasnot1,2,4,or8.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



constantvaluetoolarge

Aconstantwasspecifiedthatwastoobigforthecontextinwhichitwasused.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



instructionorregisternotacceptedincurrentCPUmode

Anattemptwasmadetouseaninstruction,register,orkeywordthatwasnotvalidforthecurrentprocessormode.

Forexample,32-bitregistersrequire.386orabove.ControlregisterssuchasCR0requireprivilegedmode.386Porabove.ThiserrorwillalsobegeneratedfortheNEAR32,FAR32,andFLATkeywords,whichrequire.386orabove.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



reservedwordexpected

OneormoreitemsinthelistspecifiedwithaNOKEYWORDoptionwerenotrecognizedasreservedwords.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



instructionformrequires80386/486

Aninstructionwasusedthatwasnotcompatiblewiththecurrentprocessormode.

Oneofthefollowingprocessordirectivesmustprecedetheinstruction:.386,.386C,.386P,.486,or.486P.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



ENDdirectiverequiredatendoffile

Theassemblerreachedtheendofthemainsourcefileanddidnotfindan.ENDdirective.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



toomanybitsinRECORD:identifier

Oneofthefollowingoccurred:

Toomanybitsweredefinedforthegivenrecordfield.Toomanytotalbitsweredefinedforthegivenrecord.Thesizelimitforarecordorafieldinarecordis16bitswhendoing16-bitarithmeticor32bitswhendoing32-bitarithmetic.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



positivevalueexpected

Apositivevaluewasnotfoundinoneofthefollowingsituations:

ThestartingpositionspecifiedforSUBSTRor@SubStrThenumberofdataobjectsspecifiedforCOMMTheelementsizespecifiedforCOMM


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



indexvaluepastendofstring

AnindexvalueexceededthelengthofthestringitreferredtowhenusedwithINSTR,SUBSTR,@InStr,or@SubStr.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



countmustbepositiveorzero

TheoperandspecifiedtotheSUBSTRdirective,@SubStrmacrofunction,SHLoperator,SHRoperator,orDUPoperatorwasnegative.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



countvaluetoolarge

ThelengthargumentspecifiedforSUBSTRor@SubStrexceededthelengthofthespecifiedstring.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



operandmustberelocatable

Anoperandwasnotrelativetoalabel.Oneofthefollowingoccurred:

AnoperandspecifiedwiththeENDdirectivewasnotrelativetoalabel.AnoperandtotheSEGoperatorwasnotrelativetoalabel.Therightoperandtotheminusoperatorwasrelativetoalabel,buttheleftoperandwasnot.Theoperandstoarelationaloperatorwereeithernotbothintegerconstantsornotbothmemoryoperands.Relationaloperatorscantakeoperandsthatarebothaddressesorbothnon-addressesbutnotoneofeach.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



constantorrelocatablelabelexpected

Theoperandspecifiedmustbeaconstantexpressionoramemoryoffset.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



segment,group,orsegmentregisterexpected

Asegmentorgroupwasexpectedbutwasnotfound.Oneofthefollowingoccurred:

Theleftoperandspecifiedwiththesegmentoverrideoperator(:)wasnotasegmentregister(CS,DS,SS,ES,FS,orGS),groupname,segmentname,orsegmentexpression.TheASSUMEdirectivewasgivenasegmentregisterwithoutavalidsegmentaddress,segmentregister,group,orthespecialFLATgroup.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



segmentexpected:identifier

TheGROUPdirectivewasgivenanidentifierthatwasnotadefinedsegment.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



invalidoperandforOFFSET

TheexpressionfollowingtheOFFSEToperatormustbeamemoryexpressionoranimmediateexpression.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



segmentorgroupnotallowed

Anattemptwasmadetouseasegmentorgroupinawaythatwasnotvalid.Segmentsorgroupscannotbeadded.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



cannotaddtworelocatablelabels

Anattemptwasmadetoaddtwoexpressionsthatwerebothrelativetoalabel.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



segmentexceeds64Klimit

A16-bitsegmentexceededthesizelimitof64K.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



invalidtypefordatadeclaration:type

Thegiventypewasnotvalidforadatadeclaration.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



HIGHandLOWrequireimmediateoperands

TheoperandspecifiedwitheithertheHIGHortheLOWoperatorwasnotanimmediateexpression.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



cannothaveimplicitfarjumporcalltonearlabel

Anattemptwasmadetomakeanimplicitfarjumporcalltoanearlabelinanothersegment.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



useofregisterassumedtoERROR

AnattemptwasmadetousearegisterthathadbeenassumedtoERRORwiththeASSUMEdirective.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



COMMENTdelimiterexpected

AdelimitercharacterwasnotspecifiedforaCOMMENTdirective.

Thedelimitercharacterisspecifiedbythefirstcharacterthatisnotwhitespace(spacesorTABcharacters)aftertheCOMMENTdirective.Thecommentconsistsofalltextfollowingthedelimiteruntiltheendofthelinecontainingthenextappearanceofthedelimiter.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



conflictingparameterdefinition

AproceduredefinedwiththePROCdirectivedidnotmatchitsprototypeasdefinedwiththePROTOdirective.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



PROCandprototypecallingconventionsconflict

Aprocedurewasdefinedinaprototype(usingthePROTO,EXTERNDEF,orEXTERNdirective),butthecallingconventiondidnotmatchthecorrespondingPROCdirective.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



invalidradixtag

Thespecifiedradixwasnotanumberintherange2-16.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



INVOKEargumenttypemismatch:argumentnumber

ThetypeoftheargumentspassedusingtheINVOKEdirectivedidnotmatchthetypeoftheparametersintheprototypeoftheprocedurebeinginvoked.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



languagetypemustbespecified

Aproceduredefinitionorprototypewasnotgivenalanguagetype.

Alanguagetypemustbedeclaredineachproceduredefinitionorprototypeifadefaultlanguagetypeisnotspecified.Adefaultlanguagetypeissetusingeitherthe.MODELdirective,OPTIONLANG,ortheASMCcommand-lineoptions/Gcor/Gd.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



PROLOGUEmustbemacrofunction

TheidentifierspecifiedwiththeOPTIONPROLOGUEdirectivewasnotrecognizedasadefinedmacrofunction.

Theuser-definedprologuemustbeamacrofunctionthatreturnsthenumberofbytesneededforlocalvariablesandanyextraspaceneededforthemacrofunction.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



EPILOGUEmustbemacroprocedure

TheidentifierspecifiedwiththeOPTIONEPILOGUEdirectivewasnotrecognizedasadefinedmacroprocedure.Theuser-definedepiloguemacrocannotreturnavalue.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



textmacronestingleveltoodeep

Atextmacrowasnestedtoodeeply.Thenestinglimitfortextmacrosis100.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



missingmacroargument

Arequiredargumentto@InStr,@SubStr,orauser-definedmacrowasnotspecified.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



VARARGparametermustbelastparameter

AparameterotherthanthelastonewasgiventheVARARGattribute.

The:VARARGspecificationcanbeappliedonlytothelastparameterinaparameterlistformacroandproceduredefinitionsandprototypes.Youcannotusemultiple:VARARGspecificationsinamacro.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



VARARGparameterrequiresCcallingconvention

AVARARGparameterwasspecifiedinaproceduredefinitionorprototype,buttheC,SYSCALL,orSTDCALLcallingconventionwasnotspecified.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



ORGneedsaconstantorlocaloffset

TheexpressionspecifiedwiththeORGdirectivewasnotvalid.ORGrequiresanimmediateexpressionwithnoreferencetoanexternallabelortoalabeloutsidethecurrentsegment.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



registervalueoverwrittenbyINVOKE

Aregisterwaspassedasanargumenttoaprocedure,butthecodegeneratedbyINVOKEtopassotherargumentsdestroyedthecontentsoftheregister.

TheAX,AL,AH,EAX,DX,DL,DH,andEDXregistersmaybeusedbytheassemblertoperformdataconversion.

Useadifferentregister.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



toomanyargumentstoINVOKE

ThenumberofargumentspassedusingtheINVOKEdirectiveexceededthenumberofparametersintheprototypefortheprocedurebeinginvoked.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



toomanyoperandstoinstruction

Toomanyoperandswerespecifiedwithastringcontrolinstruction.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



cannothavemorethanone.ELSEclauseper.IFblock

Theassemblerfoundmorethanone.ELSEclausewithinthecurrent.IFblock.Use.ELSEIFforallbutthelastblock.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



expecteddatalabel

TheLENGTHOF,SIZEOF,LENGTH,orSIZEoperatorwasappliedtoanon-datalabel,ortheSIZEOForSIZEoperatorwasappliedtoatype.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



cannotnestprocedures

Anattemptwasmadetonestaprocedurecontainingaparameter,localvariable,USESclause,orastatementthatgeneratedanewsegmentorgroup.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



EXPORTmustbeFAR:procedure

ThegivenprocedurewasgivenEXPORTvisibilityandNEARdistance.AllEXPORTproceduresmustbeFAR.ThedefaultvisibilitymayhavebeensetwiththeOPTIONPROC:EXPORTstatementortheSMALLorCOMPACTmemorymodels.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



macrolabelnotdefined:macrolabel

Thegivenmacrolabelwasnotfound.Amacrolabelisdefinedwith:macrolabel.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



invalidsymboltypeinexpression:identifier

Thegivenidentifierwasusedinanexpressioninwhichitwasnotvalid.Forexample,amacroprocedurenameisnotallowedinanexpression.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



specialregistercannotbefirstoperand

Aspecialregisterwasspecifiedtoaninstructionthatcannottakeitasthefirstoperand.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



syntaxerrorincontrol-flowdirective

Theconditionforacontrol-flowdirective(suchas.IFor.WHILE)containedasyntaxerror.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



constantvalueoutofrange

AninvalidvaluewasspecifiedforthePAGEdirective.ThefirstparameterofthePAGEdirectivecanbeeither0oravalueintherange10-255.ThesecondparameterofthePAGEdirectivecanbeeither0oravalueintherange60-255.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



missingrightparenthesis

Arightparenthesis,),wasmissingfromamacrofunctioncall.Besurethatparenthesesareinpairsifnested.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



structurecannotbeinstanced

AnattemptwasmadetocreateaninstanceofastructurewhentherewerenofieldsordatadefinedinthestructuredefinitionorwhenORGwasusedinthestructuredefinition.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



structurefieldexpected

Therighthandsideofadotoperator(.)isnotastructurefield.Thiserrormayoccurwithsomecodeacceptabletopreviousversionsoftheassembler.Toenabletheoldbehavior,useOPTIONOLDSTRUCTS,whichisautomaticallyenabledbyOPTIONM510orthe/Zmcommand-lineoption.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



unexpectedliteralfoundinexpression

Aliteralwasfoundwhereanexpressionwasexpected.Oneofthefollowingmayhaveoccurred:

AliteralwasusedasaninitializerArecordtagwasomittedfromarecordconstant


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



dividebyzeroinexpression

Anexpressioncontainsadivisorwhosevalueisequaltozero.

Checkthatthesyntaxoftheexpressioniscorrectandthatthedivisor(whetherconstantorvariable)iscorrectlyinitialized.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



directivemustappearinsideamacro

AGOTOorEXITMdirectivewasfoundoutsidethebodyofamacro.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



toofewbitsinRECORD

Therewasanattempttodefinearecordfieldof0bits.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



invalidqualifiedtype

Anidentifierwasencounteredinaqualifiedtypethatwasnotatype,structure,record,union,orprototype.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



invaliduseofFLAT

TherewasanambiguousreferencetoFLATasagroup.ThiserrorisgeneratedwhenthereisareferencetoFLATinsteadofaFLATsubgroup.Forexample,

movax,FLAT;GeneratesA2178

movax,SEGFLAT:_data;Correct


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



structureimproperlyinitialized

Therewasanerrorinastructureinitializer.Oneofthefollowingoccurred:

Theinitializerisnotavalidexpression.TheinitializerisaninvalidDUPstatement.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



initializermustbeastringorsingleitem

Therewasanattempttoinitializeastructureelementwithsomethingotherthanasingleitemorstring.

Thiserrorcanbecausedbyomittingbraces({})aroundaninitializer.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



mustusefloatingpointinitializer

AvariabledeclaredwiththeREAL4,REAL8,andREAL10directivesmustbeinitializedwithafloating-pointnumberoraquestionmark(?).

Thiserrorcanbecausedbygivinganinitializerinintegerform(suchas18)insteadofinfloating-pointform(18.0).


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



invalidcombinationwithsegmentalignment

ThealignmentspecifiedbytheALIGNorEVENdirectivewasgreaterthanthecurrentsegmentalignmentasspecifiedbytheSEGMENTdirective.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



INVOKErequiresprototypeforprocedure

TheINVOKEdirectivemustbeprecededbyaPROTOstatementfortheprocedurebeingcalled.WhenusingINVOKEwithanaddressratherthananexplicitprocedurename,youmustprecedetheaddresswithapointertotheprototype.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



symbollanguageattributeconflict

Twodeclarationsforthesamesymbolhaveconflictinglanguageattributes(suchasCandPASCAL).Theattributesshouldbeidenticalorcompatible.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



.STARTUPdoesnotworkwith32-bitsegments

The.STARTUPdirectivecannotbeusedina32-bitsegment;itisvalidonlywhengenerating16-bitcode.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



ORGdirectivenotallowedinunions

TheORGdirectiveisnotvalidinsideaUNIONdefinition.

YoucanusetheORGdirectiveinsideSTRUCTdefinitions,butitismeaninglessinsideaUNION.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



illegaluseofsegmentregister

YoucannotusesegmentoverridesfortheFSorGSsegmentregisterswhengeneratingfloating-pointemulationinstructionswiththe/FPicommand-lineoptionorOPTIONEMULATOR.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



GROUPdirectivenotallowedwith/coffoption

TheGROUPdirectiveisnotpermittedwhencompilingwith/coff.

SeeMLandML64Command-LineReferenceformoreinformation.

*ML8compatibleerror

SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



mustbepublicorexternal

Analternatesymbolwasnotpublicorexternal.

Example

ThecodesamplebelowwouldgenerateA2217iftheline:

public alternate

werenotpresent.

.686

.model flat

extrn primary(alternate):near

.code

public alternate

alternate:

ret

end

*ML8compatibleerror

SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



assemblypassesreached:passes

*NonMLcompatibleerror

SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



invalidfixuptypefor:


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



/PEoptionrequiresFLATmemorymodel


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



/bin:invalidstartlabel


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



cannotuseTR-TRwithcurrentCPUsetting


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



nosegmentinformationtocreatefixup:


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



notsupportedwithcurrentoutputformat:


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



missing.ENDPROLOG:


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



.ENDPROLOGfoundbeforeEHdirectives


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



missingFRAMEinPROC,nounwindcodewillbegenerated


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



sizeofprologtoobig,mustbe<256bytes


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



toomanyunwindcodesinFRAMEprocedure


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



registersAH-DHmaynotbeusedwithSPL-DILorR8-R15


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



multipleoverrides


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



unknownfixuptype::at


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



filenameparametermustbeenclosedin<>orquotes


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



literalexpectedafter'='


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



.SAFESEHargumentmustbeaPROC


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



invalidoperandfor:


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



invalidfixuptypeforformat:typesymbolatlocationoffset


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages




SameasMLA1000.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



I/Oerrorclosingfile

SameasMLA1001.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages



.CASEredefinition:identifierA(val):identifierB(val)

Thegivennonredefinablesymbolwasdefinedintwoplaces.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages|A2005


ASMCWarningA4003

startaddressonENDdirectiveignoredwith.STARTUP

Both.STARTUPandaprogramloadaddress(optionalwiththeENDdirective)werespecified.TheaddressspecificationwiththeENDdirectivewasignored.

*ML6.0compatiblewarning

SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCWarningA4005

unknowndefaultprologueargument

Anunknownargumentwaspassedtothedefaultprologue.ThedefaultprologueunderstandsonlytheFORCEFRAMEandLOADDSarguments.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCWarningA4006

toomanyargumentsinmacrocall

Thereweremoreargumentsgiveninthemacrocallthantherewereparametersinthemacrodefinition.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCWarningA4007

optionuntranslated,directiverequired:option

ThereisnoASMCcommand-lineequivalentforthegivenoption.Thedesiredbehaviorcanbeobtainedbyusingadirectiveinthesourcefile.

OptionDirective

/A

/P

/S

.ALPHA

OPTIONREADONLY

.SEQ


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCWarningA4008

invalidcommand-lineoptionvalue,defaultisused:option

Thevaluespecifiedwiththegivenoptionwasnotvalid.Theoptionwasignored,andthedefaultwasassumed.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCWarningA4011

multiple.MODELdirectivesfound:.MODELignored

Morethanone.MODELdirectivewasfoundinthecurrentmodule.Onlythefirst.MODELstatementisused.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCWarningA4012

linenumberinformationforsegmentwithoutclass'CODE'

Therewereinstructionsinasegmentthatdidnothaveaclassnamethatendswith"CODE."TheassemblerdidnotgenerateCodeViewinformationfortheseinstructions.

CodeViewcannotprocessmoduleswithcodeinsegmentswithclassnamesthatdonotendwith"CODE."


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCWarningA4910


Thegivenfilenamecouldnotbeinthecurrentpath.

Makesurethatfilenamewascopiedfromthedistributiondisksandisinthecurrentpath.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCWarningA6003

conditionaljumplengthened

Aconditionaljumpwasencodedasareverseconditionaljumparoundanearunconditionaljump.

Youmaybeabletorearrangecodetoavoidthelongerform.

*ML6.0compatiblelevel3warning(-W3)

SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCWarningA6004

procedureargumentorlocalnotreferenced

YoupassedaprocedureargumentorcreatedavariablewiththeLOCALdirectivethatwasnotusedintheprocedurebody.

Unnecessaryparametersandlocalswastecodeandstackspace.*ML6.0compatiblelevel3warning(-W3)

SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCWarningA6005

expressionconditionmaybepass-dependent

Thiswarningmessagemayindicatethatthecodeispass-dependentandshouldberewritten.

Example

moval,reg

regequ<cl>

*ML8.0/NonMLcompatiblewarning

SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCWarningA8000

Invalidcommand-lineoption:option

ASMCdidnotrecognizethegivenparameterasanoption.Thiserrorisgenerallycausedwhenthereisasyntaxerroronthecommandline.

SameasA1006

*NonMLcompatiblewarning

SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCWarningA8001

SeeA2167


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCWarningA8002

SeeA2189


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCWarningA8003

SeeA2103


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCWarningA8004

SeeA2004


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCWarningA8005

IF[n]DEFexpectsaplainsymbolasargument:argument


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCWarningA8006

instructionsandinitializeddatanotsupportedinsegmentsegments


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCWarningA8007

16bitfixupfor32bitlabel:label


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCWarningA8008

displacementoutofrange:displacement


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCWarningA8009

nostartlabeldefined


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCWarningA8010

nostackdefined


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCWarningA8011

for-coffleadingunderscorerequiredforstartlabel:label


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCWarningA8012

librarynameismissing


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCWarningA8013

ELFGNUextensions(8/16-bitrelocations)used


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCWarningA8014

LOADDSignoredinflatmodel


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCWarningA8015

directiveignoredwithout-switchswitch


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCWarningA8017

ignored:symbol


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCWarningA8018

groupdefinitiontoolarge,truncated:group


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCWarningA8019

sizenotspecified,assuming:

Thisisawarning.maybeBYTE,WORDorDWORD.Themessagemayoccurifanimmediatevalueiswrittentoanuntypedmemoryreference:

mov[ebx],1

JWasmmakesaguessanddisplaysthewarning,whileMLwilldisplayanerrorinsuchcases.


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages|ErrorA2070


ASMCWarningA8020

constantexpected


SeeAlso



ASMCWarningA7000

symbollanguageattributeconflict

Twodeclarationsforthesamesymbolhaveconflictinglanguageattributes(suchasCandPASCAL).Theattributesshouldbeidenticalorcompatible.

SameasMLErrorA2192


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCWarningA7001

positivevalueexpected


SeeAlso



ASMCWarningA7002

registervalueoverwrittenbyINVOKE


SeeAlso



ASMCWarningA7003

farcallisconvertedtonearcall


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCWarningA7004

floating-pointinitializerignored


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCWarningA7005

directiveignored:


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCWarningA7006

parameter/localnameisreservedword:


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCWarningA7007

.CASEwithout.ENDC:assumedfallthrough

IncaseOPTIONSWITCH:Cisset(default)

.switcheax

.case1:moval,1 ;warning

.case2:.endc

.endsw


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


ASMCWarningA7008

cannotdelaymacrofunction:<token>

Macrothatnormallywouldbedelayedexpanded.

.WHILEmacro(<...>)

.ELSEIFmacro(<...>)

.CASEmacro(<...>)


SeeAlso

ASMCErrorMessages


.UNTILAXZ

See.REPEAT

SeeAlso

DirectivesReference,.UNTILBXZ,.UNTILCXZ,.UNTILDXZ


.UNTILBXZ

See.REPEAT

SeeAlso

DirectivesReference,.UNTILAXZ,.UNTILCXZ,.UNTILDXZ


.UNTILDXZ

See.REPEAT

SeeAlso

DirectivesReference,.UNTILAXZ,.UNTILBXZ,.UNTILCXZ


.ENDF

.ENDFclosesa.FOR[S]statement.

SeeAlso

DirectivesReference|.FOR

Asmc Macro Assembler Reference · Asmc Macro Assembler Reference Asmc Extensions The main goal with Asmc is an attempt to provide more readability to the assembly language based on

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