asimov-VOLCANOES - Arvind Gupta · HOW DID WE FIND OUT ABOUT VOLCANOES? By: Isaac Asimov Hindi Translation : Arvind Gupta. 3 gesa Tokykeqf[k;ksa ds ckjs esa dSls irk pyk\ vkbftd ,sflekso

gesa Tokykeqf[k;ksa ds ckjsesa dSls irk pyk\

vkbftd ,sfleksofganh vuqokn% vjfoUn xqIrk

2

HOW DID WE FIND OUT ABOUT VOLCANOES?By: Isaac Asimov

Hindi Translation : Arvind Gupta

3

gesa Tokykeqf[k;ksa ds ckjs esadSls irk pyk\vkbftd ,sflekso

fganh vuqokn% vjfoUn xqIrk

1 Fkhjk esa foLiQksV

;wjksi esa lcls igyh lH;rk bZth,u leqnz esa iuih tks orZeku esa;wuku (xzhl) vkSj VdhZ ds chp esa clk gSA

ml {ks=k dk lcls cM+k }hi ØhV gSA mldk {ks=kiQy 3]189 oxZ&ehydk gS tks mls jgksM~l }hi vkSj Msykos;j ds la;qDr {ks=kiQy ftruk cM+k cukrkgSA bZlk ls 3000 o"kZ iwoZ ØhV esa yksxksa us /krqvksa dk mi;ksx 'kq: dj fn;kFkk vkSj ogak ,d egRoiw.kZ lH;rk fodflr gqbZ FkhA

ØhV esa feys vo'ks"k

4

ØhV us vius vklikl ds bykdksa ls cgqr dqN lh[kk gksxk D;ksafdmudk bfrgkl ØhV ls Hkh dgha iqjkuk FkkA mlesa ls ,d }hi feL=k Fkk tksØhV ls 400 ehy nwj nf{k.k&iwoZ esa clk FkkA 600 ehy iwoZ esa dqN vU; }hiHkh Fks ftUgsa orZeku esa ge yscuku] flfj;k vkSj bZjkd ds ukeksa ls tkurs gSaA

iqjkuh lH;rk,a egk}hikas ij clh Fkha & tgak tehu dh dksbZ deh uFkhA ØhV igyh }hi lH;rk FkhA ØhV dh leqnz eas xgjh jQfp Fkh vkSj oksviuh ukS&lsuk fodflr djus okyk igyk ns'k FkkA ØhV ds tgkt ml ns'kdh nq'euksa ds vkØe.k ls lqj{kk djrs Fks vkSj blls ØhVoklh vkjke vkSj'kakfr dk thou fcrkrs FksA mUgksasus fo'kky egy cuk, ftleas ikWbiksa }kjk ikuhykus dh lqfo/k FkhA os mPp dksfV ds dykdkj Fks vkSj mudh [ksyksa esa fo'ks"kjQfp FkhA

ØhV ds tgkt vius iM+kslh ns'kksa ds lkFk O;kikj Hkh djrs FksAO;kikj ds lkFk ØhV dh lH;rk vkSj thou'kSyh Hkh vU; ns'kkas ds vykok;wjksi fLFkr xzhl (;wuku) rd igqaphA

ØhV ls lkS ehy mRrj esa }hiksa dk ,d lewg gS tks fldyqMht dsuke ls tkuk tkrk gSA fldyqMht ,d ;wukuh 'kCn ls vkrk gS vkSj mldkeryc gksrk gS xksyk D;ksafd ogak ds }hi yxHkx ,d xksys esa lts FksA ØhVdh lH;rk fldyqMht igqaph vkSj mlls ogak ds yksx Hkh le`¼ gq,A

bZth,u leqn

;wuku VdhZ

ØhV

Fksjk

5

fldyqMht ds nf{k.k esa ,d }hi Fkk ftls izkphu ;wukuh Fkh: cqykrsFksA vkt mls Fkhjk dgrs gSaA eè; ;qx esa bVyh dk bZth,u leqnz ij fu;a=k.kFkkA mUgksaus mldk uke j[kk lkarqgfjuhA bl uke dks yksx vkt Hkh bLrsekydjrs gSaA

Fkhjk] ØhV ls dsoy iSalB eky nwj gSA bZlk iwohZ 2000 o"kZ igys lsØhV ds reke tgkt Fkhjk vkrs FksA Fkhjk ,d le`¼ vkSj lH; }hi cuk vkSj;g flyflyk 500 lky rd tkjh jgkA

vxj vki vkt Fkhjk dks uD'ks esa ns[ksaxs rks mldk vkdkjv/Z&xksys tSls fn[ksxk vkSj mldk eqag if'pe dh vksj gksxkA mldk {ks=kiQydjhc 30 oxZ ehy gksxk vkSj oks yxHkx eSugSVu }hi ftruk cM+k gksxkA

v/Z&xksy ds mQij vkSj uhps ds fcanqvksa ds chp [kqys Hkkx esa nksNksVs }hi gSaA ,slk yxrk gS fd 'kk;n dHkh Fkhjk iwjk xksy jgk gks] fcYdqy'kwU; ds vkdkj dkA ijUrq leqnz us mldk if'peh Hkkx rksM+ fn;k vkSjblfy, ogak vc fliQZ xksys ds vo'ks"k cps gSaA VwVs xksy ds dsanz esa nks }hi gSaftuesa ls fujUrj /qavk fudyrk jgrk gS tSls fd muds uhps vkx yxh gksA

1966 esa tc oSKkfudksa us Fkhjk esa dqN LFkkuksa ij [kqnkbZ dh rks ogakmUgsa ,d izkphu 'kgj ds vo'ks"k feys tks ØhV ds tekus esa cgqr le`¼ vkSj

orZeku esa Fksjk

6

lH; jgk gksxkA ogak mUgsa cgqr laqnj feV~Vh ds crZu vkSj fHkRrh&fp=k feysA

ogak mUgsa ,d Hk;kud foLiQksV ds Hkh izek.k feys tks 'kk;n bZlkiwohZ 1500 esa gqvk gksxkA

ml le; Fkhjk ij ,d cM+k igkM+ Fkk tks bZth,u leqn ds isans lsmQij mBrk FkkA igkM+ dk mQijh Hkkx tks leqnz dh lrg ls mQij Fkk ,dnexksykdj Fkk blfy, ml }hi dk vkdkj Hkh xksy FkkA

ij ;g igkM+ dksbZ lk/kj.k igkM+ ugha FkkA ml igkM+ dh xgjkbZ esacgqr mQ"ek fNih Fkh tks dHkh mQij dks mBrh vkSj dHkh uhps dh vksj MwcrhFkhA dHkh&dHkh bl izdkj ds igkM+ksa esa tc xehZ cgqr vR;f/d gks tkrh gSrks igkM+ ds vanj ds iRFkj fi?ky tkrs gSaA tSls&tSls vkSj iRFkj fi?kyrs gSa oks/hjs&/hjs lrg ds ikl vk tkrs gSaA bl izpaM xehZ ls igkM+ dh lrg fi?kydj mlesa ,d Nsn cu tkrk gSA vkSj var esa bl Nsn esa ls yky&xeZ fi?kysiRFkjksa dh unh ckgj fudyrh gS vkSj igkM+h ls uhps cgus yxrh gSA

bu fi?kys iRFkjksa dks ykok dgrs gSaA ;g ,d brkyoh 'kCn gSftldk eryc gksrk gS ^/ksuk*A 'kq: esa bVyh esa usfiYl 'kgj ds fuokfl;ksa usckfj'k dks ̂ ykok* cqyk;k & D;ksafd o"kkZ ls lM+dsa/qydj lkiQ gks tkrh FkhaA fi?kys iRFkj dh unh ij Hkh ^ykok* 'kCn c[kwchykxw gqvk D;ksafd tc ;g xeZ unh cgrh rks vklikl lkjh ?kkl vkSj isM+ksa dh/qykbZ gks tkrhA

bl xeZ ykos ds cgus ls [krjk Hkh gks ldrk FkkA igkM+h ds <yku

ØhV ds fHkRrh fp=k

7

;k rygVh esa cus ?kj fi?kys iRFkj dh unh ls èoLr gks ldrs Fks vkSj yksx Hkhej ldrs FksA

vDlj ykok ds fudyus vkSj cgus ds vykok Hkh cgqr dqN gksrkgSA vxj igkM+h dh xgjkbZ esa ikuh fjldj vkrk gS rks ml Hkh"k.k xehZ esa oksmcyus yxrk gSA bl LVhe ;k Hkki dk nkc c<+rk tkrk gS vkSj var esa mldsncko ls igkM+h dk ,d Hkkx gok esa mM+ tkrk gSA

bls ^bjI'ku* dgrs gSaA ;g ,d ySfVu 'kCn gS ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS^foLiQksV gksuk*A blesa cgqr cM+s&cM+s iRFkj gok esa mQij mNyrs gSaA jk[k vkSjxeZ xSlsa cgqr mQapkbZ rd mBrh gaSA vkx dh yiVksa ds lkFk&lkFk cM+h rknknesa xeZ ykok Hkh ckgj fudyrk gSA

bl izdkj ds dqN igkM+ksa esa ls ges'kk gh /qavk vkSj xehZ fudyrhjgrh gSA ij dHkh&dHkh fLFkfr FkksM+h [kjkc gks tkrh gS vkSj ykok cguk 'kq:gks tkrk gSA bl izdkj ds igkM+ cgqr [krjukd ugha gksrs gSaA vxj muesa lsdHkh&dHkkj ykok fjldj ckgj fudyrk gS rks fiQj muesa foLiQksV gksus dhvk'kadk cgqr de gksrh gSA vkSj D;ksafd igkM+ xeZ gksrk gS blfy, yksx viusvkjke ds fy, mlls dkiQh nwj ij lqjf{kr LFkkuksa ij jg ldrs gSaA

bl izdkj ds dqN igkM+ dbZ 'krkfCn;ksa rd 'kakr cus jgrs gSaA rcyksx mUgsa fdlh lkekU; igkM+ tSlk le>us yxrs gSa vkSj Hkwy tkrs gSa fdmuesa dHkh ykok fudyrk FkkA muesa ls tks iqjkuk ykok fudyk Fkk mlls Hkwfecgqr gh mitkmQ cu tkrh gSA mlls ogak igkM+h ds <yku ij cgqr ls ikS/svkSj isM+ mx vkrs gSa vkSj igkM+h ,dne gjhHkjh fn[kus yxrh gSA ,sls igkM+ksadh rygVh ij tehu dks yksxksa us cgqr mitkmQ ik;k gksxkA D;ksafd ogak cgqrvPNh iQlysa mxrh Fkha blfy, ogak yksxksa us [ksrhckM+h 'kq: dj nh vkSjvklikl vius ?kj Hkh cuk,A /hjs&/hjs ,sls igkM+ksa ds vklikl iwjs&ds&iwjs'kgj clus yxsA

vxj ,d fnu oks igkM+ fiQj xeZ gksuk 'kq: dj ns vkSj mldhxgjkbZ esa Hkki cuuk 'kq: gks tk, rks\ ;g lc dqN Hkkjh&Hkjdex iRFkjksa ds,sls igkM+ ds uhps gksxk tks 'krkfCn;ksa igys BaMk gks pqdk FkkA blls /hjs&/hjsncko c<+sxk] vkSj c<+sxk] vkSj c<+sxk + + + +

vxj igkM+ brus lkyksa rd BaMk u jgk gksrk rks 'kk;n ncko brukugha c<+rkA ijUrq lfn;ksa ds ckn mldk ykok BaMk gksdj tedj vc BksliRFkj cu x;k gksxkA blfy, var esa mlesa ,d Hk;kud foLiQksV gksxkA

bZlk iwohZ 5000 bZloh esa Fkhjk ds igkM+ esa foLiQksV gqvkA oks iQVk

8

vkSj ,d mQaps ckny ds :i esa mldk eyck & iRFkj] /wy vkSj jk[kvkleku esa Nk x;kA igkM+ ds LFkku ij vc ,d cM+k Nsn FkkA bl Nsn esarqjUr leqnz dk ikuh Hkj x;k vkSj igkM+ ftldk igys ,d Bksl xksy vkdkjFkk vc ,d VwVh gqbZ vaxwBh tSlk fn[kus yxkA

ml }hi ds lHkh fuoklh bl foLiQksV esa fuf'pr gh ekjs x, gksaxsAfoLiQksV dh /wy vkSj jk[k iwoZ esa fLFkr ØhV rd igqaphA

3 }hi dk [kqn ij fxjuk

2 ykok fudyuk canA leqnzdk ikuh ?kqlus ls foLiQksV

1 ykok dk fudyuk

Fksjk dk fouk'k

9

bl foLiQksV ls leqnz dk isank fgyk vkSj mlls ,d fo'kky ygj iSnkgqbZA yksxksa us mls Tokj&HkkVs okyh ygj le>k ij vly esa bl ygj dkTokj&HkkVs ds dqN Hkh ysuk&nsuk ugha FkkA bldk csgrj uke Fkk ^lwukeh* tks,d tkikuh 'kCn gS ftldk eryc gksrk gS ^canjxkg dh ygjsa*A ,slh ygj tksleqnz esa cgqr mQaph ugha gksrhA ij tc oks fdlh canjxkg esa izos'k djrh gS rksmldk leLr ikuh ,d ldjh txg esa ?kqlrk gS vkSj oks cgqr mQaph gks tkrhgSA dHkh&dHkh bu ygjksa dh mQapkbZ 50&iQhV ls Hkh vf/d mQaph gksrh gS vkSjleqnz ds fdukjs ls Vdjkus ds ckn bu ygjksa esa gtkjksa yksx Mwc ldrs gSaA

ØhV vkSj xzhl ds leqnzh rV bl lwukeh esa cqjh rjg cjckn gq,AØhV dh jkt/kuh ukSlml dks Hkh Hkkjh uqdlku igqapk vkSj bl gknls esa iwjs}hi dks cgqr {kfr igqaphA

ØhV ds yksxksa us bl Hk;kud gknls ds ckn Hkh viuk thou tkjhj[kus dh Bkuh ij os bl foLiQksV ls dHkh mcj ugha ik,A ipkl o"kZ ckn bZlkiwohZ 1500 esa xzhl ds geykojksa us ØhV ij geyk cksyk] ogak ds 'kgjksa easvkx yxkbZ vkSj ogak dh iwjk lH;rk dks usLrukcwn fd;kA vxj Fkhjk ij fLFkrigkM+ esa foLiQksV u gqvk gksrk rks 'kk;n ;g rckgh dHkh ugha gqbZ gksrhA

;wukfu;ksa dks bl foLiQksV dh /wfey ;kn jghA ,d fdaonarh dsvuqlkj muds }hi esa ,d ckj Hk;kud ck<+ vkbZ Fkh ftlesa dsoy ,d ghnEifRr ftUnk cpk FkkA 'kk;n ;g fdaonarh ml lwukeh ij vk/kfjr gks dHkhxzhl esa vkbZ FkhA

bZlk iwohZ 370 esa ;wukuh nk'kZfud IysVks (427&347 bZlk iwohZ) us ,dlqanj 'kgj dk mYys[k fd;k tks ,d jkr esa HkwdEi esa rckg gksdj leqnz esaMwc x;kA muds vuqlkj oks 'kgj nwj if'pe esa Lisu ls Hkh nwj FkkA mUgksausmldk uke ,VyakfVl fn;k & D;ksaafd IysVks ds vuqlkj oks vVyakfVd egklkxjeas fLFkr FkkA

nks&gtkj lkyksa rd yksx bl fdaonarh ds lp gksus ds ckjs esavVdysa yxkrs jgsA cgqr ls yksxksa dk ,slk Hkh fo'okl Fkk fd vVyakfVdegklkxj ds uhps ,d Mwck gqvk egk}hi gS tgak dHkh dksbZ egku lH;rkfodflr gqbZ gksxhA

;g lEHko gS fd IysVks us ,d ,slh ?kVuk dk ftØ fd;k gks tksxzhl ds iM+ksl esa gh ?kVh gksA 'kk;n ;g dgkuh Fkhjk }hi ls tUeh gks & tksdHkh ,d egku lH;rk Fkh ij foLiQksV ds ckn oks leqnz esa Mwc xbZ FkhA

10

2 Tokykeqf[k;ksa ls lEcaf/r izkphu fopkj

Fkhjk dksbZ bdykSrk igkM+ ugha gS ftlesa ls /qavk vkSj ykok fudykgksA

esMhVsjsfu;u esa fLFkr fllyh ds mRrj esa Hkh ,sls vusdkas }hi gSaAmuesa ls ,d gSa fyiwjh }hi tks fcYdqy Fksjk dh rjg gh leqnz dh xrZ lsfudys gq, ykok ds BaMs gq, iRFkjksa ls cus gSaA

fyiwjh }hi ds lcls nf{k.k esa fLFkr owydSUgks }hi gS vkSj ogak ijigkM+ksa esa ls ges'kk /qavk vkSj yiVsa fudyrh jgrh gSaSA ,sls vU; igkM+ksa dhrjg mlds eqgkus ij Hkh ,d cM+h ijkr tSlk xM~<k gSA bl izdkj ds xM~<sdks ^ØsVj* dgrs gSa ftldk ySfVu esa vFkZ ^di* gksrk gSA dHkh&dHkh ØsVj esaykok yckyc Hkj tkrk gS vkSj fiQj mldh ,d /kj igkM+h ds <ky ij uhpsdh vksj cgus yxrh gSA 1890 esa vkf[kjh ckj owydSUgks igkM+ ij ykok dklfØ; miQku ns[kus dks feykA

gesa blds ihNs ds dkj.k ugha irk ij izkphu bVkyoh vkSj jkseoklhbl }hi ls cgqr izHkkfor FksA vfXu ds nsork izkphu fdaonafr;ksa esa cgqregRoiw.kZ Fks blfy, bVyhokfl;ksa us bl nsork dk uke ^oYdu* j[kkA fdlh

IysVks

11

dks ;g iDdh rjg ls ugha irk fd Tokykeq[kh okys bl }hi dk uke nsorkds uke ij iM+k ;k fiQj nsork dk uke }hi ds mQij iM+kA

ckn esa jkseokfl;ksa dks oYdu fcYdqy ;wukuh nsork gqgiQslrl tSlkgh yxkA gqgiQslrl yqgkj[kkus dk nsork Fkk tgak oks xeZ /krqvksa lsvyx&vyx phtsa cukrk FkkA gqgiQslrl vkSj oYdu dk fp=k.k ,d yqgkjtSlk gS tks xeZ HkV~Vh esa ls yky&lq[kZ lksus] paknh] rakcs] ihry vkSj yksgs lscsgn lqanj vkStkj vkSj tsoj cukrk gSA

;g lkspuk izkÑfrd gh gksxk fd ,sls nsork dk yqgkj[kkuk fdlhxeZ vkSj /qa, ls rirs igkM+ ds vanj fLFkr gksA 'kk;n oks oYdu }hi ij fLFkrgksA igkM+h ds mQij ls fudyrh xehZ vkSj /qavk oYdu ds yqgkj[kkus dh HkV~Vhesa ls fudy jgk gksA vkSj tc oYdu dk /a/k vius pje ij gks rks 'kk;nHkV~Vh dh vkx cgqr izpaM gks tk,A mlls igkM+ ds vanj ds iRFkj fi?ky tk,avkSj ykok igkM+ ds eqgkus ls cgus yxsA

bl rjg oYdu vkSj bl }hi dk uke bl izdkj ds igkM+ksa ds lkFklnk ds fy, tqM+ x;kA vkt Hkh vkx vkSj /qavk mxyrs igkM+ksa dks ge^okSYdSuks* ;k Tokykeq[kh cqykrs gSaA

izkphu yksxksa dh ekU;rk ds vuqlkj Tokykeqf[k;ksa ds vanj vykSfdd

fyiwjh }hi ij fLFkr LVªSEcksyh Tokykeq[kh

12

tho jgrs FksA vkSj blesa dksbZ vk'p;Z dh ckr Hkh ugha gSA bu Tokykeqf[k;ksa esafoLiQksV ds ckn fudyh vkx] ykok vkSj /ekds ds ckn vk, Hk;kud HkwdEidksbZ nSoh; 'kfDr gh iSnk dj ldrh gksxhA

izkphu dky esa btjk;y ds fuoklh Hkh Tokykeqf[k;ksa ls Hk;=kLr FksA/eZxzaFk ckbfcy esa bldk o.kZu gS & btjSykbV~l ds feL=k NksM+us ds ckn osekmaV lkbZukbZ vk, tgak ekslst us Hkxoku ls vkns'k izkIr fd,A ckbfcy dsvuqlkj% ^rhljs fnu lqcg + + + ds le; cgqr tksj ls ckny xjts vkSj fctyhpedh vkSj igkM+ ij ,d xgjk ckny Nk;k + + + mlds ckn ekmaV lkbZukbZ /qa,esa <ad x;k + + + vkSj fiQj igkM+ tksj ls dakius yxkA*

ckbfcy ds o.kZu ls ekmaV lkbZukbZ dh lgh fLFkfr dk irk djukeqf'dy gksxkA ij gks ldrk gS oks ,d Tokykeq[kh okyk igkM+ gks vkSj izkphubtjSykbV~l ds vuqlkj bZ'oj dh dksbZ nSoh; 'kfDr ml igkM+h esa t:j fuokldjrh gksxhA

,slk ugha gS fd Tokykeqf[k;ksa ls tqM+s nsoh&nsork ges'kk cgqr Ñikyw;k l`f"V ds jpus okys cM+s rstLoh nsork gksaA mueas dbZ csgn veaxydkjh]gkfudkjd vkSj nq"V tho Hkh 'kkfey FksA

lcls mQapk vkSj lfØ; Tokykeq[kh ftlds ckjs esa ;wukfu;ksa dks irkFkk mldk uke Fkk ekmaV ,sVukA oks fllyh ds mRrj&iwoZ esa fLFkr FkkA oksekmaV oqYdkSuksa ls dsoy iSarkyhl ehy nf{k.k esa fLFkr Fkk vkSj oks djhcnks&ehy mQapk FkkA izkphu xzhl ds tekus ls ekmaV ,sVuk djhc 140 ckj iQwVpqdk gSA vkf[kjh ckj oks 1971 esa iQwVk FkkA

izkphu dky esa dqN yksxksa us ekmaV ,sVuk dh lfØ;rk dks jk{klksa &nSR;dkj thoksa vkSj thmQl ds chp gksrk ?keklku ;q¼ crk;kA mUgksaus bl ijreke dgkfu;ak jphaA mlesa ,d jk{kl dk uke Fkk bulSY;wMlA oks nSR;ksa esalcls Hkhedk; vkSj og'kh FkkA nsoh vFkhuw us mlij ,d cM+k iRFkj iQsad djmldk o/ fd;kA oks ml iRFkj ds uhps nc x;k vkSj ml otg ls fllyh dk}hi Hkh piVk gks x;kA bulSY;wMl ml Hkkjh }hi ds cks> ds uhps lnk nckjgkA ftl LFkku ij vkt bulSY;wMl dSn gS oks ekmaV ,sVuk ds uhps gSAD;ksafd oks vej Fkk blfy, oks ftUnk jgk vkSj tc oks djkgrk rks igkM+dakirkA vkSj tc oks Hkkxus dh rS;kjh esa b/j&m/j djoV ysrk rks igkM+h dseqgkus ls ykok fudyus yxrk vkSj HkwdEiksa ls tehu FkjFkjkus yxrhA

;wuku esa oSKkfud lksp okys fpardksa dks Tokykeqf[k;ksa ds uhpsnsoh&nsorkvksa ;k jk{klksa ds gksus dh ckr csrqdh yxhA oks muds ihNs ds

13

rkfdZd dkj.kksa dks [kkstus yxsA

nk'kfuZd vjLrw (384&322 bZ iw) dks yxk fd i`Foh dh ijr dsuhps dgha gok ds {ks=k dSn gSaA os cgqr xeZ gSa vkSj os ges'kk xgjkbZ ls ckgjlrg ij vkus dh dksf'k'k djrs jgrs gSaA dHkh&dHkh ;g gok ,d rg[kkus lsnwljs rg[kkus esa pyh tkrh gSA mlls dEiu iSnk gksrs gSa vkSj HkwdEi vkrs gSaAmudh xehZ ls gh ykok iSnk gksrk gS tks igkM+h ls uhps cgrk gSA

,d ;wukuh Hkwxksy'kkL=kh LVªscksg (63 bZlk iwoZ & 19 bZlk ds ckn) usvjLrw ls bl ckjs esa viuh lgefr trkbZA mUgsa Hkh Tokykeq[kh ,d^lsÝVh&okYo* tSls yxs ftlls fd vanj dh mQ"ek ckgj fudy lds vkSj mllsi`Foh ds vanj dh gok 'kakr gks ldsA bl izdkj dk ekSdk u feyus ls fgaldgok dgha i`Foh dks MakokMksy u dj nsA

folwfo;lusfiYl

fyikjh }hi

ekmaV ,sVuk

bVyh

fllyh

14

i`Foh ds uhps izpqj ek=kk esa xeZ gok dk gksus ij dqN 'kd gksldrk gSA ij i`Foh ds uhps izpaM ek=kk esa mQ"ek vkSj xehZ gS bl ckjs esa nksjk; ugha FkhaA vxj ,slk u gksrk rks Tokykeqf[k;ksa dh O;k[;k djuk mUgsale>uk vlEHko gksrkA

ekmaV ,sVuk

15

lp rks ;g gS fd Tokeqf[k;ksa dks ns[kdj gh yksxksa dks yxrk fdi`Foh dh lrg ds uhps dksbZ cgqr xeZ {ks=k gSA dqN yksx ;g Hkh ekuus yxs Fksfd i`Foh dh lrg ds uhps ,d vkx dk {ks=k gS vkSj bZ'oj ds lHkh fonzksfg;ksadks ogak ltk feyrh gSA

izkphu ;wukfu;ksa dk ekuuk Fkk fd e`r balkuksa dh vkRek,a gS;Mhtukeds /qa/ys jkT; esa jgrh gSaA gS;thM xzhl ls if'pe dh vksj vVyakfVdegklkxj esa fLFkr ekuk tkrk FkkA ;gak ;s vkRek,a xjhch eas viuk thoufcrkrha ij mUgsa dksbZ ltk ugha Hkqxruh iM+rh FkhA ;wukfu;ksa dk ekuuk Fkk fdi`Foh dh cgqr xgjkbZ esa ,d vkSj txg gS ftldk uke gS VkjVjl tgakikfi;ksa dks mudh xfYr;ksa ds fy, yxkrkj vyx&vyx rjhdksa ls lrk;k tkrkgSA

izkphu btjSykbV~l dk ekuuk Fkk fd e`r vkRek,a tehu ds vanj'ksbZvksy esa fuokl djrh FkhaA 'ksbZvksy fcYdqy ;wukfu;ksa ds gS;Mht tSlhdYiuk FkhA ij le; ds chrus ds lkFk ;gwnh fpard ;wukuh ekU;rkvksa lsvoxr gq, vkSj fiQj 'ksbZvksy /hjs&/hjs djds VkjVjl esa cny x;kA vkt blsge ujd ;k ^gsYy* cqykrs gSaA

tc rd bZlkb;ksa dh /eZiqLrd U;w&VsLVkesaV vkbZ rc ujd dhdYiuk ,d cM+s Tokykeq[kh ds vanj dh FkhA

Tokykeqf[k;kas esa ls ykok dh /kjsa fudyrh gSa] tks xehZ ls nedrh gSavkSj ,slk yxrk gS tSls muesa vkx yxh gksA Tokykeqf[k;kas ls xSl ds cknyfudyrs gSa tks i`Foh dh cgqr xgjkbZ esa ik, inkFkksZa ds cus gksrs gSaA lkFk esaizpqj ek=kk esa Hkki vkSj dkcZu&MkbZvkWDlkbM Hkh fudyrh FkhA ij D;ksafdmudh dksbZ fo'ks"k xa/ ugha gksrh gS blfy, yksx mUgsa utjankt djrs FksA i`Fohdh rg esa xa/d gksrh gS vkSj ;g xa/d vkWDlhtu ls feydjlYiQj&MkbZvkWDlkbM xSl cukrh gS ftldh xa/ ls yksxksa dks cgqr ?kqVu gksrhgSA

lYiQj dk ,d iqjkuk uke gS ^fczeLVksu* blfy,lYiQj&MkbZvkWDlkbM xSl dh xa/ dks dHkh&dHkh ^fczeLVksu dh xa/* Hkh dgktkrk gSA

blfy, Hkh fczeLVksu dk lEcU/ Tokykeqf[k;ksa ds lkFk tksM+k tkrkgSA blfy, ckbfcy esa lksMkse vkSj xkseksjk tSls 'kSrku 'kgjksa ds fouk'k dko.kZu bu 'kCnksa esa fd;k x;k gS% ^vkSj fiQj bZ'oj us lksMkse vkSj xkseksjk ijfczeLVksu vkSj vkx dh ckfj'k dhA*

16

;g Hkh lEHko gS fd ;g nksuksa 'kgj lksMkse vkSj xkseksjk fdlhTokykeq[kh ds iQVus ls èoLr gq, gksa vkSj bl ;kn dks yksxksa us ckbfcy dhdgkuh esa fijks;k gksA

vkSj D;ksafd ujd dk fp=k.k fdlh Tokykeq[kh ds vanj gksuk gSblfy, ujd esa ^fczeLVksu vkSj vkx* dk gksuk vfuok;Z ekuk x;kA blfy,tc iknjh yxkrkj iki djus okys yksxksa dks ujd Hkstus dh /edh nsrs gSa rksos vly esa mUgsa ^fczeLVksu vkSj vkx* dk lans'k nsrs gSA

3 Tokykeq[kh ds cM+s foLiQksV

izkphu dky esa ;wukuh vkSj jkseoklhs Tokykeqf[k;ksa ds [krjksa ls iwjhrjg voxr ugha FksA mUgsa bruk irk Fkk fd ekmaV ,sVuk vkSj ekmaV oqYdkSuksesa ls ges'kk /qavk vkSj fpaxkfj;ak fudyrh jgrh Fkha vkSj blfy, mu ij utjj[kuk t:jh FkkA mUgsa ;g irk ugha Fkk fd lk/kj.k fn[kus okys igkM+ easvpkud foLiQksV gks ldrk gS vkSj mlls vYidky esa iwjs ds iwjs 'kgj rckggks ldrs gSaA

oSls Fkhjk dk mnkgj.k lkeus FkkA ijUrq oks iqjkuh ckr vc vVyakfVldh dgkuh esa fleV pqdh Fkh vkSj yksx mlds ckjs esa yxHkx Hkwy pqds FksAvkSj bl dgkuh esa Hkh fliQZ HkwdEi dk mYys[k Fkk Tokykeq[kh dk ughaA

ij jkse lkezkT; ds 'kq: ds dky esa Tokykeq[kh ds foèoal dh fnyngyk nsus okyh ?kVuk lkeus vkbZA

nf{k.kh bVyh dk ,d cM+k 'kgj gS usfiYl vkSj mlls ianzg ehy nwjfLFkr gS folwfo;l dk igkM+A oks djhc ,d&ehy mQapk gS vkSj izkphu jkseudky eas yksx mls ,d lk/kj.k ioZr ekurs FksA

jkseokfl;ksa ds ikl ,sls dksbZ fyf[kr nLrkost ugha Fks ftlesafolwfo;l ls /qavk vkSj jk[k fudyus dk dksbZ mYys[k gksA igkM+ ds vklikldh tehu mitkmQ Fkh vkSj ogak vusdksa [ksr FksA igkM+ ds nf{k.kh <yku ijnks 'kgj cls Fks & ikSEis vkSj gqjdsY;wfu;eA

ikSEis dh LFkkiuk dksbZ 500 bZlk iwohZ gqbZ Fkh vkSj mlds lkS o"kZ cknrd oks iQyrk&iQwyrk jgk FkkA jkse lkezkT; ds 'kq: ds dky esa dbZ /uokujkseokfl;ksa ds ogak cM+s ?kj FksA

dHkh&dHkkj folwfo;l ds vklikl HkwdEi ds >Vds vkrs Fks ij ,slh

17

?kVuk,a esfMVsjsfu;u ds bykds eas vDlj gksrh FkhaA ,slh ,d ?kVuk 63 (bZlkiwohZ) eas lezkV uhjks ds dky eas ?kVhA blls jkse ds 'kgjksa dks dkiQh >Vdkyxk ij yksxksa us edkuksa dh ejEer dh vkSj thou pyrk jgkA

bZlk ds ckn 79 bZloha eas fiQj dbZ NksVs HkwdEi vk, vkSj fiQj 24vxLr dks folwfo;l iQVkA jk[k] /qa,] Hkki vkSj ne?kksVw xSl ds ckny us iwjsigkM+ dks <ad fy;kA fiQj igkM+ ls ykos dh ufn;ak ikSEis vkSj gqjdsY;wfu;edh vksj cgus yxhaA 'kgjokfl;ksa dks Tokykeq[kh ds [krjs dh dqN le> ughaFkh blfy, foLiQksV ds igys pj.k esa os 'kgj esa gh jgsA ij tc mUgksaus 'kgjls iyk;u djus dh lksph rc rd cgqr nsj gks pqdh FkhA bl gknls esa 'kk;nchl gtkj yksx ekjs x,A

ejus okyksa esa ,d O;fDr jkse ds izfl¼ ys[kd IykbZuh (23&79)FksA oks ikl dh [kkM+h esa ,d tgkt ij FksA ekmaV folwfo;l ls /qavk fudyrsns[kdj IykbZuh mldk djhch ls fujh{k.k djus ds fy, leqnz ds rV ij [kM+sgq,A ogak /qa, ds cknyksa ls mudh e`R;q gks xbZA bl ?kVuk dk ftØ IykbZuh dsHkrhts & IykbZuh n ;axj (62&113) us viuh ,d fjiksVZ esa fy[kk gSA

mlds ckn ls folwfo;l esa dHkh dksbZ cLrh ugha iuihA dbZ'krkfCn;ksa rd folwfo;l ,dne 'kakr jgrk ij fiQj oks iQwVrkA 1631 esa mlesa,d cM+k foLiQksV gqvk & 'kk;n 79 bZloha ds ckn ls lcls Hk;kudA mlesadjhc pkj gtkj yksxksa dh ekSr gqbZA mlds ckn ls oks nl lky ls T;knk dHkh'kakr ugha jgk gSA

ekmaV folwfo;l esa foLiQksV

18

1709 esa yksxksa us feV~Vh vkSj jk[k ds eycs dks ikSEis ds vo'ks"kksadks [kkstus ds fy, [kksnkA (gqjdsY;wfu;e ykok dh cgqr xgjkbZ esa nck gS vkSjmls [kksnuk vklku ugha gSA) ikSEis esa tks vo'ks"k feys muls yksx 'kqjQvkr dsjkseu lkezkT; eas yksxksa dh thou'kSyh ds ckjs esa dkiQh dqN tku ik,A blizdkj dh tkudkjh vkSj fdlh rjhds ls dHkh ugha gkfly gks ikrhA

ikSEis ds vo'ks"k /hjs&/hjs djds i;ZVdksa ds fy, ,d yksdfiz; dsanzcukA 1979 esa fo;wfo;l ds iQVus ds 1900 lky ckn ikSEis ds dqN vo'ks"kksadks U;w;kdZ dh ,d izn'kZuh esa yxk;k x;kA

;wjksi egk}hi ij ekmaV folwfo;l gh ,d lfØ; Tokykeq[kh gSA ijekmaV ,sVuk mlls cM+k gS vkSj dgha T;knk [krjukd gSA ekmaV ,sVuk vDljiQVrk jgrk gSA 1669 esa mlesa ,d Hk;kud foLiQksV gqvk ftlesa 14 'kgjtydj [kkd gq, vkSj djhc chl gtkj yksxksa dh ekSr gqbZA

dqN yksxksa ds vuqlkj vxj ekmaV ,sVuk Tokykeq[kh esa ejs lHkhyksxksa dh lwph cukbZ tk, rks mudh la[;k nl yk[k ls vf/d gksxhA vcekmaV ,sVuk dh ,d Tokykeq[kh ds :i esa vPNh igpku cuh gSA yksxksa dksirk gS oks uqdlku igqapk ldrk gS blfy, os mlls nwj jgrs gSaA ij folwfo;lds foLiQksV ls lHkh yksx vk'p;Zpfdr jg x,A bl ukVdh; vk'p;Z vkSjikSEis vkSj gqjdsY;wfu;e 'kgjksa ds iwjh rjg rckg gks tkus ds dkj.k ghfolwfo;l ds foLiQksV dks izkphu dky dh lcls izfl¼ Tokykeq[kh lEca/h?kVuk ekuk tkrk gSA

'krkfCn;ak chrus ds ckn ;wjksi ds ukxfjdksa us nqfu;k ds ckjs esa cgqrdqN [kkstk vkSj tkukA mUgsa ;g Hkh irk pyk fd muds vius egk}hi esa Hkh

ikSEis ds vo'ks"k

19

dbZ [krjukd Tokykeq[kh FksA

vkWblySUM dh gh felky ysaA oks LdkWVySUM ls iakp lkS ehy nwjmRrj&if'pe esa fLFkr gS vkSj mldk {ks=kiQy dsUVdh ls cM+k gSA oks mRrj esaclk ,d BaMk LFkku gS vkSj mldk vf/dak'k {ks=k ciQZ ls <adk gSA mldsckotwn ogak Tokykeqf[k;kas dh deh ugha gSA ,slk yxrk gS ogak tehu ds uhpscgqr lkjh lafpr mQ"ek gSA

nf{k.kh vkWblySUM esa ,d Tokykeq[kh gS ftldk uke gS ykgdhA1783 esa oks iQVus yxkA nks lky rd mlds ØsVj eas ls ykok fudyrk jgk]dHkh rsth ls] dHkh gYds lsA /hjs&/hjs djds ;g ykok 220 oxZ&ehy dsbykds esa iQSy x;kA

oSls ykok ls dksbZ [kkl uqdlku ugha gqvk D;ksafd ml bykds esacgqr de yksx gh jgrs FksA ijUrq ykgdh gok esa yxkrkj lYiQj&MkbZvkWDlkbMvkSj jk[k iQsadrk jgkA mldh jk[k iwjs }hi esa iQSyh vkSj mlesa ls dqN rksLdkWVySUM rd igqaphA

gok esas jk[k ds gksus ls vkleku dkyk gks tkrk gSA iQly dks /wiugha feyus ls iQly u"V gks tkrh gSA lYiQj&MkbZvkWDlkbM ds dkj.k }hi dsrhu&pkSFkkbZ ?kjsyw tkuoj ej x,A iQlyksa vkSj tkuojksa ds [kkRes ds cknvkWblySUM ds bl }hi dh chl izfr'kr vkcknh & djhc nl gtkj yksxHkq[kejh vkSj chekfj;ksa ls ekjs x,A

Tokykeq[kh ds blls Hkh Hkh"k.k gknls baMksusf'k;k esa gq,A ;g }hiksa dk,d lewg gS tks nf{k.k&iwohZ ,f'k;k esa fLFkr gSA lweckgok dk NksVk }hi]

vkWblySUM esa Tokykeq[kh

20

tkok ds cM+s }hi ds iwoZ eas fLFkr gSA lweckgok esa ,d igkM+ gS & ekmaVVecwjkA ;g rsjg gtkj iQhV mQapk Tokykeq[kh] 7 vizSy 1815 dks iQVkA i`Fohij Fksjk ds ckn bls lcls Hkh"k.k Tokykeq[kh dk foLiQksV ekuk tkrk gSA

igkM+ ds mQij dk pkj gtkj iQhV maQpk Hkkx gok esa mM+ x,A bllsdksbZ NRrhl ?ku ehy eyck & iRFkj vkSj /wy gok esa fc[kjsA iRFkjksa vkSj/wy dh ckfj'k ls djhc ckjg gtkj yksxksa dh e`R;q gqbZA tkuojksa vkSj iQlyksads u"V gksus ls lweckgok vkSj if'pe esa cls ykscqd }hi ij yxHkx vLlhgtkj yksx Hkq[kejh ds f'kdkj gq,A

gok esa iQsads x, iRFkj vkSj /wy ds d.k gok esa dbZ ehy dhmQapkbZ rd x, vkSj os ok;qeaMy ds mQijh Hkkx esa dbZ eghuksa rd rSjrs jgsAogak ij /wy ds d.k lw;Z ds izdk'k dks ijkofrZr djrs jgs ftlls /jrh ijcgqr de /wi iM+hA bl otg ls djhc ,d lky rd uhps tehu ij rkiekulkekU; ls uhps jgkA

mnkgj.k ds fy, 1816 esa U;w baXySUM esa cgqr xgjh BaM iM+h vkSjml lky gj eghus esa & [kkldj tqykbZ vkSj vxLr eas fpyfpykrh BaM iM+hAml lky xehZ dk ekSle gh xk;c gks x;kA ml le; U;w baXySUM ds yksxksa dks;g ugha irk Fkk fd mudh eqlhcr dk dkj.k i`Foh ds nwljs Nksj ij ,dTokykeq[kh dk iQVuk FkkA

vM+lB lky ckn blls Hkh ,d Hk;kud foLiQksV ØSdqVksgw }hi esagqvkA ;g }hi eSugSVu ds cjkcj dk gS vkSj tkok vkSj lqek=kk ds chp fLFkrgSA

Fkhjk dh rjg ;g iwjk }hi gh ,d Tokykeq[kh gSA ijUrq ekmaVØSdqVksgw ns[kus esa cgqr [krjukd ugha FkkA 1680 esa mlesa ,d NksVk foLiQksVt:j gqvk Fkk ij mlds ckn nks lkS lky rd oks 'kakr FkkA

fiQj 27 vxLr 1883 dks lqcg 10 cts rd igkM+ ds vanj/hjs&/hjs mQ"ek vkSj nkc bruk vf/d c<+ x;k fd igkM+ dk Bksl ykok Hkhml ij dkcw dj ikus esa vliQy FkkA vkSj fiQj ekmaV ØSdqVksgw esa ,dHk;kud foLiQksV gqvkA

foLiQksV esa ekmaV VSEcksjk ftruk iRFkj vkSj /wy rks ugha fudykA ijtks fudyk oks ,dne cqyUnh ds lkFk fudykA ml foLiQksV dh vkokt dkungykus okyh FkhA foLiQksV dh vkokt lHkh fn'kkvksa esa gtkjksa ehy nwj rdlqukbZ iM+hA vxj ØSdqVksgw dk foLiQksV dSUll eas gqvk gksrk rks leLrvejhdh ukxfjd mldh xwat dks lqu ikrsA vkSj lkFk&lkFk dkWukMk vkSj

21

esfDldks esa cgqr ls yksx Hkh mldh vkokt dks lqu ikrsA

Tokykeq[kh ls fudys iRFkj vkSj /wy 3 yk[k oxZ&ehy ds {ks=k easiQSysA ;g VsDll ds {ks=kiQy ls vf/d gSA foLiQksV ls bl }hi ds pkjksa vksjleqnz ds ikuh esa dEiu iSnk gq, ftlls fd lwukeh iSnk gqbZ vkSj tkok vkSjlqek=kk ds rVksa ij 120 iQhV mQaph ygjksa us rckgh epkbZA bl gknls esa 163xako rckg gq, vkSj yxHkx pkyhl gtkj yksxksa dh tkusa x;haA

bl foLiQksV esa ok;qeaMy ds mPp Lrj ij VSEcksjk foLiQksV ftruhjk[k rks ugha iQSyhA mlls i`Foh Hkh bruh BaMh ugha gqbZ ij gok esa jk[k dks/jrh ij vkrs&vkrs rhu lky dk oDr yxkA mu rhu lkyksa esa gok esa jk[kdh ekStwnxh ds dkj.k iwjh nqfu;k esa lw;kZLr dh ykfyek cgqr laqnj fn[krh FkhA

orZeku dky esa nf{k.kh v/Zxksy esa lcls Hk;kud Tpkykeq[kh dkfoLiQksV dSfjfc;u leqnz esa fLFkr ekjfVuhd }hi esa gqvkA bl }hi dsmRrj&if'pe esa ekmaV iqgys uke dk ,d Tokykeq[kh igkM+ gSA vrhr esa bligkM+ us dqN [kkl uqdlku ugha igqapk;k Fkk ijUrq fiQj vpkud vizSy 1902esa mlesa ls /qavk] jk[k vkSj xSlsa fudyuh 'kq: gqb±±±A

D;ksafd gkyr dksbZ cgqr [kjkc ugha Fkh blfy, yksxksa us lSu iS;js lsiyk;u ugha fd;kA lSu fi;js ml }hi dh jkt/kuh Fkh vkSj oks ekmaV iqgysdh rygVh esa clh FkhA

yksxksa dks yxk fd vxj ekmaV iqgys ls ykok fudysxk Hkh rks igkM+ds vkdkj ds dkj.k oks lSu fi;js dh vksj ugha cgsxkA bl otg ls vkliklds xakoksa ds yksx viuh lqj{kk ds fy, jkt/kuh lSu fi;js eas vk x,A

ij 7 ebZ dks ,d /ekdk gqvk & ekmaV iqgys esa ugha ijUrq ekmaVlwÚh;j esaA ;g Tokykeq[kh ,d }hi lSu foulsaV ij fLFkr Fkk tks ekjfVuhd}hi ls lkS ehy nf{k.k dh vksj FkkA ekmaV lwÚh;j ds foLiQksV esa djhc nksgtkj yksxksa dh ekSr gqbZA

vc ekjfVuhd }hi ds yksxksa us dqN jkgr dh lakl yhA mUgsa yxkfd tks ncko ekmaV iqgys dks ijs'kku dj jgk Fkk oks ekmaV lwÚh;j ds iQVusls de gqvk gksxkA mUgsa yxk fd tYn gh ekmaV iqgys iw.kZr% 'kakr gks tk,xkvkSj fiQj vU; yksx Hkh lSu fi;js esa vkjke ls th ldsaxsA

ijUrq ekmaV iqgys us lcdks /ks[kk fn;kA 8 ebZ 1902 dks lqcg lkrctdj ipkl feuV ij & ekmaV lwÚh;j ds iQVus ls pkSfcl ?kaVksa ds vanjekmaV iqgys esa Hkh foLiQksV gqvkA ykok dh ,d /kj igkM+ ds <ky ls uhpscgus yxhA

22

lSu fi;js ds yksx bl ykok ls cp x,A ijUrq bl /ekds esaayky&xeZ xSlksa vkSj /qa, dk ,d xgjk ckny Hkh iSnk fd;kA ;g lkjh fo"kSyhxSlsa igkM+h ds <ky ls mrjdj lh/s lSu fi;js igqaphaA rhu feuVksa esa vM+rhlgtkj yksxksa dh xeZ vkSj fo"kSyh xSls ls e`R;q gqbZA

iwjs 'kgj esa ,d dSnh ds vykok dksbZ Hkh ftUnk ugha cpkA ;g dSnh,d rg[kkus esa can Fkk vkSj oks cky&cky cpkA vxys fnu mls iQaklh ijp<+k;k tkuk FkkA ij oks gh ,dek=k balku ftUnk cpk vkSj ckdh lkjs 'kgjhekjs x,A

tgak rd vejhdk dh ckr gS ogak gokbZ vkSj vykDlk ds {ks=kksa esaTokykeq[kh gSaA

ekmaV iqgys esa foLiQksV

23

gokbZ }hi dk {ks=kiQy yxHkx dusDVhdV ftruk gSA gokbZ }hivly esa ,d cM+k igkM+ gS & nqfu;k dk lcls cM+k igkM+] ij mQapkbZ esa ughaAmldh lcls mQaph pksVh ekSuk ykSgw djhc <+kbZ ehy mQaph gSA ;g nqfu;k dklcls mQapk Tokykeq[kh gSA

ekSuk ykSgw ds iwohZ <yku ij ,d ØsVj gS ftldk uke gS dhyks,gwAoks nks ehy pkSM+k gS vkSj nqfu;k dk lcls cM+k vkSj lfØ; Tokykeq[kh gSA oksdekscs'k ges'kk lfØ; jgrk gS vkSj dHkh&dHkh mlesa ls ykok fudyrk gS ijogak dHkh foLiQksV ugha gqvk gSA

LVªSVks&Tokykeq[kh & tks ykok vkSj eycs dh rgksa ds cus gksrs gSaA

ekSuk ykSgw dk 'khYM (dop) Tokykeq[kh & tks ykok dh rgksa dkcuk gSA

ekmaV iqgys esa foLiQksV

24

orZeku dky esa vejhdk esa lcls cM+k Tokykeq[kh dk foLiQksV twu1912 esa ekmaV dkVekbZ] vykLdk esa gqvkA Tokykeq[kh ds vklikl 5000oxZ&ehy dk bykdk jk[k vkSj /wy ls Hkj x;kA dqN /wy vkSj jk[k rks 100ehy nwj fLFkr dksfM;Sd 'kgj rd igqaphA ml 'kgj dks [kkyh djk;k x;kA ijml le; vykLdk dh vkcknh bruh fojy Fkh fd tku&eky dk cgqr degh uqdlku gqvkA

vejhdk ds 48 jkT;ksa esa gokbZ vkSj vykDlk dks NksM+dj vkSj dghaTokykeq[kh ugha gSaA dqN lfØ; Tokykeq[kh dkLdsM ioZr J`a[kyk esa ik, tkrsgSaA ;g ioZr J`a[yk vkSjsxku ls okf'kaxVu rd mRrj ls if'pe dh vksj tkrhgSA

dkLdsM ioZr J`a[kyk dh ianzg pksfV;ksa ij Tokykeq[kh gSaA ij gkyds lkyksa esa os cgqr vf/d lfØ; ugha jgs gSaA

dkLdsM jsat dh lcls mQaph pksVh ekmaV jQguhj gS tks okf'kaxVu dsrkdksek 'kgj ls 50 ehy nf{k.k&iwoZ esa fLFkr gSA ;g ioZr ikSus&rhu ehymQapk gSA oSls rks ;g ioZr ,d Tokykeq[kh gS ijUrq fiNys nks gtkj lkyksa esa

nks izdkj ds Tokykeq[kh

ekSuk yksvk esa foLiQksV ds ckn ykok dh rgsa

foLiQksV ds ckn ykok vkSj mldk eyck

25

mlesa dksbZ foLiQksV ugha gqvk gSA

ekmaV jQguhj ls lkS ehy dh nwjh ij ekmaV gqM gS tks nks ehy lsdqN vf/d mQapk gSA vkSjsxku jkT; eas ;g lcls mQapk ioZr gSA ;g ioZr Hkh,d Tokykeq[kh gS ijUrq oks Hkh ,d yEcs vlsZ ls BaMk iM+k gSA 1975 esadkLdsM jsat dh pksfV;ksa esa fiNys lkB lkyksa ls dksbZ Tokykeq[kh lfØ;rk ughafn[kkbZ iM+h gSA

ekmaV jQguhj ds mRrj esa 135 ehy dh nwjh ij ekmaV csdj fLFkrgSA oks dSusfM;u lhek ds lehi gS vkSj nks ehy mQapk gSA ekpZ 1975 esa ekmaVcsdj dh pksVh ls liQsn /qavk fudyuk 'kq: gqvkA mls ns[k yksxksa dks oks igysrks ,slk ykx tSls taxy esa vkx yxh gksA ij ckn esa tc mlesa ls jk[k vkSjxSlsa fudyha rks yksxksa dks Tokykeq[kh ds lfØ; gksus dh iqf"V gqbZA

dkLdsM ioZr J`a[yk ij Tokykeqf[k;ksa dh pksfV;ak

dSukMk

dSfyiQksfuZ;k

vejhdk

okf'kaxVu

vksjsxku

ekmaV csdj

ekmaV jk;ujekmaV lsaV gsyUl

ekmaV gqM

26

mlds ckn ekmaV csdj esa dqN [kkl ugha gqvk ijUrq blh izdkj dhlfØ;rk ekmaV lSu gsysUl esa ns[kh xbZA ekmaV lSu gsysUl okf'kaxVu dsnf{k.k&if'pe esa fLFkr gS vkSj oks iksVZySUM] vkSjsxkWu ls dksbZ iSarkyhl ehy nwjgSA

nks&ehy mQaps ekmaV lSu gsysUl us 1831 ls ysdj 1854 rd dkiQhlfØ;rk fn[kkbZA ml le; ml bykds esa cgqr yksx ugha jgrs Fks blfy, ogakD;k gqvk bldk gekjs ikl dksbZ foLr`r o.kZu ugha gSA ij ml bykds esa dksbZ[kkl uqdlku Hkh ugha gqvkA

ebZ 18] 1980 esa ekmaV lSu gsysUl dk foLiQksV

igys ckn esa

27

mlds ckn ekmaV lSu gsysUl 125 lkyksa rd 'kakr jgkA oks ciQZ ls<adk ,d lqanj ioZr Fkk vkSj dksbZ Hkh mls [krjukd ugha le>rk FkkA

ij 1980 esa ekmaV lSu gsysUl ds vklikl ds {ks=k esa HkwdEi vkusyxsA igys rks ogak dbZ gYds&gYds HkwdEi vk, ijUrq fiQj ekpZ 27 dks ioZrdh pksVh ls dqN Hkki vkSj jk[k fudyhA

Ng gÝrksa rd dqN [kkl ugha gqvk vkSj ,slk yxk fd ;g lfØ;rkHkh [kRe gks tk,xh tSlk fd 1975 esa ekmaV csdj eas gqvk FkkA ij fiQj 18ebZ 1980 dks lqcg ds le; nks rhoz HkwdEi vk, vkSj ekmaV lSu gsysUl esafoLiQksV gqvkA /ekdk ØSdqVksgw tSlk cgqr Hkh"k.k ugha Fkk ij fiQj Hkh oksvejhdh bfrgkl esa mlds 48 jkT;ksa esa gksus okyk lcls izcy foLiQksV FkkA

yk[kksa&djksM+ksa Vu jk[k vkSj iRFkj gok eas ckjg ehy mQapkbZ rdiQsads x,A /hjs&/hjs ;g jk[k Tokykeq[kh ls 500 ehy nwj iwoZ rd iQSyhAdgha&dgha ij rhu&pkj iQhV xgjh jk[k vkSj /wy dh ijr iQSyhA

ekmaV lSu gsysUl dh ciQZ fi?ky dj feV~Vh vkSj jk[k ds lkFk feyhvkSj mlls tcjnLr HkwL[kyu gqvk ftlesa reke ?kj] dkjsa vkSj iqy cg x,AHkkX;o'k gYds HkwdEi ds >Vdkas ds ckn ogak ds lHkh fuoklh iyk;u dj x,FksA mlds ckotwn dksbZ chl yksx ejs vkSj lkS dk dksbZ vrkirk ugha pykA

xkSjryc ckr ;g gS fd ekmaV lSu gsysUl vHkh Hkh lfØ; gS vkSjmlesa vHkh Hkh foLiQksV gksrs jgrs gSaA vkSj mldh ;g xfrfof/ lkyksa rd tkjhjg ldrh gSA

,sls LFkkuksa ij Hkh Tokykeq[kh iQV ldrs gSa tgak dksbZ igkM+ u gksA

esfDldks dh jkt/kuh esfDldks&flVh ls if'pe esa 200 ehy nwj,d xako gS ftldk uke gS iqgjhdqVhuA 20 iQjojh 1943 dks xako ls rhu ehynwjh ij fdlku eDdk ds ,d likV [ksr esa dke dj jgs FksA 'kke dks pkjcts mUgsa tehu esa ,d njkj fn[kkbZ iM+hA /hjs&/hjs njkj c<+rh xbZA fdlkukas dsiSjksa ds uhps dh /jrh dakius yxhA fiQj ,d njkj esa ls /qavk vkSj yiVsafudyus yxhaA

fdlku ogak ls tYnh Hkkx dj vius xako vkSj ?kjksa eas x,A vxyhlqcg rd tgak igys eDdk dk [ksr Fkk ogak vc lkS iQhV mQapk jk[k dk <sjFkkA /hjs&/hjs ;g NksVk Vhyk c<+rk x;k vkSj vf/d mQapk gksrk x;kA ;g ,dTokykeq[kh Fkk tks iQwV jgk Fkk vkSj c<+ jgk FkkA bl Tokykeq[kh dk ukeekmaV ikjhD;wfVu iM+kA

,d lky ds vanj gh bl Tokykeq[kh dh mQapkbZ ianzg&lkS iQhV dhgks xbZ Fkh vkSj oks iwjs ikjhD;wfVu xako dks fuxy x;kA ikSEis tSls gh

28

ikjhD;wfVu xako Hkh Tokykeq[kh dh pisV esa vk x;kA ij ;gak ;g izfØ;k /hehxfr ls gqbZ vkSj blesa dksbZ tku ugha xbZA nks lky ds vanj ekmaV ikjhD;wfVuus ,d vkSj cM+s xako dks viuh vkxks'k eas ys fy;kA vkSj bl xako ds yksxksa usHkh fcuk fdlh uqdlku ds ogak ls lqjf{kr iyk;u fd;kA

'kq: gksus ds ckn 1952 esa Tokykeq[kh dk iQwVuk can gqvkA rc rdekmaV ikjhD;wfVu ,d&pkSFkkbZ ehy ls vf/d mQapk gks pqdk Fkk vkSj vklikllHkh fn'kkvksa esa lkr ehy rd lkjh oufLifr;ak u"V gks pqdh FkhaA

ekmaV ikjhD;wfVu Tokykeq[kh esa niQuk 'kgj

dqN eghuksa iqjkuk ikjhD;wfVu

fnu jkr

29

4 gekjs iSjksa ds uhps dh mQ"ek

Tokykeqf[k;ksa ds ckjs esa gesa ,d yEck vuqHko gS] ijUrq Tokykeq[khdSls iSnk gksrs gSa bl ckjs eas D;k ge tkurs gSa\

gak] ,d iqjkuh ekU;rk ds vuqlkj i`Foh ds uhps cgqr mQ"ek lafprgSA Tokykeqf[k;ksa dks le>us dk vHkh Hkh ;g lcls vPNk rjhdk gSA ge cgqrizkphu dky ls ,d ckr tkurs gSa fd i`Foh ds uhps cgqr xehZ gS vkSj blsge vklkuh ls eglwl dj ldrs gSaA

nqfu;k esa vyx&vyx LFkkuksa ij yksx lksuk] ghjs vkSj vU; ewY;oku/krq,a fudkyus ds fy, xgjh [knkuas [kksnrs gSaA [knku ftruh vf/d xgjhgksrh gS ogak mruk gh T;knk rkieku gksrk gSA vkSj ;g rF;] pkgsa oks nqfu;kds fdlh Hkh dksus esa gjsd [knku ds ckjs esa lp gSA

nqfu;k dh lcls xgjh [knku nf{k.kh vÚhdk esa gSA ;g [knku nksehy xgjh gS vkSj bl xgjkbZ ij ogak ds iRFkjksa dk rkieku 126&fMxzhiQSfjugkbV gksrk gSA tc rd mQij ls BaMh gok uhps iQsadh u tk, rc rdogak yksxksa ds fy, dke djuk vlEHko gSA

vÚhdk esa lkssus dh [knku esa tehu ls nks ehy uhps

30

oSKkfud ;g Hkh ekurs gSa fd xgjkbZ ds lkFk&lkFk i`Foh dh xehZc<+rh tkrh gSA tehu dh lrg ls 100&ehy dh xgjkbZ ij ogak ds iRFkjksa dkrkieku 2000&fMxzh iQSfjugkbV gksxkA i`Foh dh lrg ij brus vf/d rkiekuij iRFkj fi?ky dj ykok cu tkrsA ijUrq bruh xgjkbZ esa mQij ds iRFkjksa dsvR;f/d ncko ds dkj.k uhps ds iRFkj ,dne ncs jgrs gSaA os Bksl jgrs gSavkSj fi?kyrs ugha gSaA

i`Foh dh iiM+h (ØLV) ds uhps xeZ vkSj yky iRFkjksa dh ijr dks^eSfUVy* dgrs gSaA bl eSfUVy ds uhps i`Foh dk vUrHkkZx (dksj) gksrh gSA bldksj esa eq[;r% yksgk gksrk gS vkSj oks bruk xeZ gksrk gS fd oks ,dliQsn&rjy tSlk fn[krk gSA i`Foh ds dsanz esa rkieku 5000 ls 6000&fMxzhiQSfjugkbV gksrk gSA njvly ;g rkieku lw;Z dh lrg ds rkieku ftrukgksrk gSA

i`Foh ds vanj cgqr mQ"ek lafpr gS ftuls Tokykeqf[k;ksa dks le>ktk ldrk gSA ijUrq ;g lkjh mQ"ek ogak vkbZ dSls\

bldk mRrj i`Foh dh fuekZ.k izfØ;k esa fufgr gSA vkt ls ipkllky igys cgqr ls [kxksy'kkfL=k;ksa dk ekuuk Fkk fd i`Foh fdlh tekus esalw;Z dk fgLlk jgh gksxhA muds vuqlkj [kjcksa lky igys lw;Z ds ikl lsxqtjrs fdlh rkjs ds xqjQRokd"kZ.k cy us lw;Z dk ,d Hkkx viuh vksj [khapkgksxk vkSj mlh ls i`Foh lesr gekjs lkSj&eaMy ds vU; xzg Hkh cus gksaxsA

,slk ?kVus ij i`Foh ds dsanz dk rkieku vkSj lw;Z dh lrg dsrkieku dk ,d&leku gksuk le> eas vkrk gSA HkkX;o'k] i`Foh dh ckgj dhlrg /hjs&/hjs djds BaMh gqbZ vkSj mlh otg ls vkt gekjs lkFk&lkFk ogakvU; thou Hkh iQy&iQwy jgk gSA

ijUrq tc [kxksy'kkfL=k;ksa us xEHkhjrk ls fopkj fd;k rks i`Foh dsdHkh lw;Z dk fgLlk gksus dh dYiuk xyr lkfcr gqbZA bl vo/kj.kk esa dbZ[kksV gSa vkSj [kxksy'kkL=kh bl urhts ij igqaps fd gekjh i`Foh dHkh Hkh lw;Zdk Hkkx ugha FkhA

1944 esa ,d teZu [kxksy'kkL=kh dkyZ ÚsMfjd iQu okbVlsdj(1912&) ,d iqjkuh vo/kj.kk ij ykSVs ftls yksxksa us xyr le>k FkkA mUgksausbl iqjkuh vo/kj.kk dks lq/kjk vkSj fiQj ckdh [kxksy'kkL=kh mls lgh ekuusyxsA

bl lq/jh vo/kj.kk ds vuqlkj lw;Z vkSj mlds reke xzg ,dfo'kky /wy vkSj xSl ds ckny ls ,d&le; gh tUes FksA /wy vkSj xSl ds

31

d.kkas us vkil esa feydj cM+s d.k cuk,] ftuls vkSj cM+s VqdM+s cus] vkSjfiQj muls Hkh cM+sA var esa inkFkZ ds cM+s VqdM+s vkil esa Vdjk, vkSjxqjQRokd"kZ.k ds izHkko ls ckn esa lkjs xzg cusA

inkFkZ ds lcls vf/d VqdM+s ckny ds dsanz esa Fks ftuds vkil esafeyus ls lw;Z cuk ftldk vkdkj ckdh xzgksa dks feykdj Hkh cM+k gSA ijUrqckny dh ifjf/ ij fiQj Hkh cgqr lk inkFkZ cpk vkSj mlls gh lc xzg cusA

vkil esa feyus okys lHkh VqdM+s BaMs FksA fiQj gekjh i`Foh bruh xeZD;ksa gS\

tc nks VqdM+s xqjQRokd"kZ.k ds cy ds dkj.k Vdjkrs gSa rksxfrt&mQtkZ mQ"ek esa cny tkrh gSA tSls&tSls vkSj VqdM+s Vdjkdj ,d cM+k

lkSj&eaMy dk fuekZ.k

32

fiUM cukrs gSa oSls&oSls vkSj vf/d mQ"ek iSnk gksrh gSA vkSj var esa tc i`FohtSlk cM+k fiUM curk gS rc rd bruk mQtkZ iSnk gks pqdh gksrh gS fd ftllsoks fiUM ,dne liQsn xeZ gks tk,A

;g LokHkkfod gS fd ftrus T;knk VqdM+s vkil esa feysaxs mruk ghvf/d fiUM xeZ gksxkA c`gLifr xzg] i`Foh dh rqyuk esa cgqr cM+k gS vkSjmldk dsanz i`Foh dh vis{kk cgqr T;knk xeZ Hkh gSA lw;Z tks lkSj&eaMy esalcls cM+k gS] lcls vf/d xeZ Hkh gSA

vxj gekjh i`Foh 'kq: easa cgqr xeZ Fkh rks yk[kksa&djksM+ksa lkyksa esamldh ckgjh lrg /hjs&/hjs djds BaMh gqbZ gSA ij mldk vakrfjd Hkkx D;ksaugha BaMk gqvk gS\ i`Foh lEiw.kZ :i ls D;ksa ugha BaMh gks jgh gS\

bldk mRrj gS fd iRFkjksa dh eksVh rgksa ls mQ"ek cgqr /heh xfr lsgh ckgj vkrh gSA iRFkj ,d izdkj dk dqpkyd ^baL;wysVj* gksrk gS vkSj oksmQ"ek dks fudyus ls jksdrk gSA i`Foh dh lrg ds BaMs iRFkj ,d dEcy tSlsfupyh rgksa dks xeZ j[kus dk dke djrs gSaA

i`Foh dh ØLV ds iRFkjksa ls mQ"ek fudyrh t:j gS ij mldh xfrcgqr /heh gksrh gSA Hkfo"; esa yk[kkas&djksM+ksa o"kZ ckn ,d fnu gekjh i`Foh Hkhiwjh&dh&iwjh BaMh gks tk,xhA

1900 ds vklikl vf/dka'k oSKkfudksa dk ekuuk Fkk fd gekjhi`Foh dh vk;q dksbZ 20 djksM+ o"kZ dh gksxhA vkSj bruh de vof/ esa i`Fohdk iwjh rjg BaMk gksuk lEHko ugha gksxkA

ij 1905 esa ,d vejhdh oSKkfud cjVªSe ch cksYVoqM(1870&1927) us iRFkjksa dh vk;q tkuus dh ,d rduhd btkn dh tks;wjsfu;e ds fo?kVu ij vk/kfjr FkhA ;wjsfu;e /krq /hjs&/hjs fo?kfVr gksdjlhlk (ysM) curh gSA bl izfØ;k dks jsfM;ks/feZrk (jsfM;ks,WfDVfoVh) dgrs gSaA

vxj iRFkj esa dqN ek=kk esa ;wjsfu;e vkSj dqN ek=kk esa lhlk gksrkgS rks nksuksa dks ekik tk ldrk gSA oSKkfud] x.kuk ls irk yxk ldrs gSa fd;wjsfu;e dh fdruh ek=kk fdrus lkykas ckn fdruk lhlk cuk,xhA blls oksiRFkjksa dh vk;q irk dj ldrs gSaA

bl rduhd ls igyh ckj i`Foh dh lgh vk;q dk irk pyk fd okslSadM+ks djksM+ o"kZ iqjkuh gSA ckn esa oSKkfudksa us i`Foh dh lgh vk;q dks400&djksM+ o"kZ vakdkA ;kuh muds iwokZuqeku ls i`Foh dh vk;q 20&xquk vf/dfudyhA ;g ,d cgqr yEck dky gS vkSj bl yEcs varjky esa i`Foh dkiQhdqN BaMh gks tkuh pkfg, FkhA blds eryc i`Foh dk vUrHkkZx bruk BaMk gks

33

x;k gksxk fd vc mlesa ls Tokykeq[kh ckgj ugha fudysaxsA ij ,slk ugha gqvkATokykeq[kh vHkh Hkh fu;fer :i ls iQVrs gSaA

bldk mRrj fiQj ;wjsfu;e esa feykA tc ;wjsfu;e ds v.kq lhls esacnyrs gSa rks bl izfØ;k esa dqN ek=kk esa mQ"ek Hkh iSnk gksrh gSA ij ;wjsfu;ebruk /hjs&/hjs lhls esa ifjofrZr gksrk gS fd ge ,d fdyks ;wjsfu;e }kjkmRiUu m"ek dks eglwl ugha djrs gSaA ijUrq vxj vki i`Foh ijlSadM+ks&djksM+ks Vu ;wjsfu;e }kjk mRiUu mQ"ek dh x.kuk djsaxs rks mldh ek=kkcgqr vf/d gksxhA

i`Foh dh xrZ esa ;wjsfu;e ds vykok Hkh vU; dbZ jsfM;ks/ehZ inkFkZgSaA vxj jsfM;ks/ehZ inkFkksZa }kjk iSnk mQ"ek dh x.kuk dj mls tksM+k tk, rksoks fdruh gksxh\ oks ek=kk yxHkx mruh gksxh ftruh mQ"ek i`Foh dh lrgckgjh ok;qeaMy esa iQsadrh gSA

bldk eryc gS fd gekjh i`Foh fcYdqy BaMh ugha gks jgh gSAjsfM;ks/ehZ izfØ;k i`Foh ds vUrHkkZx dks yxkrj xeZ djrh gSA bruk t:j gSfd /hjs&/hjs djds tSls&tSls ;wjsfu;e tSls inkFkZ lhls esa cny jgs gSa oSls&oSlsjsfM;ks/ehZ inkFkksZa dh ek=kk de gks jgh gSA ij bu jsfM;ks/ehZ inkFkksZa dh ek=kkde gksus esa vHkh djksM+ksa o"kZ yxsaxsA rc rd muds }kjk iSnk mQ"ek dh ek=kkdkiQh vge gksxhA bldk eryc gS fd gekjh i`Foh dks vHkh BaMk gksus esavkSj lSdM+ksa&djksM+ksa o"kZ yxsaxsA fiQj tc /jrh BaMh gksxh rc mlds isV esa lsTokykeq[kh fudyuk cUn gksaxsA

vxj i`Foh dk vUrHkkZx gj fn'kk esa xeZ gS rks fiQj dqN fof'k"VLFkkuksa ij gh Tokykeq[kh D;ksa iQVrs gSa\

;g lEHko gS fd i`Foh dh ØLV gj txg ,d&tSls etcwr vkSjBksl u gksA ,sls Hkh LFkku gSa tgak ØLV esa ^detksj fcUnq* gksa] ;k njkjs gksaftuesa ls mQ"ek vklkuh ls ckgj fudydj vk ldrh gSA

dqN LFkkuksa ij ;g mQ"ek i`Foh dh lrg ds cgqr djhc vkdj ogakfeV~Vh esa feys ikuh dks xeZ djrh gSA blls xeZ >jus curs gSaA dHkh&dHkh ;gikuh mQ"ek dh vf/d ek=kk ls mcyus yxrk gS vkSj mlls tks Hkki curh gSoks ikuh dks tehu dh lrg ds mQij gok esa /dsyrh gS vkSj mlls ^xhtj*curs gSaA

vkSj vxj cgqr vR;f/d ek=kk esa mQ"ek /jrh dh lrg rd vkrhgS rks muls Tokykeq[kh Hkh curs gSaA

i`Foh dh ØLV ij detksj LFkku dqN fuf'pr LFkkuksa ij gSaA i`Foh

34

ij vkt ik, tkus okys 500 lfØ; Tokykeqf[k;ksa esa ls yxHkx 300 iz'akkregklkxj esa ,d fo'ks"k oØ esa ik, tkrs gSaA vkSj djhc 80 Tokykeq[khbaMksusf'k;k ds }hiksa esa ik, tkrs gSaA Tokykeqf[k;ksa ds bl oØ dks vDlj ^vkxdk ?ksjk* dgk tkrk gSA

1800 esa oSKkfud bl rF; ij xEHkhjrk ls fopkj djrs jgsA dqNdks yxk fd dHkh panzek Hkh i`Foh dk Hkkx jgk gksxk vkSj mlds vyx gksus lsi`Foh esa ,d cM+k xM~<k iSnk gqvk gksxk ftls iz'kakr egklkxj us Hkjk gksxkAblls mUgsa yxk fd iz'kakr egklkxj dh fdukj ij dqN detksj LFkku iSnk gq,tgak ls vc Tokykeq[kh iQVrs gSaA

oSKkfudksa dh ;g /kj.kk fcydqy xyr fudyhA vc oSKkfudksa dkekuuk gS fd panzek dHkh Hkh i`Foh dk fgLlk ugha FkkA

vxj ge i`Foh ij lHkh Tokykeqf[k;kas vkSj HkwdEi ds dsanzksa dk ,duD'kk cuk,a rks ge ik,axs fd uD'ks esa ^vkx ds ?ksjs* ds vykok vkSj Hkh dbZoØ gksaxsA bl i`Foh ds uD'ks ij gesa cM+s&cM+s VqdM+s fn[ksaxs ftudh fdukjkas ij;g Tokykeq[kh vkSj HkwdEi ds dsanz fLFkr gksaxsA

1950 ds vklikl oSKkfudksa dks bl ckr ds izek.k feys fd i`Fohdh ØLV esa dbZ cM+h&cM+h IysVsa gSa tks vkil esa etcwrh ls tqM+h gSaA

VsDVkfud IysV~l vkSj ̂ vkx dk ?ksjk*

35

;g IysVsa /hjs&/hjs f[kldrh gSaA oSls i`Foh dh eSfUVy (varHkkZx) esaiRFkj Bksl gSa] ij oks brus vf/d xeZ gSa fd ogak iRFkj gYds&gYds fi?kysekse tSls cgrs gSaA oSKkfudksa dk ekuuk gS fd i`Foh ds varHkkZx esa iRFkj/hjs&/hjs ,d xksy /kjk esa cgrs gSaA ØLV ds iasns esa cgus okyh /kjk,a buIysVksa dks b/j&m/j f[kldkrh gSaA dqN IysVsa ,d&nwljs ls nwj f[kaprh gSatcfd vU; ,d&nwljs ds ikl vkrh gSaA

bl xfr ds dkj.k IysVksa ds tksM+ksa ij detksj fcUnq iSnk gksrs gSaftuesa ls mQ"ek mQij cgdj Tokykeq[kh iSnk dj ldrh gSA

dksbZ Tokykeq[kh dc lfØ; gksxk D;k ge bldk lgh vuqeku yxkldrs gSa\

vHkh rks ughaA ij tSls&tSls ge IysVksa ds f[kldus dks csgrj le>saxsoSls&oSls ge Tokykeq[kh dc iQVsaxs mudk Hkh lgh vuqeku yxk ik,axsA

D;k ge fdlh Tokykeq[kh dks iQVus ls jksd ldrs gS\ vkSj bllsigys fd Tokykeq[kh eas ,d cM+k foLiQksV gks D;k ge dqN djds mlesa ,dNksVk foLiQksV dj mldh mQtkZ dks {k; dj ldrs gSa\

,slk djus dh vkt gekjs ikl ,slh dksbZZ rduhd miyC/ ugha gSAijUrq gekjs Kku esa yxkrkj btkiQk gks jgk gSA vkSj tSls&tSls ge i`Foh dkscsgrj rjhds ls le>saxs oSls&oSls bu tfVy iz'uksa ds gesa mRrj feysaxsA

leqnz dh rygVh dk iQSyko vkSj Tokykeqf[k;ksa dh iSnkb'k

36

5 vU; xzgksa ij Tokykeq[kh

D;k vU; xzgksa ij Tokykeq[kh gksrs gSa\

'kk;n ,slk lkspuk rkfdZd gksA lkSj&eaMy cuus ds le; mlds cM+svkdkj ds fiaM cgqr xeZ gksaxsA lrg ds /hjs&/hjs BaMs gksus ds lkFk&lkFkmldh BaMh iryh iiM+h esa ls vanj dh mQ"ek ckgj vkdj Tokykeqf[k;ak iSnkdjrh gksxhA

dqN NksVs fiaM [kkldj bruh tYnh BaMs gq, gksaxs fd ogakTokykeq[kh iQVus dk dksbZ ekSdk gh ugha feyk gksxkA gks ldrk gS fd mufiaMksa ds vanj dk rkieku cgqr mQapk gksus ds ckotwn mudh iiM+h bruhl[r vkSj etcwr gks xbZ gks fd ogak Tokykeqf[k;ksa ds iQVus ds fy, dksbZdetksj LFkku gh u gksA

gekjs panzek ij ,sls cgqr ls bykds gSa tgak gtkjksa ehy rd ykokiQSyk gqvk gSA ;g lc panzek ds 'kqjQvkrh bfrgkl ds nkSjku gq, gksaxsA vcogak ij Tokykeqf[k;ksa ds lfØ; gksus ds dksbZ izek.k ugha gSaA

1971 esa eSfjuj&9 uke ds jkWdsV us eaxy xzg dh ifjØek yxkbZAmlus eaxy dh lrg ds vusdksa fp=k fy, vkSj muls fiQj eaxy xzg dk

panzek dh lrg ij [kM~Ms

37

lEiw.kZ uD'kk cuk;k x;kA

eaxy ij vusdksa ØsVlZ] igkM+ vkSj ?kkfV;ak gSaA ,d {ks=k esa cM+sigkM+ vkSj ØsVlZ Fks tks fn[kus esa fcYdqy Tokykeqf[k;ksa tSls FksA blesa ls lclscM+s dk uke vksyEil&eksUl gSA

vksyEil&eksUl i`Foh ij ik, x, fdlh Hkh Tokykeq[kh ls cM+k gSAmldh pksVh eaxy xzg dh vkSlr lrg ls dksbZ 15 ehy mQaph gS vkSj mldkvk/kj 250&ehy pkSM+k gSA i`Foh ij lcls cM+k Tokykeq[kh gokbZ esa gSAvksyEil&eksUl gokbZ Tokykeq[kh ls nks&xquk mQapk vkSj rhu&xquk pkSM+k gSAblls Hkh T;knk vksyEil&eksUl dk ØsVj 40&ehy pkSM+k gS tks i`Foh ij ik,fdlh Hkh Tokykeq[kh ds ØsVj ls cM+k gSA

eaxy xzg

vksyEil&eksUl

mRrjh /zqo

eaxy dk fuf"Ø; Tokykeq[kh vksyEil&eksUl

38

tgak rd gesa irk gS vc vksyEil&eksUl vkSj eaxy ij vU;Tokykeq[kh vc fuf"Ø; gks pqds gSaA cgqr vlsZ esa muesa dksbZ lfØ;rk ughans[kh xbZ gSA

1978 esa ikW;ksfu;j&ohul uke ds jkWdsV dks 'kqØ dh ifjf/ dhifjØek djus Hkstk x;kA 'kqØ ds pkjksa vksj eksVs cknyksa dh ijr ds dkj.kmldh lrg dks ns[k ikuk cgqr eqf'dy gksrk gSA ijUrq jkWMkj dh fdj.ksacknyksa dks Hksn dj lrg ls fdj.kksa dks ijkofrZr djrh gSaA jkWMkj }kjk ijkorZuvkSj ikW;ksfu;j&ohul ds midj.kksa ls 'kqØ dh lrg dk yxHkx iwjk uD'kkcuk;k gSA

jkWMkj }kjk tks 'kqØ ij igkM+ fn[ks muesa ls dqN Tokykeq[kh Hkh FksAmuesa ls ,d igkM+ jhgw eksUl ds vk/kj dk {ks=kiQy yxHkx U;w esfDldksftruk gksxkA vxj oks lp esa Tokykeq[kh fudyk rks mldk {ks=kiQy eaxyfLFkr vksyEil&eksUl ls Hkh cM+k gksxkA ijUrq 'kqØ ij fLFkr Tokykeqf[k;ksa esaHkh thou gksus ds dksbZ izek.k ugha feys gSaA

i`Foh ds vykok vU; fdlh xzg ij vHkh rd lfØ; Tokykeq[khgksus ds dksbZ izek.k ugha feys gSaA ij fiQj 5 ekpZ 1979 dks okS,tj&1 usc`gLifr xzg dh ifjØek dh vkSj mlds mixzgksa dk vè;;u fd;kA

c`gLifr ds pkj cM+s mixzg gSa ftudk vkdkj gekjs panzek ;k mllsdqN cM+k gSA c`gLifr ds lcls utnhd tks mixzg gS mldk uke vkbZvks gSAmldk vkdkj gekjs panzek ds cjkcj dk gS vkSj mldh c`gLifr ls nwjh Hkhpanzek dh i`Foh dh nwjh ftruh gSA

c`gLifr dk xqjQRokd"kZ.k cy mlds mixzgksa ij Tokj&HkkVk (VkbZM~l)mRiUu djrk gSA bu Tokj&HkkVksa ls mixzgksa ds vakrfjd iRFkj ncrs vkSj f[kaprsgSa vkSj mlls os xeZ gksrs gSaA vkbZvks D;ksafd c`gLifr ds lcls utnhd gSblfy, vU; mixzgksa dh rqyuk esa oks T;knk xeZ gksrk gSA

okS,tj&1 ds c`gLifr dh ifjØek djus ls igys dqN[kxksy'kkfL=k;ksa us er Fkk fd c`gLifr ds Tokj&HkkVs ds dkj.k vkbZvks dkrkieku Tokykeq[kh iSnk djus ftruk mQapk gks ldrk gSA vkSj tc okS,tj&1us c`gLifr dh ifjØek yxkrs le; vkbZvks ds fp=k fy, rks ogak okdbZ esaTokykeq[kh fn[kkbZ iM+s!

vkbZvks ij lfØ; vkSj iQVrs gq, vkB Tokykeq[kh fn[kkbZ fn,A pkjeghus ckn okS,tj&2 uke ds ,d vU; jkWdsV tc ogak ls xqtjk rks ml le;Hkh Ng Tokykeq[kh lfØ; FksA

39

vkbZvks ds lfØ; Tokykeqf[k;ksa esa ls fudyus okys eycs esa T;knkrjjk[k vkSj xa/d dh ok"i FkhA vkSj xa/d dh ijr ds dkj.k vkbZvks dh iwjhlrg yky] ukjaxh vkSj ihyh fn[krh FkhA vkSj lYiQj&MkbZvkWDlkbM ds va'kgksus dh otg ls ;g xSl mixzg ds fy, ,d fojy ok;qeaMy dk dke djrhFkhA blfy, ge de&ls&de nks ,sls [kxksyh; fiaMksa ds ckjs esa tkurs gSa tgakTokykeq[kh okdbZ esa iQVrs gSa & i`Foh vkSj vkbZvksA

i`Foh ij Tokykeqf[k;ksa esa gekjh fo'ks"k jQfp gS D;ksafd foKku esavikj izxfr ds ckotwn vkt Hkh Tokykeqf[k;ksa esa yksx ekjs tkrs gSa vkSj tcTokykeq[kh iQVrs gSa rks ge csclh dh gkykr esa ogak ls iyk;u djus dsvykok vkSj dqN ugha dj ikrs gSaA

var

vkbZvks ij Tokykeq[kh

c`gLifr dh ifjØek djrs gq, vkbZZvks